Title: Glassy Melt Inclusions in Sapphires from Montana Abstract: Left: A two-phase glassy melt and gas inclusion and a glass-filled discoid fracture in a sapphire from the Rock Creek deposit in Montana. Center: A two-phase glassy melt and gas inclusion and a glass-filled discoid fracture in a sapphire from the Rock Creek deposit. Right: A two-phase glassy melt and gas inclusion, in a sapphire also from the Missouri River, showing the surrounding discoid fracture. This fracture presumably filled with a silicate liquid and partially healed, leaving an impression in some places of the corundum host’s trigonal crystallographic orientation. Photomicrographs by Aaron Palke; field of view 1.24 mm (left) and 0.62 mm (center and right).

	Two-phase inclusions are common in many sapphires. Physical and chemical analysis of the gas and liquid phases present in these inclusions can shed light on the formation conditions of alluvial sapphires, even in the absence of evidence of source rock lithology. We report here some initial observations of a different type of two-phase inclusion, seen in alluvial sapphires from the Rock Creek and Missouri River deposits in the state of Montana.

	At first glance, these inclusions appeared to be ordinary gas-liquid inclusions (left image); however, polishing through the inclusions demonstrated that the “liquid” component was actually a glassy solid. The identification of the solid as a glass rested with the phase’s optically isotropic nature and the lack of an identifiable Raman spectroscopic signal attributable to any crystalline phase. Glassy melt inclusions in Montana sapphires were previously documented by John Koivula (R.W. Hughes, Ruby & Sapphire, RWH Publishing, Boulder, Colorado, 2007, pp. 468–469). Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) of glass inclusions from several samples showed them to be dacitic to trachydacitic in composition. In this sense the inclusions are ordinary two-phase inclusions in which the original liquid phase was a silicic magma that quenched to form a silicate glass. The gas phase is presumed to have originally been dissolved in the silicate magma. Later exsolution produced a separate gas phase as volatile solubility in the magma decreased due to falling pressure and/or temperature. Volatile exsolution likely also led to the discoid fractures commonly seen around melt inclusions, which are filled with silicate liquid and/or the volatiles themselves (again, see left image). The center image captures a snapshot of the process of volatile exsolution and the “bursting” of the two-phase inclusions, in which multiple gas bubbles seem to have precipitated instantaneously as the inclusion exploded out into the surrounding corundum. Due to the high relief of the silicate glass, these discoid fractures often have a “flux”-like appearance. In some cases, the fractures seem to have partially healed, leaving hexagonal geometric patterns as evidence of the crystallographic orientation of the sapphire host (right image). Further work is being carried out to characterize these inclusions and to decipher the story they have to tell about the genesis of alluvial Montana sapphires. Source: GIA @topic:3


Title: Trapiche Emerald from Colombia Abstract: Figure 1. Colombian emerald crystal with prismatic habit; in the orientation shown, the sample measures 15.4 × 5.2 mm. A: View perpendicular to one of the six prism faces, transmitted light. B: Schematic drawing of the crystal in the same orientation. Three prism faces m are observed. In a view through the central face (green), a cross formed by four boundaries is seen (red lines); in a view through the two adjacent faces (blue), two boundaries are observed (black lines). Photo by K. Schmetzer.
Colombian trapiche emeralds, in general, consist of a transparent or nontransparent tapered core and six transparent prismatic growth sectors, which are separated by nontransparent boundaries. These boundaries form the arms of a six-rayed fixed star and radiate from a central point or a central area within the conical core. The tapered core is also designated a basal or pinacoidal growth sector. The boundaries consist of emerald, various minerals (e.g., calcite and albite), and trapped fluid phases.
In the gem trade, trapiche emeralds are mostly cut as slices or cabochons with an orientation perpendicular to the sixfold axis of the emerald to show the hexagonal growth pattern of the gemstone and especially to display the six-rayed fixed star. The conical shape of the core is derived from the different diameters of the core on both sides of such a cabochon. Slices of trapiche emeralds with an orientation parallel to the c-axis clearly show a tapered core, representing the basal growth sector, and a rim on both sides of the core formed by two prismatic growth sectors. However, because rough trapiche emerald specimens are mostly broken on both ends, the complete trapiche pattern parallel to the c-axis is not observed, and even textbooks dealing with Colombian emeralds show only sketches or photos of crystal fragments.
Recently, a complete outline of a trapiche emerald pattern consisting of two pinacoidal (basal) and six prismatic growth sectors was presented by I. Pignatelli et al. (“Colombian trapiche emeralds: Recent advances in understanding their formation,” Fall 2015 G&G, pp. 222–259), but only fragments of trapiche crystals sliced parallel to the c-axis were available for that study. Consequently, the present author took the opportunity to examine the pattern in a transparent sample which, on a first view, seemed to be a complete or almost complete trapiche emerald crystal. The emerald was submitted by collector Georg Sellmaier (Kranzberg, Germany), who purchased the sample about 10 years ago from a local dealer while traveling in the Muzo area of Colombia.
The 3.49 ct emerald crystal (figure 1A) shows a prismatic habit with six elongated prism faces m (1010) and is terminated on one end by a basal pinacoid c (0001) and six small hexagonal dipyramids p (1012). Most likely, at the second termination of the crystal a facet approximately in the direction of a basal pinacoid was cut because the sample was slightly broken or did not show a plane face. The length of the crystal is 15.4 mm, while the diameter between the prism faces is 4.6 mm and the diameter between the crystal edges is 5.2 mm. Its pleochroism is blue-green parallel to the c-axis and yellow-green perpendicular to the c-axis.

Figure 2. A and B: View in immersion through the emerald crystal in two orientations related by a rotation of 60° along the c-axis; two prism faces are parallel to the direction of view. The pattern observed consists of a cross subdivided by a vertical line. C: Diagram of the crystal; a view through each of two prism faces m (blue and green) shows two boundaries (red lines). These boundaries form an X, also subdivided by a vertical boundary (yellow line). Photos by K. Schmetzer.

Figure 3. View in immersion of the emerald crystal in a direction oblique to the c-axis. A tapered central core is seen, formed by six plane boundaries between a basal and six prismatic growth sectors; the diameter of the crystal in this view measures 5.2 mm. Photo by K. Schmetzer.
In an orientation where the crystal is resting on one of the six prism faces (i.e., in a view perpendicular to this face), three different prisms are seen. In a view through the central prism, a cross in the form of an X was observed, with a pattern described as part of such a cross seen also in views through the two other adjacent prism faces (again, see figure 1A). A schematic drawing of this situation is presented in figure 1B. In the immersion microscope, upon rotation of the emerald crystal along its hexagonal axis, in each view parallel to two of the six prism faces (i.e., rotated by 30° versus the view perpendicular to a prism as described above and depicted in figure 1), a pattern consisting of a sharp cross is seen, with a vertical line dividing the cross into two parts (figure 2, A and B). The schematic drawing in figure 2C reflects this situation. In a view oblique to the c-axis, a tapered cone formed by six plane boundaries is seen at both ends of the crystal (figure 3). In a view parallel to the c-axis, due to the length of the crystal and the various layers covered with inclusions present throughout the crystal, the sample is only translucent, but a pattern of a six-rayed fixed star is observed.

Figure 4. A: The patterns seen through the prism faces in different orientations of the emerald crystal are formed by boundaries between six different prismatic growth sectors (red, only three growth sectors are shown) and the two pinacoidal growth sectors, and boundaries between adjacent prismatic growth sectors (yellow). B: The outline of the tapered core is formed by the boundaries between six prismatic growth sectors (red) and two pinacoidal growth sectors.
It is evident that the various lines forming crosses in the form of an X are the traces of plane boundaries between the two pinacoidal and the six prismatic growth sectors. The vertical lines that subdivide these crosses in the second orientation described here represent boundaries between the six prismatic growth sectors (see figures 1B, 2C, and 4A). The cone-shaped outline of each pinacoidal growth sector is formed by boundaries between the tapered core and six prismatic growth sectors (figure 4B). The different patterns depend only upon the orientation of the crystal in the direction of view and the orientation of the various boundaries between the six prismatic and two basal growth sectors within the emerald.
The crystal described represents an almost complete emerald with prismatic habit and trapiche pattern. In the present case, the trapiche pattern is similar to an hourglass structure. However, the trapiche emerald shows numerous inclusions that are trapped at the boundaries between different growth sectors, forming thin layers. As described in the literature, these layers between the individual emerald growth sectors consist of a mixture of emerald with other minerals and fluid phases trapped in cavities. In contrast to most trapiche emeralds from Colombia, the layers in the emerald described in this paper are thinner and translucent, which allows an observation of the complete three-dimensional trapiche pattern, especially in views perpendicular to the c-axis. This observation is consistent with the conclusion made by several authors about the cone-shaped cores of trapiche emeralds and confirms the three-dimensional model of the trapiche pattern presented by Pignatelli et al. (2015). Source: GIA @topic:3


Title: Coated Lawsonite Pseudomorphs Presented as Chromian Lawsonite Abstract: Green (chromium-bearing) lawsonite first appeared on the mineral market in 2011–2012. It came from an undisclosed locality on the Greek island of Syros. The only large chromian lawsonite crystals previously documented are from Turkey (S.C. Sherlock and A.I. Okay, “Oscillatory zoned chrome lawsonite in the Tavsanli Zone, northwest Turkey,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 63, No. 5, 1999, pp. 687–692) and the western Alps (C. Mevel and J.R. Kienast, “Chromian jadeite, phengite, pumpellyite, and lawsonite in a high-pressure metamorphosed gabbro from the French Alps,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 43, No. 332, 1980, pp. 979–984). The maximum crystal size observed by Sherlock and Okay was approximately 500 microns, while Mevel’s and Kienast’s largest grains were only 200 microns in length. Interestingly, these grains were reported to be pink. Samples available online ranged from US$50 to more than US$350, and all were reported to be from Syros. To the best of our knowledge, chromian lawsonite is not available from other localities.

We purchased a chromian lawsonite sample purportedly from Syros for mineralogical analysis (figure 1). The sample measured 4.8 × 2.8 × 2 cm, and its largest crystal was about 1.5 cm in length. The crystals were deep green and present in a matrix dominated by ankerite and actinolite. Our sample appeared similar to most other chromian lawsonite samples available for purchase online.

Figure 1. These large green crystals were reported as chromian lawsonite. Ankerite (orange) and actinolite (light green) are the major matrix minerals between the large green crystals (verified by Raman spectroscopy). The specimen is 4.8 cm long. Photo by Earl O’Bannon.
Initial microscopic observations of the large green crystals revealed a smooth wavy surface (figure 2). Raman analysis of this surface showed peaks at 1301, 1342, 1451, and 2720 cm–1 and a broad peak at 2800–3000 cm–1 with secondary peaks at 2871, 2932, and 2961 cm–1 (figure 3). These peaks are typical of Group B fillers (strong aliphatic peaks), which have been used to enhance the appearance of emeralds (M.L. Johnson et al., “On the identification of various emerald filling substances,” Summer 1999 G&G, pp. 82–107). The absence of Raman peaks in the approximately 1600 cm–1 region indicates that this coating is not likely a Group A, C, D, or E filler (Johnson et al., 1999; L. Kiefert et al., “Raman spectroscopic applications to gemmology,” Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy, Vol. 28, 2001, pp. 469–490). This smooth surface was waxy to the touch and easily scratched with a fingernail, and wiping it off with acetone revealed a light green to white surface. All peaks associated with this coating disappeared after cleaning with acetone (again, see figure 3).

Figure 2. The photo on the left (magnified 1.25×) shows a fingernail scratch on the surface. The photo on the right (magnified 1.6×) shows pooling of the coating in a depression in the grain. Photos by Earl O'Bannon.

Figure 3. Raman spectra of the coating before and after cleaning the surface with acetone. Spectra were taken in the same location, with an approximately 2 micron spot size. The typical Raman spectrum of quartz, with clinochlore contamination, is observed in the low-frequency region. Spectra are offset for clarity.
After the coating was removed, Raman analysis of the formerly dark green crystals revealed spectra corresponding to the minerals muscovite/phengite, clinochlore, and quartz (figure 4). About a hundred measurements were taken of all the large green crystals in the sample at the 2 micron scale-length, and no evidence of lawsonite was found. This assemblage of minerals is common in lawsonite pseudomorphs from Syros; prograde pseudomorphs, also containing zoisite and 0.5–3.0 cm in size, are reported to be abundant in this locale (J.B. Brady et al., “Prograde lawsonite pseudomorphs in blueschists from Syros, Greece,” GSA Annual Meeting, 2001, paper 105-0).

Figure 4. Raman spectra of acetone-cleaned large green crystals (bottom three spectra). Mica and clinochlore are the most abundant minerals in the large green crystals. The reference lawsonite spectrum is for a sample from the UCSC mineral collection (sample no. 6481), from Valley Ford in Sonoma County, California. Spectra offset for clarity.
We conclude that this sample is composed of lawsonite pseudomorphs, which were coated to make them appear deep green and imitate chromian lawsonite crystals. The euhedral crystals consisted of a fine-grained mixture of muscovite, clinochlore, and quartz. It is not known whether this sample was coated with the recognition that these were lawsonite pseudomorphs.

All samples of chromian lawsonite that we have found for purchase are from Syros. Thus, buyers should be aware that these could potentially be artificially coated lawsonite pseudomorphs. Further analysis of other “chromian lawsonite” samples is required to document whether any true chromian lawsonites from this locality actually exist. Source: GIA @topic:12


Title: Ametrine Optical Dishes: Windows into the Effects of Crystal Structure Abstract: Figure 1. Left: An 85 × 25 mm ametrine crystal from Bolivia’s Anahí mine exhibits the deeply etched prism faces typical of this quartz variety. Right: The crystal’s termination, viewed in the direction of its c-axis, displays a rare “Y”-shaped manifestation of the crystal’s trigonal symmetry. Slices made perpendicular to this direction will reveal this symmetry with alternating amethyst and citrine sectors. Since the optic axis parallels the c-axis located at the intersection of the “Y” arms, all paths of light found across this termination face will be along the optic axis. Photos by Elise A. Skalwold.

	During exploration of a gem’s interior, it is important to understand how crystal structure affects the incorporation and orientation of inclusions, how an inclusion can affect its host, how interpretation of observations can depend on point of view, and the nature of light as it passes through a crystal—host or inclusion. As proposed earlier in this column (Spring 2016, p. 81), polished inclusion study blocks are ideal for showcasing, studying, and reviewing basic concepts relating to the micro-world. Here we take a look at light and crystal structure.

	Of all the varieties of quartz, ametrine is perhaps the most fascinating to observe. While its stunning color zoning makes it a popular designer gemstone, it also encompasses several optical properties unique to different quartz varieties that can all be explored in one specimen. Almost unrecognizable as quartz, ametrine crystals are deeply etched (figure 1, left) and have abundant healed fractures. The only clues to the trigonal symmetry typical of quartz are occasional rhombohedral faces and, very rarely, an enigmatic flat termination manifesting a three-armed figure (figure 1, right). Only when a basal section is made by cutting a slice perpendicular to the c-axis is the improbable yet beautiful combination of citrine and amethyst revealed.

	Beauty and function are married in an ametrine study block oriented so that the view through its two largest faces is directly along the optic axis of a crystal, as seen in figure 1. The innovation of adding a set of concave dishes for sampling each color zone, as well as the borders between them, reveals truly remarkable optical phenomena (figures 2 and 3). These optical dishes allow the viewer to see light passing through the specimen in many directions, as does the strain-free glass sphere familiar to gemologists for use with a polariscope (figure 4). When viewed between crossed polarizing filters, these dishes dramatically display the different uniaxial optic figures unique to quartz, which vary depending on thickness and placement in the sectors: the classic “bull’s-eye” optic figure seen in the untwinned citrine sectors, an Airy’s spiral in the amethyst sectors, and a distorted figure produced in a border region. All of these observed phenomena are produced by optical activity (i.e., the rotatory dispersion of light as it travels along the optic axis direction within the quartz crystal). By analyzing these figures, we can determine handedness and the effects of thickness, while observations of the amethyst’s Brazil-law twinning may help distinguish natural versus synthetic origin.

	Figure 2. An ametrine study block with concave dishes cut and polished into its surface, including one on the opposite side. Viewed in transmitted light along the optic axis direction (i.e., all paths parallel to the c-axis), as in figure 1 (right), the trigonal symmetry of the crystal defines the citrine and amethyst sectoral zoning and allows observation of the effects of the optic axis on light. This specimen was fashioned by Nathan Renfro. Photo by Kevin Schumacher.

	Figure 3. Placing the study block between crossed polarizing filters in transmitted light results in a variety of bull’s-eye optic figures that form in the divergent light produced by the concave dishes. The citrine sectors under the minor rhombohedral faces (z) are free of twinning and show a classic bull’s-eye optic figure with varying colors due to slightly different thicknesses. The amethyst sectors display an Airy’s spiral (middle row, right dish) produced by the alternating layers of left- and right-handed quartz of the Brazil-law twinning that formed under the crystal’s major rhombohedral faces (r); broadly angled colors in these latter areas are also indicative of this twinning. The dish on the upper right is a distorted figure on the border of the sectors. Photo by Kevin Schumacher.

	Figure 4. Left: A section through part of the study block. The dish serves as a concave (negative) lens that causes the light rays to diverge. Right: A gemologist’s strain-free glass sphere is used to observe an interference figure. Although the rays first converge at the base of the sphere, they ultimately diverge just like the rays in the figure on the left. Illustration by William A. Bassett.

	For an in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of optical activity and the origin of quartz’s optic figure, see E.A. Skalwold and W.A. Bassett, Quartz: A Bull’s Eye on Optical Activity, Mineralogical Society of America, 2016, www.minsocam.org/msa/OpenAccess_publications
	/Skalwold/Quartz_Bullseye_on_Optical_Activity.pdf. Source: GIA @topic:2


Title: Appendix 4: Guideline for Simplified Distribution of Site Occupancy for LA-ICP-MS Data Abstract: This classification method is modified from Henry et al. (2011). The general chemical formula for tourmaline supergroup minerals is XY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W. The atoms per formula unit (apfu) of hypothetical element R on a hypothetical site M is designated as MRapfu. However, element R can be present on multiple sites, so the total apfu of R is designated as totRapfu. We determine the site occupancy using the following method. The number of atoms of each element is determined using the calculation method above.
B-site: The B-site is fully occupied by B. Therefore, the equivalent weight percent for three B atoms in the tourmaline formula is calculated.
T-site: The T-site is occupied by six atoms of Si and Al (T-site B is not considered in this method). If the number of Si atoms per formula unit (Siapfu) is less than six, Al is added to fill the site. Cations with a +4 charge, such as Si4+, take priority in this site over those with a +3 charge, such as Al3+.
If total Siapfu (totSiapfu) is greater than 6, the T-site is only occupied by Si and TSiapfu is set to equal 6. Otherwise, TSiapfu equals Siapfu. TAlapfu equals 6 – Siapfu.
Z-site: The Z-site is occupied by six atoms of Al, Cr, V, and Mg. Cations with a +3 charge (e.g., Al3+) take priority over those with a +2 charge (e.g., Mg2+). Further, smaller +3 cations (Al3+) take priority over larger Cr3+ and V3+ cations. In shorthand form:
ZR3+ >> ZR2+
For ZR3+: Al3+ >> Cr3+ > V3+
The only common ZR2+ cation is Mg2+.
If totAlapfu – TAlapfu is greater than 6, ZAlapfu equals 6. Otherwise, ZAlapfu equals totAlapfu – TAlapfu.
If ZAlapfu + totCrapfu + totVapfu < 6, ZCrapfu equals totCrapfu. ZVapfu equals totVapfu. If ZAlapfu + totCrapfu + totVapfu > 6 and there is any deficiency in the Z-site occupancy from a total of 6 after assigning Al to the Z-site, the remainder is filled with Cr first, and then V if present. This gives ZCrapfu and/or ZVapfu.
If, after assigning Al, Cr and V to the Z-site, there remains a deficiency in the Z-site occupancy from a total of 6, and if totMgapfu is greater than 3, ZMgapfu equals 6– ZCrapfu – ZVapfu– ZAlapfu. Otherwise, ZMgapfu equals 0. Note that Z-site disordering in oxy species is not considered in this method.
Y-site: The Y-site is fully occupied by Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Mg, Cu, Cr, V, Zn, and Li. The priority of ions with different valence states entering the Y-site is:
YR2+ > YR3+ > YR1+ > YR4+
For YR2+: Mg2+ ~ Fe2+ > Mn2+ >>> Zn2+, Cu2+, etc.
For YR3+: Al3+ >> Cr3+ >> V3+
The only common YR1+ cation is Li1+.
The only common YR4+ cation is Ti4+.
If totMgapfu is greater than 3, YMgapfu equals totMgapfu – ZMgapfu. Otherwise, YMgapfu equals totMgapfu.
YFe2+apfu equals totFe2+apfu.
After assigning Mg and Fe to the Y-site, any totMn2+, totZn2+, and totCu2+ is added to the Y-site.
After assigning Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu to the Y-site, if totAlapfu – TAlapfu – ZAlapfu is greater than 0, YAlapfu equals totAlapfu – TAlapfu – ZAlapfu. Otherwise, YAlapfu equals 0.
YCrapfu equals totCrapfu – ZCrapfu.
YVapfu equals totVapfu – ZVapfu.
After assigning all R2+ and R3+ ions above to the Y-site, the Li that was calculated in the data processing method described above is added. (Only low-Mg tourmaline contains substantial Li.) Finally, Ti is added to the Y-site.
X-site: The X-site is occupied by Ca, Na, and K or has vacancies (and any minor Pb, Ba, Rb, and Cs present). The priority of ions with different valence states entering the X-site is (R1+ > R2+ > □ (vacancy)). Any deficiency in the X-site occupancy from a total of 1 is equal to X-site vacancies (X□apfu); i.e., X□apfu equals 1 – XNaapfu – XCaapfu – XKapfu. X-site charge controls the amount of F in the structure—if it is an X-site vacant tourmaline, it will have low F (Henry and Dutrow, 2012), which eliminates fluor-species in the vacant subgroup.
V-site: The V-site is fully occupied by OH; i.e., VOHapfu equals 3.
W-site: The W-site is fully occupied by OH; i.e., WOHapfu equals 1. The species based on this anionic site occupancy cannot be definitively determined (i.e., oxy, hydroxy, or fluor species). The oxy component can be calculated based on charge balance. However, this is a topic for future work. Source: GIA @topic:12


Title: Books: Mineral Treasures of the Ozarks Abstract: By Bruce L. Stinchcomb, softcover, 160 pp., illus., publ. by Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA, 2014, US$29.99

	In Mineral Treasures of the Ozarks, author Bruce L. Stinchcomb has chosen to focus on Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) minerals, which come from a specific type of stratiform deposit that occurs extensively in the watershed of the Mississippi River. These minerals are associated with and found in sedimentary rocks. The states discussed in Stinchcomb’s book are Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, as well as Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Virginia. The last two chapters discuss minerals from other parts of North America and other continents.

	Of the more than 500 illustrations, approximately 100 feature photos, paintings, or maps of mines and mining areas. The remaining illustrations are color photos of mineral specimens and about a dozen polished pieces, most of them in the chapter on quartz. The photos and captions often highlight the different appearances of the same mineral from one mine to the next.

	There are chapters on lead (mostly as the mineral galena), zinc (mostly as sphalerite), barite, and fluorite. There is also a chapter on quartz, which is usually not considered an MVT mineral, but often occurs with classic MVT minerals. One chapter combines copper, cobalt, and iron minerals, while the last mineral-specific chapter combines calcite and dolomite. Each chapter ends with a one-page glossary and list of resources.

	The mineral chapters survey mining history and commercial uses, with numerous photos and descriptions of the minerals and the various locations where they are found. The most detailed chapter on lead also covers transportation from the mines and the smelting process.

	Some of the color photos of mines and mining areas have faded a bit with age, and some of bright colors in the backgrounds of the mineral specimens can be overwhelming, but the sheer quantity of photos far outweighs the occasional distraction. Source: GIA @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_15 Abstract: Gemstone wells come in 3 types, distinguished by the soil characteristics where they are excavated. Alluvial gemstone wells are found in loamy soil and can be quite deep, reaching depths of up to 8 meters when dug into mountainous areas. Rock-type gemstone wells are not as deep as alluvial ones. Another type is the water-based gemstone well, which typically consists of clay soil. It requires a careful digging method for quick and easy excavation due to its sticky soil nature, allowing  for large chunks to be extracted. However, there is a risk that it may flow or collapse more easily compared to other types of gemstone wells. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_16 Abstract: Returning to the early days of Bangkok, Chanthaburi Province had not yet seen serious commercial gemstone well mining. According to records from John Crawfurd, a British diplomat or Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, he had previously reported that the gems found during that era were largely discovered incidentally during agricultural activities and sold to middlemen or exported. There was no commercial gemstone mining at that time. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_17 Abstract: In the later years, around the 5th reign, there are records from Herbert Warington Smyth's book "Five Years in Siam" that mention Gula(Kula) people from Shan State arriving in Siam with the Borneo Company as part of the mining community. Initially settling in Bangkok, they were preceded by skilled Thai gem traders who had moved to the capital before relocating to the Chanthaburi. Some were merchants specializing in gem selection, while others were involved in mining operations. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_18 Abstract: The reason why the Gula(Kula) people from Shan State  had knowledge and expertise in gemstone crafting was due to the historical legacy of gemstone production in ancient times, particularly in Mogok, which dates back to the year 2160 of the Buddhist Era, corresponding to the late Ayutthaya period. During this time, the East India Company of England had significant influence in Burma (Myanmar), including in mining activities related to gemstones in Mogok. The gemstone production in Mogok contributed to the knowledge of gemstones among the Gula(Kula) people and Thai traders since that period. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_22 Abstract: In the early 2500s, many believe it marked the beginning of a new decade for gemstone production and trade in Chanthaburi. This could be attributed to a coup d'état in Myanmar during that period, which led to several ruby mines becoming inaccessible. As a result, some gemstone producers and traders moved from Myanmar to Thailand. Additionally, Thailand itself had ruby mines located along the Thai-Cambodian border. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_23 Abstract: In around the year 2520, Uncle Sammueng Kaeo Waen, a gem trader in Chanthaburi Province, pioneered thetechnique of heat treatment for gemstones. This innovation removed cloudiness from the gems, enhanced their color, and successfully treated sapphires imported from abroad to achieve vibrant hues. This breakthrough significantly elevated Chanthaburi's reputation in the global gemstone industry. It became renowned worldwide as a center for gemstones due to its ability to improve the quality of locally sourced gems through heat treatment, marking a pivotal moment in the history of gemstone refinement. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_26 Abstract: Gem cutting in general involves various shapes such as round brilliant, oval, heart, pear, marquise, princess cut, and emerald cut. The process of faceting aims to enhance the gem's beauty by determining the suitable shape and optimizing its color distribution. Skilled lapidaries usetheir expertise to control the facets and angles of the gemstone during cutting.After shaping, the gem undergoes faceting to create the desired facets and angles. This is followed by polishing, which involves refining the surface to achieve a shiny finish. These 3-4 crucial steps are essential in maximizing the gemstone's beauty and brilliance. Gem cutting requires mastery in controlling the lapidary tools, managing the gem's weight and material loss, and ensuring minimal loss of material. A well-cut gemstone should exhibit a beautiful shape, excellent brilliance, transparency, and fire. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_28 Abstract: Ruby, a rare and highly prized gemstone, is renowned for its red color and popularity in the market. Siamese rubies were once mined from four mines in Chanthaburi and Trat provinces: Nong Bon, Na Wong, Tok Phrom, and Rai. Rubies from each of these mines, when subjected to heat treatment or burning, exhibit varying shades of red such as pinkish-red, pigeon's blood red, or deep red almost approaching black, commanding the highest prices among ruby varieties. Source: Youtube @topic:1


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_32 Abstract: Over 100 years of gemstone production in Chanthaburi Province has brought about persistent challenges and obstacles. One critical issue is the ongoing shortage of skilled labor, particularly experienced gem cutters. This problem has persisted for about a decade. Present-day concerns, as reported by traders, include the desire for increased customer traffic. However, from a production standpoint, there remains a significant shortage of skilled laborers, such as those capable of performing gem setting. Moreover, the income of gem cutters and
the perception of the profession have gradually declined, dissuading new generations from pursuing this career path. Even with incoming orders, the lack of production capacity persists due to issues surrounding compensation and production costs, which have spiraled compared to earlier times, such as when I started back in 2529 (1986). For instance, while a bowl of noodles cost 5 baht back then, setting a gem was 10 baht. Today, the price of noodles hasincreased significantly to 50 baht per bowl, yet the compensation for gem setting has only risen slightly to 15-16 baht, sometimes as low as 6 baht.This disparity has led to many skilled workers leaving the industry. While some gem types may necessitate the use of machinery, high-quality gems still require human craftsmanship. Establishing markets to enhance the value of gems is crucial. This involves organizing events to attract global markets to Chanthaburi and supporting improved working conditions to encourage higher wages in the gem cutting profession.Creating special economic zones for gem and jewelry entrepreneurs to operate freely in Chanthaburi Province could decentralize trade and potentially increase employment opportunities. These efforts aim to alleviate the severe labor shortages currently plaguing the industry. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: The history of gemstones in Chanthaburi_33 Abstract: Around the years 2540 to 2550, African gem traders began coming to Chanthaburi. Since then, approximately 20 years have passed. These African traders specialize in trading gems, particularly from Myanmar, here in Chanthaburi. They operate within a network where they sell gems directly at the Bang Rak Market initially, then gradually moving operations to Chanthaburi. Over time, they have integrated into the local community. African traders typically source gems from their own countries and have the capability to distribute them globally. However, Chanthaburi remains a hub where artisans can produce world-class gemstones. These gems are not easily replaced elsewhere due to the specialized skills and resources available in Chanthaburi. Source: Youtube @topic:7


Title: Israel's Latest Foreign Trade and Diamond Trade Trends

 Abstract: Israel's Foreign Trade in April 2024

**Export and Import Data (Excluding Diamonds)**

In April 2024, the Central Bureau of Statistics reported that Israel's export of goods (excluding diamonds) amounted to NIS 17.2 billion. The export distribution was as follows:
- **Europe**: 41%
- **America**: 26%
- **Asia**: 21%
- **Other regions**: 12%

On the import side, Israel imported goods (excluding diamonds) worth NIS 24.4 billion. The import distribution was as follows:
- **Europe**: 47%
- **Asia**: 25%
- **America**: 13%
- **Other regions**: 15%

This resulted in a trade deficit of NIS 7.2 billion for goods excluding diamonds.

**Trends and Notable Changes**

The data also highlighted significant trends in recent months (February - April 2024):
- Exports to China increased by 30.3%.
- Imports from the United States increased by 12.8%.

Car Imports

The Tax Authority released data on durable goods imports for May 2024, showing a significant decline in vehicle imports:
- **Private Vehicles**: 22,612 units in May 2024, down 22.2% from 29,069 units in May 2023.
- **Commercial Vehicles (e.g., trucks)**: 768 units in May 2024, down 35.8% from 1,197 units in May 2023.

From January to May 2024, Israel imported 86,132 vehicles, a 26.5% decrease from 117,244 units during the same period in the previous year. This trend suggests a moderate decline in passenger vehicle imports starting from March 2023.

The total value of imports in May 2024 was $7.2 billion, a 10% decrease compared to May 2023.

Diamond Trade Trends

The diamond trade in Israel showed mixed trends at the end of May 2024. Over the first five months of 2024:
- **Rough Diamond Imports**: Valued at approximately $503 million, up 5.5% compared to the same period last year. May 2024 alone saw a 20% increase compared to May 2023.
- **Rough Diamond Exports**: Valued at approximately $401 million, up 7% year-on-year, with a 260% increase in May 2024 compared to May 2023.
- **Polished Diamond Imports**: Valued at approximately $705 million, down 38% compared to the same period last year. May 2024 saw a 49% decline compared to May 2023.
- **Polished Diamond Exports**: Valued at approximately $1.2 billion, down 29% compared to the same period last year, with a 30% decline in May 2024 compared to May 2023.

These figures indicate a decline in the polished diamond trade and growth in the rough diamond trade.

 Comments and Recommendations

As of January-May 2024, Israel is Thailand's 41st largest trading partner and the 5th largest in the Middle East. The trade value between Thailand and Israel during this period was THB 18.504 billion, with a trade surplus of THB 5.030 billion in favor of Thailand. Thailand's exports to Israel were valued at THB 11.767 billion, a 5.76% decrease, while imports from Israel increased by 15.06% to THB 6.737 billion.

In 2023, Thailand's exports to Israel were valued at THB 26.704 billion, a 10.17% decrease from 2022. The top five export items from Thailand to Israel in January-May 2024 were canned and processed seafood, cars and parts, gems and jewelry, rice, and refrigerators and freezers and parts. The top five import items from Israel were gems and jewelry, electrical machinery and parts, fertilizers and pesticides, and vegetables and fruits and their preparations, as well as scientific and medical instruments. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: The State of Colored Gemstones: Why the Market is More Vibrant Than Ever
 Abstract: Prices of Popular Colored Gemstones Soar: Market Response and Sustainability Concerns

The prices of the three most popular colored gemstones (ruby, sapphire, and emerald) have soared, with their availability in the market declining. Coupled with increased attention to sustainability, we are witnessing the dawn of a new, more open-minded era.

**News Content:** This article compiles insights from discussions with exhibitors at the AGTA GemFair Tucson 2024, as well as from seminars held at the event. The key points can be summarized as follows:

In a seminar led by Stuart Robertson, President of Gemworld International Inc. and Director of Research at GemGuide, alongside Brecken Branstrator, Executive Editor, they encouraged attendees to purchase high-quality gemstones at the event if found. Attendees, while hoping to get a broad picture of the gem business, wondered why gemstone prices have surged unusually high. The answer lies in the current severe shortage of high and very high-quality gemstone raw materials. The major concern is that there is no source capable of restoring production levels close to those before the pandemic. Therefore, the hope of an influx of raw materials into the market to bring prices down is almost impossible. Prices are expected to either stabilize or rise further. One category of goods severely impacted by the pandemic is pearls.

Pearls seem to be heavily affected, with production capacities during the production season (during the pandemic) being lost from Tahiti, the South Sea, and Akoya. This has caused pearl prices to skyrocket and remain high for the next 3-4 years before stabilizing. Ray Mastoloni, owner of Mastoloni, confirmed the shortage of raw materials for the European and American markets, which are huge consumers of pearls. The situation worsened when the Chinese market became intensely obsessed with pearls, buying any quality available, driving prices up as the Chinese are willing to pay no matter how high the prices.

The demand for pearls from the Chinese market has caused pearl prices to soar while quality goods have become even scarcer. This sudden surge in demand has created a more challenging market for sellers than ever before, driven by delays in the production process and the influence of Chinese actress Ni Ni, who has heightened interest in pearls. This makes finding high-quality pearls exceptionally difficult and cost-prohibitive.

Similarly, high-quality colored gemstones are becoming increasingly rare. John W. Ford Sr., Executive Director of AGTA, and Martin Rapaport, Chairman of the Rapaport Group, discussed the soaring prices of various top-quality gemstones, particularly rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, often referred to in the industry as "The Big Three." Sapphires, especially blue ones, are in such high demand that buyers are scrambling for them, with prices expected to continue rising. Moreover, Burmese rubies are in severe shortage, to the extent that they are not available from regular sources. Only a few highly specialized traders have access to them. The soaring prices of these three popular gemstones have increased interest in other similarly colored gemstones, which will continue to be popular for some time as they are seen as more affordable alternatives.
### High-Quality Colored Gemstones Also Scarce

Just like high-quality pearls, high-quality colored gemstones are becoming increasingly rare. John W. Ford Sr., Executive Director of AGTA, and Martin Rapaport, Chairman of the Rapaport Group, discussed the soaring prices of various top-quality gemstones, particularly ruby, emerald, and sapphire, often referred to in the industry as "The Big Three." Prices have significantly increased, especially for blue sapphires, with buyers competing fiercely. Prices are expected to continue rising. Additionally, Burmese rubies are in severe shortage, to the extent that they are not available from regular sources. Only a few highly specialized traders have access to them. The soaring prices of these three popular gemstones have increased interest in other similarly colored gemstones, which will continue to be popular for some time as they are seen as more affordable alternatives.

In the diamond trade, it is well-known that rising prices lead buyers to seek alternative options, such as lab-grown diamonds. However, for colored gemstones, lab-grown alternatives are not as problematic because consumers looking for more affordable options prefer genuine natural colored gemstones over lab-grown ones. There is increasing demand for colored gemstones in the market, especially in the bridal category. Colored gemstones like sapphires are becoming more popular as engagement ring options. The trend of consumers wanting to express their individuality by choosing colorful gemstones is growing, in contrast to the past emphasis on diamonds only.

The colored gemstone industry is undergoing a major shift as consumers start to reject traditionally popular but overly expensive gemstones and turn to new, unique alternatives. One gemstone gaining popularity is spinel, known for its variety of colors, signaling that consumers are becoming more open to colored gemstones. Robertson emphasized the importance of having new colored gemstone options to meet consumer demand. Gemstones like zircon, tourmaline, tsavorite garnet, beryl, and topaz are becoming increasingly popular. Sapphires, especially those from Montana, are gaining significant popularity in the U.S. market due to their variety of colors and distinctive characteristics.

Jewelry designers and consumers are starting to favor unique gemstones with inclusions and natural patterns, moving away from the preference for flawless gemstones. Columbia Gem House noted the trend of cabochon-cut colored stones, which are polished and rounded without facets.### Unique Cabochon Cuts and Creative Marketing Strategies

Due to high buyer demand, uniquely shaped cabochon cuts were a major highlight at the Tucson show. The company showcased new gemstone collections reflecting the trend of gemstones designed as art inspired by diverse ancient styles. These collections included bullet-shaped, cone-shaped, curved, and mini-cabochon cuts (small cabochons of 1.5-2 or 3mm size). The company introduced two new collections at the show: "Occult" and "Zodiac." Additionally, Branstrator noted an increase in unique and playful cuts, such as kite and hexagonal shapes, as well as the revival of vintage cuts and the portrait cut. It is expected that these unique cuts will gain more attention in the coming year.

Creative marketing strategies have significantly influenced consumer gemstone choices. Instead of hiding flaws, sellers emphasize the uniqueness of each gemstone as a selling point to attract buyers. Responsible sourcing of colored gemstones and minerals, considering their origin and ethical procurement, is gaining market interest. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is currently reviewing appropriate definitions of "responsible sourcing" in the environmental guide to regulate advertisements claiming environmental benefits. The release date of this guide is uncertain, but sustainability practices are gaining attention. This includes the buying and selling of pre-owned jewelry and gemstones, particularly popular among young consumers seeking unique and environmentally friendly options.

### Analysis/Comments/Suggestions

The article discusses the trends in demand and the crisis of skyrocketing gemstone prices since the pandemic, which continue to affect the U.S. and global markets. Notably, the trends seem particularly advantageous for Thailand's gemstone industry. The shift from diamonds to colored gemstones, for which Thailand is a major producer, and the demand for unique cuts, where Thai artisans are renowned for their craftsmanship, create opportunities. Additionally, new designers who understand the young market could shine on the global jewelry design stage due to the interest in unique, standout designs that embrace natural flaws of colored gemstones. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on environmental and ethical concerns in gemstone sourcing, where Thailand has a clean reputation, aligns well with current market trends.

The key to seizing opportunities amidst this diamond price crisis is to make the market aware of Thailand's diverse strengths that align with the preferences of new-generation consumers in the United States. This communication can be done through various promotional channels. Unlike in the past, today's online social media platforms offer access to target consumer groups without massive investments. By managing these platforms effectively, you can reach your target audience through platforms that cater specifically to different age groups, allowing for more targeted marketing. This approach requires a deep understanding of the target audience and some creativity in presenting your offerings. While past television advertisements in Thailand have amused many foreigners given the chance, don't wait too long. Study the behaviors of your target audience and utilize online social media platforms that directly engage them. Source: DITP @topic:7


Title: Consumer Demand for Jewelry in the United States Market Abstract: Sales of jewelry in the United States market in 2566, based on data compiled by Grandview Research, amounted to approximately 73.32 billion US dollars. The top-selling products were necklaces, rings, earrings, bracelets, and others in descending order. This accounts for 20.76% of the global jewelry market. It is expected that the jewelry market in the United States will expand by an average of 4.1% between 2567-2573.

Factors driving consumer demand for jewelry in the United States market include:

1. Increased consumer willingness to spend: Consumers in the United States are becoming more confident in the economy, with growing incomes leading to increased spending. Data from the BEA shows a 0.8% increase in consumer spending on jewelry in March 2567 compared to the previous month. This indicates a positive signal for 2567, although economic uncertainties remain.

2. Fashion trends and changing preferences: Fashion trends and evolving preferences stimulate consumer purchases. Personalized jewelry, symbolic necklaces, and a blend of classic and sustainable materials appeal to consumers with diverse tastes and budgets.

The popularity of jewelry from influential and famous individuals on social media plays a significant role in creating more sales opportunities for sellers in the market. It also drives new trends and creates widespread popularity among consumers in the United States and globally. For example, the "iced out" trend, which involves decorating pieces of jewelry with diamonds to increase their sparkle, originated from the Hip Hop community and later expanded to athletes and then to a new generation of consumers in the United States and the broader fashion streetwear industry.

Furthermore, the influence of sustainability has played a significant role in the jewelry industry. It has encouraged designers to seek materials and production processes that support sustainability and environmental friendliness to better meet the current consumers' demands.

Based on data from King Jewelers, projected trends for women's jewelry in the coming year include jewelry adorned with contemporary, simple designs using pearls, multi-layered chain necklaces, flower-themed jewelry, large statement pieces, and animal-inspired designs.

As for men's jewelry trends, as projected by Gabriel & Co, they include meaningful pieces, jewelry decorated with rose gold, craftsmanship-focused designs or those featuring geometric patterns, classic jewelry pieces, chain-linked jewelry, pieces related to beliefs or culture, masculine-focused designs, pieces with metal tones, personalized jewelry, and wedding jewelry.

Consumer preferences for jewelry in the United States market:

3. Major festivals stimulate consumer purchases. Consumers in the United States often buy jewelry as gifts during significant festivals. According to data from National Jeweler, major festivals are the peak periods for jewelry sales. In terms of sales value during these festivals, Valentine's Day has the highest sales, followed by Mother's Day, Graduation Day, Wedding Day, and Christmas Day, respectively.

According to NRF data, during the recent Valentine's Day period, American consumers spent a total of $6.4 billion on jewelry purchases. However, for the upcoming Mother's Day festival on May 12, 2567 (2024), NRF forecasts that American consumers may spend around $7.0 billion on jewelry. Based on a survey of 8,213 adult American consumers conducted by NRF from April 1-8, 2567 (2024), it was found that 84% of the surveyed group planned to celebrate Mother's Day and spend an average of $254.04 per person. This surveyed group is expected to spend the most on flowers, followed by greeting cards, dining out, jewelry, spa services and pampering, and electronics, in that order. Additionally, the survey revealed that the key buying demographic consists of consumers aged 35-44, who plan to spend an average of $345.75 per person on Mother's Day products.

As for the distribution channels of jewelry products in the United States market, do you want me to provide information on that as well?
1. Online Channels
Statista forecasts that jewelry sales in the online system of the United States in the year 2567 (2024) are likely to expand by 26.2%. The key distribution channels can be divided into 4 main channels:

- Primary E-Commerce platforms such as Amazon.com, eBay.com, and Etsy.com
- Online auction platforms like Sothebys.com, Christies.com, Jewelry.ha.com, and Jewelry-auctioned.com
- Online retail stores like zales.com, kay.com, bluenile.com, jamesallen.com, brilliantearth.com, kohls.com, macys.com, etc. To sell through these retail channels, sellers need to apply through the respective store's page and fill out a form to become a supplier (become a supplier).
- Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram, which are popular trends in the current era. Leveraging influencers on social media helps in product promotion and boosts sales figures.
2. Offline Channels
According to data compiled by Grand View Research, jewelry sales through offline channels in the United States in the year 2566 (2023) accounted for approximately 84% of total sales. Additionally, offline channels are highly popular for selling high-value jewelry or conducting significant jewelry transactions. This preference is due to buyers seeking trustworthiness and reliable post-sales services.

Key Offline Channels:

Department Stores and Specialty Stores**: These traditional retail outlets offer a range of products, including jewelry. Despite higher overhead costs, they often excel in other areas such as customer service and creating unique experiences. Services like in-person consultations, product inspections, repair services, and more contribute significantly to enhancing customer experiences and stimulating long-term purchases. However, offline stores may need to adapt further to compete with online retailers. This could involve curating unique designs, offering personalized product services, creating themed product sets for important occasions, and setting prices to be accessible to customers. Additionally, creating in-store experiences such as workshops, consultations, and leveraging digital tools like interactive displays or digital customer tools can help attract and engage customers more effectively.

New Trends in the US Market:

1. **Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) Sales**: This trend involves selling products directly from designers to consumers through online and social media channels. The focus is on unique designs in manageable quantities and competitively priced products. This method is popular for penetrating new markets for new brands or establishing memorable brands, especially targeting younger generations from Gen Millennials to Gen Alpha.

2. **Pop-Up Shops or Temporary Retail Stores**: These are temporary retail outlets set up by designers or distributors, emphasizing new trendy products in the market. They create a special experience for buyers while also serving as a way for designers and sellers to test market demand for their products.

3. **Membership-based Services**: These services offer carefully curated jewelry that matches buyers' needs on various occasions. It's suitable for customers looking for personalized shopping experiences and convenience. The membership approach gives customers the opportunity to try out new brands and designs that fit their preferences on different occasions.

Opportunities for Thai Products in the US Market:

The demand for materials changes according to market trends. Both the prices of metals and the availability of diamonds in laboratories have been significantly restricted. This has led manufacturers to adapt and choose alternative materials to make their products competitive in the market. For example, using soft gemstones or using standard-grade (K) metals with low carat and gold plating. These are good opportunities for Thailand in terms of production and export of such products to the US, providing them to importers.

Furthermore, after discussions with jewelry importers who have traveled to negotiate trade deals in Thailand, it was found that they mostly want to produce and import finished jewelry in the 14K and 18K gold categories embellished with diamonds and gemstones. Importers believe that if the US further escalates trade restrictions with China in the future, products mainly manufactured in China, including jewelry, will also be impacted. Therefore, companies have started looking for alternative sources, and Thailand seems to be a suitable and efficient production alternative. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: Pearl fashion is hot Chinese girls flock to buy Bringing the price of pearls up Abstract: In the past 2-3 years, the Chinese jewelry market has seen an expansion of the customer base for pearl jewelry. Previously popular among middle-aged women, pearl jewelry has become increasingly popular among younger generations. The market has also seen a rise in diverse and contemporary designs for pearl jewelry, coupled with e-commerce trading, which has expanded the demand for pearl jewelry in China. This strong market demand has driven up the prices of pearls.

The market situation for pearls remains robust and continues to grow steadily. Previously seen as limited to middle-aged and older women, pearls accounted for only 1% of China's jewelry sales in 2019. However, in 2021 and 2023, this percentage increased to 7% and 10%, respectively.

From 2563 to 2565, the pearl market in China has experienced continuous growth, with an average annual expansion rate of 34%. In 2566, the Chinese pearl market reached a value of 350 billion yuan (approximately 1.75 trillion baht), marking a 46% increase. Additionally, the proportion of online trade has increased, indicating the significant role of e-commerce in accelerating the development of the pearl industry. This can be observed through statistics on pearl sales during online shopping festivals like TMALL's 11.11. In 2566, pearl sales during this festival increased by over 450% compared to the previous year. Similarly, during events like Mother's Day and the 520 Festival (a Chinese love festival), pearl sales reached record highs. Moreover, consumers aged 25-30 years old have shown a high demand for pearls, with orders via live streaming platforms like DOUYIN increasing by over 50%. Live streaming has become a crucial sales channel for pearls due to its accessibility and the stimulating format that encourages quick purchasing decisions.

In early 2567, discussions and posts related to pearls on platforms like Xiaohongshu (RED) reached up to 7.17 million times. Furthermore, since 2566, prices for hi-end pearls have increased by 0.5 to 1 times. For example, Japanese AKOYA pearl necklaces sized 8-8.5 millimeters, which were priced at around 18,000 yuan (90,000 baht) two years ago, now start at 30,000 yuan (150,000 baht), marking an increase of nearly 70%. Similarly, Australian white pearls sized 10-12 millimeters, which previously ranged from 100,000 to 150,000 yuan (500,000 - 750,000 baht), have risen to 300,000 yuan (1.5 million baht). Black pearls, a favorite, have nearly doubled in price.

The pearl production in China has decreased every year. China is one of the main producers of pearls, with Zhuji City in Zhejiang Province being the largest producer of large pearls in China. Additionally, Sanzhuihu Town is the largest market for freshwater pearl trading in the world, accounting for 73% of global production and 80% of China's freshwater pearl production. In 2566, China exported 71.3% of its pearls, mainly from Zhejiang Province.

However, despite increasing market demand, pearl production in China has declined from 1.2 million kilograms in 2562 to 700,000 kilograms in 2565. This decline is due to challenges in pearl farming, where saltwater pearls take a long time to produce and have low yields, while freshwater pearls require large amounts of nutrients that pollute the water. Consequently, the Chinese government has implemented policies to control and limit pearl farming to conserve the environment, leading to the closure of non-standard farms and a decrease in pearl production.

China's imports of pearls exceed exports, and the proportion of imports from Thailand is gradually increasing.

In 2566, China's pearl trade had a total value of $101 million (3,737 million baht), marking a decrease of -21.71% (YoY). This comprised exports worth $49 million (1,813 million baht), down by -12.5% (YoY), and imports of $52 million (1,927 million baht), down by -28.77% (YoY). Importantly, China's pearl import structure in 2566 was more diversified, not heavily tied to any specific country as before.

The pearl fashion trend is strong, attracting Chinese women to buy more, thereby driving up pearl prices.

Thailand is one of the top 5 trading partners with China for pearl imports every year. Import trends of pearls from Thailand (HS Code 7101) to China have been relatively positive in the past 2-3 years. In 2564, China imported pearls (HS Code 7101) from Thailand valued at $5.99 million (increased by +96.67%). In 2565, the value rose to $8.66 million (increased by +44.42%), and in 2566, it was $7.93 million (decreased by -8.50%). Import statistics of pearls from Thailand to China reflect a similar trend as China's overall pearl imports. However, analyzing market share (%Share) reveals that Thailand's market share is increasing. In 2564-2566, Thailand's market share was 10.4%, 11.9%, and 15.2%, respectively. In the first quarter of 2567, China imported pearls from Thailand worth $4.90 million, marking a 371.05% increase from the same period the previous year, with a market share of 48.65%.

The market continues to be a family business, which is quite interesting. Behind the popularity of pearls, it is found that the business model is family-oriented. The process of pearls, from semi-finished products to finished goods, requires manual labor and cannot be mass-produced with the same mold. Therefore, it is not suitable for large-scale business operations. Small businesses often play a close role with consumers in providing information, knowledge, and creating a professional understanding of the products. This includes standards for pearl sorting and assessing value, among others. The pearl industry in the Santikhun Hu Subdistrict remains a strong local industry and continues to operate in a family business model.

While China is currently a significant pearl production hub globally, Chinese brands are not yet popular on the international stage. This suggests that there needs to be a higher quality development in the future, particularly in areas like processing, coloring, and chemical use. In summary, China's pearl industry has advantages in terms of production sources, market size, and consumption trends. If there are advancements in aquaculture technology in the future, the quality of Chinese pearls is expected to improve, potentially leading to the establishment of global brands.

The comments from the Office of Trade Promotion in Chengtaw highlight the growing trend of pearl jewelry among Chinese women in recent years. Whether it's earrings, necklaces, or bracelets, they have been well-received by consumers. With the strong consumer response and the continuously growing market for pearls in China, pearl jewelry has become another attractive market for Thai jewelry industry players.

Considering tapping into the Chinese market, it may be beneficial to time marketing activities to coincide with important Chinese festivals such as Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, and others, aligning with the popular trend of gift-giving during these festivals in China. Additionally, focusing on enhancing quality and diversity in design to cater to various customer segments, along with increased investment in brand promotion through Chinese social media channels, could help reach Chinese consumers more effectively.

  Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: China's jewelry industry Abstract: Since the 1990s up until the millennium, the jewelry industry has been a profitable sector in China, particularly with gold jewelry remaining highly popular. According to IIMEDIA in 2023, fashion jewelry from various brands collaborated with famous animation games to design jewelry that aligns with trends while also reflecting personal tastes. This approach resonated with the younger demographic who enjoys gaming. The survey data showed that major brands collaborating with intellectual property (IP) and appealing to Chinese consumers accounted for over 49.4% of purchases, especially products related to animation and cartoons due to the increasing number of new consumers. Consequently, many jewelry brands had to collaborate with other industries to secure a future for their products.

The jewelry industry is a relatively new sector that has been separated and integrated from the gift and craftsmanship industries. It can be divided into home jewelry, wearable jewelry, and automotive jewelry. Wearable jewelry mostly includes body adornments like earrings, necklaces, bracelets, rings, and watches, categorized by usage method and materials, mainly metals and alloys.

The global jewelry industry is dominated by Europe, known for its luxurious, valuable, and expensive jewelry. The European jewelry industry originated in the 13th century and has since developed into various categories, covering high-end jewelry to fashion jewelry, with numerous products and influential brands. Brands like Chanel, Dior, Gucci, and Burberry are prominent players in the global jewelry market, showcasing a wide range of products and brand images that significantly impact the global jewelry market.

In terms of market value in 2023, nine out of ten leading luxury goods companies globally come from Europe. While every sector of the industry was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, after the pandemic subsided and borders reopened, Europe's tourism industry began to recover, leading to a positive growth trend in the European jewelry market as well.

According to IIMEDIA data in 2023, the top 5 most favored jewelry brands among Chinese consumers in 2023 were from China, Switzerland, France, Italy, and South Korea. However, more than half of the consumers favored Chinese brands. This trend reflects the significant development and heavy promotion of China's jewelry industry in recent years. Chinese jewelry brands have successfully blended traditional culture with unique designs, making them highly appealing to Chinese consumers.

The jewelry market in China is indeed fascinating for global entrepreneurs due to its large population and the popularity of jewelry. However, this also makes the competition in China's jewelry market quite fierce. Thai entrepreneurs looking to enter the Chinese market with Thai jewelry must significantly enhance product quality, create a distinctive identity, and thoroughly study the trends and preferences in China. This is crucial because competitors, both domestic and international, hold significant influence, especially renowned European jewelry brands with decades of reputation, and even Chinese brands that consistently develop themselves. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: Trends in jewelry products in the South Korean market Abstract: Although the entire jewelry market in Korea declined by 13.1% due to the economic challenges facing Korea, such as inflation and high-interest rates, the market for artificial or fashion jewelry grew by 21% compared to the previous year. This growth includes silver jewelry consumption among consumers and a 20% increase in the value of imported jewelry over a four-year period. This is a result of changing consumption patterns and increased demand for luxury brands.

Overview of South Korean Jewelry Market:

In the year 2566 (Thai calendar, equivalent to 2023), it is estimated that the total size of the South Korean jewelry market was approximately 5.51 trillion won, reflecting a 13.1% decrease from the previous year. This decline is attributed to consumption patterns affected by various factors such as high-interest rates and elevated product prices.

The trend of jewelry products in the South Korean market can be divided into wedding jewelry and non-wedding jewelry. The market for non-wedding jewelry is larger, accounting for 86.4% of the total jewelry market in the year 2566 (Thai calendar, equivalent to 2023).

The market value of wedding jewelry in South Korea has been continuously declining. In the year 2566 (Thai calendar, equivalent to 2023), it was valued at 3.95 trillion won, nearly halving from the value in 2560 due to a decrease in marriage rates in Korea.

On the other hand, the non-wedding jewelry market in 2560 was valued at 4.7 trillion won, decreasing by 13.8% compared to the previous year. This market is divided into general jewelry and fashion/imitation jewelry. The general jewelry market has a higher market share, but the fashion/imitation jewelry market saw an increase in value by 21.1% from the previous year. This is attributed to the increased demand for high-unit-price jewelry, leading to market recovery.

Trends in jewelry products in the South Korean market.

The trend of jewelry products in the South Korean market is shrinking due to the current global economic situation, which is experiencing declining income levels, increased inflation rates, interest rates, and exchange rates. As a result, consumer interest in jewelry is decreasing accordingly. Therefore, it is predicted that the jewelry market will find it challenging to grow during this period.

The trend of fashion jewelry in South Korea is characterized by products that are not specifically for weddings but are designed for fashion purposes. Fashion jewelry includes items such as rings, earrings, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, brooches, anklets, hair accessories, neck scarves, and wrist buttons made from mixed metals, alloys, and leather *excluding jewelry made from gold or platinum materials.
In 2566, consumers in South Korea showed a trend where 51.9% of them chose to purchase just 1 piece of fashion jewelry, while 48.1% tended to buy 2 or more pieces, with an average purchase rate of 1.73 pieces per transaction, slightly up from the previous year.

When considering gender, the purchase rate among male consumers decreased, contrasting with female consumers whose purchase rate increased compared to the previous year.

Regarding age groups, there was an increased purchase rate in all age groups except for those aged 50 and above.

The trend of fashion jewelry in the South Korean market:

The purchase rate of fashion jewelry in 2566 was at 16.5%, increasing by 1.8% compared to 2565. However, this purchase rate is still not significantly high compared to pre-COVID-19 times, where the rate was around 18.4-19.4%. This decrease is due to the shrinking consumer base caused by economic downturns.

Trends in the Fashion Jewelry Market in South Korea

Fashion jewelry made from silver has been consistently popular since 2563, although the popularity of metal-based jewelry has recently declined. Silver-based fashion jewelry is more popular among males (53.6%) than females, with the highest preference in the 20s age group (46.0%) and those aged 50 and above (56.0%).

Purchase Trends:

- Purchases of affordable fashion jewelry priced at 10,000 won have slightly decreased, while purchases in the 50,000 won range have increased.
- Main Channels of Purchase: General retail stores have the highest purchase rate at 59.1%, while online purchases have significantly increased to 17.1% compared to the previous year. Online purchases are particularly popular among consumers aged 20 and 30.

Predicted Purchase Trends:

- It is expected that the purchase rates for fashion jewelry among consumers aged 20, 30, and 50 will slightly increase, while those in the 40s and 60s will decrease due to uncertain economic recovery and varying consumption trends across different age groups.

Importing Fashion Jewelry to South Korea:

- Imports of fashion jewelry (HS code 7113) have continuously increased, reaching a 3.8% increase in 2566 compared to the previous year, with a value of 1.112 billion USD. This is the highest recorded statistic since 2565, contrasting with the overall shrinking trend in the jewelry market.

- Majority of imports come from four countries with luxury brands: France, Italy, the United States, and Switzerland, accounting for 90.9% of total jewelry imports.

Import Trends for Fashion Jewelry (HS code 7117):

- The import value of fashion jewelry reached 164 million USD, increasing by 2.9% from the previous year. China (43.7%) is a major importer due to its affordable products, followed by Italy (21.2%) and Germany (11.1%), along with France focusing on luxury brand production.

Overall, these trends showcase the dynamic nature of the fashion jewelry market in South Korea, influenced by consumer preferences, economic factors, and global trade dynamics.

Although the fashion jewelry import market in Korea is dominated by China and luxury brands, Thai fashion jewelry products still have opportunities and potential for market expansion in Korea. Korea consistently imports fashion jewelry from Thailand, with imports worth up to 7 million USD in 2566. Moreover, the trend of Thai fashion jewelry products has become more diverse, including contemporary designs suitable for all ages, pearl jewelry designs, and interesting marketing strategies through online channels. Additionally, participating in related trade shows such as the Bangkok Gems & Jewelry Fair will further open opportunities to meet and trade with Korean importers.

 Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: Dubai's diamond trade to reach $38.3 billion in 2023 Abstract: Dubai and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) play a crucial role in the global diamond and jewelry business due to their advantageous tax policies, robust financial infrastructure, and logistics. The diversity of products and prices, easy accessibility, and genuine support from the government make them pillars for successful businesses across all industries.

The Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC), overseeing trade, business, and consumer goods for Dubai, disclosed that the total trade value of rough and polished diamonds in Dubai reached 38.3 billion USD in 2566, marking a growth rate of 2% compared to the previous year. This translates to an average Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.0% over the past five years.

Diamond Trade

In 2566, the total trade value of rough diamonds for the UAE amounted to 21.3 billion USD. Despite a global decrease in rough diamond prices by about 20%, the UAE's rough diamond trade declined by only 13% compared to the previous year. Ahmed Bin Sulayem, the CEO of DMCC, stated that the total trade value of rough and polished diamonds was 8.3 billion USD in the previous year, with polished diamonds accounting for almost half of the total diamond trade. This demonstrates that Dubai is not merely a middleman but has developed infrastructure and technology to enhance market value and attractiveness. The Dubai Diamond Exchange (DDE) is the world's largest diamond trading floor, accommodating at least 200 interested buyers and sellers for auctions and ensuring the highest product quality through specialized equipment for diamond cleaning as per buyers' demands.
Dubai has been supporting the trade of Lab Grown Diamonds (LGDs) or synthetic diamonds, which are created from pure carbon. This involves simulating the natural diamond formation process within a laboratory using state-of-the-art technology. The UAE saw a 10% increase in trade value in 2566 compared to the previous year, totaling 1.6 billion USD. This growth is attributed to the changing preferences of newer generations like Millennials and Gen Z, influenced by global economic fluctuations, societal changes, and environmental concerns. Surveys from various sources globally indicate a growing trend among newer generations to prefer and purchase jewelry made from "synthetic diamonds" produced in laboratories.

In recent years, the UAE has become a key driver in the growth of global diamond trade and industry development. Ahmed Bin Sulayem, representing the UAE, assumed the chairmanship of the Kimberley Process for the year 2567, focusing on the "Year of Delivery" to ensure the efficient and independent functioning of the Kimberley Process. This marks his second term as chairman since 2559.

In 2543, as a measure to eliminate and prevent the trade of diamonds from areas under legitimate government opposition control, an international conference was held to establish guidelines for issuing certificates between countries for diamonds. These measures, known as the Kimberley Process, were established by an international organization comprising all major diamond industry countries, totaling 52 nations. Their objective is to set guidelines and establish a certification system for non-polished diamonds to maintain consistent standards and international acceptance. This helps eliminate and prevent income from unpolished diamond trade originating from areas under legitimate opposition control, which might be utilized for acquiring weapons and warfare equipment, safeguarding the diamond trading industry from potential future repercussions of other measures that could be implemented.

Importing gold, diamonds, and pearls is a lucrative business for the UAE, as evidenced by the latest statistics from UNCOMTRADE, which show imports valued at 91.573 billion USD, accounting for 24.5% of total imports. This sector has experienced a growth rate of 24.0%, with imports primarily coming from the top 10 countries including India, Russia, Turkey, Malaysia, Ghana, South Africa, Switzerland, Belgium, Zimbabwe, and Botswana.

On the export front for Thailand, jewelry and gems sent to the UAE include genuine gold, diamond, and pearl jewelry, sterling silver jewelry, synthetic pearls, and unprocessed gold. In 2566, exports were valued at 265 million USD, declining by 3.7%, and in 2567 (January), the value was 15.5 million USD, declining by 7.9% compared to the same period of the previous year. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: New regulations for importing diamonds and diamond jewelry into the United States Abstract: Towards the end of February 2024, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) issued guidelines for the importation of diamonds and diamond jewelry, effective from Friday, March 1, 2024. Companies must have certified documents on company letterhead in PDF format for diamond imports into the United States.

Each shipment requires one set of documents with the following statements:

1. For non-industrial diamonds weighing 1 carat or more, the document must certify: "I certify that the non-industrial diamonds in this shipment were not mined, extracted, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part in Russian Federation, notwithstanding whether such diamonds have been substantially transformed into other products outside of the Russian Federation."

2. For diamond jewelry and unsorted diamonds (unsorted diamonds refer to diamonds that have not been polished), the document must certify: "I certify that the diamond jewelry and unsorted diamonds in this shipment are not of Russian Federation origin or were not exported from the Russian Federation."

These certified documents must be uploaded to the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) Document Image System, an electronic platform of CBP for diamond trade.

CBP's new requirements align with the guidelines set by the G7 countries, of which the United States is a member. These guidelines were established in a meeting in December 2023 with the goal of banning the import of Russian diamonds to member countries. CBP has set a "sunrise period" from March 1, 2024, to August 31, 2024, to allow stakeholders time to comply with these regulations and the new rules that will start on September 1, 2024. Additionally, the regulations will be expanded to cover finished jewelry, lab-grown diamonds, and watches, with a reduction in the weight threshold for diamonds from 1 carat to 0.5 carats.

The new provision has altered the previous regulations of the CBP, which defined that any goods substantially transformed in any country shall be considered as originating from that country, making that country the country of origin. This regulation has become a loophole allowing the import of diamonds from Russia into the United States to continue, despite President Joe Biden issuing an executive order in March 2022 prohibiting the import of diamonds from Russia.

This time, the regulations regarding the import of diamonds from Russia will also be extended to include the import of fish and seafood from Russia under the same conditions. CBP will announce this regulation later.

Additional information, comments, and recommendations from Scott Leeson.

The data on the import of diamonds into the United States from 2021 to 2022, ranked by import value, the top 15 combined accounted for 98% of the total diamond imports of the United States. These top importers include India, Israel, Belgium, South Africa, Botswana, Switzerland, Hong Kong, France, the United Arab Emirates, Namibia, Angola, Canada, Thailand, Mauritius, and the United Kingdom. Thailand is one of the countries with the highest import value to the United States, second only to Hong Kong, France, and Angola, with a growth rate of 161.1% in imports to the United States, totaling $111.7 million.

The additional regulations regarding the import of diamonds and diamond jewelry originating from Russia are as follows, in addition to the existing laws governing diamond trade in the United States:

1. **Kimberley Act**: This act imposes sanctions on conflict diamonds or blood diamonds imported from certain countries such as Sierra Leone, Angola, and Liberia. Importers must comply with the Clean Diamond Act, which includes the following key provisions:

   - Official notification of importation.
   - Possession of a Kimberley Process certificate, with a requirement to submit a copy of this certificate to CBP and the U.S. Census Bureau during importation, and to retain the original documents for 5 years.

2. **Patriot Act**: Primarily aimed at preventing money laundering and economic terrorism, the Patriot Act imposes additional regulations on traders of jewelry and gemstones importing goods into the United States:

   - Formal entry notification is required for the import of diamonds, jewelry, pearls, and gemstones valued at $2,500 or more (Formal entry).
   - An import license is not necessary for importation for commercial purposes, but a customs bond (CBP Form 301) is required for importation.
   - Diamonds, pearls, and other gemstones in their raw or unprocessed state from countries with trading relationships with the United States can be imported duty-free, provided the correct 11-digit U.S. Customs tariff code is specified. However, if they are processed into jewelry, they are subject to import duties.

Scott Leeson recommends that those interested in exporting jewelry and gemstone products to the United States should study the import regulations and monitor changes in U.S. import regulations to prevent potential issues. This advice is based on information gathered from various sources and presented to the general public. Some parts may include personal opinions. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative in Los Angeles compiled and disseminated this information for interested parties. The use of this information, in any case, depends on individual judgment. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative in Los Angeles is not responsible for any damages that may result from the use of this information. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: Chinese jewelry market in 2023 grows strongly Attracting both Chinese and foreign brands Abstract: The jewelry and accessories industry can be categorized into various types, such as home interior decorations, fashion accessories, and automotive accessories. Fashion accessories can further be divided into categories like earrings, headpieces, necklaces, wristwatches, bracelets, rings, and more. Currently, the consumption behavior of Chinese consumers towards fashion jewelry or jewelry has been increasing compared to the past. According to iiMedia Research, retail sales of jewelry reached a cumulative value of 47.2 trillion yuan in 2022, representing a 7.2% increase from the previous year. Within this figure, sales of gold, silver, and jewelry totaled 3.31 trillion yuan, marking a 9.8% increase. Sales of gold, silver, and jewelry accounted for 0.7% of total retail sales of consumer goods. The consumer market in the jewelry industry in China is showing a continuous upward trend.

Trends in the consumption behavior and target group preferences for jewelry among Chinese consumers.

Factors that Chinese consumers consider when deciding to purchase jewelry prioritize product quality, accounting for 39.1% of their considerations. This is followed by product design, price, and discounts. However, the least influential factor is word-of-mouth from reputable sources. More than half of consumers prioritize brand, design, and quality of jewelry when making purchasing decisions, followed by price discounts. Currently, consumers tend to make more rational purchase decisions, focusing on practicality, beauty, and purchasing capabilities as their main goals. This has become the main target for consumers when buying products. The consumer group in the jewelry industry has evolved beyond just working-age individuals to include younger consumers and post-90s millennials, who have become significant buyers of gold jewelry. In recent years (2023), fashion jewelry brands have utilized marketing strategies by collaborating with popular games and cartoons to design products that align with trends and have unique identities. These marketing techniques attract new-generation consumers, making them more interested and easily captivated by the products, thereby increasing sales opportunities for jewelry brands. With the increasing presence of new-generation consumers, co-branding strategies will be a key strategy to expand opportunities for the jewelry industry in the future.  The development of the economy and improvement in living standards among Chinese citizens has significantly increased the demand for jewelry, as evident from clear trends. According to iiMedia Research, the jewelry demand among Chinese consumers reached 1.05 billion people in 2023, marking a 1.9% increase compared to the previous year, with a continuing upward trend. The main objective that Chinese consumers favor in purchasing jewelry is to create a social image. Consumers predominantly choose to buy earrings, followed by hair accessories and necklaces, respectively. Additionally, up to 20.2% of consumers opt to purchase watches primarily for social reasons. Furthermore, purchasing jewelry as a reminder of individuals or significant events in life is another factor influencing consumer behavior. Among the top 5 countries whose jewelry brands are favored by Chinese consumers are China itself, Switzerland, France, Italy, and South Korea. More than half of consumers (57.6%) prefer Chinese brands. Over the past few years, Chinese jewelry brands have successfully blended traditional culture with national design styles, which resonates well with Chinese consumers. Notable brands that have found success in the Chinese market include Pandora, known for contemporary designs, diverse options, and affordable prices, as well as Chow Tai Fook and Chow Tai Seng, renowned Chinese brands that blend traditional culture with modern design.

     The online live streaming marketing in the jewelry industry in China continues to grow.

The distribution channels of the jewelry industry in China are following the growth of internet users in China. Online sales have become a significant channel for industry development. According to data released by China's Internet Network Information Center in June 2022, the number of internet users in China is nearly 1.08 billion. It is estimated that by 2031, China's live streaming e-commerce market will exceed 6 trillion yuan. This indicates that online channels remain crucial for this industry and are expected to expand further over time.

    The Office of Trade Promotion in Shanghai: In 2023, Thailand's exports of jewelry and gemstones ranked third, valued at $14,787.26 million US dollars, down 2.15% from the previous year. Thailand's top five export markets were Switzerland, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States, and India, in that order. Excluding processed gold, the top five export markets were Hong Kong, the United States, India, Germany, and the United Kingdom, respectively.

Statistics from the Ministry of Commerce indicate that the jewelry and gemstone industry is one of Thailand's highest-earning industries. Thailand's strength lies in blending unique designs with Thai craftsmanship, which is highly regarded internationally. The 69th Bangkok Gems and Jewelry Fair (BGJF) held from February 21-25 this year was highly successful, with trade expected to reach no less than 385 billion baht. The fair attracted significant interest from Chinese visitors, ranking second after India in attendance. Many Chinese influencers attended the event and live-streamed the jewelry sales, showcasing new marketing channels targeting the Chinese market. The positive response indicates that Thai entrepreneurs should prepare for live streaming commerce to adapt to modern trade formats and seize opportunities for expanding foreign markets. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: Gold and gold jewelry are hot in the Chinese market. Abstract: A gold and jewelry store in Shanghai was interviewed, stating that during the recent Chinese New Year period, gold sales were very strong. They sold up to 1,000 gold bars in a single day, and one customer bought jewelry worth over 200,000 yuan in one go. Despite the high gold prices, reaching up to 625 yuan/gram, consumers were ready to purchase these products. Of particular interest is the growing trend of young consumers becoming significant buyers, whether for personal adornment or investment purposes.

According to trends in the jewelry industry in 2023, the majority of gold buyers are women aged 18 to 34 from both primary and secondary cities. The new generation of consumers is growing rapidly, with those born after 2000 appreciating the value-retaining and appreciating qualities of gold, leading to a keen interest in gold jewelry consumption.

In reality, Chinese people have a long-standing preference for gold consumption, and this trend is expanding across all age groups. Due to the stable gold prices over the past two years, gold consumption has become even more popular. On January 25, 2024, the Chinese Gold Association revealed data showing an 8.78% increase in gold consumption in 2023 compared to the previous year. Looking at consumption types, gold jewelry consumption increased by 7.97%, while gold bar and coin consumption increased by 15.70% compared to the same period the year before.

Comparing to previous gold consumers, aside from buying gold bars and gold jewelry, today's youth are also falling in love with "gold beans" weighing 1 gram because their prices are not excessively high. Moreover, on social media, people compete to share their experiences in hoarding "gold beans." There's a saying that goes, "If you save one bean per month, you'll have 12 grams per year," or some say, "If you save 500 beans, you can exchange them for a car." For those who see it as a long-term investment, they believe that this method is more fun and reliable than depositing money in banks.

Since ancient times, gold has been a symbol of wealth and power. Nowadays, gold has successfully captivated the attention of young people once again. Whether it's gold ingots or tiny gold beans purchased for New Year celebrations and birthdays, or large pieces of gold jewelry bought for various occasions like weddings and gift-giving, the Chinese have shown their money-saving ideas by saying, "Reserving gold no matter where you are and when" is another way of ensuring financial stability.

These young people don't blindly follow trends but rather prioritize wealth accumulation through possession. The consumer mindset of young people has become more reasoned. "Investing in gold" is seen as investing in oneself. Hence, gold has become a consumer product that holds much more value than designer handbags.
In recent years, self-confidence and a fondness for traditional culture have become a trend among the younger generation. From dressing in Hanfu (traditional Chinese clothing) to reviving traditional music, young people are gradually discovering the charm and beauty of ancient culture. In this context, gold seals, which have been a long-standing jewelry item among the Chinese, have also gained popularity. With ancient gold techniques that emphasize traditional gold casting, these items are considered cultural heritage treasures that cannot be replaced. They have become increasingly popular due to their exquisite craftsmanship, including traditional techniques like carving, weaving, engraving, and embedding ancient gold patterns. Despite their relatively high prices, many young people still appreciate them.

To meet market demands, some gold brands have collaborated with museums to launch limited edition co-branded models. Cultural artifacts from museums have become an inspiration for designing gold jewelry collections, incorporating patterns like the Ruyi motif, bird motifs, and diamond-inlaid patterns on gold. This has made gold not only beautiful in style but also rich in cultural significance, truly admired by young people for its genuine Chinese luxury.
The comment from Mr. N at Nanning City suggests that gold and jewelry are becoming highly popular products in the Chinese market. They observe that the younger consumer group in both the main and secondary cities of China has become significant in purchasing gold and jewelry. These products have shifted from being outdated to becoming coveted items in the market, aligning with the increasingly rational consumption behavior among Chinese people.

Additionally, ancient gold, which combines traditional craftsmanship with modern trends, is a result of Chinese culture and is a significant Soft Power element. Thailand is renowned in the gem and jewelry sector for its beautiful designs, exquisite craftsmanship, and unique styles. This could be another option for Chinese consumers when choosing to purchase jewelry and gemstones.

Therefore, Thai entrepreneurs interested in the Chinese market should closely monitor market trends and study the behavior of Chinese consumers to effectively meet market demands. Source: DITP @topic:8


Title: Wedding ring industry trends Germany Abstract: The outbreak of the coronavirus has led many couples to postpone their weddings. The wedding industry in Germany has seen a decline in numbers compared to previous years due to economic uncertainties. Consumers have become more cautious in their spending habits, affecting the wedding ring market as well. GZ Goldschmiede Zeitung conducted a survey to understand the current situation and trends in the wedding ring industry, highlighting four main trends:

1. Everything is contracting.

The decrease in weddings has naturally led to a decrease in the demand for wedding rings. Coupled with economic inflation, consumers are spending more cautiously. It is estimated that the number of businesses producing wedding rings has decreased by around 10% to 15%. In July 2023, which historically sees the most weddings in Germany, there were about 42,100 registered marriages compared to approximately 51,000 in the same month in 2022. Overall, in 2022, there were about 390,000 registered marriages, while in the first seven months of 2023, there was an 8% decrease from 213,000 couples to 196,000 couples. The COVID-19 situation has caused many couples to postpone their weddings to 2022 instead.

According to a survey by Weddyplace, the average expenditure on weddings in Germany is around €14,000, which is higher than the pre-COVID average by 40%. Regarding the cost of wedding rings, 62% of respondents are willing to pay between €1,000 to €4,000.

2. Everything is more expensive than before.

The cost of goods has risen, including the various metals used in making wedding rings. Towards the end of November 2023, the price of gold per gram surged by over 8.6% compared to the beginning of the year. For buyers with budget constraints, it becomes necessary to reduce the width of the rings or opt for cheaper materials. The most popular metals for making wedding rings among Germans are gold, symbolizing profound love, followed by platinum, rose gold, and white gold. The value of a ring depends on the mix of these metals. Compared to gold, platinum is cheaper. Therefore, wedding rings made of platinum are among the top choices for buyers.

3. Everything is happening faster than before.

According to the survey results, over 50% of couples spend about 2 weeks choosing wedding rings, while 23% spend about 1 month. However, it's found that 1 in 3 couples spend only 1 week in finding and choosing wedding rings. The decision-making process for choosing wedding rings has become easier and faster. Couples can now design their wedding rings online according to their preferences, which is different from buying at jewelry stores where exchanging information with sales staff and making appointments often takes more than 1 hour. Many couples prefer designing their unique wedding rings with personalized inscriptions. Women's wedding rings often feature small diamonds, and typically, the waiting time for rings ordered online is no more than 6 weeks before they are delivered.
4. Everything is increasing.

Before the wedding ceremony, many couples often engage and announce their engagement beforehand. Engagement without an engagement ring is like a wedding without the bride's flower bouquet. According to Responsio's survey, 78% of engagements involve an engagement ring. Jewelry stores use this as a way to attract customers to come back and purchase wedding rings. Fabian Meister, a jewelry manufacturing industry expert, mentioned that satisfied customers often return to the store. Ordering both the engagement ring and wedding ring from the same store is not uncommon. From mydays' survey, 85% of German men are willing to pay between 500 to 1,000 euros for an engagement ring, 13% are willing to pay between 1,000 to 2,000 euros, and 2% are willing to pay more than 2,000 euros. On the women's side, they often reciprocate by giving gifts that complement the engagement ring, such as earrings, keychains, bracelets, or watches. These gifts are not just tokens for the joyful time but also considered family assets. The trend of giving such gifts is increasing, depending on various occasions like the first child's birthday or wedding anniversary celebrations. Source: DITP @topic:8