In Thailand, directly observed therapy (DOT) has been performed for tuberculosis treatment monitoring for two decades. However, this program lacks an accountability system leading to becoming an unsustainable strategy, especially to continue DOT during the pandemic of COVID-19. The research team developed a video observed therapy (VOT) system using the mobile application called "TH VOT" to monitor medication adherence among tuberculosis patients. The system provided feasibility and safety to both the patients and their observers. The observers can remotely inspect the patient’s taking medication through the videos sent by the patients. The system was implemented in Hat Yai and Mueang Songkhla District, Songkhla province, Southern Thailand, and assessed its usability by the participants in these jurisdictions. All of the users could use the system to perform the VOT sessions, and they rated the system above-average level of the general benchmark of UEQ for its usability. A cluster randomized controlled trial of patients with pulmonary TB and their observers was conducted over a 60-day period to compare the cumulative compliance days, smear conversion rate, and the number of adverse events reported in the VOT system with those in the traditional DOT system. The study recruited 63 patients for the VOT program and 65 patients for the DOT program. Patients in the VOT program had an average of 27.6 cumulative compliance days, while those in DOT had 12.4 on average. The mean difference was 15.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.6 to 29.7). Observers in the VOT program averaged 21.5 cumulative compliance days, while those in DOT observed 0.3 days on average. The mean difference was 21.2 (95% CI; 10.8 to 31.6). There is no significant difference in the smear conversion rate, and the number of adverse events reported. In conclusion, TH VOT significantly outperformed the traditional DOT in ensuring compliance with TB treatment for both patients and observers. However, the low compliance rates observed in both groups suggest a need for system improvements and regulatory policies to ensure accountability of the observers.


During the COVID-19 pandemic, MTEC researchers developed “HI PETE”, patient isolation chamber for Home & Community Isolation, a device for isolating patients with respiratory tract problems, which is crucial as it helps reduce the infection, numbers of medical personnel while transferring patients, and time, as well as protect their safety while taking good care of the COVID-19 patients. Most of negative pressure isolation chambers or tents are currently expensive and have various limitations, like, most designs are heavy and it takes time to install. Therefore, they are not practical due to high costs for maintenance, and lack of quality testing and certification of equipment in safety and performance. The HI PETE consists of 2 main parts; a clear plastic patient isolation room and a negative pressure unit designed to control the air circulation inside the chamber. This HI PETE innovation is developed in consideration of local manufacture, reduction of shortage necessary medical equipment, and future improvement on the medical devices in accordance with global safety standards. The HI PETE is designed efficiently and approved after being reviewed along with literature and solution ideas gathered from concerned parties. The outcomes attached with this innovation are an air circulation system, a high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA filter), and a UV-C light sterilization system. From a study of current problems and reviews by actual users from 3 sampling institutions: Mongkutwattana hospital (Bangkok), Saint Mary hospital (Nakhon Ratchasima) and Sai-ngam hospital (Kampangpetch). Different types of HI PETE chambers are used both in emergency department to treat COVID-19 patients using spray medicine, and in COVID-19 pre-screening station. Especially in Sai-ngam hospital (Kampangpetch), the HI PETE is applied in obstetrics gynecology department. Based on the user feedbacks, the MTEC research team had digested and concluded for specification of the equipment which its main characteristics or essential features of a product are as lightweight, quick and easy to install, compatible with existing medical equipment such as respirator, infusion pump. Foldable chamber requires small space to keep and be easy to transport. Pre-inlet filter prevents redundant disease. Chamber gloves ensure safe patient manipulation and additional ports for connection external medical devices Complies with ISO 14644 standard (Clean room and associated controlled environments), IEC 60601-1 standard (electrical safety testing standard for medical devices) and IEC 60601-1-2 (electromagnetic compatibility).


The objectives of qualitative research are as follows: 1) to analyze the connection between drug registration and drug patent applications, and 2) to examine the details of the contents within patent applications that can contribute to the advancement of drug research and development within the domestic pharmaceutical industry. The study involved searching for the number of new drug and new generic drug registrations, exploring related patent applications, and analyzing these connections by creating a timeline for drug registration and pharmaceutical patent applications for each drug. The analysis of the content of patent applications was carried out with the participation of three researchers from the drug industry sector and two researchers from the academic sector. They scrutinized the details of the content within 29 patent applications from six drug lists to assess their adequacy for further research and development. The study results indicated that: 1. Patent applications are positively correlated with new drug registrations. The relationship between new generic drug registrations and patent applications varies depending on the extent of patent coverage. A higher number of patent applications for a specific drug item can pose an obstacle to the availability of new generic drugs. Some medicines experienced delayed registration compared to the time of patent application submission. Notably, there were several drug listings for which a significant number of patent applications were initially filed, but some of these applications were later abandoned. Moreover, it was observed that patent applications were submitted for certain drug listings even when there were no corresponding pharmaceutical products on the market. Lastly, it was found that no new generic drugs were domestically produced within the Chemotherapy. 2. In the analysis of patent applications, it was determined that researchers reached a consensus on 14 patent applications. Among these, 10 applications were deemed to contain sufficient content for replication or further research and development. For the remaining 4 patent applications, a consensus was reached that the content was insufficient for replication or further research and development. The inadequacies in these patent applications included the absence of chemical structure formulas and physical characteristics of the synthesized substance, a failure to specify appropriate synthesis conditions such as temperature and time, and the lack of precise formulation details for important drug substances and various excipients in the cases of composite drug formulations. The research recommendations are as follows: The essential content that must be included in the invention details should be specified according to the various types of patent application claims. Additionally, it is recommended to expedite the integration of database related to drug registration and the patent search database. Furthermore, there should be encouragement for the Department of Intellectual Property and the Food and Drug Administration to collaborate in jointly verifying the accuracy and completeness of patent application notifications from drug registration applicants, starting from October 13, 2019, onwards.


Current literature raises caution against the indiscriminate application of decentralization and advocates careful formulation of decentralization measures to prevent the unintended perverse consequences. In 2021, Thailand has embarked on a large-scale decentralization reform that resulted in the transfer of 33.21 % of subdistrict health promoting hospitals (SHPHs) to 49 provincial administrative organizations (PAOs). SHPHs serve the important function of providing primary care services as stipulated in the 2017 Constitution. In Rayong—a province along the eastern coast of Thailand, 40 SHPHs were transferred from the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) to Rayong PAO in 2022. This research sought to understand the problems and obstacles facing Rayong PAO after it became responsible for 40 SHPHs and their primary care function. The research also attempted to analyze how Rayong PAO has managed to solve these problems and planned for the future challenges of primary care. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) six building blocks of a health system was used to guide our research. Data were collected by interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 62 key informants participated in this study. This research found that after decentralization, SHPHs experienced severe staffing shortages, particularly the shortages of physicians and dentists. However, these staffing shortages were chronic organizational problems that existed in the Thai health system prior to decentralization. Confusion arose immediately after SHPHs were transferred to Rayong PAO, as the Thai government did not provide adequate financial resources and clear guidelines on medicines and medical supplies, population health data management, and primary care service provision. Despite all these shortcomings, Rayong PAO demonstrated a coping capacity that enabled it to use all the available resources and networks to ensure the proper functioning of SHPHs. The salient elements of Rayong PAO that contributed to its coping capacity included: (1) the comprehensive health promotion strategy, (2) effective solution for staffing shortages, (3) clear plan for SHPH development, (4) experienced and skilled advisory team, (5) efficient area-based health committee, and (6) strong relationship with the family medical doctors in the area.


Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). The use of effective ART can reduce the risk of developing active TB by 65%. Additional of TB preventive therapy (TPT) to ART is shown to further reduce TB incidence by 30% and mortality rate by 35-50%. Therefore, TPT is one of the important strategies for ending TB. TPT amomg PLWH in Thailand is currently implemented in clinical practice guideline2023. The preferred TPT regimen are 3 HP (weekly isoniazif 900 mg+ rifapentine 900 mg for 12 weeks)) and 1 HP (daily isoniazid 300 mg + rifapentine 450-600 mg for 4 weeks). It is crucial to investigate the drug-drug interaction to find the optimal dose of dolutegravir (DTG), the most preferred ART when it is being used with rifampin for active TB and rifapentine for TPT. This study investigated the effect of rifampin on DTG 50 mg once daily (experimental dose) versus DTG 50 mg twice daily (recommended dose) among active TB/HIV co-infection. The study demonstrated that DTG based regimen is highly effective (90% had HIV RNA < 50 copies/ml at week 48) and the standard dose DTG may be appropriate to be concomitantly use with rifampin. The study also investigated the effect of rifapentine as 1 HP or 3 HP for TPT on DTG 50 mg once daily among PLWH. The study showed that DTG based regimen is highly effective (> 95% had HIV RNA < 50 copies/ml at week 48) and the standard dose DTG may be appropriate to be concomitantly use with rifapentine. Since, fixed dose combination of DTG/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) /lamivudine or TLD is widely used in Thailand and other low-middle-income countries (LMICs), thus, the standard dose TLD without additional DTG is more convenient for national HIV program, it is cost saving (no extra DTG dose) and the adherence of patients is not compromised (once daily ART). In those with high risk of isoniazid related hepatotoxicity such as liver disease, alcoholism, older, N-acetyltransferase 2 or NAT2 may be beneficial. The dose of Isoniazid and rifapentine or rifampin can be adjusted. Uridine glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is also important for DTG metabolizer. In this study, rifampin, body weight and poor metabolizer of UGT1A1 are significantly affects the DTG concentration. Poor metabolizer of UGT1A1 increased DTG trough concentration by 22.8%. In summary, this study highlighs that the standad dose TLD can be safety used with both rfampin based anti TB among active TB/HIV co-infection and rifapentine based TPT. This is simple as 1 tab a day, no additioanal DTG is required. It is good for ARV procument, and cost saving. Importantly, it can be used as once a day to improve adherence. This finding is benefit for Thai PLWH and the global PLWH at large.


The devolution of sub- district health promotion hospital to provincial administrative organization effect to the roles of provincial public health office and district public health office. This study aimed to investigate the roles of provincial public health office and district public health office after devolution of sub- district health promotion hospital to provincial administrative organization and synthesize policy suggestions. Mixed methods were used. The Qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and focus group. The participants, from 8 provinces representative of each region, involved the experts, administrators of Ministry of Public Health, policy makers, chiefs of provincial public health office, district public health executives, district chiefs, and district public health officers. The quantitative data were collected using questionnaire. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Policy suggestions were synthesized from the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, and connoisseurship. The findings showed that the roles of both offices were the same as before with some new operations in order to solve the problems consequence the devolution: 1) transition phase; the provincial public health office operated as the prior roles and followed Primary Health System Act, 2019, and been the preceptor of district public health office for preparing the readiness and promoting the officers’ competencies of district public health offices to be the academic offices; however. The roles of district public health office should be modified by the ministerial regulations. 2) devolution complete phase; the provincial public health office operated as the prior roles with some modifies roles according to the modified roles of the district public health office. These modified roles involved upgrading the district public health office to be the academic office and enhancing the competency of officers to be the consultants and the evidence-based information providers, being regulators to evaluate the quality of primary care services of all sectors in the area of their district, and improving health consumer protection system.


The treatment and care process for COVID-19 disease has continually evolved since our knowledge and understanding have been expanded. The main goal of treatment was decreasing the viral replication activities to limit the number of viruses, aiming to reduce the magnitude of clinical symptoms. Multiple techniques, such as vaccines and medication, could achieve this goal. Andrographolide extract was prepared with active ingredients of 180 mg andrographolide for COVID-19 treatment with a regimen of three times a day for five consecutive days. The AG was claimed to be used in-vitro to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication through the virus life-cycle and also inhibit Spike protein, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), PLpro and 3CLpro. As a result, this study plans to prove AG’s efficacy in COVID-19 treatment in vitro by performing Double-blinded Randomized-Controlled Trial under the robust quality control of quality by Data-Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), approved by ethical committee from Department of Thai Alternative Medicine, Ministry of Public Health project number 11-2564, RCT registration number was TCTR20211224002 from www.thaiclinicaltrials.org and granted budget by Health System Research Institute (Thailand). This study was conducted in a multicenter health facility throughout the Health Region 4 of Thailand. We enrolled 396 people, of which 201 were assigned to receive standard treatment with a placebo (PB), and the rest received standard therapy with andrographolide (AG) add-on. The general characteristic of samples was males 38%, and the median age of samples was 35 years old, with indifferent vaccine history but significantly different rate of lorazepam taken in the AG group (p=0.038) The efficacy of AG was evaluated with multiple rubrics: 1. The incidence rate of pneumonia was 0.51% with 95%-CI 0.06% to 1.82%; PB was 0.50 % vs. AG 0.52% but no statistical significance. 2. We found an insignificance difference between AG and PB in clinical spectrums: a. Percentage of subjects who self-reported clinical resolved (on Day10 86% vs. 89%, p=0.133) b. Time of detection of low level of blood oxygenation (O2 sat less than 96%) (Kaplan-Meier; Log-rank test = 0.471) 3. We found no difference in terms of the ability to decrease SARS-CoV-2 viral load between PB and AG: a. Viral load decreased from 104 copies/ml baseline to 102 copies/ml on Day 5 and 10 copies/ml on Day 10 in both groups (p=0.624 and p=0.685) b. The percentage of samples that were presented with less than 35 percent of viral load when compared to baseline on Day 5 (PB 85% vs. AG 86%, p=1.000) and Day 10 (PB 91% vs. AG 97%, p=0.175) were found no different. c. The percentage of samples that were presented with no virus found on Day 5 (PB 41% vs. AG 37%, p=0.624) and Day 10 (PB 87% vs. AG 90%, p=0.685) showed insignificant changes after treatment. Moreover, this study aimed to monitor the side effects of AG during the regular COVID-19 routine treatment. We measured some adverse impact on AG treatment: 1. Liver function: a. The AG group showed a significant elevation level of Aspartate transferase (AST) on Day 10 (PB: 19 IU/L vs. AG: 22.5 IU/L, p=<0.001) but not statistically significantly different in case of three times the upper normal limit b. The AG group showed a significant elevation level of Alanine transferase (ALT) on Day 5 (PB: 20 IU/L vs AG 24 IU/L, p=0.041) and Day 10 (PB: 22 IU/L vs AG 27.5 IU/L, p=<0.001). Moreover, we found that enzyme elevation was over three times higher than the upper normal limit significantly (1% vs. 4%, p=0.03) 2. Kidney function by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate(eGFR): Due to the accidental finding of significant differences between PB and AG since baseline measurement until day 10; Day 0: 105 cc/min vs. 110 cc/min, p=0.017, Day 5: 110 cc/min vs. 116 cc/min, p=0.002 and Day10: 111 cc/min vs. 117 cc/min, p=0.010. By the way, both groups of samples showed gradual renal function improvement. 3. Potassium levels were found to be insignificant different through the course of treatment: Day 5 (PB: 3.9 mmol/L vs. AG: 3.8 mmol/L, p=0.218 and Day 10 (PB: 3.8 mmol/L vs. AG: 3.8 mmol/L, p=0.895) Based on AG’s adverse event finding versus the fact that no significant drug efficacy was found during the preliminary analysis, the DSMB has decided to discontinue the trial because the risk was higher than the benefit. In conclusion, AG extract was found to have no efficacy on pneumonia prevention, symptom reduction, and decreasing viral replication compared with placebo based on this number of samples but a significant risk of hepatitis. So, we recommend making public communication on these topics: 1. The 180 mg of AG extract daily showed no clinical effectiveness in pneumonia prevention, symptom reduction, and decreasing viral replication activity more than usual based on the limited number of samples. A vaccine was one of the most substantial pieces of evidence to prevent the clinical symptoms and pneumonia prevention. 2. The Department of Thai and Alternative Medicines and the Thai Food and Drug Administration should announce the warning that AG usage can produce significant levels of hepatitis. So, the physician should prescribe this herb with risk concerns, and close monitoring should be recommended. Avoid using this drug with other herbs or medicines metabolized by the liver, such as Warfarin. The following study could be done on three more issues: the Dose-Related effect of AG, contraindication of usage, and other diseases that benefit from AG extracts.


The study of strengthening the quality of life of village health volunteers in the 8th Public Health Region for supporting primary health services during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted by a mixed-method study using a survey and group interview procedure. The sample for this study was 800 individuals of village health volunteers from 7 provinces under the 8th Public Health Region, which are Udon Thani, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, Loei, Nong Khai, Nong Bua Lamphu, and Bueng Kan. Descriptive statistics utilized percentage, mean, distribution, and standard deviation for data analysis. Most of the village health volunteers were females aged between 51-60 years old 43.5%, married 77.3% with secondary education65.9%. Most of them were farmers 62.2% with an average income of under 6,000 baht per month56.3%. The duration of being a village health volunteer was between 10 and 19 years39.0%. The longest duration was 41 years, and the shortest was one year. The village health volunteers were responsible for looking after 10-15 households. The majority used a smartphone 97.7% and paid a phone bill of over 300 baht per month. Half of them had received the award or glorification50.3%. Most of them do not have congenital diseases 70.9% and are members of the funeral assistance 72.7%. The village health volunteers know the practice of disease prevention and control during the COVID-19 pandemic at the highest level (x̄ = 4.38, SD = 0.64). The aspect of strengthening the quality of life of village health volunteers found that they have strengthened the quality of life in seven aspects. The aspects that have been strengthened at the “highest” level are mental, value, and pride (x̄ = 4.37, SD = 0.66). The aspects that have been strengthened at the "high" level are societal and social support (x̄ = 4.19, SD = 0.34), working environment (x̄ = 3.92, SD = 0.59), physical (x̄ = 3.85, SD = 0.55), advancement (x̄ = 3.77, SD = 0.88), compensation, and welfare (x̄ = 3.62, SD = 0.77), and working balance (x̄ = 3.06, SD = 0.46 ). The aspect that has been strengthened at the "moderate" level is having enough money to spend as they wish (x̄ = 3.19, SD = 0.88). The suggestion from this study is that at the policy, working via the smartphone should be promoted and support the phone bill that they have used for their work. Review and increase the welfare, compensation, and glorification of the village health volunteer to encourage morale in working. Enhance the quality of life of the health aspect in various ways for the village health volunteers to be healthy and be role models for health.


A Rapid increase of older persons and improving public health system may affect life expectancy as well as a higher number of older adults with dementia. Nonetheless, a promising approach is to adopt a strategy of early detection and intervention for providing treatments or delaying the symptoms. By considering speech and language deficits has been evident of early decline of the brain in relative to other functions, the current study aimed to develop a tele-neuropsychological test battery using speech and language-based parameters and validate it in 403 community-dwelling older adults. All participants were divided into 252 healthy controls (HC) and 151 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Also, all participants could be divided into two phases, that is, lab- and community-based testing. The lab-based testing composed of 300 community-dwelling older adults (i.e., 196 HCs and 104 MCIs) and the community-based testing consisted of 103 community-dwelling older adults (i.e., 56 HCs and 47 MCIs). Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to classify older adults with MCI. The given tests composed of the subjective memory complaint questionnaire, the Mattis dementia rating scale-2, the Wechsler’s memory scale –Logical memory I & II, the Montreal cognitive assessment, the activities of daily living and the Instrumental activities of daily living checklists. The tele-neuropsychological test battery consists of 10 subtests and a voice recorder for phase 1 and smartphones/tablet PCs for phase 2. The main findings revealed that the developed test battery produced good-to-very good reliability, small-to-moderate criterion validity, and acceptable predictive validity by using machine learning algorithms for both phases. Furthermore, language-based parameters outperformed speech-based parameters across settings. Whilst the 1st phase demonstrated a better classification than those of the 2nd phase. Thus, the automated scoring program was developed based on the unique findings from both phases.


This research article studied the role of the National Committee on International Trade and Health Studies (NCITHS) in terms of policy coherence linking knowledge to performance and outcomes. The research employed qualitative methods including documentary research and in-depth interview to collect data based on the research framework namely strategic-constituencies approach, goal attainment, and theory of change. The findings showed that NCITHS could frame knowledge and policy coherence in case of monitoring public policies and became a participatory platform to create ‘trust’ among policy actors to willingly share information. However, there were some obstacles, including the organizational structure, limitation of policy recommendation, inconsistence of position and person in committee’s composition as well as the limitation of presenting academic information to reach policy stream. The research suggests that NCITHS should become a formal platform for participation and create a databank about international trade and health policy. Moreover, the working process should be proactive and support political communication beyond academic circles to the broader public.


Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are important health problems in working population. Workplace health promotion (WHP) plays a crucial role in reaching this group; therefore, the measures to promote WHP need exploration. This study aimed to review literature and explore stakeholders’ perspective to synthesize policy recommendations. The mixed method research was used, including literature review and stakeholder interview by Delphi technique. Results revealed 5 major issues: 1) policy, laws, and regulations, 2) behavioral economics and social theory, 3) data system and application supporting lifestyle modification (LSM), 4) personal data protection laws, and 5) WHP package comparison. This paper explored policy, laws, and regulations in details. Fifteen stakeholders representing the Ministry of Labor, employers and employees were interviewed twice. The opportunities to improve WHP through policy and legislations were listed: 1) health insurance scheme, especially the social security scheme (SSS), 2) welfare and quality of life 3) control, diagnosis and compensation for work-related illness or injury, and 4) control of NCD risk factors in workplace. Stakeholders agreed upon most of the proposed amendments, except reducing the allowed working hours. These changes needed merely ministerial level amendments. Recommendations: Legislative amendments to improve WHP were proposed: 1) include LSM consultation in the essential health benefit package, 2) register the workplace first aid room in the SSS provider list with payment schedule, 3) define health promoting environment in workplace as welfare at workplace, 4) retrain the first aid room health personnel to be capable in giving LSM consultation, 5) extend the role of workplace safety committee to cover WHP, and 6) specify diseases from long working hours as the work-related or occupational diseases eligible for compensation.


This action research aimed to develop and evaluate the emergency medical service (EMS) in the local government administration Ban Tad subdistrict, Udon Thani province. The research was conducted during December 2021 - June 2022. Three target groups included: 1) 34 participants in academic group; 2) 23 participants of the local government administration; and 3) 388 people of Ban Tad subdistrict municipality. Three research processes were conducted: 1) exploration of the EMS problems; 2) development process; and 3) evaluation by using qualitative in-depth interview and focus group discussion. Data were analyzed descriptively by percentage, average, standard deviation, and by inferential independent t-test. It was found that the development of emergency medical service improved people’s knowledge on the EMS call center (before and after implementation p-value = 0.001). The EMS workforce’s time performance improved significantly after development (p-value < 0.05). The preparedness of resources for EMS operations improved from 96.4% to 99.4% after development. In conclusion, the Ban Tad local government EMS development success required indispensable cooperation from all parties.


Background: Acute kidney injury occurs when the kidneys lose their function over hours or days. If a pharmaceutical intervention is not available, renal replacement therapy can play an essential role in increasing patient’s survival chances. Currently, there are four methods of renal replacement therapy, and the preferred method depends on patient’s clinical indications. The most recent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) already included in the benefit package paid by the National Health Security Office (NHSO), has been commented by providers for low reimbursement hence low access. Objective: The purpose of the study was to analyze the incidence, cost, and budget implications for acute kidney injury patients requiring CRRT. Methods: Reviews of literature and the NHSO e-claims during 2016-2019 provided incidence cases needed renal replacement therapy, and the empirical costing approach using standard top-down costing and micro-costing methods for two years from 2 regional hospitals provided framework for a 5-year budget impact analysis at the national scale on provider-insurer perspective. Results: If there were between 3,540-6,049 acute kidney injury patients requiring CRRT annually in Thailand, the total cost of CRRT would be between 57,502 baht (for 1 CRRT needed) and 116,890 baht (for CRRT needed over the average of 3 days). For a 3,540 acute kidney injury incident cases, the five-year budget impact would be between 1.017 and 2.068 billion baht. For a 6,049 incidence, the budget impact would be between 1.739 and 3.535 billion baht. These findings could assist the NHSO in planning an incentive to support hospitals to provide CRRT and subsequently improving patient access.


Background and Rationale: This research and development aimed to review, develop, and evaluate the new normal emergency stroke care system in public and private hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A research and development methodology was employed using system implementation form and semi-structured interviews for evaluation. Participants included 40 individuals, comprising 10 acute stroke patients exhibiting symptoms outside the hospital, 2 heads of accident and emergency departments, 4 emergency department physicians, 20 emergency department nurses, and 4 emergency medical workers. Results: The developed system unfolded in three phases. (1) Pre-hospital care phase integrated telemedicine for on-scene patient care, addressing the imperative of preventing COVID-19 infection, and transportation to the hospital systems. (2) Care phase in the emergency department with rigorous COVID-19 infection screening protocols and diligent patient care. (3) Patient in-hospital transfer phase needed a heightened focus on infection prevention and patient isolation during the transfer process. The new normal emergency stroke care system diverged significantly, emphasizing patient isolation, mandatory mask-wearing for patients, utilization of personal protective equipment by healthcare teams, a cautious approach to administering the blood thinner rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) to COVID-19 patients displaying severe symptoms, and enhanced monitoring of patients receiving rt-PA, with the potential inclusion of telemedicine to mitigate exposure risks. Summary: Ninety-nine percent of the samples agreed on the suitability and practicality of the new system’s content and procedures. The new normal model would serve as a robust safeguard for patients and healthcare staff alike, but with an increasing time-to-treatment. Suggestions: To maintain the quality of care, all healthcare staff involved in stroke care must receive comprehensive training on the new system.


This article reflects on issues in COVID-19 remedial measures based on group-targeting principle. The article drew on document research combined with fieldwork research. Document research explored online sources of government COVID-19 remedial measures, including online research papers and articles discussing the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 from national and international institutions and experts. Fieldwork research was a qualitative research study conducted in two communities: an urban slum community and a rural community in Ubon Ratchathani province. Data collection involved in-depth structured interviews with purposively selected 22 samples, as well as non-participatory observations over short period in both communities. The findings indicated that in the context of the pandemic, the major population suffered significantly and required urgent remedial measures. However, the targeting remedial measures did exclude affected individuals at the outset. During the implementation phase, the online registration screening had resulted in the exclusion of more affected individuals. While the recovery measures faced challenges in achieving success due to limited financial compensations compared to impacts, the delays in delivering economic and social recovery programs, and the inadequate social welfare designs. The present study recommended that the remedial measures should be applied on a universality principle, which needed no registration nor screening that expedited the remedial process, and avoided mis-exclusion of the affected individuals. By implementing the remedial measures prioritizing universal social welfare principle, a more allocative efficiency of remedial measures in future pandemic is foreseeable.


Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease and a major health problem as the 9th rank leading cause of global deaths. Therefore, a well-controlled glycemic level within the target is essential as it is associated with a reduced risk of complications. Findings from previous literature demonstrated that self-monitoring of blood glucose and insulin self-titration were effective for glycemic control. A number of international and Thai clinical practice guidelines for diabetes have also recommended these approaches to patients with T2D. However, patients may encounter obstacles to adjust their insulin dose. In response to this problem, insulin self-titration support can help T2D patients to understand and gain confidence for insulin self-titration, achieve effective treatment, reduce the burden of healthcare professionals, and receive appropriate continual care. Although there are no specific criteria for the classification of insulin self-titration support strategies, it could be classified based on: type of the program, program duration, contact frequency, etc. Findings from previous studies also showed that several insulin self-titration support strategies can reduce glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the risk of hypoglycemia in T2D patients. Nevertheless, other studies demonstrated contradicting effects on these outcomes in some support strategies. Currently, the most effective strategy to support insulin self-titration is yet to be determined. Hence, further comparative studies of these support strategies are warranted to inform appropriate diabetes care.


This study aimed to define the scope and to develop a conceptual framework for monitoring commercial determinant of non-communicable diseases (CDoNCDs). A qualitative study was performed by applying a scoping review, interviews, and focus group discussions among Thai experts and relevant stakeholders on NCDs prevention policy. From the literature review, the definition of CDoNCDs referred to “strategies and practices used by corporations or industries related to NCDs to promote their products and choices, increase sales and profits, and generate business stability which had both direct and indirect effects on population’s health.” This CDoNCDs framework involved three components. (1) the production involving raw materials or ingredients and production process that might have effects on health (comprised 2 strategies and 6 practices). (2) the marketing and distribution including market expansion and marketing practices that aimed to promote sales and consumption among consumers (4 strategies and 10 practices). And (3) the policy interference both directly and indirectly intercepting government policy interventions (5 strategies and 16 practices). This study provided policy recommendations that relevant government agencies, civil society, and academic should consider establishing system and network to monitor the CDoNCDs, and regularly communicating to raise awareness on CDoNCDs in the society and among policy makers at all levels, especially the policy interference by industry.


This study presents findings on cost variations using clinical-case level microdata from public hospitals under the Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health. The objective was to evaluate differences in costs of health utilizations of 3 universal health coverage schemes, including universal coverage scheme (UCS), civil servant medical benefit scheme (CSMBS), and social security scheme (SSS). The microdata covered 252 million outpatient visits and 12 million inpatient admissions in the budget year 2019 (B.E. 2562). The average costs of outpatient and inpatient utilizations were econometrically controlled for 140 disease categories using principal diagnosis codes (ICD-10), as well as factors such as age, gender, service time, hospital stay, and health region. The linear regression analysis computed the average costs independently for different healthcare facilities, encompassing primary, first-level secondary, second-level secondary, third-level secondary, and tertiary care levels. Results show that the average outpatient costs for CSMBS beneficiaries were higher than those of UCS by around 16-30 percent and those of SSS by around 25-30 percent in the secondary and tertiary hospitals. However, the outpatient costs at the primary care hospitals were similar across different health insurance schemes. Inpatient reimbursements based on the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) might confound in similarity of inpatient costs compared to outpatient costs. Nevertheless, the differences on average inpatient costs were around 25 percent in the third-level secondary and tertiary hospitals. Therefore, the research findings emphasize the importance of the integration goal of the three schemes of UHC in compliance with the Sections 9 and 10 of the National Public Health Security Act B.E. 2545 (A.D. 2002).


The universal coverage scheme has included drugstores as health care provider networks running refill prescriptions from October 1, 2019. The evaluation of the pilot program focused on lessening hospital congestion and waiting time by displaying the number of hospitals, pharmacies, patients, and prescriptions filled. The purpose of this study was to expand key performance indicators (KPIs) for evaluating the drugstore networks. The study design was a mixed method, with a qualitative analysis comprising in-depth interviews and observations and a quantitative assessment of data in the form of a pharmacy operations report. The findings indicated that all drugstores used a five-step operation management process. The highest operation management efficacy (25.7%) was in the process of dispensing and counseling. This process also provided value to the project. The process of data handling for reimbursement and patient’s pharmacy information update to the hospital’s database achieved the second highest operation management (22.0%). The pharmacists commented on process complexity and non-value added to the project. The present study proposed that the simplified standard pharmacy information practice of drugstore network to reduce the length of this operation but increase efficacious time duration.


Background and Rationale: COVID-19 is the pandemic that has significantly impacted disease control measures, daily life, and healthcare services. Pregnant women and newborns are vulnerable populations at increased risk of severe illness and adverse outcomes. This study aimed to identify the incidence and associated factors of newborn COVID-19 infection. Understanding these would benefit in developing effective strategies to mitigate the risks associated with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and infancy. Methodology: This cross-sectional quantitative study utilized data from a country-wide reporting system of pregnant and postpartum women infected with COVID-19 and their newborns in Thailand. The study included 6,048 newborns born to infected mothers from December 2020 to May 2022. The outcome was the incidence of newborns infected with COVID-19. The exposure factors were mothers’ characteristics including age, nationality, vaccination status, gestational age at infection detection and at delivery, the severity of COVID-19 infection, delivery mode, and newborns’ characteristics including birth weight, mother-newborn separation after birth, and infant feeding. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between characteristics and newborn COVID-19 infection. Results: The proportion of newborns infected with COVID-19 was relatively low (6.4%). Maternal age was associated with infection risk, with newborns of mothers aged 20-34 years (adjusted odds ratio: AOR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.43-0.81) and ≥ 35 years (AOR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.44-0.93) having a lower likelihood of infection compared to the youngest age group. Newborns of mothers known of infection during postpartum had a higher likelihood of infection (AOR = 3.75, 95% CI: 2.16-6.51). The severity of COVID-19 infection in mothers was inversely associated with newborn infection risk (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47-0.96). Term newborns had a lower likelihood of being infected with COVID-19 (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.84) compared to preterm newborns. Complete separation of mother and newborn after birth was associated with the lowest likelihood of infection (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.11-0.30). Newborns who were fed breast milk substitutes, or a combination of substitutes and maternal milk had a higher likelihood of infection (AOR = 4.16, 95% CI: 2.32-7.45) compared to those directly breastfed or fed with expressed breastmilk. Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of newborn COVID-19 infection and its risk factors in Thailand. The relatively low proportion of infected newborns and the identified factors provide guidance for preventive measures and optimizing care during the pandemic. Continued research is needed to further explore these factors and address knowledge gaps for effective prevention and management strategies.


This study aimed to estimate direct medical cost associated with COVID-19 and compare between COVID-19 severity and pre-existing condition, based on provider perspective. The study was conducted based on a retrospective descriptive study design, incidence-based approached, from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 among 1,667 COVID-19 patients. The direct medical cost was collated using a bottom-up approach. The total hospitalization stays were 23,839 days with average 14.2 days per case. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, i.e. number, percentage, mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), the minimum and the maximum value. The findings revealed a total direct cost of 608,979,250 baht, the cost per admission was 362,746 baht. The direct labor cost of health personnel caring for patients with COVID-19 was 126,864 baht per admission, 68.5% of total labor cost. The direct medical cost for COVID-19 varied between the severity of COVID-19, and the highest cost was among critically ill and deceased patients was 387,914 baht per admission. The highest direct medical cost among patients with 3 pre-existing conditions and more was 220,463 baht per admission. The study on the direct medical cost for COVID-19 reflected a burden of expenses that the government needed to bear among critically ill and deceased patients caused by COVID-19, as well as patients with pre-existing conditions. The effective preventive measures, i.e. strengthening immunity among high-risk groups of people, can reduce the number of patients undergoing treatments and reduce number of severe patients, the burden of direct medical cost for COVID-19 shall be minimized accordingly.


This research aims to develop a community empowerment model to prevent new outbreaks of COVID-19 in the western border areas of Thailand using action research, combining both research methods. qualitative and quantitative Research results: Development of a community empowerment model to prevent new outbreaks of COVID-19 in the western border area of Thailand. There are 10 activities in the implementation phase as follows: 1) Group meeting to determine work roles. together of agencies and determine the punishment of community measures. 2) Support equipment to prevent and monitor the re-epidemic of COVID disease. And support the growing of related herbs. 3) Distribute a manual for using media applications. Along with a video teaching how to use the new COVID-19 outbreak surveillance system for relevant agencies. 4) Community leaders monitor the use of protective equipment. and the use of media applications 5) Community leaders, researchers, the Director of the Health Promotion Hospital, along with the Phraya Suea Special Military Unit that coordinates patient case reports. or risk group and exchanging information through applications 6) Training to provide knowledge on preventing new outbreaks of COVID-19 in the western border area. by the surveillance network in the area 7) Use media application manuals Surveillance system and follow up and evaluate. 8) Turn on the audio through the communications broadcasting tower. Local dialect in the area (Karen) 9) Public health volunteers monitor and monitor behavior, and 10) Researcher, Director of Subdistrict Health Promoting Hospital, evaluates the results of monitoring and monitoring of the new outbreak of COVID-19 through the operations of the network. household level network


The drought crisis and a long period of low rain affect many areas of Thailand. Chaiyaphum Province is  Economy: the community economy is supported according to the sufficiency


offices in each prefecture in Thailand, except for Chaiyaphum and Bueng Kan provinces.  For Chaiyaphum and Bueng Kan, the mean values of S house and S office in Thailand were


word used after the Thai government has given importance to the sufficiency economy in parallel with the mainstream economy, because the mainstream economy creates a disparity


represents one of the most severe natural disasters threatening the development of human society around the world, including Thailand. It has caused enormous losses to economies,


(PVWHS) for residential applications in Thailand. All four softwares were validated  economical renewable energy system in terms of performance and energy production in Chaiyaphum


Population and samples:- The population were the communities of Lampatao and Siaonoy in Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand of 2,869 persons. Key information of community leaders,


Chaiyaphum province and 12% in the larger Surin area. All these are in the north-eastern part of Thailand  less international tourists and more local Thai tourists and business travellers.


Nevertheless, the farmer chooses to use pesticides because they’re prioritizing the economic  Thailand: 3 villages distributed in the 3 provinces of Roi-et, Chaiyaphum and Khon Kean.


in the Khorat Plateau extending from northeastern of Thailand to central of Lao PDR. Maha  and Chaturat, Changwat Chaiyaphum, Thailand. As stratigraphical correlation results, the


Nowadays, the tourism influence businesses and the economy  greater profits and the domestic economy will also benefit and  of the Chaiyaphum region in Thailand for sustainable


old KK3 variety grown at Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand. The experiments were conducted  for bio-economy growth. The study outcomes from this study will be useful for Thailand and


local wisdom on herbs of Chaiyaphum province 2) to prepare  accordance with the sufficiency economy philosophy for self- Research Council of Thailand 2018 on the succession


harvester, estimates of economic depreciation cost, and  , Saraburi, Surin and Chaiyaphum. Kanchanaburi area covers  Lastly,Chaiyaphum area emphasizes on the different brands


Thailand. This phenomenon leads to migration to big cities, which are considered economic  pattern in 20 provinces in north-eastern Thailand. Data was obtained from the compilation


the economic value for the community that is Mueang Kao, Muang Sukhothai, Sukhothai.  fish-shaped, elephant-shaped and lotus-shaped, which is a symbol of Sukhothai. In product


still is an important economic sector of the Thai economy. Agricultural product export is one of the economic sectors that functioned as an economic driver in the Thai economy, not only


We thank the staffs of public hospitals in Sukhothai and Phetchabun provinces for helping with data collection and the Department of Disease Control for supporting and facilitating the


The East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC) is part of a major infrastructure project designed to promote economic integration in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), and has been


Thai capitalism economy and the status of Thai-Chinese economy in Thailand to explain the income of Thai ), Sarit believed paternalistic style leadership from Sukhothai time. Therefore,


This research is aimed to verify cultural identities and evaluate existing heritage resources of the community, to identify non-Thai visitors’ characteristics, expectations and acquire


Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to assess the change in economic values of  Thailand such as Uttaradit, Sukhothai, Phrae, Lampang, and Nan Provinces. The total economic


The objective of this review paper was to examine the cumulative impact of the sufficiency economy philosophy (SEP) on the well-being of the Thai population whereby state has been


for Thailand  Thailand, respectively. 26 key determinants of food security for India and 18 key determinants of food security for Thailand are compiled to create FSI for both the economies


In the digital economy age, a small hotel entrepreneur in Thailand  economy age to accelerate the development and implementation of marketing activities from the new digital economy (


to the major changes that have taken place in Thai society, economy, polity, and culture in the  Sukhothai also figures prominently in modern Thai history as having been an important


the weather, production processing, economic conditions and natural disasters which affect  -district of the Mueang district in the Sukhothai province is consecutively disaster-affected,


-term economic benefits to host communities. This study focuses on the economic benefits  explore 3 businesses with outstanding practices of the economic multiplier effect. They were


to develop economic growth of those countries. Therefore, it is an opportunity for Thai contractors to  of Myanmar [8] which was supported by a grant from Sukhothai Thammathirat Open


name of Sesbania grandiflora in Thai language. b Flowers of Sesbania javanica at a market in Sukhothai province. c Flowers of Sesbania grandiflora in Thai sour curry ‘Kaengsom dok


of the Sukhothai Kingdom. It is situated 13 kilometers west from the new Sukhothai City.  system and their interactions with their surrounding economies, polities, cultures and social


and economic growth. Using the sub-national data from Thailand, this chapter applied advance panel cointegration techniques to find long-run association between economic growth


Those migrant workers are not spread across to work equally in every area of Thailand. However, they are more concentrated in good economic conditions areas, high economic value


position in the Thai economy. Although it is the world’s largest rice exporter, Thailand’s  rice-growing farms in Yasothon Province, Thailand. A data envelopment model was employed to


participated in Thailand's economic activities throughout  -base of the economy - the banking industry in Thailand. The  capitalism in Thailand emerged no later than Sukhothai period.


Sukhothai period has come to be regarded as Thailand’s artistic golden age and why art from this era has become symbolic of Thai  the golden age narrative of Sukhothai art as a history


MICE is essential to Thailand’s economy because it generates  Thailand, that are engaged in the East-West economic corridors development, number seven and include Tak, Sukhothai,


or Bangkhen Field, Bangkok by adopting the Thailand 4.0 policy which underlines the development fostered by strengthening the internal economy. The study aimed at improving


socio-economic gradients in filled teeth. Thai adults who had high socio-economic position  past year than adults in lower socio-economic groups. This result has important implications


Thailand, in the interior of the Gulf of Siam. Sukhothai is located in the northern part of Thailand , brought by naturally occurring neighbouring economical, cultural, and political


In accordance to its socio-economic conditions, interior design in Thailand has been  see how interior design in Thailand has corresponded with socio-economic conditions and


The important idea was that Sukhothai was the first Thai state that was civilized in the modern sense, that is, with political and economic institutes embodied in the righteous king and, to


Thai Cohort Study from 2005 to 2013. All derived from 40548 initially normotensive Sukhothai  Rapid economic growth in recent decades moved Thailand from a low- to a middle-


that, during this period, Sukhothai was not likely to have its own  : - in the Gulf of Thailand, from Sukhothai to the south, using  support the Thai merchant fleet and the maritime economy.


the regional aspects, the Thai economy and the economic and trade relations between Italy and Thailand. By doing this it will be understood the role of Thailand in the ASEAN, the most


of activities including economic transactions was discussed in  as the precursor to the present Thai state in the national  one of the Buddhist temples in Sukhothai, named Wat Si Chum,


Increasing the quality of durians produced by farmers is important in the process of producing export durians in Thailand. The objective of this research is to study basic economic, social


of Thailand in Srakaew province. This type of trade could benefit the border economy and Thailand  the history of Thai-Cambodia border trade was initiated since Sukhothai period. The


Thai government has a policy to boost up national economy by promoting the development of Eastern part of the country, so called Eastern Economic  industrial hub of Thailand since it


Particularly in Thailand, we often overlooked the simple things that are economical and  to Siam history to Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, Thonburi Era til present days - Rattanakosin Era,


the Thai economy for a period of at least the next 20 years ie to 2043. As shown in Figure 2.5  In this study, aging preparedness in economy means a person who planned their financial


economy and community, with knowledgeable tourism activities such as giving alms to the monks, making Thai  “Our sufficient economy is not only growing vegetables along the gates,


Innovative paradigm of Thailand’s future economic development for social justice and the new public policy administration lead to 2017. NIDA Public Administration Journal, 8(1), 11–84


vaccination in Thailand have generated conflicting results. The aim of this current study is to evaluate the economic impact of introducing RV vaccination in Thailand, using updated Thai


moral leadership and a focus on a sufficiency economy. Loved by his people and respected  The Buddhist Kingdom of Sukhothai was founded in 1238, which was later eclipsed by the


The research objective was to observe the failure of local entrepreneurial projects supported by the Thai government during 2016-2019. Besides, gain insight into, and understanding of


have a good relations long time ago since Sukhothai kingdom. This two countries have  and Thailand have a strong relationship also it is a binary beneficial on social and economic


in the northern part of Thailand covering 6 provinces namely Sukhothai, Lumphun, Lumpang,  , and experience that leading to the economic and social development. Its consequence


as a full procedure by Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. I acknowledge the financial support from The Office of National Research Council of Thailand to complete my research


ABSTRACT: Objectives of this research were to study 1) personal demographic and economic data, 2) knowledge on rice production cost reduction technology, 3) opinion on rice


of market opportunities for Thai beef cattle exports to China. The Thai domestic fresh beef  In 2015, Thailand and China showed lower population of beef cattle compared with demand


Percentage, Arithmetic means, Maximum-minimum, standard deviation to analyze basic data on personal characteristics and socio-economic factors. 2. Chi-square test to analyze the


of twelve schools in Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University  of twelve schools in Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University  for Thai people, wider economic development in Thailand is


,” that initiated a new economic stage in the evolution of society,  In the Sukhothai Period (13th – 15th century CE), Sukhothai  the natural environment of Sukhothai, the soil characteristic


Thai, ethnic groups were fixtures of the social landscape and played integral roles in the political and economic  and privileges Sukhothai as the standard-bearer of Thai civilization prior


The objectives were to study 1) socio-economic, information and knowledge perception 2) production management, opinions, and problems 3) rice supply chain management 4) factors


in competitive reverse trend in the economic situation in Thailand came from reducing cost in  Airways can fly point to point, but Bangkok Airways need to stop by Sukhothai airport. Until


The purposes of this research were to study the factors influencing on the supporting the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy projects of schools in the Rayong Primary Educa tional


economic crop. Most rubber supplies are exported from Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand (31%),  , as well as the economic and environmental benefits of rubber-AFS.


The study recruited distance-learning adult students enrolled at Sukhothai Thammathirat  In the analyses, the following constructed variables were used as indicators of socio-economic


Moreover, the total tourism revenue from 7 to 8 countries is close to only one country, China, which emphasizes the importance of China in terms of economy advantages to Thailand.


century, the rice economy of Central Java gave way to a spice growing  Thailand, the newly independent Sukhothai kingdom from the mid-thirteenth encompassed the cities of Sukhothai


influenced on Thai music education were the adoption and development of technology, economics, culture and education. These aspects made changed to Thai music education


would like to thank my dad for visiting me during my time in Thailand, I really enjoyed it.  endanger Bangkok and therefore Thailand’s economy, the Thai government appointed


industry which affects significantly Thailand's economic and social systems. It is not  economic crisis, the tourism is able to generate revenues for the country and enhance the economy


economic concepts, Managerialism, and Public choice theory. The Neo-Classic economics  The Business-like Approach applies the methods and technics in economics and business


Inequality is manifest throughout Thai history through its governance, economy and  Sukhothai era. Later in the Ayutthaya era, the economic structure remained similar to the Sukhothai,


Thailand had received more than $650 million in economic  Thailand, in the decade prior to 1975 was the second largest  According to the World Bank, the Thai economy grew at less


market in the domestic tourism system of Thailand. Thailand’s domestic tourism has therefore  This sector has played a dramatic role as the economic driving force and in motivating


Mining sector has been a strong economic driver and has played an increasingly important role in Lao  The impact and contributions of the sector to the economy are also discussed.


The examples of alternative policy solutions for the economic  economy and new agricultural theory of King Rama IX. Due to the economic pressure mentioned above, the Thai Rak Thai


According to the Cabinet Resolution on November 8, 2016, Thailand agreed with measures  The speed at which Thailand's population is aging will also have profound socio-economic


and gained more empowerment within the Thai agricultural, economic and social sectors. In  Moreover, female farmers have gained more advancement compared to Thai male farmers


Abstract: In recent years, Thailand had suffered from both recurrent floods and drought which caused huge damages to the socio-economic of country. Water management needs to be


(eg, Khmer, Pāli and Sanskrit languages were in contact with Thai during the Sukhothai period ( Thai-medium graduates, and plays a large role in rising economic inequality in Thailand.


Thailand. This study aimed to analyze the financial ratio of palm oil extraction business in Thailand  The sample used in the study is palm oil extraction business in Thailand which were


in politics and social force, Thailand has to be flexible in adjusting  , political system, and revolution in economy, so as its legal  the period of Sukhothai, the first period of Thai history, law


Bangkok is the capital of Thailand and is where the center of politics and economics is located. Most of the Japanese expats in Bangkok are of working age, business entrepreneurs and


include enhancing the local economy; raising geological  The uplifting caused block faulting in northern Thailand  PDR, and in northeastern Thailand and Cambodia were formed and


that Thailand's tourism industry is a major source of income in the service industry and contributes greatly to the country‘s economic  foreign tourists who visited Thailand that year, which


reduction with social, economic and environmental policies.  lower part of the basin consisting of Sukhothai, Phichit, and part of  The Mueang Sukhothai district is the capital of Sukhothai


economic indicators for Thailand, its provinces, and seventeen other countries shows Thailand assistance to lift farmers out of poverty and Thailand out of the middle income trap. Data


This was the Thai society beginning in the Sukhothai period. Men had status  economic and social development plan which has been developed during the 9th National Economic


Understanding the importance of these statistics and the impact they have on Thailand, its economy, and business development, the authors opted to undertake a study on what factors


The purposive sampling of five Thai cabin crew members with different positions are as follows: 1) 1 Economy class cabin crew member who has worked at the current airline for 2 years


Natural might occur from an economic system that does not  In the economics of natural resources and the environmental, we  The comparison between Thai and Foreign tourists shows


range of social, political and economic endeavours in our  In Thailand, this is reflected in sites nominated as World Heritage sites, such as the historic cities of Ayutthaya and Sukhothai


Thailand is facing water shortages because of the population growth and the expansion of economic  Water problem can led to economic disparities and increased social conflicts.


are formed within very different economic and political contexts.  temples all dated back to Sukhothai era (13th to 15th  of the most sacred amulets in Thai history and; Wat Rajburana with


and economic goods has become increasingly blurred in the media intensive global economy This geopolitical reality, as much as India's own ‘great power’ aspirations and its economic


In Thai history, Sino-Thai relations can be traced back for more than centuries, from Kingdom of Sukhothai rising Chinese socio-economy and international education to Thai tourism and


But when the world is open, in the fields of mass communication, economics, politics and cultures it is a great reason to bring Thai society into the world of globalization. Thai society is


, This caused economic changes and led to unemployment. There was a general economic  The plan was to provide economic equality to the society by collaborating between people


one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the  Thailand which were Bangkok in the Marathon poster, Nakhon Ratchasrima in the golf tournament competition poster, and Sukhothai


Arbitration has been existence in Thai Laws for centuries, but  country and social and economic development. Furthermore,  profound Thai legal historian had compared the Sukhothai


This research paper uses this economic sector to be criteria to classify the employment, due to the reason as follow: The classification of employment by economic sector is the


all over Thailand who were enrolled at Sukhothai Thammathirat  deaths among socio-economic and demographic groups.  regression models for socio-economic/demographic factors,


for this study because these two provinces represent different socio-economic demographics. Kanchanaburi is in the western region of Thailand and is the third largest province. Thus,


Economic reason, it is the most important reason as well. With the developing of China’s economic  world ; many countries wish to share the economic benefit from China. Therefore they


in urban areas with high economic importance. The development of a  In addition, Sukhothai also receives a lot of water from the  We found that the cause of the problems is Thai water


In the case of Thailand, the entire economic system has been expanding since the introduction of the National Economic Plans in 1960. The nature of the country shifted from agriculture-


Sukhothai terrane or Sukhothai Arc) between the Sibumasu and Indochina4–6. They suggested that the tectonostratigraphy of Sukhothai  in the upper part of Thailand may be separated


(or the lower northern region in Thailand today) was a result  traders and commoners made economic activities even more  Nevertheless, Phraya Sukhothai responded that the evidence


had a number of policies concerning villages economic promotion, an inequality  Thai KemKaeng, SML Village, Sufficiency Economy Villages, Pracharat Project, Project 9101, and Thai


Currently, farmers in Thailand such as many farmers in the commercial  of Thailand's role and its importance to the economy and creating jobs in a long time found that a mixed economy


Centaurium erythraea Rafn. (Gentianaceae) represents a well-known medicinal plant rich in secondary metabolites and an appropriate model system for studying developmental


Many of the papers identify a number of approaches and market-based incentives to encourage producers to achieve higher levels of performance (from both economic and


Private hospitals have increased since economic expansion during 1992-1997. Nowadays,  private clinics in Thailand (NSO 2012). Although the healthcare system in Thailand has a


no such a study of these children in Thailand, we therefore decide to study the psychological  A psychological training model for enhancing organizational value of personal in Sukhothai


in the Isthmus of Kra in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, a narrow  ’ emergence went along economic specialisation, cultural  ”, went along with economic specialisation and cooperation


of Siam littoral, including Sukhothai in the early fourteenth  Temasik, and associated economic practices that were clearly  in the Gulf of Siam and Central Thailand during the first and


Thai Baht, as well as variable cost of 85,900 Thai Baht. This type also provided the highest income of 1,118,500 Thai  to the sufficiency economy philosophy, the research on economic


Economic development in Thailand would be severely compromised if these reservoirs  water usage are important issues for Thai society, and for the country’s economy. The two large


, have made huge contributions to Thailand’s cultural and  before he moved to Thailand and Thai studies, and Pasuk, a  on everything from the black economy to literature and history.


-organized local administration that contributed to its economic prosperity. Although the Mons was  At the same time, the productions of their cultural artifacts encompassed many Thai


the Sukhothai inscription resulted in a less than correct chronological history for Thailand as  groups or states that existed prior to or contemporary with Sukhothai (Shoocongdej 2007).


3) the local economic which the tourism contributed to improve the local economic, raise the  , the unfair fee of public transportation to Thai and foreign tourists including encroachment


Those made its place clean; 2) Lao PDR is similar to Thailand in cultures and traditions. Laos and Thai have been friends for a long time and Laos are so kind to Thai; 3) Vietnam has


Animal feed is developed from an organic basis (p) ants or animals) and is intended to provide the fullest diet possible (Filho et a1., 2016). Very often, in ordel to improve the nutritional


to establish peace for the Thai citizens? The impact of New Institutionalism in economics and New  Yutthayaporn Issarachai, the lecturer of the Faculty of Political Sciences, Sukhothai


waste management in Thailand. This paper will first look at the Thai local governance  costs to secure economies of scale to promote incinerator with electricity plants and sanitary


Thailand, natural resources and environment have been used as factors of production for a very long time in order to develop the economy  many aspects such as economy, society and


This study examines the influence of three human resource management practices which are training and development, performance appraisal, and compensation and benefit on


But in Thailand, higher education is currently not for everyone. Economic position plays a major role in ability, motivation and preparedness of youth. As Lynch & O’Riordan (1998, p. 459


free-tailed bats (Chaerephon plicatus) in Thailand. We examined monthly variations in sexual size  The climate in western Thailand is expected to become warmer and drier, with likely


Thai legal system, this research constitutes an unprecedented attempt to consolidate Thai laws and cases on the subject of trusts in Thai  -known accounts of Thai legal practice to depict


speech titled “Sukhothai Culture” that tethered the soon-to-be Thailand and Thainess  Thai fashion industry, though it must have claimed responsibility for the production and economic


Thailand travel and tourism generated 2,313,500 jobs  In this study, cultural tourism as an economic development  Cultural tourism also promotes the local economy by creating jobs and


of his trip in 1907 to the region of Thailand’s first capital Sukhothai.15 The Sukhothai account, published in 1908, is a remarkable journey into Thailand’s past, both in terms of the


Thailand is projected to lose 34.1 percent of population by 2100. Moreover, Thai economic growth has  currency, Thai economy are starting to resemble aging Japan. However, cost for


Tourism industry is an important business for economic development of Thailand under the serious competition. As a result, tourism entrepreneurs have adapted and improved


Buasai (2015) noted that inequality in Thailand is usually associated with poor quality of education and low economic status. In order to promote equality in Thailand, we have to


In response the Thailand government’s policy is to promote tourism as one of  Thailand’s economy and this is deemed to be a national agenda priority. The Tourism Authority of Thailand


Using a unique survey data of around 7,000 merchants on Shopee in Thailand, this paper  Specifically, we will first explore the economic impact on sellers via increased revenue and


consider older inscriptions from Sukhothai and its neighboring towns.  Nidhi Eoseewong has contested the economic impact of the  I consider most extant Thai-language texts from the


including 10 indicators of economic factor, 8 indicators of  by the development of the economy factor for saving, knowledge  Thailand is characterized by high areas more than half of the


Fish, as the top of the trophic pyramid of aquatic ecosystems, are one of the most sensitive bioindicators for the presence of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems that inhabit them.


This paper investigates the happiness elements of skipped-generation families in rural north-eastern, Thailand. The qualitative methodological approach was implemented in the study.


stepped down after Thailand was hit hard by the economic crisis. While  the economic downturn, in 1998 Thaksin started to build up his political alliances and founded the Thai Rak Thai


Thailand has started to eliminate water hyacinths since the reign of King Rama VI [1]. Thai  and medium enterprises (SMEs) and community economy. The development of international


Without a doubt, Indonesia has the essentials to be the main worldwide economy over the  partnership in Indonesia and this is affecting the economic growth in the region. One of the


that of Sukhothai – in present-day Thailand between the  Although Thai folklore attributes high-fired ceramic and kiln  in understanding socio-economic and political organization in


This study considers whether close proximity to higher education institutions increases the probability of earning a bachelor’s degree, overeducation, and horizontal mismatch between


in six emerging economies within the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Thailand, the  Note that APEC is a regional economic forum with 21 members, consisting of both


economic policy. In developing countries, the system aims to the part of the economic development and a prosperous economic  with other economic policies for both economic growth


In summary, Thailand employed management tools under NPM, especially by establishing public organizations, promoting information technology, and implementing PA effects on the


, economic factors of farmers in Mueang Nakhon Nayok District, 2) the opinion toward Mayongchid cultivation, and 3) The relationship between economic  The overall of the economic


and Sukhothai provinces, lower northern Thailand using yellow sticky traps together with hand picking and were subsequently preserved in 95% alcohol. All beetles were then identified


Rice is grown in all provinces of Thailand. Roughly 60 percent of Thailand’s population force is  In Thailand, Thai colored rice is popular for health promotion and non-communicable


Therefore, Thailand has had a long history regarding its social, economic, and political  alphabets, derived from the Old Khmer script, were invented during the Sukhothai Kingdom


economic development direction: Thailand model 4.0, National Tourism Development Plan No.2 of 2017-2022, and Tourism Authority of Thailand  Dvaravati period, Sukhothai period,


vibrant growth of Thai literature. This has been especially true during the time of Sukhothai,  their cultures, religions, politics and economies. A case in point is the difficulties in the three


, King Rama III, Thailand was secure politically and in government and economy, with more  world and expressed in the hybridity of Si Satchanali, subsequently Sukhothai and thence


Thai inspiration for designing alternative. “Thai chess" is one of Thai popular games since Sukhothai  At first, Thai chess was only played in royal court for practicing war strategies that


The economy of Indonesia is currently in the stage of the  In the beginning of the 2018, the economy of Indonesia had  state in its change from the economy of a low income to middle


The Isan long drum tradition has faced social and economic challenges. However, the  era, the first Thai kingdom that was established in what is now Thailand was Sukhothai in 1238.


Bhumibhol Adulyadej’s ‘Sufficiency Economy’. His intention was  topic for my thesis that can benefit Thailand and its economy.  before the Sukhothai period (1238 AD), early Thai citizens


(former name of Thailand) into a dynastic state with numerous new economic political and  in many Thai novels mixing with “Thainess” through Thai or Indian-Thai characterisation and


It is a challenging issue for the Thai government to develop competitive capacity through  drive social and economic development thoroughly in order to create new economic bases and


For instance, the landslide event on May 23, 2006, in Uttaradit, Sukhothai and Phrae provinces had been killed by 83 people and economic loss approximately over 300 million baht (


early in Thai society is Chinese, evidence of which dates back to the Sukhothai period 700  languages in the Thai society and economy, it is not surprising then that Thai policy supports


special events in Thailand – the Sukhothai Loy Krathong and  Thailand, which is a developing economy. Therefore, the findings may only be applicable to other developing economies


and loyalty of the students of an open university, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University.  Sukhothai Thamthirat Open University (STOU) is the only university in Thailand which uses


economic content. In this regard, the elderly in the three southern border provinces receive programs related to the economy.  of Thailand aims to create and develop the economy in the


in Sukhothai  Thai people by Faculty of Economic Chulalongkorn University (The study of reading behavior and book purchasing of Thai people) which indicate that the number of Thai


efforts of a company and other factors such as the economic, technical, political, and cultural  , “I bought a Thai silk blanket as a souvenir for my mother when I went to work at Sukhothai.


The tourism industry seems to be very important to Thailand's economic and social progress. According to the database from the Global Wellness Institute. (The Global Wellness


Quality development for Thai students. In the Thailand 4.0 era, becoming a personnel. Professional qualifications Aviation Professional The branch must pick up on the plane. Flight


and market access with follow-on economic benefits for farmer.  sprouts of Jasmine rice, ‘Sukhothai 2’, wheat, and ‘Sukhothai 1’,  Hence, Thai rice at the age collected for this study had a


Thailand is an agricultural country. Agriculture has long been the essential sector of the country economy. Land resource is a fundamental base of agricultural production. However,


expenditure in order to reform budget system in Thailand. The results show that the traditional  The experiences of several countries including Thailand has pointed out that such “one-


Similar to many East Asian economies, Thailand has long introduced tariff exemption schemes to promote export-oriented activities. Hence, high tariffs can co-exist with intensive


Tourism is one of the main incomes for Thai economy because in Thailand there are various tourist attractions all over the country. Many destinations such as Bangkok, Phuket, Chiang


The objective of this study was to examine productive performance and predict factors affecting operating income of small-scale contract farming of swine (SCFS) in Lampang, Thailand.


some celadon wares in the Sukhothai period were inscribed in  and temple in Thailand with the combination of Thai, Chinese and  , local customs, economic and political conditions, and


Rice is a significant source of emissions in the study area because it is Thailand's primary economic crop while sugarcane was the second crop type that contributed to air pollution. In


with the economic and educational demands. A research study on the qualifications of Thai  1993 research on Thai students‘ English proficiency, it was found that Thai higher education


to Thailand, and 2) to study brand awareness of Thailand health  Japanese tourists who visited Thailand. The questionnaires  , married, and, they visited Thailand more than 3 times. The


In response to this, within a general strategy, Thai television has been utilised as a principal  Thai cultural identity. This study examines the discursive construction of nostalgic Thai


Flood retention areas are being increasingly promoted for flood risk management. People living in these areas will accept them if their interests are taken into account. The present study


The development of economy and society has resulted in an unstoppable and growing  Even though the interrelatedness among economic, social and environmental aspect of human


The Thais founded the kingdom of Sukhothai, which  and established a surplus economy that produced elaborate architecture In Thailand, the related Thai word sema refers to boundary


will investigate the cultural, economic, and social phenomena in Thailand following the end of  It also explores the impact of those plans on the social and economic framework of Thai


Thailand, which ceded much territory to remain independent. Over time, a money economy  history places the thirteenth-century kingdom of Sukhothai at the origins of the modern Thai


This research discusses the importance of classroom environment. Goal of this study is to contribute teacher’s knowledge how classroom environments impact students’ learning. Three


Semen business or the economic value of sex, so we see a variety of products for women  Ask the mechanism of economic manipulation through gender, how do they do it? Thai words


INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SHOTCRETE FOR UNDERGROUND SUPPORT 2019 17-20 November 2019, Nong Nouch Garden, Pattaya, THAILAND  AH Routes in Thailand


Very few economic valuation studies on Word Cultural Heritage Sites are currently found in literature. A study of World Heritage Sites in Spain by Bedate et al. (2004) surveyed 915


Nonetheless, Thailand paid the price of having to cede economic benefits (Britain) and territories (France), and had to suffer the indignity of the extraterritoriality clause that


economic and cultural innovation. In common with other large mounded sites in northeast Thailand,  site indicate clear associations with central Thai Dvaravati cultures. While no burials


in each field is influenced by economic trend; Real GDP and  number of graduates in Thailand and economic growth in 15  a significant effect on the economic growth of Thailand. In the


The Thai government has recently implemented a number of policies to reinforce Thailand’s position as the tourism hub of Southeast Asia. Therefore, Thai students’ knowledge about


domestic economic  Thai tourists with increasingly 11.81% and 3,666,205 foreigners with increasingly The total revenue 17.096 billion Baht with increasingly 9.53% generated from Thai


This research was aimed to synthesis factors that influence the creative community-based tourism management. This is a documentary research by the qualitative synthesis. Which is


, is one of the six temples in Thailand that are of the highest grade of first  Thailand. Most of the images were brought over from abandoned temples in places as Ayutthaya and Sukhothai


life of the citizens and the economy of the country. The rapid  , cultural, political, economic, technological fronts and to give  education on account of economic or social compulsions and


commonly seen in many Thai historical researches might not  capital in terms of politics, economy, and culture, including  entire Thai literary history, which comprises the Sukhothai,


Thailand can be more systematic with the main objective to increase the choice for tourists and add tourism to promote Thailand  on tourism management for economic promotion, social


Thailand as well as that about South Thailand is first provided. As the participants in this study were Thai EFL university teachers, Thailand’ national economic policies that are Thailand


Although Thailand has been progressing well in its economic development in last two decades,  A summary of the key social and economic factors influencing Thai society is provided in


The intensification of the Cold War situation, alongside the social and economic changes taking place in Thai society, escalated the conflict between the military regime and leftist


Setting: A northern province in Thailand. Objectives: To explore experiences and perspectives on tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations in non-household contacts. Design: Focus


range between Myanmar and Thailand; the Mekong River  such as Angkor, Bagan, Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. In the early 20th  As with most developing economies, cultural heritage


The aim of this study was to find out how the effectiveness of Chinese camp for Chinese learning encourage of intercultural teaching at Thai primary school, and How is the perspective


The purpose of this poster was to identify the influencing factors on the information literacy of Thai undergraduate students. The documentary research concerned the academic sources,


Although Thailand possess one of the biggest tin resources of the world, but there is little  Mountain Range and very close to the border between Thailand and Myanmar. As a result, the


the relationships concerning political, administrative, economic, social and cultural contexts in  Sakon Nakhon city is located on Sakon Nakhon basin in the northeast of Thailand. The


reclaiming their independence and fought over various economic and political interests. To settle  that occurred during this period: between Sukhothai and Ho near Chiang Mai, between


in Thai layered dessert with the yanang leaf juice and those found in such Thai layered  The Thai layered dessert with added yanang leaf juice contained 2.85 mg of calcium/100 g,


This period is marked by rapid political and economic changes that fundamentally  Level I depict Thai-style figures resembling those in the reliefs in the Wat Si Chum tunnel in Sukhothai.


Thailand conference is an academic event which higher education institutions in Thailand  Also, the main goal of this conference is to select the best paper to represent Thailand in the


in Thailand. It has hence been marked that, with the drastically increasing number of tourists in Thailand  taken the position as one of the most important segment of Thailand’s economy.


has its own Thai alphabet since the Sukhothai period and evolved to the present day. Thai  with direct experiences about life, career, economy, environment and local society in teaching


I propose a Thai economy of sacrificial motion; motions which expire, to different degrees, in a ‘deathworld’, where associative power and influence may be attained through stillness. I


responsible citizen for more economic competition. As a result, Thailand need to reform the  the problems, goals, guidelines for economic development with fairness for the benefit of


was conducted amongst 260 FDC staff under the supervision of Thai local authorities in the rural province of Suphanburi in Thailand from July to September 2016. Self-administered


cassava starch imports to Thailand was very low compared to Thailand’s export. Data on the net VWF of cassava starch exported from Thailand together with the top 20 importer


Having a low unemployment rate might ensure a country of its stable economy. However, when taking labour quality issues into consideration, it is found that Thai labours have been


Geographical indication is thus a right that should be protected on moral and economic grounds  Taking into account the current state of the social sphere in Thailand, migration within


Economic growth and technology development has led to a rise in consumption of energy and natural resource. The demands of the human population have increased while natural


This dissertation seeks to explain why successive Thai governments have failed in maintaining peace through conducting reconciliation processes. Relying on a public survey and


Tourism has become one of the fastest growing economic  At the local level, tourism creates large positive economic  , such as Sukhothai Historical Park located in Sukhothai province


The history of collecting Thai materials for use and preservation started during the Sukhothai Kingdom period in the 14th century. Prior to printing, Thai manuscripts were in various


The article is aims to present the promotion and conservation conceptual of the Manohra Art by authority administration of Local Government Organization in Nakhon Sri Thammarat.


and being currently used in many countries, including Thailand. Its main objective is to make the  from the economic theory and private management. According to the economic theory,


Measures for preventing and tackling the problem of corruption in Thailand are abundant and these include such measures as immediate supervision, evaluation, and prosecution, as


According to the Indian context and in the present scenario the economy of the nation is largely prejudiced by the agricultural scenario. Considering the huge potential of both the sector


a powerful economic engine since Deng Xiaoping’s economic  , Thailand established relations with China since Sukhothai dynasty. From that time, many Chinese migrated to Thailand


in club activities due to economic issues and a lack of family support. Hypothesis 8: the approaches for developing the performance of the Thai elderly clubs include assigning the


, was the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) which requires  at higher speed with more economical expenses. In addition,  of old-style pattern of Sukhothai and Ayuddhaya and mod ern


temple dispute between Thailand and Cambodia and UNESCO’s World Heritage List”, being on the Heritage list connotes the link to tourism and economic development. Hence, they


Thai society and related to lifestyle of Thai citizens. In other words, corruption is a part of Thai  Promoting the learning of Self Sufficiency Economy that possibly prevents the youths from


paper argues that lèse-majesté in Thailand, understood as a verbal  of the historical evolution of the Thai lèse-majesté law including  The document dealt with the economic plan of Pridi


, risk model, and risk map for malaria distribution in Thailand. As a result of these methods, this  Moreover, according to the risk map, each area in Thailand has been defined as high,


There has been a decline in overall levels of violence at Thai national elections, a fall in  Thailand to the launch of a peace process in 2013. The peace process also made domestic Thai


Therefore, it is important for Thailand to review its  the border areas shared between Thai and Cambodian people who  that Thailand should analyze cooperation between local Thai and


The research shows both schemes are resulted from an economic problem caused by the  field survey of Oita prefecture and northern Thailand. Paper is presented in Japan association


A airways, the focus of this case study, serves Thailand’s major airports, as well as its own private airports, with Samui, Sukhothai, and Trat, having a combined fleet of 35 aircraft, and


Additionally, by offering military and economic assistance to the Union of Burma, the United  of Ayutthaya and Sukhothai of central Thailand, the kingdom of Lanna of northern Thailand,


, social, and economic changes in the northern states of Thailand resulting form the Chiang  , social, and economic changes in the northern states of Thailand resulting from the Chiang


economic aspects of their life, which would cause less socialization among family members. In addition, the Thai  Furthermore, 10% of Thai households could not provide proper care to


While OTOP products have received more interest from domestic consumers. Many operators still neglect to add value with packaging design. This research is therefore designed to


The Delphi technique is employed in this study to find an appropriate process of knowledge management in broiler production of Thailand. It is a specific agricultural knowledge


This cross-sectional study was conducted at Padung Krung Kasem market located in Bangkok, Thailand. Eighty-five vegetable vendors were involved in this study and they gave


To emphasize the argument, this paper also discusses the agentic elements of the naga myth which have influenced northern Thai people’s perceptions and understandings of self and


of the first batch of the Thai CDIO master trainers (Figure 3).  economy, the stakeholders of iSCALE–staff, students and donators–expected highquality services, not the most economical


information literacy of Thai undergraduate students in the arts, music, dance and artisan.  arts, music and visual arts in both Thai and international including local and national arts and


Many volcanic host rocks have been studied to analyze for economic potential because  , there are Sukhothai fold belt (SFB) located on the eastern edge of Shan-Thai terrane; Loei fold


In the near future, Thailand will have a higher number of senior  economic conditions. The Institute of Population and Social Studies, Mahidol University reported that in 2014 Thailand


, economics, societal, and political development. These factors are necessary for changing the policies that govern Thailand.  of life of the community and the new economic zones 5) the


’s visit to Tamralipti at the turn of the 4th to 5th century; by the 10-13th centuries, cowrie use spread to Yunnan, via Lower Burma and the Tai world of Lan Na, Phayao, and Sukhothai, to


from a small school at Uttaradit Province, Thailand who choose to attend with the recreational  , in most participating countries and economies, socio-economic status and an immigrant


It was found that this constructive investment was rather benefitial for the security of the nation states both Thailand and its neighbor countries than economic reason. The result of this


Pitaya production is not only important to the economic but social as well. The network of  of the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) and the National Key Economic Areas (


concept did not embrace in the professional standards for Thai school leaders. Finally, the findings of this study suggest Thai government agencies to include the CLRRSL concept in


Based on this context, we will see the impact of the information component, which is the main driver of the SME's economic activity, on staff development. Added to this are the


This study focused on 10 Thai tour guides who described Thai beliefs and rituals to foreign  Thai tour guides with silver bronze card refer to Thai tour guides who have passed the tour


The purposes of this research were:(1) to study elements of innovation and digital marketing to performance of small and medium business in Thailand (2) to analyze influence of


of the Thai ruling class and the sentiments of Thai society.  In the area near Sukhothai stands an ancient stupa that  put forward a progressive socio-economic one. These reformist


Objectives of this research are to the Development of potentiality and Business learning of Community Enterprise in Nakhonratchasima Province. To study the problems of SME


gold mine in Phitsanulok province, central Thailand. Gold-silver mineralization occurs as  proved to have high potential to contain economic resources. For Chatree deposit, several


This research aims to study types, methods and channels of new public service, public opinion and satisfaction on public services and how to develop new public services. Bangkok


Many of the papers identify a number of approaches and market-based incentives to encourage producers to achieve higher levels of performance (from both economic and


to establish peace for the Thai citizens? The impact of New Institutionalism in economics and New  Yutthayaporn Issarachai, the lecturer of the Faculty of Political Sciences, Sukhothai


The population of the study is 172 current bachelor degree students of Sukhothai  Sukhothai Thamthirat Open University (STOU) is the only one university in Thailand which


Snake diversity within Thailand likely reflects the diverse range of suitable habitats and  centre, and north-east) in Thailand, examining regionally discrete populations that show variation


to understand a Lawyer’s role within the Thai legal system.  for Thai Lawyers, this paper will cover all the relevant information — from definitions and types of Lawyers in Thailand to the


Sukhothai province, in the North of Thailand. Those different streets and areas cater to very different types of tourists, from backpackers to affluent visitors. Data was collected from July


Over the past 40 years, heritage site management institutions have had to contend with expanding “boundaries of practice”: the evolution of heritage concepts and the emergence of


now the eight provinces constituting the Upper North of Thailand used to be referred to as ‘ in Sukhothai, containing one line of Pali language, while the vernacular is in Sukhothai


For supporting me financially during my doctoral studies in Thailand,  economical aspects of early Buddhism. The social background, social stratification, stakeholder, political, economic


AD 450–1388) and Sukhothai kingdoms (c. thirteenth century AD) in Thailand were ascendant. In  Comparative study on the jar burial traditions in Vietnam, Thailand and Laos.


emergence of Southeast Asia as an important economic, political, and religious centre was  frequented the Sukhothai, Chiang Mai and Ava regions of present-day Thailand, where they


with projects carried out in Thailand conducted in collaboration with the  economic integration of regional economies or mutual trade between relatively self-sufficient regional economies