Publish Year: 2023 Title: Headline: Trends in demand for silver jewelry among Nordic countries. Abstract: Trends in the demand for silver jewelry in the Nordic countries
The Nordic countries, comprising Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland, have a combined population of 27.85 million in the year 2565. In that year, the Nordic countries imported silver jewelry (HS code 711311) from around the world with a total value of 142.16 million US dollars, marking an increase of 5.27% from the previous year. Denmark emerged as the largest importer with a value of 63.15 million US dollars (-6.06%), followed by Norway with 36.17 million US dollars (+25.57%), Sweden with 34.01 million US dollars (+11.26%), Finland with 7.53 million US dollars (+2.59%), and Iceland with 1.26 million US dollars (+18.98%).
In 2565, Thailand dominated the market for silver jewelry imports into this region, with a value of 47.98 million US dollars (-2.63%). Following Thailand, China imported 19.95 million US dollars (+39.67%), India 19.01 million US dollars (+5.59%), Germany 10.99 million US dollars (-15.74%), Italy 10.09 million US dollars (+17.47%), and imports from Denmark itself amounted to 6.09 million US dollars (+5.97%).
Analysis, Recommendations, Opportunities, and Stakeholder Comments:
1. The Office of the Foreign Trade Promotion, located in Copenhagen, has discussed the current market situation for silver jewelry in the Nordic countries with companies importing gems and jewelry in Denmark and Sweden. It was found that these companies consistently import goods from Thailand due to the high quality and reputation of Thai silver jewelry. Companies actively promote the sale of these products throughout the year, both online and through other means. Given the current economic situation in the Nordic countries, which faces inflation and rising prices of consumer goods, including fashion and luxury items, there has been a slowdown in consumer purchases, which also affects the jewelry industry.
2. Although Thailand has been the main market for jewelry made from silver in the Nordic countries in the last two years, statistics show that China is a strong competitor now. In 2564, China was the third largest exporter after Thailand and India, but in 2565, it has managed to move up to the second position, surpassing India.
3. In addition to silver jewelry, Denmark also has a demand for silver home decoration items, such as Christmas tree decorations made of silver. For example, at the company importing and retailing gems and jewelry, Georg Jensen announced the transfer of its Christmas decorations manufacturing base from a factory in Hjørring, northern Denmark, to a factory in Thailand in the middle of last year. Silver home decoration items during the Christmas season (Holiday Decorations and Ornaments) are another opportunity for this market.
4. Exporting jewelry to the Nordic countries must comply with European Union regulations, particularly concerning product safety since jewelry comes into direct contact with skin. Attention should also be given to minimizing social and environmental impacts.
5. Designs and color trends vary according to the season and collection. Danish consumers prefer small, simple jewelry pieces, while Swedish consumers prefer larger jewelry pieces. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Jewelry and Gemstone Trends from INHORGENTA MUNICH 2023 Trade Fair in Germany (Frankfurt Office). Abstract: Jewelry Trends for Special Occasions in 2566

Experts from the jewelry and gemstone exhibition industry in Germany have commented that 2566 will see a resurgence in wedding celebrations. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, over 100,000 weddings were postponed, with only 357,800 weddings held in 2564, the lowest number in German history according to statistics. However, there has been an increase in engagement requests, according to jewelry manufacturers' reports. This presents an opportunity in 2566 for the sale of wedding rings. European consumers often purchase wedding or couple rings valued between 1,000 to 4,000 euros, which remain popular in classic, luxurious designs made from precious metals like gold, white gold, and platinum.

Color Trend for 2566

The Pantone Color Institute has announced the new color trend for 2566 as "Viva Magenta," a tone resembling pigmented red, symbolizing a balance between warmth and coolness. Mrs. Leatrice Eiseman, the executive director of the institute, explained that this color trend represents courage, strength, vitality, excitement, and readiness for new adventures. This color tone can be seamlessly incorporated into jewelry, watches, and accessories designs. Designers and manufacturers such as Le Carré, Annamaria Cammilli, and Sabine Müller have already unveiled designs inspired by the Viva Magenta trend, showcasing vibrant and fitting pieces.

Environmental Certification for Jewelry

The FAIRMINED/FAIRTRADE label certifies jewelry made from responsibly sourced materials. FAIRMINED/FAIRTRADE is an organization that sets standards and certifies gold mines that operate ethically, with internal inspections to reduce the risk of human rights violations, social and environmental impacts. Those interested can verify certified gold mines on their websites fairmined.org and fairgold.org.

The certification for responsibly sourced gold began in 2009 with the "Standard Zero" set by the Alliance for Responsible Mining (ARM), which later collaborated with Fairtrade International to introduce the FAIRMINED and Fairtrade certified gold labels. However, in 2013, ARM and Fairtrade separated their certification processes, leading to two distinct labels: FAIRMINED and Fairtrade certified gold. These certifications aim to recognize gold sourced from socially, economically, and environmentally responsible mines. The standards cover aspects such as working conditions, environmental impact reduction, organizational development, and community development, ensuring no child labor, gender equality, and non-involvement in conflicts. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: 2023 Market Report on Jewelry and Gemstone Products in Germany. Abstract: Market Overview

As the COVID-19 situation in Germany begins to improve, the jewelry and watch industry is experiencing a resurgence since 2564. It's noteworthy that the Fine Jewelry segment has seen higher sales compared to Costume Jewelry. Besides adornment, mineral-based jewelry like gold, platinum, and silver remains desirable as Germans believe that during uncertain times, minerals retain market value better than other types of jewelry and may appreciate in the long run.

According to Euromonitor International, the jewelry and watch industry has been impacted by the COVID crisis and is slowly recovering. Before the crisis, consumer consumption of jewelry had already decreased. However, higher unit prices due to product uniqueness can contribute to market growth. Analysts view post-COVID growth as temporary, predicting a return to stability in 2566 with a potential continuous decline in consumption rates. External factors like energy issues and inflation may lead to price increases and reduced consumer purchasing power, extending the industry's recovery over several years.

Consumer Behavior

Increasing Digitalization in the Jewelry Industry
The jewelry and gem industry is becoming more digitalized. Retail stores have been crucial for this industry for a long time. However, many stores closed during the recent COVID crisis, providing an opportunity for retailers with online channels to play a more significant role and grow. Currently, popular online fashion platforms in Germany include Amazon, Zalando, and aboutyou, along with specialized online jewelry stores like Kraemer Valmano and Schmuckladen. Some companies have incorporated AR technology for customers to try jewelry digitally and use programs to help them find diamonds or pearls that suit their needs and budget. However, online channels are not yet widely popular for selling high-end or high-value jewelry.

Consumer Focus on Sustainability
Consumers increasingly prioritize sustainability when buying jewelry. They are more aware of fair trade certification, avoiding products with questionable origins like those involving legal issues or labor rights violations. Newer consumers also show interest in lab-grown diamonds or recycled materials in jewelry production due to their lower cost and sustainability. Brands like Korkallee and Holzkern, using materials like recycled wood, are gaining popularity among small-scale customers.

Special Occasion Jewelry
Experts from the jewelry and gem exhibition industry in Germany predict a comeback of wedding ceremonies, with over 100,000 weddings postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2564, only 357,800 weddings were held, the lowest in history according to German statistics. However, more couples are now planning engagements, creating opportunities in 2566 for selling engagement rings. European consumers often buy wedding or couple rings valued between 1,000 to 4,000 euros, preferring classic styles made from precious metals like gold, white gold, and platinum.
Trends in Jewelry and Products

1) Trends in Jewelry Fashion for the Year 2023
Breuninger's jewelry design trends for the year 2023 include:
- Simple and classic jewelry designs but with a focus on using high-quality materials.
- Jewelry pieces featuring thick and bold chain links, such as bracelets, rings, and necklaces made of gold or silver.
- Jewelry designs with clean and simple graphic lines, creating a sleek and modern look.
- Minimalist style jewelry with contemporary shapes, layered for a varied look, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets.

2) Popular Jewelry Materials for the Year 2023
Popular jewelry materials for the year 2023 include:
- Gold remains popular for its luxurious and classic appeal, whether in white gold, rose gold, or yellow gold.
- Silver, a valuable metal, is popular for making rings, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings, both in classic and trendy styles, enhancing the wearer's modern and versatile image.
- Pearls have regained popularity for their beauty and natural luster, with various shapes like teardrops or unique baroque shapes used in classic or modern necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.
- Colorful gemstones and vivid pearls are gaining more popularity in the German market since the COVID-19 crisis, as they attract attention and enhance one's image during online conversations. Popular gemstones include rubies, sapphires, and emeralds.

Breuninger
Furthermore, the Pantone Color Institute has announced new color trends for the year 2023, such as the color Viva Magenta, a vibrant reddish hue that balances warmth and coolness.

Mrs. Leatrice Eiseman, the institute's executive director, explained that this color trend reflects courage, strength, vitality, fun, and readiness for new adventures. This color tone can be seamlessly incorporated into jewelry designs, watches, and accessories. Currently, designers and manufacturers are introducing jewelry designs in vibrant colors following the Viva Magenta trend, such as Le Carré, Annamaria Cammilli, and Sabine Müller companies.

Opportunities for Thai Jewelry and Accessories in the German Market

1) Thailand is considered a significant source of jewelry and components, especially gold, silver, and colored gemstones, which have been increasingly popular in the German market. This presents an opportunity for exporters who can offer products tailored to market demands. Importers view Thai products as high-quality, reasonably priced, and Thai entrepreneurs as reliable. Importers often travel to Thailand during jewelry exhibitions and holiday festivals to seek products.

2) Importers appreciate and admire the craftsmanship of Thai artisans, particularly in crafting intricate and delicate jewelry settings. Currently, many jewelry companies abroad commission jewelry settings from Thailand and even establish partnerships for production bases in Thailand. Therefore, developing artisan skills in the jewelry sector can enhance industry quality and maintain good standards.

3) Thai jewelry designs are beautiful and diverse, ranging from classic to contemporary styles. Manufacturers can quickly adapt to market trends. Moreover, Thailand's jewelry industry continues to see emerging entrepreneurs and designers, making it an attractive choice for foreign importers looking for unique and trendy designs.
Imports of Jewelry and Accessories in Germany

Over the past three years, Germany has imported jewelry and accessories from around the world with an annual value of approximately 35,588 million US dollars. After the COVID crisis, Germany's import figures showed clear recovery in 2023, reaching a value of 39,842 million US dollars, an increase of 36.94% from the previous year. However, in 2024, these numbers slightly decreased to 37,829 million US dollars, a decrease of 5%, due to the conflict situation between Ukraine and Russia.

Important statistics on the imports of jewelry and accessories in Germany, categorized by product codes (H.S. Code), can be ranked in descending order by import value as follows:

1) Unprocessed gold (H.S. 7108): Germany imported an average of 8,190 million US dollars annually during 2023-2025. In 2025, imports of this item totaled 8,686.35 million US dollars, a decrease of 7.37% from the previous year (2024 value: 9,377.24 million US dollars).

2) Miscellaneous articles of base metals (H.S. 7112): Germany imported an average of 7,935 million US dollars annually during 2023-2025. In 2025, imports of this item totaled 8,206.98 million US dollars, a decrease of 10.25% from the previous year (2024 value: 9,144.2 million US dollars).

3) Platinum (H.S. 7110): Germany imported an average of 6,791 million US dollars annually during 2023-2025. In 2025, imports of this item totaled 6,821.96 million US dollars, a decrease of 21.27% from the previous year (2024 value: 8,665.36 million US dollars).

4) Various coins (H.S. 7118): Germany imported an average of 4,056 million US dollars annually during 2023-2025. In 2025, imports of this item totaled 4,840.47 million US dollars, an increase of 34.79% from the previous year (2024 value: 3,591.15 million US dollars).

5) Genuine jewelry (H.S. 7113): Germany imported an average of 1,720 million US dollars annually during 2023-2025. In 2025, imports of this item totaled 1,880.85 million US dollars, an increase of 9.31% from the previous year (2024 value: 1,720.7 million US dollars).

Export from Thailand to Germany

During the years 2023-2025, Thailand exported jewelry and accessories to Germany with an average value of 564 million US dollars annually. The export rate has consistently increased over this period.

In 2025, Thailand's exports of these products to Germany totaled 571.9 million US dollars, an increase of 1.63% compared to the previous year. These exports can be categorized by product codes (H.S. Code) from highest to lowest value as follows:

1) Genuine jewelry (H.S. 7113): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 473 million US dollars to Germany, a decrease of 1.94% compared to the previous year. Germany ranks as Thailand's 2nd trading partner, following the United States.
   1.1) Jewelry made of precious metals (H.S. 711311): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 417.46 million US dollars to Germany, a decrease of 4.63%. Germany ranks as Thailand's 2nd trading partner for this category.
   1.2) Jewelry made of other valuable metals (H.S. 711319): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 56.19 million US dollars to Germany, an increase of 24.06%. Germany ranks as Thailand's 11th trading partner.
   1.3) Jewelry made of metals (H.S. 711320): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 28,998 million US dollars to Germany, a decrease of 19.31%. Germany ranks as Thailand's 10th trading partner.

2) Precious metal articles (H.S. 7112): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 66.33 million US dollars to Germany, an increase of 22.04%. Germany ranks as Thailand's top trading partner.

3) Gems (H.S. 7103): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 17.45 million US dollars to Germany, an increase of 58.34%. Germany ranks as Thailand's 11th trading partner.

4) Artificial gemstone jewelry (H.S. 7117): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 7.68 million US dollars to Germany, an increase of 2.24%. Germany ranks as Thailand's 11th trading partner.

5) Platinum (H.S. 7110): In 2025, Thailand exported a total value of 4.63 million US dollars to Germany, an increase of 7.94%. Germany ranks as Thailand's top trading partner. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: The Status and Changes in the Gemstone Market in Japan Post-COVID. Abstract: Jewelry products are high-value commodities that are often impacted by economic conditions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on leaving homes led to a general decrease in consumer spending. Events, including weddings, were either canceled or postponed. Additionally, spending by foreign tourists visiting Japan, a significant buyer group for jewelry products, declined. Consequently, in 2020, the Japanese jewelry market, which had been relatively stable compared to 2019, experienced a significant decrease in sales.

In 2021, although there were expectations of an increase in weddings, the uncertain course of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a continued decrease in wedding ceremonies, affecting the jewelry market negatively. However, post-COVID spending rebounded, resulting in a 17.4% increase in jewelry sales in 2021, reaching 9.6 trillion yen (approximately 2.7 trillion baht).

It is observed that the average unit price of wedding rings and engagement rings increased due to changes in buyer preferences. Some opted for larger diamonds for engagement rings, while others chose various colored gemstones. According to Teikoku Data Bank, the average price of wedding rings increased from 250,000 yen (approximately 71,000 baht) per set in 2019 to 270,000 yen (77,000 baht) in 2021.

However, due to the rising prices of diamonds for engagement rings and materials for ring settings, some buyers had to choose smaller diamonds. Currently, the Japanese market is divided into two segments: high-priced products and lower-priced products, while mid-range products remain relatively unchanged.

In 2022, the Yano Research Institute Ltd. estimated that the Japanese jewelry market would reach 1.1 trillion yen (3.2 trillion baht), with a 4.1% increase from the previous year. Despite the seventh wave of COVID-19 in August 2022, as there were no strict lockdowns or restrictions on events and activities, consumer lifestyles began returning to normal, leading to a recovery in spending.

The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict increased the costs of famous jewelry brands, necessitating price increases. Overall, the sales value of jewelry products increased. The market is expected to expand further in 2023, reaching approximately 1.54 trillion yen (5.3 trillion baht), especially among consumers with high income and savings, who are eager to resume spending @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Strategies to Win Over Jewelry Buyers in the U.S. Market. Abstract: Strategies to Captivate Jewelry Buyers in the U.S. Market
Data from Mastercard SpendingPulse, compiled by the Mastercard Economics Institute, shows that retail sales in stores and online in the United States in January expanded by 8.8% compared to the same period last year. The driving force behind consumer spending was notably in the jewelry and restaurant service sectors, which experienced significant growth.

Jewelry sales in the United States in January 2566 increased by 6.5% compared to the previous year, primarily due to consumer spending on jewelry for the Valentine's Day festival. A survey of American consumers aged 18 and above, totaling 7,728 individuals, revealed that consumers planned to purchase jewelry as gifts for Valentine's Day, averaging about $45.75 per person.

Although jewelry sales in December 2565 decreased by 5.4% compared to the previous year, it was considered a minor decline. This is because jewelry sales in December 2564 had expanded significantly by 32% compared to the year before. Retail jewelry trade figures for the United States, collected by the U.S. Department of Commerce, had a value of $91.5 billion in 2565, increasing by 5.9% compared to the previous year. This growth was driven by consumer demand for jewelry for various activities such as weddings, social events, and tourism.

Michelle Meyer, Head Economist of the Mastercard Economics Institute for the North American region, stated that the main factors driving consumer purchasing decisions in the United States are income and therefore, labor market strength is a significant support factor for consumer purchasing power in the United States. The growth in retail figures in January reflects consumer confidence in the job market, which is developing positively, and wages that have seen an increase
The unemployment rate in the United States in January 2566 was at a record low of 3.4% in 54 years. Meanwhile, the job market saw an increase of 517,000 jobs, the highest in six months. The trend of jewelry demand in the United States, gathered from leading brands, indicates that popular jewelry items this year include metal jewelry such as chains and necklaces adorned with a variety of natural pearls, sapphires, and opals. Second-hand jewelry and watches, classic-designed earrings with gold plating, men-inspired jewelry like multi-strand necklaces, cufflinks, and synthetic diamond jewelry, are also popular.

Furthermore, men's jewelry wearing has gained acceptance and popularity, contributing significantly to the expanding jewelry market. Popular men's jewelry includes chain necklaces, pendant necklaces, rings with logos or engravings, and pearl necklaces, among others. According to research by Euromonitor International, the men's jewelry market in the United States in 2564 was valued at approximately $6.5 billion, increasing by 17% compared to the previous year and almost 4% compared to 2562. This continuous growth has been ongoing since 2558 and is expected to continue in the future.

This opportunity has pushed online retailers and various brands to penetrate the growing and promising men's jewelry market. It has become increasingly popular among celebrities, athletes, and online influencers, leading jewelry brands to develop more men's jewelry lines and making jewelry more essential in daily life for all genders and ages. The distribution of jewelry products in the United States is increasingly focused on expanding into e-commerce channels
In addition to online sales, there are other supplementary services to boost sales, such as providing product information through social media and consulting services for jewelry selection by gemologists using virtual reality technology to create experiences for buyers. Besides online sales, alternative sales formats are also popular and expected to play a more significant role this year, such as organizing pop-ups, trunk sales, and selling through art gallery exhibitions.

According to data from IBIS World, online jewelry sales in the United States market in 2565 were valued at $8.69 billion, a decrease of 1.58% compared to the previous year. Analysts believe that the online jewelry market may contract in 2566 as consumers are shifting their interest towards new purchasing patterns, particularly focusing more on e-commerce platforms. Popular e-commerce platforms in the United States, such as Amazon with approximately 2 billion visitors (amazon.com), eBay with around 688.9 million visitors (ebay.com), Walmart with about 388.8 million visitors (walmart.com), Etsy with approximately 238.4 million visitors (etsy.com), among others, are gaining more popularity.

Online auction platforms in the United States, such as 1stdibs (1stdibs.com), Worthy (worthy.com), and Bidsquare (bidsquare.com), also offer opportunities for Thai jewelry and gemstones in the United States market
From discussions with importers in the United States, it was found that Thai jewelry products (OEM) still have good opportunities for market expansion in the United States. This is due to the availability of raw materials, a wide range of design options, and standardized craftsmanship, which continue to attract importers to produce goods. The trade war between China and the United States has led importers to increasingly import products from Thailand to reduce long-term risks. Furthermore, Thailand possesses skills and techniques in traditional gemstone setting that align with market demands, especially in the Antique Style market segment, which is growing significantly and highly desired by consumers.

With the quality and reputation of Thailand, Thai products have the opportunity to establish their own brands in the Luxury Market through participation in luxury exhibitions such as The Couture (Las Vegas) and Luxury JCK (Las Vegas) or leveraging key influential networks. Building such brands should be a long-term strategy to create recognition and perception that Thai products are of high quality and designed with top standards.

The diversity of consumer groups in the United States market also opens opportunities for niche market designers, especially in contemporary jewelry that is distinctive and has brand potential for market expansion. Utilizing museum channels to reach high-end customers, celebrities, and Hollywood actors with high purchasing power can further expand the market.

Designers should pay attention to designing products for holiday gifts as holiday seasons are periods of high sales and consumers have a demand for unique products. Additionally, focusing on ethics, sustainability, and environmental conservation could be another important strategy to boost confidence among Gen Millennial consumers that the company's products are socially responsible, encouraging them to buy more Thai jewelry products
 @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: In-depth Market Report on the Jewelry and Gemstone Market in the United Kingdom. Abstract: The situation of import and export of jewelry and ornaments in the responsible market is as follows:

Import
In 2021, the United Kingdom imported jewelry (HS code 71) worth 82,648 million US dollars, a decrease of 22.95% from 2020. The top 5 import markets were Russia (21.10%), the United States (15.04%), Canada (11.82%), South Africa (9.12%), and Switzerland (6.36%). Thailand ranked 27th with a market share of 0.37%. The main imported products were gold (53,897 million USD), platinum (11,884 million USD), and silver (6,199 million USD).

Export
In 2021, the United Kingdom exported jewelry (HS code 71) worth 65,814.79 million US dollars, an increase of 56.41% from 2020. The top 5 export markets were Switzerland (34,357 million USD), Germany (5,186 million USD), Hong Kong (3,415 million USD), the United States (3,305 million USD), and the UAE (2,790 million USD). Thailand ranked 39th with a value of 1,789 million USD. The main exported products were gold (41,396 million USD), platinum (13,637 million USD), and silver (3,636 million USD).
The trends in the jewelry and ornaments industry in 2023 in the responsible market:

After the COVID-19 pandemic, the jewelry and watch markets have rebounded, especially the bridal jewelry market and the return of international tourism, which has positively impacted the jewelry and watch market.

According to a study by Mintel, while consumers in the UK are currently facing a cost of living crisis, they are trying to reduce expenses by cutting down on non-essential purchases, especially in fashion items, impacting the mid-market and independent brands. Therefore, retail traders must have strong online sales channels and offer in-store shopping experiences to attract consumers to spend. However, in the high-end jewelry and watch market in the UK, it has not been significantly affected by the economic downturn because affluent consumers continue to purchase luxury jewelry and watches, considering high-end products as valuable assets. Additionally, Mintel found that consumers are placing increasing importance on sustainability and transparency in the origin of diamonds and jewelry.

Opportunities for Thai jewelry and ornaments in the responsible market:

Thai jewelry and ornaments still have potential in the UK market due to their quality and beautiful designs. However, due to the economic crisis in the UK, consumers are reducing spending, impacting the mid-market and independent brands more than high-end products
Therefore, entrepreneurs should continuously develop designs and maintain product quality to increase competitiveness in this market, especially in the high-end jewelry market.

Past achievements in driving the Thai jewelry and ornaments industry:

Participation in the Bangkok Gems & Jewellery Fair 2022 and collaboration with Jewellery Outlook magazine. Also, inviting representatives from the department to participate in a forum with Jewellery Outlook media through Insta live to invite UK visitors to the Bangkok Gems & Jewellery Fair 2022. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Changing Preferences for Gold Jewelry in Bahrain. Abstract: Consumer preferences for jewelry in Bahrain have shifted from the modern-looking designs to traditional gold jewelry designs. According to a report from www.gulf-insider.com, the buying behavior for jewelry in Bahrain has changed significantly, leading jewelry stores to design more Arab-style jewelry to meet the increasing demand from the local market. This shift comes after the impact of COVID-19, where these jewelry stores primarily sold to foreign buyers residing in the country, mainly from Southeast Asian countries, especially before Bahrain started imposing a 5% value-added tax in December 2022, which was later increased to 10%.

Many jewelry stores, including renowned brands, have started targeting local Arab buyers more, as gold has become the latest investment trend among Bahrainis. Shaji C.K, the manager of Devji stores with multiple retail outlets in Bahrain, mentioned, "The decline in gold prices during the pandemic partly contributed to this shift, but our company's market remained stable as we focused on trading with local Bahrainis, including designing products in Arab style to meet the demand from customers who mostly buy gold for investment, especially when prices are low. Therefore, the demand for gold jewelry has increased following the changes in gold prices. Some of our branches have increased the design of Arab-style jewelry
Another jewelry trader commented that their company did not expect an increase in sales after the pandemic hit hard. However, it was fortunate that Bahrainis began to revert to buying gold, which helped boost jewelry sales. Furthermore, this trend also promoted the value of the jewelry business in Bahrain. In addition to the increasing demand for gold jewelry, there is also an opportunity for the expansion of silver jewelry in Bahrain. This view is supported by a report from the Department of Internal Trade and Foreign Trade under the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism, which stated that there were more than 9.9 tons of gold jewelry certified with the Hallmark standard in the past year. This quantity is considered historically high and aligns with Shaikh Hamad bin Salman Al Khalifa, the Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism, stating that in 2023, the quality certification for valuable metal jewelry and gold in Bahrain increased significantly under various measures to enhance the quality of valuable metal and gold jewelry in Bahrain. Additionally, as part of proactive measures, the ministry has sent officials to inspect more than 3,400 jewelry stores in the past two years, marking an expansion of 38%, to ensure compliance with Bahrain's regulations regarding the use of pearls and valuable metals. This effort aims to build consumer trust and elevate standards to international levels.
Bahrain is currently a potential producer and exporter of gold jewelry in the Middle East. The jewelry produced caters directly to the preferences and interests of people in the Middle East. However, Bahrain also imports jewelry such as pearls, gold, and diamonds from foreign countries for resale and incorporation into products. Key import sources for Bahrain in 2022 included the UAE, Switzerland, India, Italy, France, China, Thailand, and Hong Kong.

Significant buyers of jewelry in Bahrain include Saudi Arabians who prefer to travel for leisure, purchase goods, and use services in Bahrain, especially through the causeway bridge between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Currently, there is a VAT rate difference of 5%, which motivates people from Saudi Arabia to travel to Bahrain to shop. In 2023, Thailand exported jewelry worth a total of 790 million Baht to Bahrain, marking a 282% increase compared to the previous year. The highest exported products from Thailand to Bahrain in this category were genuine jewelry, with a value of 785 million Baht, accounting for 99%. Other products included loose gems and decorative gemstone jewelry, albeit in smaller values. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Precious metals and gemstones traded at HK$120,000 or more must be registered with Hong Kong Customs. Abstract: Hong Kong, besides being a financial hub, has long enjoyed economic and trade freedom. This includes free movement of finances, facilitating business transactions conveniently and swiftly. Given Hong Kong's jewelry and gem market is lucrative, evidenced by the substantial value of gem and jewelry exports (excluding gold) from Thailand to Hong Kong, totaling over 713.94 million US dollars from January to October 2023 alone, compliance with anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regulations became imperative.

Starting April 1, 2023, the Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department announced new criteria for representatives in this sector, who must register or submit forms, as per the following cases:

Groups Required to Register:
1.1. Dealers in Precious Metals and Stones (DPMS) in Hong Kong must register with the Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department.
1.2. Non-Hong Kong Precious Metals and Stones Dealers must submit a "Cash Transaction Report," including travel details, representative or agent information, customer details, and business activities related to Specified Cash Transactions in Hong Kong to the Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department
Criteria for registration are divided into 2 types:

2.1 Distributors engaged in "Specified Transactions," such as transactions related to non-cash payments totaling at least 120,000 Hong Kong dollars or equivalent in other currencies, excluding "Specified Cash Transactions," such as transactions involving cash payments totaling at least 120,000 Hong Kong dollars or equivalent in other currencies in Hong Kong.

2.2 Distributors engaged in both "Specified Transactions" and "Specified Cash Transactions" in Hong Kong
definitions of the terms:

3.1 "Dealer in Precious Metals and Stones" refers to any individual engaging in one of the following activities:

(1) Trading (including buying and selling), exporting, or importing precious metals, gemstones, or valuable products.
(2) Manufacturing, refining, or processing to add value to precious metals, gemstones, or valuable products.
(3) Dealing with securities backed by assets.
(4) Acting as an intermediary for activities in (1)-(3).

Except for individuals conducting logistics service businesses that solely import or export precious metals, gemstones, or valuable products in the normal course of their business operations.

3.2 "Non-Hong Kong Precious Metals and Stones Dealer" is an individual or legal entity engaging in buying and selling precious metals and gemstones in Hong Kong, meeting one of the following criteria:

(1) Not ordinarily residing in Hong Kong.
(2) A non-natural person established or incorporated outside Hong Kong that is not a foreign company registered in Hong Kong as specified in Section 2(1) of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 622).
(3) Does not have a business premises in Hong Kong.
(4) The total number of days conducting precious metals and stones business in Hong Kong does not exceed 60 days per calendar year.

3.3 Controlled Goods are categorized into 4 types:

(1) Precious Metals: Gold, Silver, Platinum, Iridium, Osmium, Palladium, Rhodium or Ruthenium, both refined and unrefined.
(2) Precious Stones: Diamonds, Sapphires, Rubies, Emeralds, Jade, or Pearls, whether natural or otherwise.
(3) Precious Products: Jewelry or watches made from or attached to precious metals, gemstones, or both.
(4) Securities with asset-backed certificates: Certificates or securities representing ownership rights in precious metals, precious stones, or precious products, excluding:
(4.1) Any securities, futures contracts, interests in collective investment schemes, structured products, or OTC derivative products as specified in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571).
(4.2) Virtual Assets.

Suggestions/Comments from the Thai Gem and Jewelry Representative:

Thailand's dealers in precious metals and gemstones should thoroughly study the detailed information before engaging in trade activities in Hong Kong. Non-compliance may result in a maximum fine of HK$50,000 or imprisonment for 3 months @topic:12


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Trends in the Jewelry and Gemstone Market in Germany for 2023. Abstract: As the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany begins to ease, the jewelry industry is showing signs of recovery since 2024. It is notable that the fine jewelry sector, comprising high-value items, demonstrates a greater potential for sales compared to costume jewelry. Besides being decorative, mineral jewelry such as gold, platinum, and silver remains desirable among consumers. Germans believe that during uncertain times, minerals can retain market value better than other jewelry types and may even appreciate in the long term.
Trends in the consumption of jewelry and gemstones in the German market:
1) Increasing Digitization of the Jewelry Industry:
   Jewelry retail has long been crucial, but many physical stores closed during the COVID-19 crisis, providing an opportunity for online retailers to play a more significant role and grow. Currently, popular online fashion platforms in Germany include Amazon, Zalando, and aboutyou. Specific online stores for jewelry like Kraemer, Valmano, and Schmuckladen are gaining traction. Some companies are using AR technology for virtual try-ons, and programs to help customers find suitable diamonds or gemstones based on their preferences and budgets. However, online sales for high-end or expensive jewelry are not yet highly popular.
2) Consumer Emphasis on Sustainability:
   Sustainable considerations have become increasingly important for jewelry consumers. They avoid products not certified as sustainable or "fair trade," fearing unethical sourcing practices. Newer consumers are also interested in lab-grown diamonds or synthetic pearls for their affordability and sustainability. Materials like recycled wood and cork are gaining popularity in fashion jewelry production, as seen with brands like Korkallee and Holzkern, particularly among smaller customer segments.
3) Jewelry Trends for 2024:
   - Simple, classic jewelry with emphasis on high-quality materials.
   - Thick-link chain jewelry such as rings, necklaces, and bracelets made from gold or silver.
   - Straight-line graphic style jewelry with clean and simple designs.
   - Minimalist style jewelry with layered sizes such as rings, necklaces, and earrings.
4) Popular Jewelry Materials for 2024:
   - Gold continues to be popular for its luxurious and classic appeal, including white, rose, and yellow gold.
   - Silver remains a popular metal for creating classic and fashionable rings, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.
   - Pearl jewelry is making a comeback, offering unique beauty and natural charm in various shapes like drops or baroque styles.
Franz Fischer's Comments:
Currently, Germans prioritize quality and affordability when purchasing jewelry and gemstones. Sustainability is also a significant factor. Showcasing transparent production lines and sustainable practices can enhance brand image and attract importers looking for quality jewelry and components, especially gold, silver, and popular colored gems. Thailand remains a crucial source for jewelry and components, appreciated for its craftsmanship, design diversity, and growing pool of new entrepreneurs and designers. Thus, it's an intriguing prospect for international importers seeking distinctive and trend-following design work. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: 2023 Market Report on Jewelry and Gemstone Products in Switzerland. Abstract: Report on the Gems and Jewelry Market in Switzerland for 2023
Import-Export Situation of Gems and Jewelry
1.1 Thai Exports to Switzerland
The export situation of Thai goods to Switzerland from January to October 2022 saw Thailand exporting gems and jewelry, such as cut and uncut gemstones, silver, and gold jewelry, ranking first with a growth rate in Q3 of 2022 increasing by 306.7% compared to the same period last year, totaling 2.7 billion USD or 83.76% of Switzerland's total imports from Thailand.
1.2 Imports and Exports of Gems and Jewelry in Switzerland
In 2021, Switzerland imported gems and jewelry globally worth a total of 110.713 billion USD, an increase of 5.35% from the previous year. The top trading partners were the United Kingdom (31.773 billion USD), followed by the United States (11.365 billion USD), the United Arab Emirates (8.4 billion USD), France (4.9 billion USD), and Italy (4.4 billion USD), respectively.
In 2021, Switzerland exported gems and jewelry globally worth a total of 106.312 billion USD, an increase of 23.23% from the previous year. The top trading partners were India (29.507 billion USD), followed by China (17.489 billion USD), the United States (13.216 billion USD), Germany (7.04 billion USD), and Hong Kong (6.3 billion USD), respectively.
Gem and Jewelry Industry Trends for 2023
2.1 Recovery of the Gems and Jewelry Industry
In 2022, Switzerland's gems and jewelry industry recovered after the relaxation of COVID-19 measures, as international tourism began to return to normal. This led to a higher demand for luxury jewelry brands. Additionally, the Swiss government’s allowance for social events, such as weddings, resulted in a significant increase in sales of wedding jewelry, especially rings. It is expected that in 2023, luxury jewelry sales will surpass fashion jewelry sales, as affluent consumers resume spending, and the wedding market has recovered since 2022. However, fashion jewelry is increasingly popular among fashion-conscious consumers. For example, the growth in Zara’s clothing sales has boosted the sales of its accessories, including fashion jewelry, due to its successful online platform and the shift of manufacturing closer to Europe, enhancing flexibility in transporting popular items to offline stores. Meanwhile, luxury brands like Gucci and Hermes are diversifying their jewelry designs by using alloys, leather, gemstones, and synthetic materials, maintaining a premium price.
2.2 Growth of Online Stores
As consumers spend more from home and many retail stores have closed, online stores have significantly grown as a sales channel for gems and jewelry, especially fashion jewelry. Online fashion retailers such as Zalando and About You are gaining interest. Online stores are increasingly important for luxury gems and jewelry as well, with mid-priced luxury jewelry brands like Christ and Rhomberg Schmuck opening online stores to boost consumer confidence. However, online channels cannot fully replace offline stores, as consumers still prefer to see and touch luxury jewelry before purchasing. Although the COVID-19 situation has relaxed, the trend of online retail is expected to continue growing in 2023 for both luxury and fashion jewelry, as consumers are more accustomed to online shopping.
2.3 Social Media Boosts Demand for Gem and Jewelry Products
Social media is boosting the popularity of gems and jewelry, with necklaces and earrings increasingly popular among Swiss consumers. This trend is driven by the growing number of consumers who want pieces that are easy to post on Instagram or TikTok. This trend has also led many consumers to prefer colorful gems and jewelry over gold or neutral tones.
Jewelry and Gem Consumption Trends
3.1 Post-COVID Economic Conditions Boost Demand for Luxury Jewelry
In 2022, retail sales of gems and jewelry recovered. However, these numbers are not expected to grow to pre-COVID levels (2019) until 2026. In 2022 and the forecast period, luxury gems and jewelry sales will remain higher than fashion jewelry sales, driven by the recovery of international tourism and the post-COVID economic recovery, leading to increased spending on luxury goods.
3.2 Online Stores Drive Growth for Digital-Native Brands
Online stores will continue to grow and become increasingly important for gems and jewelry, especially fashion jewelry, as Swiss consumers trust online shopping. Brands and retailers are investing more in this channel. In the fashion jewelry segment, digital-native brands will expand and lower unit prices, potentially capturing market share from retail chains like Bijou, Brigitte, and Claire's, as Swiss consumers are not very brand-loyal when it comes to fashion jewelry. Meanwhile, sustainability is becoming more significant in the gem and jewelry segment, especially among young consumers interested in sustainable products like Fairtrade gold and fashion jewelry made from recycled plastics. Brands like Chopard are increasingly introducing products that cater to these trends.
3.3 Younger Consumers Less Interested in Luxury Gems and Jewelry
Although luxury gems and jewelry are recovering, they struggle to attract younger consumers who prioritize experiential consumption or show more interest in gadgets. Additionally, expanding fashion jewelry lines from luxury brands has increased competition in the market. Moreover, the trend of renting gems and jewelry for special occasions, such as weddings, remains popular among price-sensitive Swiss consumers, reducing the purchase of luxury jewelry due to the lower cost, safety, and variety available for rent. Since 2022, the demand for synthetic diamonds has surged, with many brands selling such products, and technological innovations improving quality and affordability. Synthetic diamonds may cost just a tenth of mined diamonds and are highly appealing to consumers who cannot distinguish between the two types. Furthermore, jewelry using smaller synthetic diamonds is more popular than those with larger synthetic diamonds, as they give a more luxurious and classic feel.
Opportunities for Thai Gems and Jewelry in the German Market
4.1 Thailand is recognized as a key source of gems and components for jewelry, especially gold, silver, and colored gemstones, which are increasingly popular in the Swiss market. This presents opportunities for exporters who can meet market demands. Importers consider Thai products to be of good quality and reasonably priced, with Thai manufacturers being trustworthy. Importers prefer to source goods in Thailand during gem and jewelry trade shows and holiday seasons.
4.2 Importers recognize and appreciate Thai craftsmanship, especially in the meticulous and delicate production of jewelry settings. Many overseas jewelry companies currently order settings from Thailand and assemble them elsewhere or establish production bases in Thailand. Therefore, developing skills in the gem and jewelry sector will enhance the industry's quality and maintain high standards. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Jewelry and Gemstone Market in Dubai Rebounds in 2022. Abstract: Opportunities for Thai Gems and Jewelry in the UAE
Thai gems and jewelry continue to enjoy consistent popularity and acceptance. Many jewelry companies in the UAE base their production in Thailand due to its reputation for skilled craftsmanship that rivals any other nation in the world.
In 2022 (January-October), Thai gems and jewelry were the highest exported products to the United Arab Emirates, ranking third with a total value of 8.224.25 billion baht, marking a 73.11% increase from the same period in 2021. Among these exports, Thai jewelry made of gold was the highest valued at 4.364 billion baht, followed by diamonds at 2.250 billion baht. Unworked gold valued at 901 million baht and gemstones valued at 589 million baht followed suit. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Fashion Jewelry Market Situation in China, 2025 Abstract: 1. Overview of the Fashion Jewelry Market in China
Currently, Chinese consumers are increasingly opting for high-end consumer goods to meet their evolving lifestyle needs. Consequently, jewelry with unique designs and high value has become popular among general consumers in China. Moreover, the emergence of new consumer groups has led to evolving personal consumption preferences, driving a growing trend in jewelry consumption. This has created significant opportunities for the jewelry industry to further develop. Additionally, the younger generation in China has become a major consumer force, particularly those aged 20-39, who are expected to dominate the jewelry consumer market in the future. With rapid economic development and continuous income growth among the Chinese population, the jewelry industry in China has demonstrated rapid development trends from 2018 to 2023. By 2023, the Chinese jewelry market was worth 7.2 trillion yuan, an 18.03% increase year-on-year, indicating rapid growth.
In terms of jewelry consumption, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 slowed down wedding ceremonies in China, leading to increased demand for jewelry consumption in 2021. Additionally, the jewelry industry, particularly gold jewelry, has placed significant emphasis on the new generation market, considering both personal grooming and value preservation, thereby boosting jewelry consumption in China.
Various Types of Fashion Jewelry in the Chinese Market
Due to the increased diversity in jewelry consumption in China, the jewelry market has continually subdivided into various categories. Jewelry in China now includes a wide range of materials such as gold, platinum or white gold, jade, silver, diamonds, and colored gemstones. Notably, gold and platinum jewelry have shown substantial potential for development. In 2023, gold jewelry dominated the market share at 58.3%, followed by diamonds and jade, each holding market shares of 13.9%.
Jewelry reflects the tastes and values of consumers to a large extent. Generally, Chinese consumers favor gold jewelry across all eras due to its rarity and value-retaining properties, making it highly popular for special occasions like weddings, anniversaries, newborn celebrations, and festivals.
Currently, mainland Chinese and Hong Kong jewelry companies are focusing on domestic markets, particularly in eastern and southern China, primarily through a combination of self-operated stores and franchises to rapidly penetrate the market. Conversely, JH (Chow Sang Sang), a leading brand, remains committed to single-handedly operating its business model. Despite slower market expansion, effective store management has significantly enhanced brand reputation.
Upon reviewing business operations, it is evident that major companies in China primarily focus on precious metal jewelry businesses, such as gold and platinum, with Leysen being the sole operator focusing on diamond jewelry business. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Trends in the Jewelry and Accessories Market in Shanghai, 2025 Abstract: 1. Importation of Gems and Jewelry by Shenzhen
In 2021, Shenzhen imported gems and jewelry (HS 71) valued at USD 26,541 million, an increase of 124.69% compared to the previous year. However, from January to November 2022, imports decreased by 0.25% to USD 24,370 million. Switzerland was the largest importer to Shenzhen, accounting for 37.72% of total imports, increasing by 17.94%. Following were Australia (-12.80%), South Africa (+19.05%), India (-27.28%), and Hong Kong (+29.29%). Thailand ranked 16th, with Shenzhen importing gems and jewelry worth USD 137 million, a decrease of 16.50%. Details are provided in the table below.
Analyzing the types of gems and jewelry imported, from January to November 2022, Shenzhen imported unworked gold as the top category, accounting for 71.07%. This was followed by unmounted diamonds, pearls, and other gems set in non-precious metals, totaling 10.04%, 8.52%, 5.21%, and 1.14% respectively. Regarding imports from Thailand during this period, Shenzhen imported mounted diamonds, pearls, and other gem-set jewelry made of silver the most, accounting for 45.11%. This was followed by unmounted diamonds, synthetic or semi-precious stones, and gem-set jewelry made of other valuable metals, accounting for 15.88%, 12.78%, 9.03%, and 7.09% respectively. Details are shown in the graph below.
2. Exportation of Gems and Jewelry by Shenzhen
Examining the exportation of gems and jewelry by Shenzhen, in 2021, exports totaled USD 1,986 million, a decrease of 18.48%. From January to November 2022, exports amounted to USD 1,767 million, a further decrease of 4.55% compared to the same period last year. The top five markets for Shenzhen's gems and jewelry exports were Hong Kong, Switzerland, France, the United States, and Taiwan, with percentage changes of -23.55%, +55.75%, +371.24%, -37.74%, and +413.72% respectively. Thailand ranked 15th, with a decrease of 16.92%. Details are provided in the table below. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Fashion Jewelry Consumption Trends in the Chinese Market, 2025 Abstract: Due to the emergence of a new consumer group in China that emphasizes unique and trendy designs, along with various factors driving jewelry consumption, the jewelry market in China has become large and diverse. Therefore, Thai jewelry business operators must closely monitor the jewelry industry trends in China and keep pace with the consumption trends of all age groups, especially the new generation in China who follow national fashion trends.
Many Chinese jewelry brands incorporate red color designs, which hold significant cultural meanings in Chinese culture. Additionally, symbolic designs are used to convey positive messages, which are adopted by nationally recognized brands such as Tiffany & Co., Pandora, and others in China. This approach aims to align with national trends in China and attract the interest of Chinese consumers.
Simultaneously, online networks play a crucial role in the current Chinese consumer market, facilitating access to products and enhancing brand awareness. Despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese consumer market continues to evolve due to widespread online consumption channels. This supports new business models and brand promotion through various internet platforms, enabling Thai entrepreneurs to explore opportunities and effectively expand Thai products in the Chinese market while competing in the industry.
Entrepreneurs should study the industry's developments to capitalize on these opportunities effectively. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Jewelry sales have slightly decreased. Abstract: From data compiled by experts at the leading jewelry company SOKOLOV in Russia, it was found that during the first nine months of the year 2022 (2565 by the Buddhist calendar), the Russian jewelry market recorded a high value of 211 billion rubles. This marked a decline of 6% annually, consistent with the economic conditions in the country, including cases where some foreign brands withdrew from Russia. The average sales value per transaction increased by 16%, amounting to 6,414 rubles, with online sales accounting for 18% of total sales.
Analysts believe that the market will not contract rapidly, unlike in previous New Year periods where sales typically peak and promote sales in the autumn season. This seasonal push is expected to mitigate an annual contraction of no more than 10%.
In the first half of 2022 (2565), general spending on jewelry among Russians decreased. Experts attribute this reduction to cautious consumer spending, particularly following July's ban on gold and jewelry purchases from Russia, which started to have enforceable effects in Europe if sourced directly or indirectly from Russia.
Despite ongoing economic uncertainties, Russian consumers tend to tighten their spending immediately when economic conditions are uncertain. Luxury products deemed non-essential for livelihoods are often the first to be cut from expenditure. However, despite tensions with Ukraine stretching into the next year, overall jewelry sales this year are considered to have declined only moderately. This was aided by the easing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which relieved prolonged consumer demand constraints.
Additionally, international travel has become more convenient, as evidenced by several Russian importers' enthusiasm for visiting the Bangkok Gems & Jewelry Fair in Thailand in September, after a hiatus of approximately two years due to Thailand's non-organization of events. This is seen as a positive signal for Thailand's exports of gems and jewelry amid global economic fluctuations. @topic:7


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Tracking the trends in the luxury jewelry market of Brazil. Abstract: The luxury jewelry retail trade in Brazil increased by 90% in 2021, reaching 1.4 billion reals - luxury jewelry and fashion accessories are the most potential category in 2021, with retail sales increasing by 14% to 1.33 billion reals. H Stern Comercio e Industria Ltd led in 2020 with a 20% market share in retail sales, projected to grow at a current CAGR of 10% (5-year CAGR ending 2021) throughout the forecast period until 2564.
Sales peaked in the second half of 2020, with luxury jewelry recovering in early 2020 amid uncertainty about the health crisis, causing many stores to temporarily close due to COVID-19. However, during the latter half of 2020, there was a significant decrease in cases and deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil, and Brazilians gradually began to feel more comfortable returning to social interactions under health safety regulations. During this recovery period, shopping trends stimulated sales as an investment in consumer spending patterns. The average price of luxury jewelry, the most expensive consumer goods category targeting high-income individuals, was noted. This category is mostly aimed at wealthy individuals who are limited in their leisure and entertainment options (due to restrictions during the pandemic). The combination of these factors has led to unprecedented social savings history in Brazil.
At the beginning of 2564, there was another difficult period with an increase in associated numbers related to major outbreaks, resulting in social interactions at limited times. In this second cycle, consumers were aware of the most effective prevention measures, while the country's border remained closed. The majority of affluent consumers continued to show strong interest in buying self-directed luxury jewelry, which increased their investments in brands. The demand for luxury jewelry continued to rise, which increased the brand's investment in reaching consumers with more options in terms of offers. At the end of 2020 and the beginning of 2021, Bvlgari and Cartier launched e-commerce activities in Brazil, 3D products, fashion video campaigns, free delivery, flexible delivery, and chat readiness for product clarification. Features that were presented by digital interfaces in the brand's area Experience in buying luxury jewelry depends on the actual store with more incentives: the interest of employees in the store, decorations, the scent of the environment, and the possibility of trying the product - the components that are moving towards a digital experience Although there has been significant progress in the past, the e-commerce effort. industry is an in-depth experience with the power of real stores in attracting customer participation with a more realistic experience. However, it is still the kind of store with small size the industry continues to invest in well-trained staff experiences. The best customer and brand interaction in the market. These concerns Bvlgari opened a pop-up store at Iguatemi Shopping in 2564. @topic:7


Publish Year: - Title: Extraction, Purification, Bioactivities and Application of Matrix Proteins From Pearl Powder and Nacre Powder: A Review Abstract: Natural pearls are formed when sand or parasites (irritants) accidentally enter into the oyster body and form pearls under the cover of the nacre layer. Pearl powder is a powdery substance by grinding pearls into small grains, however, the nacre powder is the inner layer of outer corner layer and middle prism layer. Pearl medicine in China has a history of more than 2,000 years, pearl has the effects of calming the mind, clearing the eyes, detoxifying the muscle and so on. In this paper, the researches on the extraction of pearl powder and nacre powder, the isolation and purification of matrix protein and the various biological activities (osteogenic activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, promoting the migration of fibroblasts, and so on) are reviewed in detail. To provide readers with a faster understanding, the method of extraction and purification and the application of nacre powder and pearl powder are clearly presented in the form of figures and tables. In line with the concept of waste or by-product, there are more reports of nacre extract than pearl extract, due to the expensive and limited in origin of pearls. Mainly on the direct use of nacre powder and pearl powder or on the use of extracts (mainly water soluble proteins) through experiments in vivo or in vitro, and shows whether it is effective through the results of various indexes. There is no further study on substances other than extracts, and the structural analysis of extracts needs further exploration. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2009 Title: An Environmental History of Nacre and Pearls: Fisheries, Cultivation and Commerce Abstract: Pearls are the most ancient gems known in history. Nacre became an important raw material used in various industries during the nineteenth century. Both products came from the world's tropical seas, in pearling regions whose resources and people were exploited by local and foreign businessmen. We distinguish eleven pearling regions. These were opened to fisheries at different times in three historical periods, each marked by phases of wealth and scarcity.
The world history of nacre and pearl fisheries, culture, and trade is the history of the efforts of divers and sailors, the tenacity of scientists striving to elucidate the phenomenon of pearl formation, the ambition and greed of empresarios seduced by the luster and commercial value of pearls, as well as the marketing and selling techniques specific to these commodities. It is the history of environmental modifications induced by humans as they strove to gain profit from the most valuable natural marine resource that ever existed. In this essay we highlight the role played by capitalism in the intensification of pearls and nacre harvesting that brought the resource to speedy exhaustion. We also illustrate the positive results of the application of scientific research based on sustainability principles to production. Our historical approach to pearling has led us to two fundamental conclusions: 1. It is possible to aim at sustainability in the profitable use of renewable natural resources, and 2. Environmental history can reveal the conditions under which this has been possible. Our intention here is also to show that environmental history is an approach allowing historical syntheses, the incorporation of vast comparative analyses, and the fleshing out of explanations of economic and social processes with an understanding of the natural resources that sustain these processes. Finally, this work looks to filling up the great gap in knowledge that afflicts the history of the sea. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2006 Title: Use of information-seeking strategies for developing systematic reviews and engaging in evidence-based practice: the application of traditional and comprehensive Pearl Growing. A review Abstract: Efficient library searches for research evidence are critical to practitioners who wish to engage in evidence-based practice (EBP) as well as researchers who seek to develop systematic reviews.
This review will propose the benefits of the search technique 'Pearl Growing' ('Traditional Pearl Growing') as well as an adaptation of this technique ('Comprehensive Pearl Growing'), until now ignored by the literature on EBP and systematic reviews, to aid in the retrieval of research evidence. These search techniques are illustrated with examples from the field of augmentative and alternative communication. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS: Traditional Pearl Growing is proposed as an important addition to the arsenal of EBP search strategies for practitioners. The literature on Traditional Pearl Growing is extended in that EBP presents a newly identified purpose for this technique and the benefits in identifying appropriate quality filter goes beyond its previously exclusive focus on keywords. Comprehensive Pearl Growing is projected as a new strategy for researchers searching for studies to be included in systematic reviews. Not only does it provide data-based guidance in selecting effective keywords and quality filters, but also it provides appropriate databases.
Although the techniques Traditional Pearl Growing and Comprehensive Pearl Growing are believed to be useful for locating research evidence in any field, it may be particularly important for interdisciplinary topics where the use of effective controlled vocabulary plays a greater role in bringing together evidence that may be scattered across databases. @topic:11


Publish Year: 2018 Title: MOLLUSCS: THEIR USAGE AS NUTRITION, MEDICINE, APHRODISIAC, COSMETIC, JEWELRY, COWRY, PEARL, ACCESSORY AND SO ON FROM THE HISTORY TO TODAY Abstract: The present study has evaluated the usage and properties of the mollusca phylum from the history to today. Many types of molluscs are eaten worldwide, either cooked or raw due to their rich nutritional value. Furthermore, they are used as pearl, cowry and accessory materials, for tools like household dishes, cooking pots and utensils such as a spoon, cutlery, scoops, spatulas, etc. Some of them are destructive and caused ecological damage, some serve as intermediate hosts for human parasites; some can cause damage to crops. Mollusc meat is known to be highly nutritious and salutary owing to its high content of essential amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, some of the bioactive compounds including antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antihelminthic and anticancer products are producing by molluscs as medicines. The largest edible snail is African land snail Achatina achatina mostly consumed by African people. Molluscs were very prominent dishes during the Roman Empire due to their aphrodisiac effect. Some mollusc species include zinc and essential amino acids which keeping up body energy and boost sex drive as an aphrodisiac, arrange immune system and makes bones stronger. Pearls are highly esteemed bivalve products containing nacreous deposit composed of 82-86% calcium carbonate (aragonite crystals), 10-14% organic substance conchiolin and 2-4% water. Cowry is amarine snail from genus Cypraea dwelling on mostly in coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans and used instead of money. Money cowry (Cypraea moneta), a 2.5cm yellow species, has served as currency in Africa. @topic:5


Publish Year: - Title: Organic–inorganic interfaces and spiral growth in nacre Abstract: Nacre, the crown jewel of natural materials, has been extensively studied owing to its remarkable physical properties for over 160 years. Yet, the precise structural features governing its extraordinary strength and its growth mechanism remain elusive. In this paper, we present a series of observations pertaining to the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shell's organic-inorganic interface, organic interlayer morphology and properties, large-area crystal domain orientations and nacre growth. In particular, we describe unique lateral nano-growths and paired screw dislocations in the aragonite layers, and demonstrate that the organic material sandwiched between aragonite platelets consists of multiple organic layers of varying nano-mechanical resilience. Based on these novel observations and analysis, we propose a spiral growth model that accounts for both [001] vertical propagation via helices that surround numerous screw dislocation cores and simultaneous 010 lateral growth of aragonite sheet structure. These new findings may aid in creating novel organic-inorganic micro/nano composites through synthetic or biomineralization pathways. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2022 Title: Dynamic microstructural characteristics of Edison pearls cultured in Hyriopsis cumingii Abstract: Chinese Edison pearls, invented and produced in China by the Zhejiang Grace Pearl Jewelry Co., Ltd, are usually large and round with variable but attractive colors. Edison pearls have entered the jewelry market in 2011. However, the fine microstructural characteristics of these pearls remain largely unknown, particularly the thickness of the nacre and the spatial distributions of organic pigment in the nacre. Herein, using X-ray microradiography analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, we comprehensively investigated the internal fine-microstructural characteristics of typical colored Edison pearls. Our results indicated that Edison pearls have a typical core–shell structure, in which the core is the nucellus and the shell is the nacre. Average nacre thicknesses varied from 1.00 to 3.60 mm among specimens. Surprisingly, theoretical calculations showed that nacre accounted for about 50–90% of the whole pearl by volume. In addition, multiple prismatic or irregular structures, almost entirely composed of aragonite, coexisted in the nacre of some Edison pearls; one of these structures was closely adjacent to the nucleus. Interestingly, the average thickness of individual aragonite tablets in the nacre gradually decreased from the inner nacre (near the nucleus) to the outer nacre (near the pearl surface). Finally, the intensity ratios of the two peaks in the Raman spectra (I1124–1134/I1085) were non-uniform across nacre regions, and generally increased with distance from the nucleus. This pattern was directly attributed to variations in pigment content among nacre regions. Our results substantially increase our understanding of nacre biomineralization and the gemological characteristics of colored Edison pearls. More importantly, this study identified certain characteristics that can be used to identify color-treated Edison pearls. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2014 Title: Observations on Pearls Reportedly from the Pinnidae Family (Pen Pearls) Abstract: Pearls of all kinds have been used for decorative purposes throughout history. The majority of these have been nacreous, yet certain non-nacreous pearls have also been sought by connoisseurs. Pinna (pen) pearls fall into the latter group. The nature of their non-nacreous structure often results in cracking, and because of stability concerns they are very rarely used in jewelry. Nineteen of the 22 samples from this study, reportedly from Pinnidae family mollusks, show similarities in color as well as external and internal structure. Raman, photoluminescence, and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopic results are discussed, along with the internal characteristics of pearls likely produced by this mollusk. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2009 Title: Nacre Evolution: A Proteomic Approach Abstract: From an evolutionary viewpoint, the molluscan nacre constitutes a fascinating object.
This microstructure appeared early, in the Lower Cambrian period, about 530 million years
ago, and since then, has been kept unchanged until today. Nacre is restricted to the
conchiferan mollusks, where it occurs in t least three main classes, bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether all nacres are built from the same “macromolecular tools”, proteins of the nacre matrix. To this end, we studied three new nacre models, the freshwater bivalve Unio pictorum, the cephalopod Nautilus macromphalus, and the gastropod Haliotis asinina, to which we applied a combined biochemical and proteomic characterization of their respective nacre matrices. The results of our approach, that can be defined as “shellomics” (proteomics applied to shell proteins) shed a new light on the macroevolution of nacre matrix proteins and on the in vitro design of nacrelike biomaterials. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2013 Title: Heat- and light-treatment change the visible fluorescence of Akoya cultured pearls Abstract: We exposed Akoya cultured pearls separately to heat (60–120 °C) and artificial light to investigate changes to fluorescence in the visible range and yellowing. We found that for both heat-treated and light-treated pearls, the fluorescence peak shifted from 480 to 430 nm with an increase in fluorescence intensity. This change in intensity was more prominent in heat-treated pearls, with the initial speed of increase rising with treatment temperature; treatment at 100 °C caused the greatest increase in fluorescence intensity. However, aminoguanidine suppressed the heat-induced change in the fluorescence of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid–soluble nacreous layer matrix. These results suggest that the heated-induced changes in the fluorescence of Akoya cultured pearls were caused largely by a buildup of fluorescent advanced glycation end products through the Maillard reaction. Although heat treatment led to a large increase in fluorescence intensity of the peak at approximately 430 nm in a deoxygenized environment, hardly any change in fluorescence intensity was observed after light treatment in this environment. Moreover, a new shoulder peak appeared at about 460 nm after light treatment. These results suggest that the Maillard reaction was not a major factor in the light-induced changes in the fluorescence of Akoya cultured pearls. @topic:5


Publish Year: - Title: Nautilin-63, a novel acidic glycoprotein from the shell nacre of Nautilus macromphalus Abstract: Unlabelled:
In molluscs, and more generally in metazoan organisms, the production of a calcified skeleton is a complex molecular process that is regulated by the secretion of an extracellular organic matrix. This matrix constitutes a cohesive and functional macromolecular assemblage, containing mainly proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides that, together, control the biomineral formation. These macromolecules interact with the extruded precursor mineral ions, mainly calcium and bicarbonate, to form complex organo-mineral composites of well-defined microstructures. For several reasons related to its remarkable mechanical properties and to its high value in jewelry, nacre is by far the most studied molluscan shell microstructure and constitutes a key model in biomineralization research. To understand the molecular mechanism that controls the formation of the shell nacreous layer, we have investigated the biochemistry of Nautilin-63, one of the main nacre matrix proteins of the cephalopod Nautilus macromphalus. After purification of Nautilin-63 by preparative electrophoresis, we demonstrate that this soluble protein is glycine-aspartate-rich, that it is highly glycosylated, that its sugar moieties are acidic, and that it is able to bind chitin in vitro. Interestingly, Nautilin-63 strongly interacts with the morphology of CaCO(3) crystals precipitated in vitro but, unexpectedly, it exhibits an extremely weak ability to inhibit in vitro the precipitation of CaCO(3) . The partial resolution of its amino acid sequence by de novo sequencing of its tryptic peptides indicates that Nautilin-63 exhibits short collagenous-like domains. Owing to specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified protein, Nautilin-63 was immunolocalized mainly in the intertabular nacre matrix. In conclusion, Nautilin-63 exhibits 'hybrid' biochemical properties that are found both in the soluble and insoluble proteins, rendering it difficult to classify according to the standard view on nacre proteins.

Database:
The protein sequences of N63 appear on the UniProt Knowledgebase under accession number P86702. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2024 Title: The Impact of Technology on Creativity of Metal Jewelry Design Abstract: This paper explores how technology has transformed metal jewelry formation. It examines the relationship between technology and artistic creativity, focusing on modern jewelry design programs. By tracing the evolution of technology's role, it addresses key research questions about its impact. Specifically, it explores whether technological advancements enhance the artistic creativity of jewelry designers and discusses how jewelry design programs empower designers with new creative capabilities. Additionally, it examines the contribution of technology in promoting innovation among metal jewelry designers. Conventional limitations have been disrupted as designers utilize technology to engage in experimentation, iteration, and exploration of non-traditional materials and shapes. Furthermore, the study reveals the visual possibilities offered by jewelry design programs, showcasing how these software tools bridge the divide between ideas and actualization. They empower designers to carefully shape and sculpt their creations, turning concepts into tangible masterpieces. The study examines the ways in which jewelry design programs streamline intricate procedures, making design, shaping, and manufacturing more straightforward. These programs promote accuracy and effectiveness, guaranteeing a smooth transition from concept to realization. To sum up, this paper highlights the symbiotic relationship between tradition and technology, demonstrating how advancements in technology have revolutionized the art of metal jewelry creation. @topic:6


Publish Year: 2021 Title: Investigation of nacre nanostructure by analyzing its structural color pattern Abstract: Produced by light interacting with structures at micrometer or nanometer levels, structural color can be utilized to investigate details of material structures. In this article, we studied the pattern of interference color generated from repetitive aragonite–conchiolin double layers on colorless nacreous pearls. Based on qualitative wave analysis and quantitative electromagnetic computation, we theoretically concluded such patterns are mainly determined by aragonite layer thickness. We also demonstrated how to predict the aragonite layer thickness and estimate the conchiolin refractive index variation on a Tahitian pearl with near-colorless body color and strong iridescence. We believe this approach offers a new perspective to study nanostructures in biology and mineralogy. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2019 Title: Nacre characterization of pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera from Arakan waters, North Sulawesi, Indonesia Abstract: Mother of pearl inside the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera was studied to provide information on the diversity of the aragonite microtablets and their biomineral compositions. This information can be used to reveal the specific characters of the nacre of the oyster from North Sulawesi coastal waters and as a basis for the oyster size selection in pearl culture. Thirty samples of oysters from Arakan waters had been prepared for their shells and then the nacre layer was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscope. Results showed that the nacre-composing microtablets varied with shell size, with thickness of 0.36-0.90 µm. The maximum thickness was found in P. margaritifera of 80-90 mm shell length. The biomineral composition contained in the tablet is Ca>Mo>Na>Al>Mg>Se>Fe>Mn>Cr. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2009 Title: Dynamics of sheet nacre formation in bivalves Abstract: Formation of nacre (mother-of-pearl) is a biomineralization process of fundamental scientific as well as industrial importance. However, the dynamics of the formation process is still not understood. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy and high spatial resolution ion microprobe depth-profiling to image the full three-dimensional distribution of organic materials around individual tablets in the top-most layer of forming nacre in bivalves. Nacre formation proceeds by lateral, symmetric growth of individual tablets mediated by a growth-ring rich in organics, in which aragonite crystallizes from amorphous precursors. The pivotal role in nacre formation played by the growth-ring structure documented in this study adds further complexity to a highly dynamical biomineralization process. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2011 Title: The Nature of the Pigments in Corals and Pearls: A Contribution from Raman Spectroscopy Abstract: Raman measurements at 473.1 nm on corals, both calcitic and aragonitic, and on pearls (aragonitic) were performed to elucidate the nature of the pigments, with the relative importance of methylated (carotenoids) or nonmethylated polyenes involved in the color associated with marine mineralized organisms still being a debated question. The resonance condition of the laser excitation enables the observation of overtones and combinations of four main vibrational modes of the polyenic or carotenoid pigment up to > 5000 cm. Raman spectroscopy proves to be a powerful tool to determine the biomineralized structure, the nature of the pigments, and the presence of artificial dyes. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2022 Title: Nacre Color and Reflectance Spectrum Analyses of Four Selected Strains of Mussels, Hyriopsis cumingii Abstract: Selective breeding of mussels based on nacre color forms the basis for cultivating freshwater pearls with specific colors, as the color of cultured pearls is mainly determined by the nacre color of the donor mussel. In this study, the nacre colors of four selected Hyriopsis cumingii strains (blue, red, golden, and white) were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the three nacre color parameters L, a, and b significantly differed (P < 0.01) between the four H. cumingii strains. Two principal components (PC1 and PC2) were extracted based on a principal component analysis, and their cumulative contribution rate ranged from 92.81% to 93.44%. The color parameters a and b had the greatest influences on PC1 and PC2, respectively, indicating that these two color parameters were the main factors contributing to the nacre color differences of the four strains. The nacre color parameters of the four H. cumingii strains were also investigated extensively using discriminant analysis, and the discrimination accuracies of the four strains were 76.7%, 80.0%, 72.5%, and 100.0%. Reflectance spectrum analysis showed that the nacre reflectance spectra of the four H. cumingii strains differed considerably and the spectral reflectance curves of the different nacre colors were clearly separated, indicating that spectral analysis represents an effective method for identifying different H. cumingii strains. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2023 Title: Nacre Extract from Pearl Oyster Shell Prevents D-Galactose-Induced Brain and Skin Aging Abstract: Pearl oyster shells comprise two layers, a prismatic and nacreous layer, of calcium carbonate. The nacreous layer has been used in Chinese medicine since ancient times. In this study, we investigated the effects of the extract from the nacreous layer of pearl oysters (nacre extract) on D-galactose-induced brain and skin aging. Treatment with nacre extract led to the recovery of D-galactose-induced memory impairment, as examined using the Barnes maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze tests. A histological study showed that nacre extract suppressed D-galactose-induced neuronal cell death and the expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), which causes apoptosis in the hippocampus. In addition, the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which counteracts age-related brain dysfunction, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase (sirtuin 1), which delays aging and extends lifespan, increased after nacre extract treatment. Moreover, the nacre extract showed anti-aging effects against D-galactose-induced skin aging; it suppressed D-galactose-induced wrinkle formation, decreased skin moisture, decreased epidermal thickness, and destroyed collagen arrangement associated with aging. Furthermore, the nacre extract suppressed oxidative stress associated with aging in the brain and skin by upregulating the expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The expression level of the cellular senescence marker p16, which is induced by oxidative stress, was elevated in the hippocampus and skin epidermal layer of D-galactose-treated mice, and it was suppressed by the administration of nacre extract. These results show that the nacre extract can suppress D-galactose-induced aging by enhancing anti-oxidant activity and suppressing p16 expression. Thus, the nacre extract may be an effective anti-aging agent. @topic:5


Publish Year: - Title: Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbons in the Zhujiang Formation in the Huixi Half-graben, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea Abstract: The process and mechanisms of secondary hydrocarbon migration in the Huixi half-graben, Pearl River Mouth Basin, were investigated on the basis of geological analysis of the strata and study of the porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks, fluid potential, oil properties, and geochemistry of oil–source correlation. The results suggest that the hydrocarbons of the Zhujiang Formation in the Huixi half-graben were derived from source rocks of the Eocene Wenchang Formation and the Eocene–Oligocene Enping Formation in the Huizhou Sag. The hydrocarbons migrated laterally from northeast to southwest. The sandstone in the upper member of the Zhujiang Formation exhibited superior physical properties (porosity and permeability) and connectivity than the lower member. Thin sandstone beds with good physical properties and stable distribution in the upper member of the Zhujiang Formation were the main carrier beds for lateral hydrocarbon migration. © 2016, National Research Council of Canada. All Rights reserved. @topic:9


Publish Year: 2011 Title: Structure-Mechanical Property Relationships In A Biological Ceramic-Polymer Composite: Nacre Abstract: The structure-mechanical property relationships were studied in nacre, a laminated ceramicpolymer biocomposite found in seashell. Four-point bending strength and three-point bend fracture toughness tests were performed, and the results averaged 180 ± 30 MPa and 9 ± 3 MPa·m 1/2 , respectively, indicating that the composite is many orders of magnitude stronger and tougher than monolithic CaCO 3, , which is the primary component of nacre. Fractographic studies conducted with a scanning electron microscope identified two significant toughening mechanisms in the well-known “brick and mortar” microstructure of nacre: (i) sliding of the aragonite platelets and (ii) ligament formation in the organic matrix. These toughening mechanisms allow for high energy absorption and damage tolerance and thereby prevent catastrophic failure of the composite. The structure of the organic matrix and the interfacial structure between the organic and inorganic components were studied with transmission electron microscopy by using both ion milled and ultramicrotomed sections with and without the intact aragonite platelets. We found that the organic matrix is indeed a multilayered composite at the nanometer scale but is thinner (about 100 Å) than reported in the literature. The morphology of the interfacial region between the organic and the inorganic layers suggests the presence of a structural “transitory” region that interlocks the two dissimilar phases. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2014 Title: Of Judges and Jewelers: Pearl and the Life of Saint John Abstract: In the middle english poem Pearl, a swooning, grief-stricken Jeweler experiences a gem-studded vision wherein precious stone becomes richly symbolic of heavenly wealth. The Jeweler first apprehends himself to be in a bejeweled landscape, then he perceives a glistening Pearl-Maiden, and ultimately he beholds the Heavenly City walled in diverse precious stones and gated with pearl, wherein gleaming citizens follow Christ “ϸat gay Juelle” (line 1124) in procession. The twelve gems of the city’s foundation and walls conform to the architectural model spelled out in Revelation, which itself stands as the record of a spectacular vision experienced by an earlier, deeply blessed visionary. By medieval tradition, Saint John the Evangelist, the Divine Apostle, was the author of both the Gospel of John and the Book of the Apocalypse. He was also popularly known as Jesus’ good friend. Christ had tenderly permitted him to nap on his breast at the Last Supper, a privilege that led John to have extraordinary insight into the ways of God. He was the apostle who had stood with Mary at the Crucifixion and the one to whom the crucified Lord had entrusted his own mother.
Because Saint John, being privy to God’s wonders, had witnessed the New Jerusalem, naming its precious stones in his Apocalypse, he also held honorific status as a gemologist—a reputation much strengthened by lapidarian metaphors, exempla, and moral teachings attached to his hagiography. Traditional episodes in the apocryphal Life of Saint John underscored the apostle’s wisdom regarding rocks, gems, and the right valuation of earthly substance as accorded by the Creator. Three of his most famous miracles center on jewels being transformed or exchanged. One of these episodes introduces the apostle into the life of Edward the Confessor, wherein a precious gem comes to symbolize a “Prince’s pay.” Ultimately, Saint John’s narrative becomes entwined with a core national myth of English monarchic privilege—a myth materially invested in the Confessor’s shrine at Westminster and the royal crown. Expressed in worldly terms, the contours of Saint John’s medieval legend exalt the Divine Apostle as peerless among jewelers.
I offer here a hitherto unexplored perspective by which to understand the trope of the Jeweler in Pearl. As the Jeweler’s dream unfolds in ineffable splendor, a good deal of its credibility borrows from sanctified authority: Saint John and the vision recorded in Apocalypse. When the narrating “I” exhibits his skill in appraisal and eventually is called a “juelere,” this professional identity serves as a crucial marker of similitude to Saint John, the Divine Jeweler of earthly matter and spiritual worth. The narrating “I” performs a role in the poem consistent with his named occupation: he is an expert appraiser of physical substance. A jeweler evaluates things by size, dimension, symmetry, color, and purity. Medieval science and theology held that precious stones and metals possess virtues—magical, God-given properties—that hold potency when in a pure, unalloyed state. By his own introduction, the Jeweler is a creature who by trained discernment deals in quality assessment:
Oute of oryent, I hardyly saye, Ne proued I neuer her precios pere. So rounde, so reken in vche araye, … Queresoeuer I jugged gemmez gayeI sette hyr sengeley in synglure.
As a judge of gems, the Jeweler is drawn to objects of refinement, for singular beauty enhances worth, and his now-lost pearl was his most valuable treasure.
Playing a prominent role later in Pearl, deep within the vision, is the saint whose own devysement—dreaming, narrating, assessing—becomes the spiritualized, extrasensory exemplar for the sensory acumen of the Jeweler. The medieval lapidary tradition, recorded for many centuries in many languages—Latin, French, Old English, Middle English, and so on—promoted John as the authority who reigned supreme among other divine experts in stone, such as Moses and Solomon. The apostle’s Revelation held the position of highest honor because it closes the Holy Book. Rather than constructing temples on earth, John saw the truths of heaven itself figured in stone (Fig. 1). As the North Midland Lapidary author explains, translating from French, John was God’s expert... @topic:6


Publish Year: 2013 Title: New developments in cultured pearl production: use of organic and baroque shell nuclei Abstract: Cultured pearls can be produced both with and without a nucleus. Marine pearl oysters that produce Akoya, South Sea and Tahitian cultured pearls typically use nuclei for their pearl products. The nucleus material used for these beaded cultured pearls is traditionally from freshwater Mississippi mussels. In recent years, there have been a number of attempts to use alternative pearl and shell materials as nuclei. This includes different types of shells, Bironite, laminated/powdered shell, freshwater cultured pearls and even natural pearls. The most recent development, detailed in this article, is the use of organic nuclei for the production of 2nd generation beaded baroque cultured pearls. Pearls cultured in this way first appeared on the market at the 2012 BaselWorld show. This paper examines how these pearls are linked to this new type of nucleus, how it is used in the pearl farming process, and details a gemmological study of the different generations of final pearl products. @topic:5


Publish Year: 2009 Title: The underworld of gemstones Abstract: In recent decades prices of high-end "colored gemstones" (trade jargon for precious stones other than diamonds), like almost all "collectibles," have risen dramatically. Demand has been spreading to economic classes formerly excluded at the same time the supply of high-quality material from natural sources falls, leading to constant searches for as yet undiscovered sites, which may take on the character of gold-rushes. While no doubt criminogenic factors have always existed within the gemstone business, periods of rapid price rise mean stronger temptation for illegal activities. The potential list of economic offenses, civil, regulatory and criminal, associated with the gemstones business includes: illegal mining, environmental offenses, bribery, gun-running, smuggling, "terrorist"(i.e. insurgent) financing, commercial fraud, mining-share swindles, money laundering and, not least, simple theft along with recycling stolen goods. This paper represents an attempt to understand the criminogenic factors in light of the history and current structures of the business. It fits the gemstone trade into a commercial, geo-strategic and sociological matrix, the three often interacting in mutually reinforcing ways. It asks whether, given the incentives and opportunities for illicit activity, relying primarily on industry self-regulation makes sense. But it questions whether the international regulatory regime now in place for diamonds can be applied to the far more diffuse supply-side of the colored gemstone market. The paper is divided into three parts. The first, "Under the Rainbow," examined the shady side of gemstone mining in a geo-political context. The current one, the second in the series, entitled "In the Eye of the Beholder," looks at fraud in cutting and polishing of rough gemstones into finished gems. The third "Hot Rocks, Cold Cash" will focus on illicit activity in the retail jewelry trade. @topic:11