Publish Year: - Title: The Belmont Mine and an Emerald’s Journey from Mine to Market Abstract: The emerald in this ring traveled through the entire mine-to-market value chain, from the earth of Brazil’s Belmont mine to a custom jewelry manufacturer and retailer in Thailand. Photo courtesy M. Suradej Joaillerie

Introduction: Brazil
Brazil gained its independence in 1822 from Portugal, which had ruled the country since the early 1500s. Today, Brazil is South America’s largest and most populous country, and also its strongest in economic terms. With a total area of 8,514,877 square kilometers, Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, with abundant natural resources. A leading contributor to its economic strength is the mining of precious metals, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, and petroleum.

Another of Brazil’s main economic resources is its agricultural output, which includes crops such as coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus, and beef. Its largest industries include textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles, and machinery. Brazil is sixth in the world in the size of its labor force, which employs over 107,300,000 citizens. Its $244.8 billion in annual exports places it 23rd in the world. China is its main trading partner, followed by the U.S.

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	Amazing Brazil
The people of Brazil are as diverse as their natural resources. The European population includes those of Portuguese, German, and Italian descent. There is also a large African population held over from the days of the slave trade, as well as indigenous people and many people of mixed ethnicity. This diversity has given rise to the country’s extremely rich culture.

Brazil is also rich in terms of its gemstone and jewelry industry. For decades, Brazil has been a leading supplier of colored gemstones, including emerald, amethyst, citrine, agate, tourmaline, topaz, alexandrite, cat’s-eye chrysoberyl, opal, iolite, garnet, and many others.

	Minas Gerais
When you translate the Portuguese name Minas Gerais into English, it literally means “general mines.” Mining is one of the most important industries in this large Brazilian state. The northwest part of the state is known for its huge pegmatite deposits that produce tourmaline and other colored gemstones. The business center for the mines is Governador Valadares. This city hosts gemstone cutting, trading, and industry shows. Diamonds have also been produced in the area around the town of Diamantina.

The southern part of the state has massive iron-ore mines and a railway to transport the ore to the coast. Near the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ouro Preto are the world’s only commercial sources of imperial topaz and a famous source of pink topaz. The name Ouro Preto translates into “black gold,” alluding to the historic importance of gold mining to the area.

Pink topaz is just one of the many gemstones mined in the state of Minas Gerais. Photo by Eric Welch/GIA.
The capital of Minas Gerais is Belo Horizonte, a city of over four million people. It is a center for Brazil’s gem and jewelry industry. A number of important gemstone cutters, jewelry designers, and jewelry manufacturers are located there.

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	Gems and Jewelry in Belo Horizonte

	Itabira
Itabira lies in the southeastern part of Minas Gerais and has over 100,000 inhabitants. The town’s most important industry is iron-ore mining and its most important company by far is Vale, the iron-ore mining giant. Vale is the third largest mining company in the world, the largest producer of iron ore, and the second largest producer of nickel. The largest iron-ore mines near Itabira are Cauê and Conceição. The ore is transported to the Port of Tubarão in Vitória, in the state of Espírito Santo, by the Vitória Minas railroad that goes across the entire state of Minas Gerais. While iron-ore mining supports the town’s economy, emerald mining is important to the global colored gemstone industry.

General Location Map South America

	While Itabira is better known for its iron-ore mining, the Belmont mine has made it
	famous in the gem industry for emeralds.
As the most productive emerald region in the country, Itabira is also the only place where large emerald mining companies are located. Among them, Belmont is the largest. It’s also one of the world’s most sophisticated and important emerald mines. Established in 1978, this family business is now entering its third generation.

While small compared to the area’s iron-ore mines, the Belmont emerald mine is the largest colored gemstone mining operation in Minas Gerais. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

	Belmont Mine History
Our team interviewed Belmont mine manager and family member Marcelo Ribeiro at the original pit mine, where emeralds were first discovered. He related the entire amazing story of how this area came to be one of the most sophisticated colored gemstone mining operations in the world.

Belmont Mine Location

The Belmont mine has been operating since 1978. It’s located 13 km (8 miles) southeast of the town of Itabira. Map provided by Belmont mine.
The source was discovered in 1978 by Mauro Ribeiro, the owner of the farm where the property lies. Mr. Ribeiro was born on the farm and lived there until he moved to Itabira to participate in the construction business. After starting an iron-ore mining company in Itabira with several hundred employees, he began to suffer from the stress of overwork and his doctor told him he needed a vacation.

Being more of a country man than a traveler, he returned to the family farm to relax for a month. Mr. Ribeiro had inherited the farm from his parents. Then, after buying out all the shares from his other family members, he kept the farm as a hobby and raised cattle on it.

The Ribeiro ranch operation continued through the early 1980s, when the mine was in its early stages. Courtesy Belmont mine.
When Mr. Ribeiro arrived at the farm he used a front loader to make a small dam near a stream in the south of the property to create a watering spot for the cattle. As he was excavating the site, and the small lake started to fill with water, some green stones washed up the sides. Unbeknownst to Mr. Ribeiro, he had reached an area where emeralds formed.

Mr. Mauro Ribeiro discovered emeralds while making a small dam, although he wasn’t aware of their value at first. His use of bulldozers continued through the early years of mine production. Courtesy Belmont mine.
Mr. Ribeiro was very happy with the small lake he built himself and went back to running his company, feeling more relaxed. He did not know what the green stones he saw were and didn’t pay that much attention to them.

A rail line near the Belmont property links Itabira to the harbor and is used to transport the coal from the massive coal mine nearby. A railroad track crossing point, operated manually by a lever, was located near Mr. Ribeiro’s new manmade lake. The lever operator at the track crossing was from Teofilo Otoni, a city in Minas Gerais that had become a gemstone cutting and trading center for many of the emeralds from the state of Bahia. Having observed emerald cutting and trading in Teofilo Otoni, the railroad worker had some knowledge about emeralds and emerald rough.

Mauro Ribeiro (right) had long been an entrepreneur. Even before working in the iron-ore industry, he bought empty oil barrels in Itabira and sold them in Belo Horizonte for a profit. This enterprising and independent spirit led him to venture into the gemstone industry once the opportunity presented itself. Courtesy Belmont mine.
One day the railroad worker decided to jump the fence and get some water out of the newly made lake. As he explored the lake area, he saw the green stones, which he recognized as emerald. He found Mr. Ribeiro and made a proposal: He would collect as many stones as he could, take them to Teofilo Otoni, sell them, and split the money fifty-fifty with Mr. Ribeiro. The deal was agreeable to Mr. Ribeiro as he had no idea about emeralds at that time. When the railroad worker brought Mr. Ribeiro’s share to him, he was amazed. After just a week of picking up stones by hand, the worker was able to bring Mr. Ribeiro more money for his share than he made in the iron-ore business in a month.

A lot of hard work, clever thinking, and political maneuvering was required between 1978 and 1983 to bring the mining operation to the state. Courtesy Belmont mine.
Mr. Ribeiro called Pedro, a friend and mining engineer in the iron-ore industry who lived in Belo Horizonte. When Mr. Ribeiro told him that he had emeralds on his property, Pedro told him it was impossible, as there were no emeralds in the area around Itabira. He instructed Mr. Ribeiro to heat the stones in a flame for a while and see if the color changed, thinking they might be aquamarines. Mr. Ribeiro did so and called Pedro to report that there was no color change. When Pedro came to take a look, he confirmed the stones were emeralds.

Mr. Ribeiro was very experienced in iron-ore mining and knew about the laws regarding minerals and mining rights in Brazil. As in other parts of the world, ownership of the land does not mean you own the mineral rights. There are various criteria involved in qualifying for the mineral rights on property you own. Mr. Ribeiro went to the Brazilian government’s mining department to apply for the mining concession on his property.

A concession is usually granted to the first person or company to properly apply for it. Shortly after Mr. Ribeiro submitted his application, many others applied for the mining concession on his property, as the news was spreading fast. In the years 1978 through 1979, over 500 independent miners, called garimpeiros, invaded the emerald-bearing area on the property, built tents, and started mining.

While the mining concession application was slowly working its way through the Brazilian bureaucracy, Mr. Ribeiro made a deal with the garimpeiros. He organized them and laid down rules: There would be no guns, no alcohol, and no women on the property. He also made an arrangement where everything that was mined would be grouped together as parcels and sold. The revenues would be split among everyone. He also constructed a fence around the mining area and informed the miners that outside the fence were his farm, his cattle, and his family, and they must be respected.

In 1979, the garimpeiros had their own camp on the Belmont property. Courtesy Belmont mine.
At the time, there was a lot of corruption in the Brazilian government and Mr. Ribeiro thought that his mining concession application was taking too long to get approved. If it was rejected on some technicality, he feared that the next application would be accepted, possibly as the result of a bribe. Mr. Ribeiro went to a politician he had known for years and had supported in elections, and expressed his concerns about the application and the number of garimpeiros invading the property.

The politician demanded payment to help with the mining concession application, which offended Mr. Ribeiro. He resented being asked for a bribe to do what the government should be doing anyway, especially by someone he considered a friend and someone he had supported in the past without asking for favors in return. The politician said this was how things worked and Mr. Ribeiro replied he would think about it.

Mr. Ribeiro told his wife he was going to Brasilia, the capital, and promised to return when the mine was his. Standing in front of the Mining Bureau building, he began wondering how he could get the application approved or even find out where it was sitting. As he watched people coming and going, he saw an honest looking man going in and asked him if he worked there and what he did. The man replied that he was one of the people who cleaned all the offices. Mr. Ribeiro explained the situation to the man and asked if he could help him find out where his application was and who he should speak with.

The janitor agreed to help, and later informed Mr. Ribeiro that his paperwork was on the desk of the Minister of Mines with a lot of other paperwork, and it was all very disorganized and neglected. Mr. Ribeiro asked the janitor if there was any way he could bring it to the attention of the Minister. After all, his application had been sitting there for a very long time.

The janitor took it upon himself to speak with the Minister, and said, “Mr. Minister, I noticed that these papers that need signing had been misplaced, and I organized them for you with the one waiting the longest on the top.” The Minister was grateful to the janitor for cleaning up the disorganized piles of papers and signed Mr. Ribeiro’s application by the next day. Mr. Ribeiro was so happy that he gave the janitor enough money for a new car. He returned home with the signed mining concession and it was officially published in the papers.

This aerial view shows the mine and the area around it as it appeared in the early 1980s. Courtesy Belmont mine.
Mr. Ribeiro stopped working in the iron-ore industry and formed a company to mine the area in an organized way. He brought the entire family into the business as there was a lot of work involved in getting a professional mining operation underway as well as security problems such as theft and invasion to deal with.

The Belmont property suffered significant damage from the numerous pits dug by the garimpeiros. Mr. Ribeiro eventually ended their involvement in the operation. Courtesy Belmont mine.
In late 1979 to 1980, heavy rains flooded the mining area. With operations halted, they brought in pumps to remove the water and looked at ways to improve their mining technology and methods. At the same time, the garimpeiros became interested in emerald mining at Santa Terezinha in the state of Goias, and many of them moved to that area. This alleviated some of Belmont’s theft and invasion problems for a while, but limited the mine’s manpower.

These circumstances allowed time for establishing a proper mining plan for the deposit. Mining engineers were brought in, the open pit was developed, the processing plant was built in 1980 using a conveyor belt hand-picking system, and production resumed at even stronger levels.

Even in the early 1980s, security was a major concern. Belmont introduced a closed-circuit system to monitor and record activity around the mine. Courtesy Belmont mine.

Belmont built its first sorting plant in 1981.  Courtesy Belmont mine.

At the first sorting plant, all sorting was done by hand from conveyor belts. The sorters placed emerald-bearing schist into suspended buckets. Courtesy Belmont mine.
Another obstacle arose when the garimpeiros who had previously worked the property hired a lawyer to help them return to the area. The emerald yield at Santa Terezinha proved to be not as high as they hoped. Their lawyer went to the government to claim that Mr. Ribeiro was not paying the required tax. The government then audited his bank account.

Mr. Ribeiro’s problem was that when he was selling emeralds for the others, all the proceeds were coming through his account. He gave the miners their share in cash, but he was paying the tax only on his 20 percent share. This made it appear as if he was not paying enough tax. There was no way to successfully fight the government over the tax bill so he had to sell a lifetime’s worth of possessions to raise enough money to pay the tax and keep possession of the mine. Luckily, a mining concession is not considered an asset so he was able to protect it during those tough times.

In 1980, a dragline system was used in the pit mine. The ore was scooped up into a scraper and loaded onto a truck for transport to the processing plant. Courtesy Belmont mine.
By 1982, the family’s legal problems were behind them. They still owned the mining concession, so they resumed mining and implemented larger-scale mechanized methods. At the time, they utilized a dragline pit-mining method. They dragged the earth up in buckets, taking mud, overburden, and ore to be sent all together to the processing plant. The mass of materials made processing difficult.

By 1985, they had purchased their first hydraulic shovel, an expensive piece of equipment that was rarely used for colored stone mining in Brazil at the time. Despite warnings by the salesperson, who suggested something smaller for emerald mining, the equipment paid for itself within a month. After that, mining was less expensive, as the stones were brought closer to the surface, making them easier to extract.

In the mid-1980s, the Belmont mine incorporated a hydraulic shovel into their operation. It was a big investment rarely used in colored stone mining at the time. Courtesy Belmont mine.
The operation remained strictly open-pit until the mid-1990s, but it became more difficult as the pit grew deeper and larger, with more and more waste removal required. At that time, exploration and core sampling became more critical, along with more sophisticated mining methods. One of Belmont’s geologists suggested making vertical shafts to get a better understanding of the geology, as well as to determine future production rates and the potential for underground mining. They thought underground mining could be useful and economically viable in areas where the quantity of overburden that needed to be removed to reach the emeralds was prohibitive. Studying the mine with an underground perspective would also help to plan future mining areas. Their first shaft was 35 meters deep, in the area of the original pit and, as expected, it provided helpful information for mine planning.

This 9.29 ct emerald was recently recovered from the underground mine at Belmont. Early underground exploration proved to be highly worthwhile, as underground mining has become an increasingly important contributor to Belmont’s overall production. Photo by Robert Weldon/GIA courtesy Belmont mine.
Core sampling began in the late 1970s and intensified in the 1990s. At first, they hired a contractor for core drilling rather than using their own geologist. But the contractor tried to use Belmont’s own data to make surveys for nearby properties, so by the late 1990s, Belmont put together their own core-drilling team. In 2001, just when planning for future mining activities at Belmont was heavily underway, Mr. Ribeiro’s grandson, Marcelo Ribeiro, graduated college with a degree in mining engineering.

Mauro Ribeiro and an initial geological team began core drilling in the late 1970s to better understand the deposit’s potential. Courtesy Belmont mine.
The major decision that needed to be made at that time was whether mining the open pit was possible for a longer period of time and whether it would be economically viable. Marcelo was involved in that decision-making process and the family decided to invest more heavily in the open-pit operation. They installed more pumps for water removal, which lowered the water level to allow deeper mining.

Marcelo Ribeiro graduated with a degree in mining engineering in 2001. He was instrumental in many of the technological developments at Belmont. Courtesy Belmont mine.
These events led to the development of what is now one of the highest-technology colored gemstone mines in the world. A constant quest for knowledge about the deposit, aided by new technology, has led the way to continued development. Belmont management is tirelessly devoted to fully mapping out the deposit, learning where the emeralds are, and determining the best mining methodology and most effective technology. This devotion is what brought the mine to its present state.

The entire family came together for Mauro Ribeiro’s 70th birthday party. The group included a young Marcelo, seen in the top row, third from the left. Courtesy Belmont mine.

	Belmont Mine History

Belmont Geology
Previous regional field mapping shows four main geologic units underlying Itabira, Santa Maria de Itabira, and Nova Era: (1) an Archean cratonic basement composed of gneisses and granitic rocks; (2) an Archean greenstone belt (mafic oceanic crust accreted to the continental margin during subduction); (3) Lower Proterozoic metasediments that belong to the Minas Supergroup; and (4) Medium Proterozoic metasediments that are essentially quartzite. Two main tectonic events influenced this area: the Paleoproterozoic (~2.1 Ga—billion years ago) transamazonic orogeny and the Neoproterozoic Brasilian orogeny (~600 Ma—million years ago). The latter belongs to the global Pan-African frame.

In Itabira, the Early Proterozoic Minas Supergroup includes, from bottom to top, paragneisses that formed through the metamorphism of sedimentary rocks; greenschists; the Caraca group, made of micaceous quartzites and some phyllites; the Itabira group, containing the most economically important itabirite and hematite-iron ore; and the Piracicaba group, composed primarily of quarzites, sericites, and phyllites. The entire sequence was subjected to regional metamorphism.

Regional Geology

	This illustration outlines the regional geology around the Belmont mine. Adjusted from
	Hanni et al., 1987
The formation of emerald at Belmont is a result of the metasomatic reaction between beryllium-rich pegmatites and chromium-rich ultramafic rocks. At Belmont, the deeply weathered Archean greenstone belt is in contact with Borrachudu metagranitoids and fluorite-bearing foliated metagranitoids. The mafic formations were metamorphosed to biotite, talc-chlorite schists. The schists dominate the mining area at Belmont and are 750 to 1000 meters wide, striking NE to SW.

A number of pegmatites intruded into the schists. Intense weathering resulted in a lot of the pegmatites converting to kaolin, and quartz pockets are distributed between the metagranitoids and the schists. Emeralds are found only in the metasomatic reaction zones within the chlorite schist and black phlogopite schist or in the highly altered pegmatite bodies.

The origin of the pegmatites is still being debated. Some researchers propose that they are related to the Brasilian orogeny (about 500 Ma) and others think that they formed during the earlier Transamazonic orogeny (about 1.9-2.1 Ga), with some of the lower-temperature minerals such as biotite rejuvenated by the later Brasilian tectono-thermal event.

Cross-section of Mining Area

This east-west cross-section clearly shows the mining area’s different geological units and their thicknesses. Drilling cores crossed through all the units. Courtesy Belmont mine.

Business Model
It’s difficult to predict the actual life of a mine because the mining rate depends on many economic factors. When demand is high, mining activity is high, and when demand decreases, such as during a recession, mining activity is reduced. Marcelo has no fear of running out of emeralds, but he is concerned about economic factors that can make mining expensive, such as recessions that lower emerald’s per-carat price, fluctuations in currency rates, and even fuel costs.

This overview of the Belmont mine shows the original pit with the processing plant in the background. Because Belmont is a large-scale colored gemstone operation, global economics have a strong influence on its mining costs. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
This has led Belmont to pursue operations that take it higher in the value chain. While they have continually improved their sorting, parcel creation, and customer base, several years ago they moved into manufacturing and selling cut stones rather than just rough, hoping to not only increase the return on the emeralds they mine but also to make it more economically viable to continue mining, and to prolong the life of the mine.

	Belmont now cuts the majority of their own rough production, moving their business
	farther up the value chain. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Belmont now cuts the majority of the facet-grade rough they produce—about 70 percent by value, about 60 percent by volume. When deciding what rough they will retain for cutting and what rough they will sell, Belmont looks primarily at market demand and cost effectiveness factors. Currently, they cut all their facet-grade rough in Brazil. However, labor costs are not as low as in other areas of the world, so they must determine if a faceted stone fashioned in Brazil can be priced at a globally competitive level. Most of their carving, bead, and cabochon-grade material goes to Jaipur, India.

A Special Stone’s Progress
While GIA field gemologists often visit mines and study the complete mine-to-market value chain, it is not often that we can follow a particular stone from the mine to the final consumer. We had that chance with a 29.8-gram piece of rough from the Belmont mine. This rough came out of the underground mine at a level 654 meters above sea level and 100 meters underground. As is usually the case with both underground and pit mines, the stone was not discovered during the mining process itself. It was still in the schist after the blasting and extraction processes were complete.

Our mine-to-market emerald came from the underground operation, which required significant investment and heavy equipment like this front-loader. Photo by Duncan Pay/GIA.
Belmont’s sophisticated optical sorter was the first to “see” the stone. The first human saw it right after optical sorting, in the “safe room” where the emerald-containing ore is stored. No one noted its quality, however, until it came to the sorting and grading facility in Itabira and wound up on mine manager Marcelo’s desk. It was actually Marcelo’s mother who noticed it. She called Marcelo over to see something “extra special.”

The Belmont mine relies on the sophistication of its optical sorters to detect valuable emerald rough. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
The Ribeiro family always checks every production first. When we asked Marcelo how often he finds such large and high-quality crystals, he replied, “It’s a matter of luck. But I believe what brings me luck is hard work. God helps those who work with passion. Belmont mine is amazing: Every production may bring a surprise. I would say we can have one to three stones with that size and quality per year.”

The original rough of our mine-to-market emerald was impressive and showed great potential. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Marcelo showed the stone to his cutter and they discussed their cutting strategy. Marcelo did not allow him to start cutting, as he wanted to let the GIA team set up and document the cutting process. He told his chief cutter, Donizete, that “tomorrow, my GIA friends will make a video,” so he could show them what he has learned in 38 years of cutting emeralds.

As Donizete turned the stone to examine it from all angles, his eyes sparkled and he said, “Listen, you know this is my life, I love what I do and I am very happy your friends are coming to see us. I will do my best and God willing we will have one beautiful stone out of the stones cut from this rough that weighs over 15 carats.”  Marcelo jokingly asked, “Do you want to sleep with the stone tonight?” Donizete replied, laughing, “I would, but my wife is very jealous.”

Marcelo and his chief cutter spent a great deal of time discussing the sawing, preforming, and cutting of the large emerald rough. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Before they put the stone into the safe for the night, Marcelo and his cutter had a bit more discussion about their strategy for finishing the stone and about where to make the first saw-cut. Marcelo tried to push Donizete for more details about his plans for cutting the emerald but Donizete just replied, “Don’t worry, the stone will tell us what to do.”

Open-pit Mining
For four to five years after the mining concession was established, they continued open-pit mining at the original location—pit #1. But as the pit became deeper, water problems started hampering the operation. The pit was at a low area of the property, very near water level, and rains made flooding a constant problem. To compensate, they moved some mining operations northward.

	Open Pit Mining

They also decided to continue mining pit #1 and invested in more pumps to remove the water, adding years to the pit’s life. At the time of our visit, pit #1, called the old pit by Belmont personnel, was still being mined, although it was becoming too expensive and approaching the end of its productive life. Marcelo estimates they will be mining the old pit for another two years.

	At the time of our visit, there was some rainwater at the bottom of pit #1. The water
	reflected the hydraulic shovel as it loaded the truck. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

The hydraulic shovel loads earth into a truck for transport out of pit #1, which is now so deep that it has reached the hard-rock phlogopyte schist. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Currently, the original pit has one mechanized shovel going deeper and another continuing the pushback on the high wall. In the past five years, Belmont has gone about 35 meters deep into the original pit, which is approximately 150 meters by 100 meters in size. Activity was constant while we were there, with the hydraulic shovel removing waste and exposing the reaction-zone ore. They removed the highly weathered white granite overburden to reveal the dark phlogopite reaction-zone ore beneath it. In the earlier mining stages, the weathered phlogopite had been golden in color and easy to remove. At the current depth, the phlogopite reaction zone was dark, hard rock similar to what is encountered in an underground mine.

We observed another type of schist, rich in silica. Marcelo said they call it fool’s schist, after fool’s gold, because it does not contain emeralds. Also, when mining began, the original pit had a concentration of emeralds that had washed down from the hillside into the pit area, making this eluvial emerald deposit easy and profitable to mine. Alluvial river gravel beds of emerald are extremely rare, but these had been weathered free and not traveled far so they were still intact.

Not all the schist in the pits contains emerald. Some that contains no emeralds is referred to by the miners as fool’s schist. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
While Belmont cannot be as accurate with value estimations as iron-ore mines or gold mines, they feel, on average, they can come up with fairly good predictions. Marcelo estimates there are at least 10 to 15 more years of open-pit mining at Belmont. Pit #1 will also prove very useful over the coming years because it can accommodate all the tailings from the processing plant and all the waste rock from other mining operations. By not having to transport tailings and waste material very far, mine operators can save considerable costs. This cost-saving will be one factor that helps extend the life of the mine.

Current and Future Mining Activities

Future mining pits have already been planned based on very detailed exploration work by Belmont geologists. Current mining operations include both open-pit and underground mining. Courtesy Belmont mine.
There are two other open pits being developed at Belmont, with progress moving from south to north. They are identified as pit #2 and pit #3. The third pit is 500 meters from the original pit, with pit #2 between them. Pit #2 is about 200 meters by 80 meters in size, and expected to reach 300 meters by 100 meters. Pit #3 is expected to be 100 meters by 100 meters.

	Core Drilling and Analysis
Open-pit mining at Belmont still has a long potential life span as it continues into the northern areas of the concession. The investment in core drilling over the last 15 years is paying off in helping to plan for open-pit operations over many more years.

	Core Drilling

Belmont has core-drilled over 15,000 meters, at an average cost of about $200 USD per meter. The Belmont geologists have become experts at reading the lithology of the phlogopite schist core drillings. They send the cores for chemical analysis, then feed the information into a mathematical model Belmont is developing to predict emerald concentrations as well as the quality of emerald in the ore. Core sampling follows the standard mining-block model, where they divide the ore into cubic blocks by three-dimensional computer modeling. Each block is then assigned an estimate of the revenue that can be recovered by mining that block.

For the GIA team, Marcelo Ribeiro explains the importance of core drilling in planning future mining efforts. Photo by Duncan pay/GIA.
The data is compiled from core samplings and mining activity. Projected revenue is determined by mathematically estimating the quantity of emerald in the block, and to some degree its quality and value. This combination of information makes analysis more difficult than it would be for other commercial minerals.

Their quality estimate is actually an estimate of the color quality of the emeralds in the block. Through their mathematical chemistry model, they can measure the amount of chromium present, which helps them understand the potential quality of the green color. By measuring the iron and vanadium content, they can analyze the potential strength of the color modification by blue or yellow hues.

	The Importance of Core Sampling

They cannot yet accurately estimate the crystallization or clarity. However, they are working on understanding the relationship between the beryllium, chromium, iron, and possible other elements to potential crystallization. This will not tell them if mechanical cracks are present but they hope to be able to predict if the crystals will be milky or clear.

Core-drilling samples provide the information needed for planning mining locations as well as for analyzing potential emerald quality. They also act as a permanent reference. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
3D Modeling from Core Sampling

Belmont has created a 3D model based on core-drilling data from many areas of the mine. The model is very important for planning future mine development. Courtesy Belmont mine.

	Underground Mining
In 1994, the current ramp-style underground mine started out as three small vertical shafts from which horizontal tunnels called galleries were excavated with the goal of better understanding the formation of the emerald in the hard rock phlogopite schist. At that time, Belmont had only been mining the weathered phlogopite schist in the pit mine. Observing the emeralds underground in the schist provided a better idea of the ratio of emeralds to rock, along with the direction of emerald formation and reaction zones. The vertical shafts were for research, and to study the possibility of progressing to underground mining.

	Underground Mining

	When GIA visited the Belmont mine in 2004, the only access to the underground tunnels
	was by a vertical shaft. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Overall Mining Area

This is a 3D view of the whole mining area. Open pits are located primarily within the altered ore body, while the underground operation focuses on the compact ore body. Courtesy Belmont mine.
After several years, Belmont felt confident enough to make the considerable investment required to develop a ramp-style underground mine. The ramp needed to be large enough to allow front-loaders and trucks to enter the mine, work in the mine, and haul ore out of the mine. The original vertical shaft was integrated into a ventilation shaft for the ramp mine. Exhaust pipes are used to help remove the dust through the vertical shaft. The shaft also serves as an emergency exit. One of the keys to underground mining is ventilation. Besides the vertical shaft, there is a piping system that provides air throughout the mine.

Wires on the left side of the tunnel provide electricity while tubing on the upper right provides ventilation. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
During full production, 30 to 40 truckloads of material can be removed from the underground mine, totaling about 400 to 500 tons of ore a day. During our visit they were removing about 15 truckloads a day, for a total of about 200 tons of ore. The current state of the underground mine is very impressive, with between two and three kilometers of underground tunnels. The main ramp is about 500 meters long, from the surface to the deepest point in the mine. This ramp is the main road into the mine and it is 4X5 meters in size. This allows enough space for front-loaders to load trucks, and for the trucks to move freely in and out of the mine.

This front-loader is poised to load ore into a truck. It sits on a raised platform to make loading easier. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
With gemstone mining, it can be advantageous to mine at multiple locations. Belmont’s current production comes half from the underground mine and half from the open pit. It is difficult to predict the quality of material obtained at any production point at any location. By mining both the underground mine and the pit mine, Belmont gets a good range of material for parcels. However, in 20 years the underground mine may need to produce a far higher percentage of ore. Because of this, Belmont has designed the underground mine with the goal of doubling the current rate of production.

While it is easier to mine the open pit, the underground mine requires less removal of waste, as mining is taking place directly in the phlogopite schist. To mine the current underground mine as an open pit, Belmont miners would have to first remove 70 meters of overburden to reach the schist. They determined it was economically more prudent to mine this area as an underground mine.

	Mine Planning

The underground mining process begins with blasting to remove the phlogopite schist. Scrapers pull the schist that has been blasted free down to the main ramp. There, it can be loaded into the trucks and hauled to the processing plant. The blasting opens up what Belmont calls mining panels in the rock. The panel we saw was a reaction zone about 1.5 meters thick. Belmont had been following this reaction zone, blasting it free and pulling it down with the scrapers. A scraper consists of a winch that hauls buckets of material down from the mining panel through the tunnel, to a point where it can be picked up by a front-loader and then taken to the truck. The truck then takes it out of the mine through the main ramp.

Being able to drive trucks down the ramp to the mining area gives underground mining a huge advantage for moving material, but it also requires a large initial investment to make the tunnel wide and deep enough to accommodate large trucks. Photo by Duncan Pay/GIA.
3D Map of Underground Mine

The underground mining operation is well developed, with ramp-style entrances large enough to accommodate trucks, and numerous galleries and mining panels that are constantly being mapped out as mining progress continues. Courtesy Belmont mine.
The stones in weathered phlogopite mined from the open pit tend to be smaller than those in the hard-rock phlogopite of the underground mine. However, extraction of the weathered phlogopite in the open pit does not require blasting so there is less damage to emerald crystals. In the end, the stones from both source types often wind up about the same size and quality. Also, the original pit is now so deep that it has reached the level of hard-rock phlogopite schist.

Truckloads of ore leave the mine for the processing facility, which has been revamped to handle hard-rock schist. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

In the emerald-bearing zones, white beryllium-rich pegmatite intrudes into chromium-rich phlogopite schist. Photo by Duncan Pay/GIA.

	State-of-the-art Processing
At the moment, most of the ore from the pit-mining operation looks the same as that from the underground operation. This is due to the fact that most of the pit-mining production is from pit #1, which means it comes mostly from phlogopite schist that is similar to the hard rock in the underground mine. The golden, weathered phlogopite schist has mostly been mined out of pit #1 and they are into the hard-rock schist at this point. For this reason, the processing plant is geared primarily to processing hard-rock schist, where before it was geared mostly to processing weathered schist. Pit #2 has also reached hard-rock phlogopite schist so it requires hard-rock processing methods.

	Processing the Ore

The process starts when the trucks bring the schist to the processing plant and unload it into the first grating. Any schist smaller than 500 millimeters falls through the grating and into the first jaw crusher. A hydraulic hammer breaks up the large pieces of schist so they can fit through the first grating. A series of crushers and screens reduces all the schist down to 40 millimeters in size. Schist that’s less than 40 millimeters in size goes to the hydro-clean, which subjects the schist to high water pressures to thoroughly clean it and make the emeralds more visible to the optical sorter.

Belmont invested heavily in converting their processing facility to handle hard rock instead of the loose dirt they had focused on in the past. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Previously, water cannons were used to crush and wash the weathered phlogopite schist. These were ineffective against the hard-rock phlogopite Belmont is currently mining, so crushers and the hydro-clean system have taken their place. Hydro-clean technology is from Germany and is much better than water cannons because it uses much less water and energy, and has much higher capacity.

Directly after hydro-clean processing, screens separate the schist by size. There are three size classifications: small, at less than 10 millimeters; medium, between 10 and 20 millimeters; and large, from 20 to 40 millimeters. Belmont uses two optical sorters—one for the under-10 millimeter schist and the other for the medium and large material.

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	The Processing Plant
The original processing plant, built in 1981 and operated until October 2013, was designed for the weathered phlogopite schist ore. Significant investment was needed to convert the plant for processing the hard-rock phlogopite schist. They expect the new processing plant to operate for about as long as the original. Although the investment was substantial, it allows them to efficiently process the type of ore they are now mining and to make way for the potential production capacity of the future. The current plant can process three times more than the prior plant, with half the labor. By increasing production capacity and lowering operating costs, the processing plant is one of the measures Belmont has enacted to increase the mine’s productive life.

	Production
Currently, Belmont needs to move an average of 8 to 10 times more waste rock than reaction-zone ore from its open pits. This means that to recover one ton of phlogopite schist reaction zone, Belmont has to move 8 to 10 tons of waste. Out of the one ton of reaction-zone ore, Belmont recovers an average two grams of emerald rough, which yields on average about two carats of cut stones. Overall, Belmont mines 11 tons of rock for every two carats of cut emeralds from its open pits.

	Predicting Emerald Quality

Underground mining requires less rock handling and waste. In the underground mine, Belmont mines one ton of waste to one ton of reaction-zone ore, so they average two tons of rock mined to two carats of cut emerald. Fifty percent of Belmont’s production comes from open-pit mining and 50 percent from underground mining. At this moment, most of the open-pit production is from pit #1. That will change after a couple of years and pits #2 and #3 will dominate open-pit production.

At the mine’s on-site processing plant, Marcelo Ribeiro looks through the contents of the locked boxes to analyze the mine’s rough production. The boxes will be sent to the sorting house in Itabira. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

	Protecting the Environment
Belmont places a high priority on environmental protection and restoration. The reasons for this include:

		They feel it is the right thing to do.

		The mine is their home, where their ranch still exists and the family has a connection to the land.

		The environmental regulations in Brazil have become very strict, especially as the mining operation becomes larger.

		They feel there is a growing marketing advantage to offering ethically mined gemstones as well as promoting environmentally sound, “green,” practices for a green stone like emerald

	Reclamation and Reforestation

One of the main concerns in any mining operation is water contamination. Water is necessary for gemstone mining, especially during the processing of the ore and recovery of the gemstones. The main environmental problem with gemstone mining is that the water becomes contaminated with particles from the overburden dirt and gravel, and in this case, also schist, as it washes away these materials to reveal the gemstones.

Belmont’s water reclamation system consists of a series of gravity-fed ponds. Photo by Andrew Lucas.
Belmont uses a seven-pond filtration system to remove particles and to further purify the water used during mining and ore processing. The ponds are at slightly different elevations so gravity causes the water to pass from one pond to the other, becoming purer as it progresses. The pulp (water plus solids smaller than 0.06 mm) passes slowly through the ponds as the water filters through the system, and the solid particles settle into the ponds. Belmont routinely cleans the ponds, removing the particle sediments and bringing them back to the mining area to be used as backfill.

By the time the water is returned to the river, the pond filtration process has removed 99.5 percent of all particles and also introduced oxygen to the water. At the end of the process the water exceeds all parameters to qualify for human consumption and is cleaner than the water in the river it is being returned to. The process cleans 200 cubic meters of water an hour. Belmont is working to refine the process for 100 percent removal of particles from the water.

Besides water reclamation, another goal of green mining is to refill pits and other mined areas and reforest those areas. The mining process removes materials that do not contain emeralds to reach the mineralized zones. Belmont drills and blasts the non-emerald containing rocks, and hydraulic shovels load the material into trucks for transport to the waste pile for dumping. The waste pile is then leveled and reforested. During our visit, we witnessed the leveling of the waste pile for pit #1.

The earth removed from pit #1 has been placed in the area above it and is being leveled off for reforestation. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Belmont is currently moving 900,000 tons of waste per year and so far has reforested 50 hectares (about 123 acres). Pit #1 is still being mined, but once its emerald-bearing material is fully depleted, it will be backfilled with the waste from the other pits. Once pit #1 is completely backfilled it will be reforested. That is expected to be completed in about 10 years.

Belmont has its own reforestation team. Its manager has a degree in environmental engineering. They have a nursery where they raise trees for reforestation. Belmont considers it imperative to have enough of a variety of native trees to rebuild the forest to exactly the same state it was in before mining. The Belmont crew takes on all responsibility for rebuilding the natural habitat, including checking to see that the same number of animals return to live in the reforested area that was there originally.

The earth being dumped from pit #1 will be leveled and the area will be reforested to look similar to the forested area in the background. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Their methods combine environmental restoration with sound mining economics. They reduce the distance waste has to be transported by placing the pits near each other and mining the same vein. By backfilling pit #1 with the waste from the other pits, transportation costs are reduced. This also allows them to remove waste and place it in an already-mined area so they do not have to degrade virgin land. When Belmont plans mining activities, they also plan environmental protection, such as reforestation, right from the beginning. The two efforts are intimately connected. One of the biggest cost factors in mining today is environmental protection, so planning from the start to minimize environmental degradation is not only the right thing to do but also economically sound.

	Sorting
Sorting begins at the processing plant, where optical sorters separate emerald-bearing from non- bearing schist. Belmont has used optical sorting since 2004. Before that, workers handpicked the emerald-bearing schist from conveyor belts. Even in the 1980s, Belmont was looking for a more automated sorting method, but they did not find the proper technology until 2004.

	Optical Sorting

The optical sorters have proven to be more consistent than human sorters in finding emeralds. The original optical sorter has been completely updated with new closed circuit cameras, computers, and software. Also, they added an additional optical sorter. The original optical sorter has been optimized to sort schist that is between 2 and 10 millimeters in size and the second optical sorter from 10 to 40 millimeters in size. Both optical sorters have about a 95 percent accuracy rate for identifying emerald-bearing schist from mine ore, and are consistent from day to day and hour to hour. Belmont feels that with some further refinements to the process they will achieve 97 to 98 percent accuracy.

The Belmont sorting facility of 1981 was state-of-the-art for colored gemstones at the time, with conveyor belts handling different schist sizes. By 2004, however, Belmont had incorporated state-of-the-art technology in the form of an optical sorter. Courtesy Belmont mine.

This is one of Belmont’s optical sorters, which find and separate emerald-bearing schist. The mine has two sorters to handle different size ranges. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Basically, the closed circuit cameras scan schist coming through the optical sorter on a conveyor belt for emerald. When emerald-bearing schist is identified, air jets blow it off onto another conveyor belt. The newer optical sorter has stronger air jets that can blow the larger pieces of emerald-bearing schist onto the second conveyor belt.

	How the Optical Sorter Works

The capacity of the optical sorter that handles larger schist sizes is 5 to 15 tons per hour, depending on the size of the material coming through. The capacity of the optical sorter that handles smaller schist sizes is only 2 tons per hour. Belmont is preparing to add another optical sorter in the future to increase processing of the smaller schist. The material must be in a single layer in order for the cameras to recognize the presence of emerald. Since smaller schist weighs less, it operates at a lower ton-per-hour rate.

After sorting, the emerald-bearing schist is transported to Belmont’s final sorting and cutting facility in Itabira. The first step is to break away the phlogopite and often quartz to leave just the emerald crystal. Workers use pliers to break the host rock away from the emerald, then to break away any highly included areas in a process called cobbing. The rough is then ready for sorting and grading into parcels.

Highly included areas of the emerald crystal and remnants of the host schist are removed from the rough by cobbing with pliers. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Belmont sorts emerald rough into categories of size, shape, color, and crystallization or clarity. There are five size classifications, and there are 10 further classifications within each size range. Shape comes into play when the rough stones are flat and will be used for marquises, baguettes, etc. These are placed in a separate group for further grading.

At their facility in Itabira, Belmont sorters sort the cobbed emerald rough into categories of size, shape, color, and clarity. Photo by Eric Welch/GIA.

	The Cutting Center
Belmont has a small cutting facility that utilizes Israeli cutting machines that are modern improvements over traditional jampeg devices, where the rough gem is attached to a dop that is then inserted into a guide that allows fast adjustment of the cutting angles from facet to facet. Traditional jampegs have long been used throughout Asia. Modern improvements in the Israeli machines allow fast placement of the dop along with improved precision.

	Cutting Belmont Emeralds

Belmont’s girdling and calibration machines are all hand operated, but the equipment also allows for precise calibration measurements. During our visit, they were cutting numerous emeralds into various calibrated sizes for specific jewelry mountings. Cutting is not as inexpensive in Brazil as in other parts of the world, so the cutting must be precise and of high quality. During the faceting process, the Belmont cutters constantly check the stones for symmetry and polish quality.

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	Faceting a Belmont Emerald

Belmont’s girdling machine is used for rounds and other shapes. It can be set to fashion a stone’s measurements to within a hundredth of a millimeter. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

	Cutting the Mine-to-market Rough
This, of course, was not the process used for the large stone being cut from the nearly 150-carat piece of rough we were planning to track from mine to market. This was a large, fine-quality emerald that would be cut to maximize beauty and weight recovery. Any specific measurements were meaningless compared to those two criteria, as the mounting would be custom-made to fit the stone.

	Cutting the Emerald

The first step in the cutting process was to saw the stone. Marcelo equated sawing an important stone with gambling. It is very exciting, “a moment of high adrenalin.” Marcelo said, “We can get addicted to it.” He also said, regarding the sawing process, “You can go from heaven to hell or the opposite just after one sawing.”

The mine-to-market rough started out as an already-impressive crystal. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
Marcelo and Donizete had high expectations since they found the rough so “amazingly beautiful.” As Marcelo said, “We had a big fear to make a wrong decision and damage what nature made so carefully.”

After the first sawing, Marcelo told us, “We did the right thing,” and their first feeling was a kind of relief from the initial pressure. They immediately regained their excitement for the next sawing steps.

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	Sawing a Special Emerald
The original rough weighed 29.8 grams. Belmont’s master cutter started by cleaning it and creating windows into the gem with the grinder wheel to help with decisions on where to start sawing. Each step provided a better interior view that led to further cutting decisions. The sawing process resulted in 39 sawn pieces of cuttable rough, weighing a total of almost 134 carats.

The largest was a 40.68-carat piece of rough, which was sawn several times to get it to the desired point of clarity and quality. Its shape allowed very good weight retention, and the quality was good, so the hope was for a cut stone that was close to 50 percent of the weight of the sawn rough, a good percentage for colored stones, especially bright ones.

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	Sawing Results
The sawing process revealed included problem areas in the 40.68-carat piece of rough. They were removed. The question of which of two table directions to take was settled by the last sawing, after a dark and very noticeable inclusion was removed. It was a tough choice as the saw removed weight they did not want to lose, but the dark inclusion had to be removed to yield a fine cut stone. The master cutter changed to an extremely paper-thin saw blade to allow for minimal weight loss.

The sawn mine-to-market stone was preformed against a grinding wheel to define its shape before faceting. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
There was another included area that could have been sawn off before preforming, but the master cutter decided he would rather remove the area gradually with the grinder. Some emerald rough has internal characteristics that make it brittle and difficult to preform. This rough had good quality and was very stable during the critical preforming stage. Also, the rough itself was partially preformed by nature, with areas of the crystal already shaped like a pavilion and an area shaped for the table. The sawing process removed this advantage for some of the sawn stones but still left the some of the natural useful shape for the largest stone, our mine-to-market stone.

At this stage, the emerald is beginning to look more like a finished stone. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

After preforming, our mine-to-market emerald weighed 26.95 carats. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
The sawing and preforming stages helped guide the removal of significant value-lowering inclusions as well as table orientation and cutting directions. The faceting step had a strong influence on the brightness of the stone, as the exact proportions of the pavilion angle, crown angle, table percentage, and other facet placements were decided. Again, there is always a compromise with expensive rough between bringing out the best color and brightness, further reducing any visible inclusions, and creating pleasing symmetry and retaining as much of the valuable weight as possible. Through years of experience, Belmont cutters know what their customers are looking for in terms of appearance and cost per carat.

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	Faceting the Mine-to-market Stone
During faceting, the stone was cut to maximize light return and gain attractive proportions and symmetry, with the added goal of maximizing weight yield, always a difficult blend of objectives. Some weight had to be lost to achieve a return of the beautiful green color to the eye. The pavilion of the stone had to be angled properly so there was no unsightly window where color intensity was lost, while also keeping in mind the high cost of removing every bit of weight. After the faceting was complete, the finished stone weighed 19.70 carats.

Once the stone was removed from the dop, some of the wax was still visible on the pavilion. Next, it will be cleaned, examined, and enhanced. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.

	Improving the Stone’s Appearance
The vast majority of emeralds in the market, including very high-end emeralds, undergo clarity enhancement. This involves filling surface-reaching fissures with a colorless to near-colorless material to make them less visible. Gemstone fissures are filled with air, which makes them very visible in the stone. When a foreign material with similar optical properties to the gem material is used to fill the fissures, they become much less visible. Generally, the closer the refractive index of the colorless to near-colorless filler material is to the refractive index of the emerald, the better it conceals the fissure. A variety of oils, resins, epoxies, and polymers are used to fill fissures in emerald.

	Enhancing the Emerald

For this special mine-to-market emerald, Marcelo told us the customers he has in mind prefer the use of cedarwood oil to fill the fissures. While at the Belmont sorting and cutting facility in Itabira, we witnessed the entire enhancement process.

Belmont uses cedarwood oil to fracture-fill their emeralds, as many of their customers request this material. Photo by Andrew Lucas/GIA.
After cleaning the fissures out with a solvent, the stone was soaked, along with a few of the other stones cut from the same rough, in a beaker full of cedarwood oil, adding heat to allow for better penetration of the oil into the emerald. This is usual practice for enhancement processes like this, where a slight amount of heat and pressure makes the oil flow more thoroughly into the fissures.

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	Enhancing the Stone
Before enhancement, we joined the Belmont professionals in examining the emeralds. They pointed out the fissures that they hoped would be less visible after enhancement. Cutting gemstones always involves compromise. This is especially true of higher-value material. To remove the fissures during cutting would have required too much loss of weight from the rough to be economically viable. After examining the stone again, it was placed in the beaker of cedarwood oil and soaked overnight.

The next day, the emeralds were removed from the beaker and the oil was wiped off the surface and then washed with water and baby shampoo before another examination. The visibility of the fissures had lessened, but not as much as they had hoped for, so the emeralds went back into a beaker of cedarwood oil and were again soaked overnight for further enhancement. This process sometimes goes on for several days to achieve the best results.

	Re-cutting the Stone
After enhancement, Marcelo was still not happy with the visibility of one fissure on the pavilion. He decided to re-polish the stone slightly and remove some of the fissure, making it less visible. Re-cutting or re-polishing expensive material is always a decision that requires experience and planning. With inexpensive material, it is sometimes a matter of considering labor costs. For expensive material, it is a question of whether the gain in beauty will raise the per-carat price enough to compensate for the effects of the weight loss. There is also always an element of risk anytime a stone is re-cut.

After re-evaluating all the cut emeralds, from the smallest to the largest, Marcelo and his master cutter made the painful decision to slightly re-cut the mine-to-market stone to remove some of a fissure. Photo by Duncan Pay/GIA.
Emerald in particular is subject to breaking or chipping during re-cutting, more so than some other stones. In this case, a chip occurred during re-polishing of the pavilion, resulting in a reduction of weight from 19.70 carats to 18.17 carats. The stone then went through the enhancement process again and was ready to travel into the global marketplace.

When Marcelo was asked if the final largest cut stone from the rough met his initial expectations, he said “Yes, that was an amazing stone, big and beautiful. I was happy we did a good job. Fine-quality stones like that are so rare that I got jealous and possessive about it, like having a newborn baby.”

	Entering the Global Market
Marcelo and the 18.17-carat emerald arrived in New York City on Friday, April 25, at about 8:00 in the morning. After checking into his hotel, he took the stone to the GIA Laboratory in New York for a report. Marcelo felt that a gemological report would add a great deal of value when selling a large, high-quality emerald. Marcelo also showed the stone to a couple of high-end New York jewelers.

Both emeralds are from the original large piece of rough. The larger one is the 18.17-carat mine-to-market stone. Both were photographed in NY while receiving their GIA Laboratory reports. Photo by GIA.

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	Emerald Report
The next stop for the emerald was the June Gem and Jewelry Show in Hong Kong. At that show, it was sold to a jewelry manufacturer and retailer from Thailand. The jeweler has two retail stores in Bangkok, the first one established in 2009. He had been a jeweler for 22 years, however, and started making jewelry when he was 13 years old. Most of his clients are private collectors looking for jewelry with custom designs and unique and high-end gem materials. The company has a total of 35 employees in its two retail stores and a jewelry manufacturing factory, all in Bangkok. The owner does all the jewelry designs and supervises all the production. Most of his production is hand fabricated, with some wax carving and casting as required by the design.

His jewelry designs feature colored stones prominently and include ruby, sapphire, emerald, fancy-colored diamonds, Padparadscha sapphire, alexandrite, and other more rare materials like Melo pearls. Fancy diamond colors include shades of yellow, blue, and pink, and may be used as center stones or accent stones. Colorless diamonds are usually used as accent stones. The precious metals used in the jewelers’ pieces include 18K yellow and white gold, 22K yellow gold, 18K rose gold, and platinum.

The jeweler set our mine-to-market emerald in a 22K gold ring with wire prongs. Micro-pavé settings held six orange diamonds, five yellow diamonds, 94 pink diamonds, and 19 colorless diamonds. The deep, velvety, grass-green color of the emerald inspired the floral design. The fancy-colored diamonds add contrast and reflect the range of colors seen in flowers. The yellow, orange, and colorless diamonds represent flower petals, while the pink diamonds on gold wire represent the stems and branches. The emerald was set at an angle to create a more lively appearance.

The person who bought the ring is a regular client who likes to collect fine-quality colored stones in uniquely designed jewelry. Her design taste centers on natural and free-flowing shapes and floral designs. She also was intrigued by the Brazilian source of the emerald and the Belmont mine’s environmental practices.

This emerald, mined from an original pit of the Belmont mine near Itabira, Brazil, received a gemological lab report in New York City while it was being displayed around the NY market, and then traveled to Hong Kong, where it was purchased at a trade show by a jeweler from Thailand. The stone was then mounted in a custom-designed ring, put into the jeweler’s retail store, and sold to someone who highly appreciates unique fine jewelry, thus completing its global mine-to-market journey and eventually becoming a treasure for a consumer to enjoy.

Our magnificent emerald traveled from Brazil to NY, then to the Hong Kong Gem and Jewelry Show, and was finally set in a custom-designed ring in Bangkok, Thailand. Photo courtesy M. Suradej Joaillerie. @topic:9


Publish Year: 1981 Title: Scanning Electron Microscopy in Gemology Abstract: This article examines both the principles behind the functioning of the scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer system and its application to the chemical and structural analyses of gems. The examples presented describe the distinction of natural from treated opals, the relationships observed between a diamond and its kimberlite matrix, the identification of inclusions in ruby and taaffeite, the elemental mapping and chemical analysis of maw-sit-sit, and the study of chemical interrelationships between various types of garnets. @topic:8


Publish Year: - Title: Amethyst Quality Factors Abstract: This 17.53-carat amethyst displays a rich reddish purple color. - Lydia Dyer, Super Trillion Cut Amethyst gem courtesy of John Dyer & Co.

                      Amethyst has been the most-prized quartz variety for centuries. Once available only to royalty, relatively plentiful supplies have made amethyst more widely available in modern times. Today, because of its availability and affordability, amethyst is used in mass-market jewelry as well as custom designer pieces. This makes amethyst one of the world’s most popular colored gems and the most commercially important gem-quality quartz variety.

Color
The finest amethyst color is a strong reddish purple or purple with no visible color zoning. Dealers prefer strongly saturated reddish purple to dark purple, as long as the stone is not so dark that it reduces brightness. If the color is too dark, an amethyst might look black under dim lighting conditions.

	Amethyst’s color quality ranges from extremely pale to intense or very dark. - ©GIA and Tino Hammid
Any brownish or bronze-colored tints in an amethyst’s purple color, or any noticeable color zoning, lower its value dramatically. Buyers of loose amethysts view color zoning by placing the gems table-down against a white background.

	These two well-cut amethysts demonstrate the gem’s possible light-to-dark color range. - Courtesy Pala International
Many amethysts display a weak, light color or have strong zones of lighter and darker purple color. These factors lower the value of these stones.

	Color zoning is most visible when an amethyst is viewed face-down through its pavilion on a white background. It's not as visible face-up.
Heat treatment can lighten the color of very dark amethyst. Lower-quality light-colored amethyst and even light-colored quartz have been dyed to impart a purple color.

Clarity
Much of the faceted amethyst in the market is eye-clean, meaning it lacks eye-visible inclusions.  African material, especially from Zambia, can be a highly saturated raspberry color. It tends to have more inclusions than Brazilian material. However, due to its remarkable color, this is considered acceptable in a faceted stone. Eye-clean material of the same color is more valuable.

	Most faceted amethyst on the market has no eye-visible inclusions. - Courtesy Ramiro Rivero & Metals del Oriente S.R.L
Amethysts with eye-visible inclusions but attractive color are usually cut as cabochons or fashioned into beads. Cabochons and beads that display fine color and high clarity sell at a substantial premium.

Rarely, amethyst undergoes fracture-filling treatment of its surface-reaching fractures to improve apparent clarity.

Cut
Amethyst is cut into a variety of standard shapes and cutting styles. These include rounds, ovals, pears, emerald cuts, triangles, marquises, cushions, and others. Facet patterns include the classic triangular and kite-shaped facet arrangements called brilliant cuts, rows of concentric parallel facets called step cuts, and mixed cuts that combine both facet arrangements.

	Amethyst is produced in a variety of popular cuts for jewelry. - Courtesy John Miatech
Amethyst is also a very popular gem for cutting into a variety of freeform shapes. This is done by hand or by automated cutting. These so-called fantasy or designer cuts can be mass produced or created as one-of-a-kind pieces. They sometimes display concave faceting, where normally flat facets have a concave shape. Other types of cuts and carvings are also found, including carvings of animals and other objects.

	Amethyst is a popular gemstone for artistic designer cuts, even in large sizes like this 53.37-carat example. - Lydia Dyer, Amethyst Dreamscape gem courtesy of John Dyer & Co.
Carat Weight
Amethyst is available in all size ranges for setting into a variety of jewelry styles. It’s popular as a large center stone since the price per carat does not rise dramatically with larger size. Amethyst is also commonly found in calibrated cuts, which means they’re cut precisely to standard industry sizes, in all qualities.

	It’s not uncommon to see fashioned amethyst in large sizes like this 22.65-carat stone. - Courtesy Anil Gupta, Kris Gem International, Inc. @topic:3


Publish Year: - Title: Peridot Quality Factors Abstract: This magnificent 130.60-carat antique cushion-cut peridot displays the gem's finest attributes: a medium-toned, highly saturated yellowish green hue and high clarity.

                      Peridot is readily available for many types of jewelry. It can be very affordable and attractive, even in normal commercial qualities. Peridot can also come in large sizes and very intense colors to satisfy the most discriminating colored gemstone connoisseur.

Color
Peridot’s color ranges from pure green to yellowish green to greenish yellow. The finest hue is green without any hint of yellow or brown. The gem’s colors tend to be at their finest in stones weighing 10 carats and above. Lower-quality peridot is brownish.

Pure green stones are rare, and most peridots are more yellowish green. The higher-quality stones have an intense color. Most of the stones with the finest color come from Myanmar and Pakistan.

Clarity
Most of the better-quality, calibrated material and larger single pieces on the market have no eye-visible inclusions, with tiny black spots—actually minute mineral crystals—visible under magnification. Other inclusions common in peridot are reflective, disk-shaped inclusions called “lily pads.”

	These disk-like fracture inclusions in peridot are descriptively called lily pads.
Readily visible inclusions, especially the dark spots, lower the value of peridot. There’s a dramatic drop in value for light-colored material with prominent dark inclusions.

	If black mineral crystals in peridot are visible to the eye, they lower the stone’s value.
Cut
Peridot is cut in a wide variety of shapes and cutting styles. Production includes all the standard gem shapes such as round, oval, pear, cushion, triangle, and marquise shapes.

	Peridot is popular for some uncommon cuts like the checkerboard. - Courtesy Gem Center Northwest
Cutting styles are also well represented. Brilliant cuts with triangular and kite-shaped facets, step cuts with concentric rows of parallel facets, and mixed cuts usually consisting of brilliant-cut crowns and step-cut pavilions are all common. Designer cuts fashioned by hand and machine are popular, as well as cabochons, beads, and carvings.

	Peridot is commonly cut in standard shapes and sizes for jewelry. - Courtesy Rio Grande
Carat Weight
Standard peridot cuts for the jewelry industry include a wide range of shapes and sizes. The gem is inexpensive in smaller sizes, but prices rise for gems above 10×8 mm. The finest large peridots come from Myanmar— formerly Burma—and, more recently, from a source high in the Himalayas of Pakistan. More-standard sizes and qualities come mostly from the United States (Arizona) and China.

	The peridot crystals weigh 128.82 and 393.83 carats, while the cut stones weigh
	18.50 to 64.61 carats. All are from Pakistan. - Courtesy Shades of the Earth @topic:2


Publish Year: 2023 Title: “Kaleidoscope” in Alexandrite Abstract: This 0.69 ct alexandrite showed a stellate structure due to cyclic crystal twinning and pleochroism, producing a kaleidoscope effect when rotated. These photomicrographs were taken with a single polarizer placed above the stone and a white diffuser below the stone to highlight the color. Photomicrographs by Makoto Miura; field of view 9.80 mm.
Recently, the author examined an interesting 0.69 ct alexandrite measuring 6.22 × 5.21 × 2.51 mm. This stone displayed a color change from greenish blue in fluorescent light to purple in incandescent light. Its trace element chemistry along with the presence of characteristic inclusions suggested a Russian origin.
Under the microscope, this alexandrite showed a unique stellate structure that was divided into six sections of purple, pink, and yellow color. Chrysoberyl occasionally shows a stellate structure due to cyclic crystal twinning (trilling), with triplets oriented at 120° to one another (e.g., K. Schmetzer, Russian Alexandrites, Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany, 2010). Each section showed a different face-up color, and the colors were changed by rotating the stone. This observation suggested that the stone was cut from a cyclic twin rough crystal and the various colors were due to pleochroism, not color zoning. When rotating a single polarizer between the stone and objective lens (analyzer), opposite areas showed the same pleochroic colors (see above). This feature indicated that the alexandrite consisted of three penetration twins (again, see Schmetzer, 2010). The unique pleochroic colors caused by cyclic twinning were reminiscent of a kaleidoscope. @topic:1


Publish Year: 2000 Title: Ametrine with Layers of Smoky Quartz Abstract: Two parallel zones of smoky quartz are evident in these three ametrine specimens (27.3–299.7 ct) from the new Yuruty mine in Bolivia. Photo courtesy Michael S. Krzemnicki, SSEF.

              Ametrine (amethyst-citrine) from Bolivia has been prevalent in the gem trade for many years (see, e.g., Gem News, Fall 1989, pp. 178–179, and Spring 1993, p. 53). At this year’s Tucson gem show, H. Marancenbaum of Steinmar Ltd. (Santa Cruz, Bolivia) kindly provided two rough fragments, three slightly polished crystals, and two fantasycut specimens of ametrine to the SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute. Mr. Marancenbaum reported that these samples originated from the Yuruty mine, a new operation that is located in the same geologic unit (Murciélagos limestones) in Bolivia as the well-known Anahí mine (Vasconcelos et al., Gems & Gemology, Spring 1994, pp. 4–23).

An investigation of these Yuruty mine samples by the present contributor revealed an interesting new aspect to this bicolored quartz. In addition to the typical amethyst and citrine sectors (along the major and minor rhombohedral forms; again, see Vasconcelos et al., 1994), five of the samples also showed a similar pattern of two distinct layers of smoky quartz. These layers are oriented parallel to the minor rhombohedral form z {011 – 1}, within the citrine sector (see, e.g., figure 4). In the slightly polished crystals, the smoky layers were observed just below the surface. In this area, the color of both amethyst and citrine is rather pale. The two (broken) fragments that did not show smoky quartz layers were presumably derived from the central portion of a crystal; they did display more intense amethyst/citrine coloration.

The growth conditions of this unusual ametrine evidently facilitated the enhanced accommodation of aluminum impurities in the z sectors. Natural irradiation of these aluminum-rich zones would give rise to the smoky quartz color layers.

Approximately 30 tons of material have been produced at the Yuruty mine since February 1999, according to Mr. Marancenbaum. Large quantities of rough and cut amethyst, citrine, and ametrine from this new mine were available at this year’s Tucson show, and he anticipated that about 10,000 carats of cut material monthly could be expected in the near future. @topic:1


Publish Year: - Title: Mogok Series, Part 2: The Expedition, the Mines, and the People Abstract: Gem expeditions are about the people, the place, and the stones. This photo shows a variety of gems being offered at an open-air Mogok market. Photo by Andy Lucas, ©GIA.

	The Expedition
We spent most of December 28 traveling to Mogok, then started early on December 29 and worked late, a common schedule throughout the entire stay. During our time there, we visited numerous mines, markets, cutters, gem painters, and areas of interest like temples and pagodas. Our primary focus was gem mines and markets, performing what Vincent refers to as “doing gemology with your eyes and not your ears,” meaning you get information firsthand at the source, and not secondhand by listening to others.

During this expedition, we visited ruby, sapphire, spinel, and peridot mines. We visited all the gem markets in the Mogok Stone Tract area at least once, and most of them multiple times. In an interesting twist, Vincent discovered rough lapis lazuli in the Mogok gem market. When we inquired about this, the dealers said the mine was local and gave us approximate directions.

This led to a midday search for the mine. The original information got us to the right area, but not to the mine itself. We came upon a friendly farmer who turned out to be a former gem miner. At first, there was confusion about what stone we were looking for, and he took off on his motorbike only to bring back the wrong material. That led to his understanding of what we were really after, and he led us on a hike up a hill and through the brush to a lapis lazuli tunnel mine. No one was working it when we arrived, but we were able to confirm that a hard-rock primary lapis lazuli mine existed in the Mogok Stone Tract. (There will be more information about this surprising find in a future report.)

	With the help of this young farmer, the authors were able to locate a primary deposit
	of lapis lazuli in the Mogok Stone Tract. Photo by Andy Lucas, ©GIA.

	The Mines
For anyone who has witnessed colored stone mining around the world, the gemstone deposits at Mogok are a real treat. Several types of mining are conducted, varying to suit each particular deposit. We observed both alluvial mining of the gem-bearing gravel, called byon, and hard-rock mining of rubies and spinels from the marble itself.

Much of the easy-to-reach byon at the valley floor has been mined. Today, mining is spreading on the hillsides and mountains around Mogok and Kyatpyin and beyond. Alluvial, open pit, cave and crevice, vertical shaft, and tunnel hard-rock mining are all being performed, often within relatively close proximity.

The gem-concentrated gravels were more prevalent in the wide valley floors, such as those around Mogok and Kyatpyin, where gem-rich gravel layers were found once the overburden was removed. in deposits located on hillsides or along streams in V-shaped valleys, gemstones are more widely dispersed in the ground, as there the sedimentation process is not as efficient as it is in wide U-shaped valleys. In such areas, miners in search of gems wash most of the ground they remove.

Often in open-pit operations, large marble boulders are removed to reach the gem-bearing gravels underneath. These gravels often contain concentrations of gems. The boulders might also be crushed in search of the ruby and spinel inside.

We saw some traditional pit mines with the classic four-foot width; however, these are not nearly as prevalent today as they were in the past. Today, there are fewer small-scale operations than there were 10 years ago, when co-author Vincent Pardieu first visited Mogok. Most of the mining is on a larger scale, with open-pit operations that use excavators and other equipment to move the marble boulders, and water cannons to blast the lighter overburden away from gem gravels.

An interesting Mogok Stone Tract mining method follows caves and crevices in the marble. The gravels are removed along with the rocks that cover them, and everything is washed to recover gemstones. Mining often involves a combination of following the natural caves and crevices and blasting to further exploit the deposits.

Some of these mines are incredibly deep, plunging hundreds of meters, and they can yield the richest gem concentrations of all. The mining conditions can also be the most dangerous, as the deep mines and their surroundings are often wet. Imagine navigating makeshift wood ladders that are damp and rotting, and negotiating the wet, slippery marble as you descend hundreds of meters. Going down into one of these mines makes you appreciate the enormous effort and risk involved in bringing colored gemstones to the market.

View Gallery

	Mining for Gemstones in Mogok Valley
There are also classic tunnel mines in the area, where miners work their way through the rock, creating tunnels as they remove it for crushing and washing. They commonly use explosives to blast the tunnel walls. This is risky for the gemstones, but Burmese miners have optimized the technique by using locally made explosives composed mainly of black powder and gelatin-type mining explosives. These materials have low shock power, enough to break the marble while doing minimum shatter-type damage to the gems. It seems more economically viable than using more powerful explosives like dynamite. Miners in Mogok have demonstrated a high degree of skill at using such explosives.

Every type of mine needs water to wash the gravel and separate gems from worthless rock. The principle is always the same: Use water and take advantage of higher gem density to wash away the lighter material. This is often accomplished with jigs—devices used to separate ore from gem materials—that were originally designed in Australia by tin miners, then made their way to Thailand and then Myanmar.

View Gallery

	Washing the Gem-Rich Byon

	The People
The people of Myanmar are friendly, and this is especially true in Mogok. Everyone we dealt with radiated a genuine curiosity and friendliness. This was true of the people we met and talked to in the gem industry as well as everyone we interacted with in town. As mentioned, Myanmar is a diverse country, and this is also true of Mogok. Most of Mogok’s original population is Shan, but over the centuries ruby mining has brought in people from outside the area and beyond. Myanmar is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, and Mogok’s diverse population is fascinating, consisting of Shan, Burmese, Lissu, Karen, Kachin, Chinese, and Nepalese. The Gurkha of Nepalese descent make up one of the most fascinating groups in Mogok. Many of the traders we saw in the markets were Gurkha.

	We saw the young Gurkha trader on the left at most of the gem markets we visited. Photo by Andy Lucas, ©GIA.
The Gurkhas arrived in Myanmar fairly recently, most of them settling into the country during the period of British rule. At Mogok, many were employed by the British to guard the mines. Gurkhas served in World War II with the British and were later an important component of the Burmese army. They have striking features and are easily spotted in the gem markets of Mogok.

Almost all of Mogok’s ethnic groups participate in the gem trade, either as miners or traders, or even in the cottage cutting industry.

	The Kanase Women
Perhaps the most interesting and arresting group involved in Mogok’s gem industry are the kanase women. No matter how careful the washing operation, there are always some gemstones overlooked in the discarded rock; these are called tailings. Mogok ruby mining tailings are white marble. By local tradition, locals have the right to search through these tailings and keep the gemstones they find. During the British mining period, this activity was restricted to women in an attempt to limit theft. Now these women can be seen sorting through tailings at the mines, and selling their finds at the open gem markets.

	The kanase women were very friendly, but also tough negotiators. Photo by Andy Lucas, ©GIA.
At almost all the mining operations we visited, we saw kanase women hauling away tailings from the washing jigs and going through the pieces of marble. They would break the marble up into tiny pieces with hammers, looking for rubies or spinels. They actually crushed the marble into dust so that no gem, no matter how small, could escape them.

One of the most striking images seen in this remarkably visual part of the world was the sight of the Kanase women at Baw Lone Gyi. The scene was an amazing array of color and contrast. The women removed large quantities of white marble from a washing area by pushing it with scrapers from a platform onto an open-bed truck. The truck took the marble a short distance to the area where the women would crush it with hammers into marble dust.

What made the scene so remarkable was the sight of the kanase women’s colorful attire and traditional hats, viewed against a sea of white marble with an incredible blue sky overhead and lush green vegetation and traditional wooden houses in the background. It was truly one of the most stunning sights I have ever experienced at a mining area.

	The colorful attire of the kanase women against the white marble and blue sky at Baw Lone Gyi made a striking scene. Photo by Andy Lucas, ©GIA.
The women commonly wore painted or cone-shaped hats, and their attire was often colorful as well. They sometimes brought their small children with them, and the children played near their mothers while they crushed the marble and worked through the tailings.

	At Baw Lone Gyi, mothers worked hard while also tending to their children. Photo by Andy Lucas, ©GIA.
The kanase women offered us rubies and spinels, often still in the broken marble. They always proved to be astute negotiators. They would hold up the rough ruby or spinel crystal with its striking red color against the white marble host rock and offer it to us as prospective buyers. We also observed their traditional method of placing small crystals in their mouths for safekeeping while continuing to sort through the marble.

We thoroughly enjoyed our trips to the Mogok mines, and our visits to the region's gem markets (covered in part three) were equally enchanting.

View Gallery

	The Kanase Women @topic:9


Publish Year: 2019 Title: Greenland Ruby Update Abstract: Greenland Ruby update

Greenland Ruby has been mining ruby and pink sapphire in southwestern Greenland since mid-2017. The mine is located near the town of Aappaluttoq, about 150 km (93 mi) from the country’s capital, Nuuk. During the AGTA show, we had the opportunity to talk to Hayley Henning, Greenland Ruby’s vice president of sales and marketing. She offered updates on the development of the mine and the market for their gemstones. Over the last year, the company has refined their extraction techniques. The deposit is challenging to work, and the miners improve their skills and knowledge by mining daily. The main difficulty in working this deposit is its isolated location. The remote area, though close to the coast, is covered in ice and snow most the year. And for most of the year, the only way to reach the mine is by helicopter.
Local residents make up the majority of Greenland Ruby’s staff. Around 40 people work and live on-site. The mine is highly mechanized, and heavy equipment and blasting are used to retrieve gems. The on-site sorting house is also very sophisticated. Because of this high degree of mechanization, most of the staff operates the equipment, whereas other colored stone mines often rely heavily on manual labor. Once material is mined and sorted at the plant where ruby is separated from host rock, the ruby concentrate is sent to Nuuk to be cleaned with hydrofluoric acid and sorted by color, clarity, and size. Most of the goods require treatment, which takes place in Chanthaburi, Thailand. Cutting is done in Chanthaburi and India, and then the material is sorted in Bangkok, based on the characteristics of the finished rubies. In order to apply the highest safety, environmental, human rights, and security standards at the mine and the treatment and cutting plants, Greenland Ruby works within this closed system. They feel this is the only way to guarantee the quality and disclosure of the product, and it is their main argument for not selling rough.
Greenland Ruby is experimenting with various cutting styles but sees the greatest potential in cabochons. They can produce a consistent supply of large, fine-colored cabochons. Faceted goods are much rarer. The quality of their gems varies, though most of the goods are lower-end. The material ranges in color from light pink to deep red.
In December 2018, the first collection with Greenlandic rubies was launched by Hartmann’s Jewellery, a luxury brand based in Copenhagen. This strategic decision arose from the longstanding connection between Denmark and Greenland. The collection sold out in a matter of weeks. Hartmann’s clientele was drawn to the combination of the traditional ruby with an exciting new source that speaks to the imagination. Another aspect that appeals to consumers is the transparent supply chain. Greenlandic rubies are controlled by one company from the moment they leave the ground until the gemstones are finished. This ensures a level of traceability that is rarely seen in the colored stone industry.
Greenland Ruby works with preferred partners rather than selling goods directly to the public. These partners are jewelry brands that want access to a reliable supplier operating with a transparent supply chain, something many clients currently demand.
The Pink Polar Bear Foundation is Greenland Ruby’s corporate social responsibility project, which is involved in various research in the Arctic region covering the impact of climate change on local communities and wildlife. The foundation is currently educating locals and supporting the local community.
The mine currently has a projected life of 10 years. At least two other ruby deposits have been identified and studied, though many more can be found in southwestern Greenland. @topic:9


Publish Year: 2020 Title: Interesting Sapphires from Montana and Australia Abstract: Figure 1. Bicolor sapphires from the Rock Creek mine, Montana. Cutters took advantage of the color inhomogeneity of the rough to create these interesting color combinations. These stones range from 1.61 to 7.36 ct. Photo by Emily Lane; courtesy of Potentate Mining.

While sapphire has always been popular at trade shows, occasionally the authors find some interesting stones with attractive color distribution or growth patterns that have a niche in the market.
At this year’s AGTA show, Potentate Mining carried some spectacular bicolor faceted sapphires and a variety of slabs from its Rock Creek mine in Montana. The Rock Creek operation is one of four active sapphire mines in Montana. Stones from this deposit tend to be flat, showing pastel colors, and many stones show bicolor or have an orange or yellow core called “yolk” by the local miners. Gem cutters and jewelry designers have been finding innovative ways to take advantage of these challenging attributes. Through careful design and cutting, some stones show attractive color combinations such as yellow/green, yellow/light blue, orange/blue, or simply different shades of yellow (figure 1). This type of bicolor is very characteristic of Rock Creek sapphires.

Figure 2. Flat rough sapphires from Rock Creek attract jewelry designers and cutters. The slabs are grouped and sold by their weight. Photo by Tao Hsu.
As for the flat rough, Potentate offers several categories based on color, pattern, and weight (figure 2). According to the company’s marketing director, Warren Boyd, both cutters and designers have shown strong interest in these slabs, especially those weighing half a gram and above. Designers seem to prefer slabs with patterns while cutters or carvers prefer slabs with solid colors to make special cuts.

Figure 3. This pair of blue sapphire thin slabs displays a very attractive color. They were sliced off a dark blue sapphire crystal from Inverell, Australia. Mr. Coldham also offered thin slabs of blue and parti-colored sapphires from Australia. Photo by Tao Hsu.
At the GJX show, Terry Coldham from Intogems showed the authors a pair of thin blue sapphire slabs with characteristic hexagonal growth patterns. The pair in figure 3 is from the Inverell sapphire field of New South Wales, Australia. Blue sapphires from this area tend to show a very saturated and dark inky blue color. Slicing them into thin slabs makes the blue color much lighter and more desirable. However, the size and quality of this pair are extremely rare to find. Mr. Coldham also carries many parti-colored and fancy-color Australian sapphires (see figure 4 in the Tucson Overview), which also sold well at the show.
Watch videos of the sapphire slabs from Montana and Australia:

	Sapphire slabs from Montana and Australia @topic:2


Publish Year: 2022 Title: Ahmadjan Abduriyim Receives JAMS Award for Applied Mineralogy Abstract: Figure 1. Dr. Ahmadjan Abduriyim (left) receives the 2021 Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences (JAMS) award for applied mineralogy.
The Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences (JAMS) has named Dr. Ahmadjan Abduriyim as the recipient of its 2021 award for applied mineralogy (figure 1). As president of Tokyo Gem Science and director of GSTV Gemological Laboratory in Tokyo, Abduriyim was recognized for his contributions to applied mineralogy.
Abduriyim holds a PhD in mineralogy and geology from Kyoto University and is a former senior manager and senior scientist at GIA’s Tokyo laboratory. A longtime G&G contributor and editorial review board member, Abduriyim has published numerous articles on topics related to diamonds, colored stones, and organic gem materials in various journals, including G&G, Journal of Gemmology, and Australian Gemmologist.
Abduriyim’s research has covered geographic origin determination of major gemstones, advanced testing of colored stones, and the application of laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in the gemological field. Most recently, Abduriyim has worked to integrate information obtained from the following three areas of research: the collection of geological data and gem samples from field surveys of mines worldwide, the application of high-precision analytical methods, and the construction of a database for the latest geographic origin determination and individual identification. He and his team are currently researching the usefulness of LA-ICP-MS in measuring trace elements and U-Pb isotope dating for geographic origin determination.

Figure 2. A view of the GSTV Gem Museum in Tokyo, exhibiting the extensive gem and mineral collection of the late Akira Chikayama. Photo by Ahmadjan Abduriyim.

Figure 3. A portion of Chikayama’s crystal specimens featured in the GSTV Gem Museum. Photo by Ahmadjan Abduriyim.
Meanwhile, Abduriyim recently honored Akira Chikayama, Japan’s “Father of Gemology,” by opening a museum featuring Chikayama’s collection of rocks, minerals, and gemstones at GSTV Gemological Laboratory (figure 2). Chikayama, an esteemed gemology instructor, collected rock, mineral, and gemstone samples from international mines and trade shows for use in his courses, eventually amassing a collection of more than 30,000 specimens. After his passing in 2007, the collection went unused until Abduriyim had the opportunity to view it in 2016 and envisioned creating a museum to share the collection with the world. In May 2022, the GSTV Gem Museum opened, displaying Chikayama’s vast collection as well as several hundred books and magazines. On display are more than 600 rock specimens, 2,000 mineral specimens, 25,000 rough gemstones/gemstones in matrix (figure 3), 500 transparent crystals, 2,500 faceted stones, and 300 synthetic and imitation stones. The museum is not only an exhibition of Chikayama’s collection, but also a place for visitors to learn about the fascinating world of gemology. @topic:2


Publish Year: 1987 Title: Winter 1987 G&G Book Reviews Abstract: “Quartz”
By Michael O'Donaghue, 110 pp., illus., publ. by Butterworths, London, 1987. US$29.95

“Le Monde Mineral Vu Par Les Timbres: The World of Minerals through Postage Stamps”
By Jean-Michel Autissier, photographs by Nelly Barland, 128 pp., publ. by Atelier JMA, Saint-Amand-Montrond, France, 1987. 120 FF

“A Guide to Fossicking in the Northern Territory, 2nd Edition”
Revised and updated by Dick Thompson, 74 pp., illus., publ. by the Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, 1986. A$9.00

“The Collector/Investor Handbook of Gems”
By John L. Ramsey and Laura J. Ramsey, 300 pp., illus., Boa Vista Press, San Diego, CA,
1985. US$16.95

“Minerals of Mexico”
By William D. Panczner, 459 pp., publ. by Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1987. US$44.95

“The Dow Jones-Irwin Guide to Fine Gems and Jewelry”
By David Marcum, 213 pp., illus., publ. by Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, IL, 1986. US$25.00

“Guide des Pierres de Reve (Guide to Dream Stones)”
In French, by Anne de Tugny, 239 pp., illus., publ. by Editions Flammarion, Paris. 1987. 130 FF

To view the full section, download the PDF above. @topic:6