X: -3.133974 Y: 12.161177title: Quantitative analysis of total mangostins in Garcinia mangostana fruit rind publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The fruit of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (mangosteen) is very popular in Thailand. The fruit rind contains mangostins of which a major constituent is α-mangostin. The fruit rind extract and mangostin have been known to possess antibacterial causing acne. In Thailand, the extract is popularly used in herbal cosmetics for anti-acne effect. Thus quality assessment of this plant needs to be controlled for the limit of mangostin content. This study was undertaken to evaluate the content of total mangostins in the dried powder and the ethanolic extract of the fruit rinds of G. mangostana collected from 13 locations from the East and the South of Thailand. The UV-spectrophotometric method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The linearity was found over the range of 2-20 μg/ml with regression coefficient (r 2 ) 0.9999. Intra- and interday precisions showed relative standard deviation (%RSD) less than 2 %. Accuracy of the method was determined by a recovery study conducted at 3 different levels, and the average recovery was found to be 100.68 %. The LOD and LOQ were 0.1622 and 0.4915 μg/ml, respectively. The total mangostin contents in all dried powder samples were in the range of 8.51 ± 0.05 to 11.50 ± 0.02 % w/w while in the crude ethanolic extracts were 30.19 ± 0.16 to 45.61 ± 0.09 % w/w. The average content of total mangostins (10.39 ± 1.04 % of the dried powder) was higher in samples from the South where it rains all year. The averages of total mangostin contents in all dried powder samples and in the ethanolic extracts were found to be 9.94 ± 0.88 and 36.25 ± 4.66 % w/w, respectively. The proposed UV-spectrophotometric method was found to be simple, rapid, and suitable for routine quality control of raw material of G. mangostana fruit rind and its extract. This information will be useful as a guidance for standardization of G. mangostana fruit rind and the extracts, and finding appropriate sources of high total mangostins content for good quality of G. mangostana raw materials in Thailand.


X: -4.1347013 Y: 10.458486title: Bioactive Compounds from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism against SARSCoV- 2: An In Silico Approach publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.


X: -3.170973 Y: 11.948909title: Optimization of total phenolic content extracted from Garcinia mangostana Linn. hull using response surface methodology versus artificial neural network publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The optimum conditions of extraction time, solid to solvent ratio, and methanol concentration for extracting total phenolic content (TPC) from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) hull powder have been investigated using response surface methodology. The experimental data obtained was adequately fitted into second-order polynomial models with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.897. Response surface analysis showed that the optimal extraction parameters which gave a maximum TPC yield of 140.66 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g powder were from a 2 h extraction with 0.05 solid to solvent ratio and at 69.77% methanol concentration. Analysis using artificial neural network (ANN) predicted data which showed a higher R2 value of 0.945 and average absolute deviation (ADD) values of 4.01% versus 5.37% for the RSM. This suggests that ANN is a better modelling technique for nonlinear data for predicting TPC extracted from mangosteen hull powder compared to the response surface methodology (RSM).


X: -3.852143 Y: 11.131212title: Hypoglycaemic activity of ethanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana Linn. in normoglycaemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background:
Various parts of Garcinia mangostana Linn., including its pericarp, have been traditionally used to treat a variety of ailments. In an attempt to establish its medicinal value, the present study was carried out to determine the hypoglycaemic potential of G. mangostana pericarp ethanolic extract (GME) using the streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats.

Methods:
GME at 2,000 mg/kg was subjected to a single-dose acute toxicity test. Following this, the effect of GME (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) on blood glucose level of normoglycaemic and STZ-induced diabetic rats was determined using single-dose (acute) and multiple-dose (subacute) approaches. Subsequent to the multiple-dose study, serum biochemical analysis and liver histopathological examination were also performed. Throughout the experiments, the effect of GME was compared against the standard hypoglycaemic drug, glibenclamide.

Results:
GME was safe for oral consumption up to the dose of 2,000 mg/kg. In both single- and multiple-dose studies, GME significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the blood glucose level in normoglycaemic rats and STZ-induced diabetic rats when compared against the normal control group or diabetic control group, respectively. Moreover, GME also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the rats' body weight in comparison to the diabetic control group in the multiple-dose study. GME also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of certain biochemical parameters [i.e., triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), urea, and creatinine] while increased the others [i.e., high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total protein (TP)] when compared to the diabetic control group. Histopathological assessment of the collected liver revealed a mild increase in the population of β-cells in the diabetic rats.

Conclusion:
GME exerts the hypoglycaemic activity possibly by increasing the population of insulin-producing β-cells. This activity could be attributed to the presence of antioxidant-bearing tannins like epicathecin, and xanthones like α-mangostin. Thus, the findings demonstrated that GME could be a potential candidate in the management of diabetes owing to its hypoglycaemic effect.


X: -4.015868 Y: 11.4473295title: Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Garcinia mangostana extract in hamster opisthorchiasis publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Administration of praziquantel for treatment of liver fluke infection may affect the host, with mild and severe effects after treatment caused by host immune response. Therefore, we focused on the antioxidant property, inflammatory and anthelmintic effects of the traditional folk medicine, G. mangostana pericarp extract, in hamster opisthorchiasis. Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups: normal (control) (N); administered G. mangostana alone (GM); infected with Opisthorchis viverrini alone (OV); and infected with O. viverrini and administered G. mangostana extract for 1.5 months (OVGM). Hamster livers were collected 45 days after infection to determine histopathological changes, i.e. aggregation of inflammatory cells. The morphology of adult O. viverrini (body size and sizes of reproductive organs) was analyzed, as well as worm burden, eggs per worm and eggs per gram of feces. Toxicity was tested by kidney function (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine); the results demonstrated that G. mangostana had no renal toxic effect. ABTS radical-scavenging assay indicated that the extract had antioxidant property. Reduction in aggregation of inflammatory cells surrounding the hepatic bile duct, especially at the hilar region, was found in the OVGM group. Worm burden was similar in both infected groups (treated or untreated with G. mangostana), but the average size of adults in the OV group was larger than in the OVGM group; moreover, eggs per worm and eggs per gram of feces were also comparatively higher. The present study suggests that G. mangostana extract possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and can interfere with parasite development by affecting adult size and egg production. This may be useful for controlling the spread of OV infection and other parasites in endemic areas.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


X: 0.524263 Y: 7.3354936title: Phylogenetic Relationship of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and Several Wild Relatives (Garcinia spp.) Revealed by ITS Sequence Data publish year: 2004 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The phylogenetic relationships among 17 Garcinia species including G. mangostana (mangosteen) were analyzed by comparing sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). Both parsimonious and neighbor joining (NJ) analyses revealed that G. mangostana is closely related to G. malaccensis believed to be a progenitor of mangosteen. Another suspected progenitor of mangosteen, G. hombroniana, was more distant from G. mangostana than G. malaccensis phylogenetically. Garcinia hombroniana formed a cluster with G. rostrata, G, speciosa and G. sizygiifolia, and this cluster was connected with a cluster of G. mangostana and G. malaccensis. The ITS sequence analysis showed that G. atroviridis, G. cowa, G. dulcis, G. malaccensis, G. mangostana, G. rostrata and G. vilersiana have nucleotide additivity (two different nucleotides at the same nucleotide position) at several sites in the ITS region. The occurrence of these species might be related to hybridization with ancestors, but the genomic compositions, even chromosome numbers, of these species are still unknown.


X: -3.8365064 Y: 11.014773title: Renoprotection by Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of the Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract (GMPE) on plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. This study used 36 male Balb/c strain mice. The samples were divided into 6 groups, namely KN (normal control), KD (diabetic control), KM (metformin control), and P (treatment group) comprising: P1 (50 mg GMPE/kg body weight), P2 (100 mg GMPE/kg body weight), as well as P3 (200 mg GMPE/kg body weight). The GMPE and metformin suspension were administered orally for 14 days on the diabetic mice. The diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ multiple at low-dose of 30 mg/kg body weight daily for five consecutive days. On day 15, mice were terminated. Data of plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubule damage levels or the number of swelling and necrosis cells were analyzed. Interestingly and it showed that administration of GMPE could reduce the plasma creatinine level and ameliorate renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In conclusion, the renoprotective effect of GMPE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was associated with the attenuation in oxidative stress and inflammatory, which also had antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.


X: -3.1292758 Y: 12.123008title: Quantitative analysis of A-mangostin in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extract from four district of West Java by HPLC method publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the validity of analytical methods of α-mangostin using HPLC with UV detector and acidic methanol as mobile phase. Then, compare the level of α-mangostin and quality of mangosteen pericarp from four regions in West Java. Methods: The determination was performed by HPLC with C-18 (octadecylsilane) as a column with methanol and 1% acetic acid in water (95: 5) as mobile phase and a flow rate of 1 ml/min. UV detector was adjusted at 246 nm Results: The calibration curves for the α-mangostin were linear over concentrations range from 5 to 200 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient (r) 0. 9999. The coefficient of variation obtained from α-mangostin was less than 2%. LOD and LOQ of α-mangostin were 2. 122 and 7. 072 μg/ml, respectively. The levels of α-mangostin from four regions were 12. 39% for Subang, 8. 30% for Purwakarta, 6. 34% for Bogor and 5. 70% for Tasikmalaya. Conclusion: The modified HPLC method meets the validation criteria. The highest α-mangostin level and the best pericarp quality was mangosteen from Subang.


X: -3.3694499 Y: 12.142344title: Antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of different parts of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana Linn.) extracts publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Introduction. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical fruit that is famous for its edible pulp. This edible pulp makes up only 30% of the total fruit, while the remaining pericarp and seed are regarded as waste. Facing the increasing public demand for naturally safe foods and products, our study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of different parts of mangosteen, including the pericarp, pulp and seed. Materials and methods. The antioxidant capacities of mangosteen's pericarp, pulp and seed extracts were determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, whereas antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method. Results. The pericarp extract exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than those of pulp and seed extracts, with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of 122.00 μM·g-1 and ferrous sulphate equivalent antioxidant capacity (FEAC) value of 18.99 mM·g-1. All mangosteen extracts showed strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC11632, while only the pericarp extract was effective against Bacillus cereus ATCC10876. No inhibition against Escherichia coli ATCC10536 was observed. Conclusion. The outcomes of our study could facilitate future application of mangosteen waste as a biopreservative in the food industry.


X: -3.2701683 Y: 11.8495035title: Phenolic acids, flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Plants contain natural antioxidant constituents such as phenolic compounds, which
have attracted a great deal of public and scientific interest because of their healthpromoting
effects as antioxidants.A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure
for separating 15 polyphenols was used for the determination of phenolic
acids and flavonoids in the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit. Sequential hydrolysis of
the pericarp showed that phenolic acids can be released by hydrolyzing the mangosteen
pericarp under basic or acidic conditions; however, the former was more efficient
in the release of phenolic acids than the latter.The base hydrolyzed fraction also
showed to be the most potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger compared with
acid hydrolyzed fraction or unhydrolyzed fraction, which may be accounted for the
high polyphenolic content.


X: -2.4651918 Y: 11.387328title: Preparation of silver nanoparticles by Garcina mangostana stem extract and investigation of the antimicrobial properties publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The synthesis of nanoparticles using green chemistry method is an intensifying research area due to the prospective applications in nanomedicines. The purpose of this present study was to develop a simple phyto-assisted method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Garcinia mangostana stem aqueous extract as reducing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance as determined by UV–visible spectra at 430 nm. The morphology (SEM), diffraction pattern (XRD), elemental analysis (EDX) and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis) confirmed the reduction of silver ions to AgNPs with the above characterization. The XRD data predicted the characteristic diffraction peaks of the elemental silver phases and the SEM image showed spherical nanoparticles in monodisperesed nature. The antibacterial assessment of AgNPs was analyzed by measuring the inhibitory zone.


X: 0.5575248 Y: 7.315773title: Plastomes of Garcinia mangostana L. and Comparative Analysis with Other Garcinia Species publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The two varieties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) cultivated in Malaysia are known as Manggis and Mesta. The latter is preferred for its flavor, texture, and seedlessness. Here, we report a complete plastome (156,580 bp) of the Mesta variety that was obtained through a hybrid assembly approach using PacBio and Illumina sequencing reads. It encompasses a large single-copy (LSC) region (85,383 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (17,137 bp) that are separated by 27,230 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions at both ends. The plastome comprises 128 genes, namely, 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The plastome of the Manggis variety (156,582 bp) obtained from reference-guided assembly of Illumina reads was found to be nearly identical to Mesta except for two indels and the presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Comparative analyses with other publicly available Garcinia plastomes, including G. anomala, G. gummi-gutta, G. mangostana var. Thailand, G. oblongifolia, G. paucinervis, and G. pedunculata, found that the gene content, gene order, and gene orientation were highly conserved among the Garcinia species. Phylogenomic analysis divided the six Garcinia plastomes into three groups, with the Mesta and Manggis varieties clustered closer to G. anomala, G. gummi-gutta, and G. oblongifolia, while the Thailand variety clustered with G. pedunculata in another group. These findings serve as future references for the identification of species or varieties and facilitate phylogenomic analysis of lineages from the Garcinia genus to better understand their evolutionary history.


X: -4.2826686 Y: 12.192561title: Natural Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana with Multifunctional Activities for the Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Natural xanthones have diversity pharmacological activities. Here, a series of xanthones isolated from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana Linn, named α-Mangostin, 8-Deoxygartanin, Gartanin, Garciniafuran, Garcinone C, Garcinone D, and γ-Mangostin were investigated. Biological screening performed in vitro and in Escherichia coli cells indicated that most of the xanthones exhibited significant inhibition of self-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and also β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1, acted as potential antioxidants and biometal chelators. Among these compounds, α-Mangostin, Gartanin, Garcinone C and γ-Mangostin showed better antioxidant properties to scavenge Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical than Trolox, and potent neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death partly by up-regulating HO-1 protein level and then scavenging reactive oxygen species. Moreover, Gartanin, Garcinone C and γ-Mangostin could be able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. These findings suggest that the natural xanthones have multifunctional activities against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and could be promising compounds for the therapy of AD.


X: -2.7574568 Y: 11.365935title: Electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats loaded with Garcinia mangostana extracts publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats and to incorporate the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana (GM) extracts into the mats. Chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/polyvinyl alcohol (CS-EDTA/PVA) was selected as the polymers. The GM extracts with 1, 2 and 3% wt α-mangostin were incorporated into the CS-EDTA/PVA solution and electrospun to obtain nanofibers. The morphology and diameters of the mats were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical and swelling properties were investigated. The amount of GM extracts was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidative activity, antibacterial activity, extract release and stability of the mats were evaluated. In vivo wound healing tests were also performed in Wistar rats. The results indicated that the diameters of the fibers were on the nanoscale and that no crystals of the extract were observed in the mats at any concentration. The mats provided suitable tensile strength and swelling properties. All of the mats exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activity. During the wound healing test, the mats accelerated the rate of healing when compared to the control (gauze-covered). The mats maintained 90% of their content of α-mangostin for 3 months. In conclusion, the chitosan-based nanofiber mats loaded with GM extracts were successfully prepared using the electrospinning method. These nanofiber mats loaded with GM extracts may provide a good alternative for accelerating wound healing.


X: -2.9110563 Y: 12.188863title: A MYB transcription factor regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in mangosteen ( publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit undergo rapid red colour development, both on the tree and after harvest, resulting in high anthocyanin production in the pericarp. Here, we report the isolation of three full-length mangosteen MYB transcription factors (GmMYB1, GmMYB7 and GmMYB10) and all the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes (GmPal to GmUFGT). Phylogenetic analysis at the protein level of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family showed GmMYB10 had a high degree of similarity with production of anthocyanin pigment1 in Arabidopsis and as well as sequences from other plant species related to the elevation of anthocyanin pigmentation. In transient transactivation assays, GmMYB10, co-expressed with AtbHLH2, strongly activated the GmDFR and AtDFR promoters. Transcripts of GmMYB10 and GmUFGT were highly abundant with onset of pigmentation and subsequently during red colouration. Our results suggest that GmMYB10 plays an important role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis both on the tree and after harvest, while GmUFGT may be a key biosynthetic gene in mangosteen pigmentation. The expression patterns of GmMYB10 and GmUFGT correlated with ethylene production that increased linearly until stage 5 (dark purple) and decreased thereafter. 1-Methycyclopropene (1-MCP) clearly delayed red colouration with resulting down-regulation of GmMYB10. These results suggest that the effect of ethylene on anthocyanin biosynthesis may be via the regulation of GmMYB10 expression.


X: -4.332735 Y: 11.429027title: Isolation, structural elucidation, and immunoregulation properties of an arabinofuranan from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: In our searching for new polysaccharides as immunomodulatory agents, an arabinofuranan (GMP90-1) was purified and characterized from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L. GMP90-1 (absolute molecular weight: 5.30 × 10³ g/mol) was found to compose of arabinose, galactose, and rhamnose. The backbone of GMP90-1 was determined as (1→5)-linked α-l-Araf, (1→2,3,5)-linked α-l-Araf, (1→3,5)-linked α-l-Araf, (1→6)-linked β-d-Galp, and (1→2)-linked α-l-Rhap. Conformational analysis revealed GMP90-1 to exist as a rigid rod structure in sodium chloride solution. To explore its potential as immunomodulatory agents, an in vitro cell screening was performed and GMP90-1 was found to significantly enhance the phagocytic uptake of neutral red and improve the secreted level of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) of macrophages. Furthermore, the cellular immunomodulatory activities were confirmed by the in vivo zebrafish experiment, which suggested GMP90-1 with immunomodulatory effects could be considered as a potential immunomodulatory for immune diseases.


X: -3.2156384 Y: 11.855098title: Protein-binding and antioxidant potential of phenolics of mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Phenolics were extracted from mangosteen fruit parts with 70% (v/v) aqueous acetone. The yield of crude extracts of phenolics (CP) ranged from 5.8% to 7.9%. The total phenolics (TPH) content ranged from 9.3mg to over 250mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of extract in the edible aril and skin, respectively. The formation of phenolic–protein complexes was assayed by both the dye-labelled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the fluorescence quenching methods. Phenolics from peel and rind displayed a strong protein-precipitating potential. On the other hand, phenolics from edible aril exhibited greater affinity for BSA, as determined by the fluorescence quenching assay. The static quenching was the dominant mode of quenching of BSA fluorescence by mangosteen fruit phenolics. Mangosteen phenolics occupied two binding sites on BSA molecules located most likely in or near both tryptophan residues in the BSA molecule acting as an intrinsic fluorescence probe.


X: -4.6595917 Y: 11.950044title: Cytotoxic effect of xanthones from pericarp of the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) on human melanoma cells publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a tropical tree from South East Asia and its fruit pericarp is a well-known traditional medicine. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of three xanthone compounds (α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and 8-deoxygartanin) from mangosteen pericarp was investigated using the human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. Significant dose-dependent reduction in % cell viability was induced. γ-Mangostin and 8-deoxygartanine at 5 μg/ml increased the cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase (90% and 92%) compared with untreated cells (78%). All compounds induced apoptosis, of the highest being α-mangostin at 7.5 μg/ml that induced 59.6% early apoptosis, compared to 1.7% in untreated cells. The apoptotic effect of α-mangostin was via caspase activation and disruption of mitochondrial membrane pathways as evidenced by 25-fold increased caspase-3 activity and 9-fold decreased mitochondrial membrane potential when compared to untreated cells. In conclusion, these xanthones, especially α-mangostin, are potential candidates as anti-melanoma agents.


X: -3.851422 Y: 12.286275title: Anti-HIV-1 protease activities of crude extracts of some Garcinia species growing in Tanzania publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Eighteenth ethanol extracts from some Garcinia species in the Guttiferae (Clusiaceae) family collected in Tanzania were investigated for their HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) inhibitory activities using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the tested extracts, the fruit hulls of Garcinia semseii showed the most potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 PR with an IC 50 value of 5.7 µg/ml followed by the stem bark extracts of Garcinia edulis and Garcinia kingaensis with IC 50 values of 9.2 and 15.2 µg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening of extracts indicated mostly the presence of phenolic and steroidal compounds.


X: -4.3167467 Y: 12.324286title: Mangostanaxanthone VIII, a new xanthone from Garcinia mangostana and its cytotoxic activity publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new prenylated xanthone, mangostanaxanthone VIII (7) and six known metabolites: gartanin (1), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-xanthone (2), rubraxanthone (3), 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-8-prenylxanthone (4), garcinone C (5), and xanthone I (9-hydroxycalabaxanthone) (6) were separated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of the air-dried pericarps of Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae). Their structures have been verified on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis as well as comparison with the literature. The cytotoxic activity of 7 was assessed against MCF7, A549, and HCT116 cell lines using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Compound 7 showed significant cytotoxic potential against MCF7 and A549 cell lines with IC50s 3.01 and 1.96 μM, respectively compared to doxorubicin (0.06 and 0.44 μM, respectively). However, it exhibited moderate activity towards HCT116 cell line.


X: 0.75442725 Y: 7.564504title: Emergence of Multiple Seedlings from Seed of Garcinia Mangostana L.(Clusiaceae) publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Polyembryony is the formation of multiple embryos in a single seed. It was reported to occur in Garcinia mangostana through sporophytic adventitious embryony. This paper reports new insight of multiple shoot formation on seed of G. mangostana and a different finding compare to previous studies. A germination study was carried out during the July to August mangosteen fruiting season at University Agriculture Park, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Ten trees were randomly selected and 20 fruits samples were collected. From each fruit, only the biggest seed was used. Seed was disinfected using benomyl and sown on sterilized sand. Flower buds and flowers were also collected. Histological studies were carried out following the TBA series and dyed with Fast Green and Safranin O. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, samples were fixed in 70% formalin acetic acid and dehydrated using critical point dryer. Samples were mounted on aluminum stubs and finally coated twice with gold for two minutes. The percentage of seed germination was 47% and from that 11% of seeds were with multiple shoots. The morphology of the mangosteen seed was made of hypocotyl with two long strips of vascular bundle. From the histology and SEM, it was shown that shoot and root arises from the end of the vascular bundle. It was also observed that in some instance there were two ovules per locule that further developed into hypocotyls. The hypocotyls carrying their own vascular bundles will unite and enclosed by a single testa and form the "seed". From each hypocotyl single shoot will emerged. When there are two to three hypocotyls united, two to three shoot will emerged thus displaying multiple shoots per seed. This study concluded that the term polyembryony is not suitable because there was only a single embryo per hypocotyl.


X: -3.7756422 Y: 11.552052title: A review on phytochemical constituents, role on metabolic diseases, and toxicological assessments of underutilized part of Garcinia mangostana L. fruit publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Metabolic diseases are one of the problems in public health and become the major causes of mortality. These have led
the scientist to solve the metabolic disease-related problems by exploring some natural medicine and phytochemicals
to prevent and to treat them. One of the plant medicines potential to be developed is Garcinia mangostana L. or
mangosteen which belongs to the family Clusiaceae. The underutilized part of the fruit including pericarp and seed is
a promising candidate as herbal medicine, particularly to treat and to prevent the metabolic diseases. This review was
aimed to update some research findings regarding the biological activities of the underutilized parts of mangosteen
(pericarp and seed) along with phytochemical components. During this review, some information which are relevant
to the study have been compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engines, including ScienceDirect,
PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other scientific electronic resources. Additional literature works were
obtained from book chapters, books, websites, government reports, and other related sources. The underutilized part
of mangosteen fruit is rich in xanthone derivatives as value-added constituents. The pericarp and seed also contain
the derivatives of benzophenones, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. This study highlighted on the possible medicinal
properties, especially for metabolic diseases such as obesity and lipid metabolism disorder, high blood pressure,
diabetes along with its complication, and cancer. Besides, toxicological assessments were discussed to ensure the
safety and trust of the consumers.


X: -3.98156 Y: 11.455443title: Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of the Extract from Garcinia mangostana Linn publish year: 2005 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Garcinia mangostana Linn., Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn., Cyperus rotundus L. and Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau were tested in mice using carrageenan induced paw edema. All extracts (5 g/kg, p.o.) had anti-inflammatory activity at 3 h (P<0.01) and 6 h (P<0.001). Among all the extracts studied, the extract of G. mangostana showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity with 45% inhibition at these two time points. The result of dose response study (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 g/kg, p.o.) showed dose-dependent activity. INTRODUCTION Arthritis is one of the most distressing and disabling syndromes encountered in medical practice. In modern medicine, steroidal and non-steroidal (NSAIDs) drugs are used to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis. However, these drugs have the risk of peptic ulcer, and additionally the steroidal drugs suppress bone marrow and adrenal gland. At the present time, scientists are in search of better drugs and medicinal plants. Thailand has numerous medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activity. Plants of interest are Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau, Nyctanthes arbor tristis Linn., Cyperus rotundus L., Garcinia mangostana Linn., and Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. G. mangostana extract also has antibacterial activity which maybe useful for the treatment of infectious inflammation (Sindermsuk et al., 1989). Earlier reports (Satayavivad et al., 1996; Saxena et al., 1984; Gupta et al., 1980; Charuumanee et al., 2001; Meunwongyat, 1994) indicate antiinflammatory activity of ethanol (C. nutans, N. arbor tristis, and C. rotundus), and boiling water (G. mangostana) extracts. Since the anti-inflammatory activity and toxicity of these 5 extracts has not been compared previously, we compared the anti-inflammatory activity, efficacy and toxicity of these plant extracts. The extract with greater activities and safety will be chosen for further development as topical anti-inflammatory preparation for arthritis.


X: -3.5298517 Y: 12.385213title: Antibiofilm activity of α-mangostin against Staphylococcus aureus publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Objective
To isolate α-mangostin (AMG) from the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), grown in Vietnam, and to investigate antibiofilm activity of this compound against three Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains, one of which was methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and the other two strains were methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA).

Methods
AMG in n-hexane fraction was isolated on a silica gel column and chemically analyzed by HPLC and NMR. The antibiofilm activity of this compound was investigated by using a 96-well plate model for the formation of biofilms. Biofilm biomass was quantified using crystal violet. The viability of cells was observed under confocal microscopy using LIVE/DEAD BacLight stains. Biofilm composition was determined using specific chemical and enzyme tests for polysaccharide, protein and DNA. Membrane-damaging activity was assayed by measuring the hemolysis of human red blood cells in presence of AMG.

Results
The results indicated that the isolated AMG, with a purity that exceeded 98%, had minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 4.6–9.2 μmol/L for the three strains tested. Interestingly, the MSSA strains were more sensitive to AMG than the MRSA strain. Minimal bactericidal concentrations were 2-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration values for the three strains, indicating that AMG was a bactericidal compound. AMG also prevented biofilm formation effectively, albeit that again the MRSA strain was the most resistant. Interestingly, biofilms of the MRSA strain contained protein as a main component of the extracellular matrix, whereas this was polysaccharide in the MSSA strains. This might relate to the resistance of the MRSA 252 strain to AMG. Assays using human red blood cells indicated that AMG caused significant membrane damage with 50% of cell lysis occurred at concentration of about 36 μmol/L.

Conclusions
Our results provide evidence that the isolated AMG has inhibitory activity against biofilm formation by S. aureus, including MRSA. Thus, isolated AMG proposes a high potential to develop a novel phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of MRSA.


X: 0.04531726 Y: 7.9935393title: Growth and fruit development of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) in related with plant nutrients during phenological development publish year: 2005 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The imbalance or deficiency of essential nutrients in soils and plant may cause poor fruit quality of mangosteen fruit; translucent flesh disorder (TFD) and internal gumming fruits. Therefore, an investigation of nutrient changes in soils and plant (root, branch, leaf and fruit) of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) during phenological development is a useful guideline for fertilizer management. This research aimed to investigate the pattern of plant nutrients accumulation and nutrient requirement during phenological development of the mangosteen trees. Soil sampling was taken at 4 depths; 0-15, 15-30, 30-50 and 50-100 cm, from soil surface around the middle of the tree canopy and analyzed for some important chemical and physical properties. Roots, branches, leaves and fruits from mangosteen trees at 4 periods of growth; preflowering, flowering, fruit development (from bloom to 7th week) and harvesting were sampled, and analyzed related to the changes of soil nutrients. The results indicated that the soil texture varied from sandy clay loam to clay loam (Ruso soil series (Ro); Typic Pelehumults). In addition, the natural soils in mangosteen orchards was strong acid to very strong acid (pH 4.62-4.93, soil:water = 1:5). Mangosteen trees might take high amounts of nutrients from the surface soils (0-15 cm) as follows: N, K, Mg and S for growth in the preflowering period; N, K, S and B in the flowering period; K, Ca and Mg in the 1st half of fruit development period (bloom to 7th week of fruit development) and P in the 2nd half of fruit development period (7th week of fruit development to harvest) compared to other growth periods. The results also showed that in the root, branch and leaf, mangosteen trees required higher amounts of Ca for growth in the preflowering period; K, Mg and S in the flowering period; N in the 1st half of fruit development period and K, Mg and B in the 2nd half of fruit development period compared to other growth periods. In the fruit, N, K, Ca and B contents in the peel of normal fruit were higher than those of TFD fruit, whereas K, Ca, S and B contents in the flesh of normal fruit were higher than those of TFD fruit.


X: -4.3666506 Y: 12.338998title: Nitric oxide inhibitory xanthones from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Clusiaceae) is called “queen of fruit” in Southeast Asia. In the current study, three dimeric xanthones, garcinoxanthones A–C, and four monomeric xanthones, garcinoxanthones D–G, together with 18 known xanthones, were isolated from the pericarps of G. mangostana, collected in Thailand. The structures of garcinoxanthones A–G were elucidated by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR and other spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined by the CD spectra. All seven compounds were tested for nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Garcinoxanthones B and C significantly inhibited NO production with IC50 values of 11.3 ± 1.7 and 18.0 ± 1.8 μM, respectively, which were comparable with the positive control indomethacin (IC50 3.9 ± 0.3 μM). Moreover, garcinoxanthone B suppressed inducible NO synthase expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results reveal the presence of rare dimeric xanthones in G. mangostana and their NO inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cells.


X: -2.8410482 Y: 11.542397title: Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Stabilized by a Garcinia mangostana Fruit Peel Extract for Hyperthermia and Anticancer Activities publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Introduction:
Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) with multiple functionalities are intriguing candidates for various biomedical applications.

Materials and methods:
This study introduced a simple and green synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs using a low-cost stabilizer of plant waste extract rich in polyphenols content with a well-known antioxidant property as well as anticancer ability to eliminate colon cancer cells. Herein, Fe3O4 NPs were fabricated via a facile co-precipitation method using the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel as a green stabilizer at different weight percentages (1, 2, 5, and 10 wt.%). The samples were analyzed for magnetic hyperthermia and then in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed.

Results:
The XRD planes of the samples were corresponding to the standard magnetite Fe3O4 with high crystallinity. From TEM analysis, the green synthesized NPs were spherical with an average size of 13.42±1.58 nm and displayed diffraction rings of the Fe3O4 phase, which was in good agreement with the obtained XRD results. FESEM images showed that the extract covered the surface of the Fe3O4 NPs well. The magnetization values for the magnetite samples were ranging from 49.80 emu/g to 69.42 emu/g. FTIR analysis verified the functional groups of the extract compounds and their interactions with the NPs. Based on DLS results, the hydrodynamic sizes of the Fe3O4 nanofluids were below 177 nm. Furthermore, the nanofluids indicated the zeta potential values up to -34.92±1.26 mV and remained stable during four weeks of storage, showing that the extract favorably improved the colloidal stability of the Fe3O4 NPs. In the hyperthermia experiment, the magnetic nanofluids showed the acceptable specific absorption rate (SAR) values and thermosensitive performances under exposure of various alternating magnetic fields. From results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay, the killing effects of the synthesized samples against HCT116 colon cancer cells were mostly higher compared to those against CCD112 colon normal cells. Remarkably, the Fe3O4 NPs containing 10 wt.% of the extract showed a lower IC50 value (99.80 µg/mL) in HCT116 colon cancer cell line than in CCD112 colon normal cell line (140.80 µg/mL).

Discussion:
This research, therefore, introduced a new stabilizer of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract for the biosynthesis of Fe3O4 NPs with desirable physiochemical properties for potential magnetic hyperthermia and colon cancer treatment.


X: -3.4716418 Y: 11.95056title: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of xanthones with antioxidant activity from Garcinia mangostana: Characterization by HPLC/LC–ESI-MS publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The xanthones from mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana ) pericarp was extracted with and without alcohol as entrainer at 30 MPa and 50 °C in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). It was found that entrainer increases the rate of extraction and yield substantially. SC-CO 2 + ethanol (4%) at 20 MPa, 40 °C was investigated by HPLC/LC–ESI-MS for characterization of the xanthones. From liquid chromatography electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) spectra, 12 components were structurally correlated and confirmed based on the fragmentation characteristics and information available in the literature. The occurrence of these xanthone in SC-CO 2 extract is reported for first time in G. mangostana species. The antioxidant activities of SC-CO 2 were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (IC 50 = 41.8 μg/mL), lipid peroxidation (IC 50 = 21.5 μg/mL), hydroxyl radicals site specific (IC 50 = 30.0 μg/mL) and hydroxyl radicals non-site specific (IC 50


X: -4.526081 Y: 12.084908title: Garcinia mangostana : a source of potential anti-cancer lead compounds against CEM-SS cell line publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Our current interest in searching for natural anti-cancer lead compounds from plants has led us to the discovery that the stem and roots of Garcinia mangostana can be a source of such compounds. The stem furnished 2,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone (1), which is a new xanthone. Meanwhile, the root bark of the plant furnished six xanthones, namely alpha-mangostin (2), beta-mangostin (3), gamma-mangostin (4), garcinone D (5), mangostanol (6), and gartanin (7). The hexane and chloroform extracts of the root bark of G. mangostana as well as the hexane extract of the stem bark were found to be active against the CEM-SS cell line. gamma-Mangostin (4) showed good activity with a very low IC(50) value of 4.7 microg/ml, while alpha-mangostin (2), mangostanol (6), and garcinone D (5) showed significant activities with IC(50) values of 5.5, 9.6, and 3.2 microg/ml, respectively. This is the first report on the cytotoxicity of the extracts of the stem and root bark of G. mangostana and of alpha-mangostin, mangostanol, and garcinone D against the CEM-SS cell line.


X: -3.811475 Y: 11.938738title: Efficacy of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen rind extract) to reduce acne severity publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background: In vitro studies showed that extract of mangosteen rind (EMR) (Garcinia mangostana L.) containing xanthones has antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and also anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of EMR in reducing acne vulgaris (AV).Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial was done on 94 subjects (18-30 years) with mild and moderate AV. The treatment group was given 400 mg EMR 3 times daily orally, for 3 weeks and control group was given placebo capsules. As a standard therapy, all subjects were given a topical cream of 0.025% retinoic acid applied on acne lesions during night time. Efficacy was assessed by counting the acne lesion number as well as proportion of subjects with more than 20% decrease in lesion. The decrease of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also measured.Results: After 3 weeks of treatment, acne lesion counts was significantly reduced in both groups [from 934 to 584 lesion (37%) in treatment group, p < 0.001 and from 832 to 608 lesion (27%) in control group, p < 0.001]. Comparison between the two groups revealed a non significant difference (p > 0.55). The proportion of subjects whose acne lesion reduced ≥ 20% was 73% (33 of 45 subjects) in treatment group vs 66% (27 of 41 subjects) in control (p > 0.2). The level MDA was reduced from 1.16 to 1.02 nmol/mL in treatment group and from 1.32 become 1.02 nmol/mL in control (p > 0.48).Conclusion: Extract of mangosteen rind given orally for 3 weeks clinically reduced acne severity better than placebo, although statistically was not significant. Antioxidant effect of EMR seem to be unspecific in reducing acne severity. (Med J Indones. 2013;22:167-72. doi: 10.13181/mji.v22i3.586) Keywords: Acne vulgaris, malondialdehyde, mangosteen rind extract, retinoid acid


X: -4.7179747 Y: 11.760912title: Anti-skin cancer properties of phenolic-rich extract from the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Skin cancers are often resistant to conventional chemotherapy. This study examined the anti-skin cancer properties of crude ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp (MPEE) on human squamous cell carcinoma A-431 and melanoma SK-MEL-28 lines. Significant dose-dependent reduction in% viability was observed for these cell lines, with less effect on human normal skin fibroblast CCD-1064Sk and keratinocyte HaCaT cell lines. Cell distribution in G(1) phase (93%) significantly increased after 10 μg/ml of MPEE versus untreated SK-MEL-28 cells (78%), which was associated with enhanced p21(WAF1) mRNA levels. In A-431 cells, 10 μg/ml MPEE significantly increased the sub G(1) peak (15%) with concomitant decrease in G(1) phase over untreated cells (2%). In A-431 cells, 10 μg/ml MPEE induced an 18% increase in early apoptosis versus untreated cells (2%). This was via caspase activation (15-, 3- and 4-fold increased caspse-3/7, 8, and 9 activities), and disruption of mitochondrial pathways (6-fold decreased mitochondrial membrane potential versus untreated cells). Real-time PCR revealed increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cytochrome c release, and decreased Akt1. Apoptosis was significantly increased after MPEE treatment of SK-MEL-28 cells. Hence, MPEE showed strong anti-skin cancer effect on these two skin cancer cell lines, with potential as an anti-skin cancer agent.


X: -4.7772512 Y: 11.827905title: Apoptotic Effects of γ-Mangostin from the Fruit Hull of Garcinia mangostana on Human Malignant Glioma Cells publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Gliomas are a common type of primary brain tumor with glioblastoma multiforme accounting for the majority of human brain tumors. In this paper, high grade human malignant glioblastomas (MGs) including U87 MG and GBM 8401 were used to evaluate the antitumor effects of γ-mangostin, a xanthone derivative isolated and purified from the hull of the tropical fruit Garcinia mangostana. The γ-mangostin showed potent antiproliferative activity toward MGs in dose- and time-dependent manners. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of cell morphology in the apoptotic cells revealed an increase in hypodiploid cells in γ-mangostin treated U87 MG and GBM 8401 cells, while significant enhancement of intracellular peroxide production was detected in the same γ-mangostin treated cells by DCHDA assay and DiOC(6)(3) stain. g-Mangostin induced apoptosis, which in turn mediates cytotoxicity in human MG cells was prevented by the addition of catalase. Naturally derived medicines and herbal therapies are drawing increasing attention in regard to the treatment of many health issues, and this includes the testing of new phytochemicals or nutrients for brain tumor patients. This has led to γ-mangostin being identified as a potential leading compound for the development of an anti-brain tumor agent.


X: -3.967336 Y: 12.610579title: Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activity of Xanthones Obtained via Semi-Synthetic Modification of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The microbial contamination in food packaging has been a major concern that has paved the way to search for novel, natural anti-microbial agents, such as modified α-mangostin. In the present study, twelve synthetic analogs were obtained through semi-synthetic modification of α-mangostin by Ritter reaction, reduction by palladium-carbon (Pd-C), alkylation, and acetylation. The evaluation of the anti-microbial potential of the synthetic analogs showed higher bactericidal activity than the parent molecule. The anti-microbial studies proved that IE showed high anti-bacterial activity whereas II showed the highest anti-fungal activity. Due to their microbicidal potential, modified α-mangostin derivatives could be utilized as active anti-microbial agents in materials for the biomedical and food industry.


X: -4.327556 Y: 12.438227title: Mangostanaxanthone VIIII, a new xanthone from Garcinia mangostana pericarps, α-amylase inhibitory activity, and molecular docking studies publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new xanthone: mangostanaxanthone VIIII [1,3,5,6,7-pentahydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl) xanthone] (5) and four known xanthones: mangostanaxanthones I (1) and II (2), γ-mangostin (3), and mangostanaxanthone VII (4) were separated and characterized from the acetone fraction of Garcinia mangostana L., Clusiaceae (mangosteen) pericarps. Their structures were established based on various spectroscopic analyses in addition to HRMS and comparison with the literature. The α-amylase inhibitory potential of the isolated metabolites was evaluated. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 had the highest activity with % inhibition 72.5, 86.5, and 81.8, respectively compared to acarbose (97.1%, reference α-amylase inhibitor). The molecular docking study of the tested metabolites was estimated to shade up the rational explanation of the α-amylase inhibitory activity results. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using Swiss ADME. It is noteworthy that 1, 2, and 5 had similar binding poses as the X-ray crystal structure of acarbose, whereas the other metabolites possessed different binding mode that decreased their inhibitory capacity. Thus, these data reinforced the health benefit of mangosteen as an alternative medicine to help lowering the postprandial glucose absorption. Therefore, it could have a good potential for the treatment of diabetes.


X: -3.9077947 Y: 11.382867title: Chronic Toxicity Study of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp Extract publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Ethanolic extracts from fruit pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) possess many biological and pharmacological activities. However, chronic toxicity study of ethanolic extract has never been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of 95% ethanolic extract from mangosteen pericarp in animal model. The oral administration of the extract was performed in 180 Wistar rats randomly allocated to six groups, each of 15/sex. Group 1 was control group receiving distilled water. Group 2 to 6 were treatment groups receiving the extract at the doses of 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 1000 mg/kg/day for six months respectively. The last group was assigned to be the satellite group for the study of reversibility of the extract effects after two-week of extract withdrawal. The results revealed that the highest dose extract produced significantly lower body weights in both male and female rats, compared to their corresponding control groups. The extract at any tested doses did not affect the animals' behavior, health status and nor did produce any abnormality of clinical manifestations and hematological values. Clinical chemistry results showed that the male rats treated with 500 mg/kg/day extract onward had significantly higher ALT than their control group. Both male and female receiving the highest dose extract had significantly higher AST, whereas their glucose levels were significantly lower when compared to their corresponding control groups. The male rats of the highest dose and satellite groups had significantly higher BUN values than their control group. The female rats receiving the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day onward had significantly higher BUN and creatinine values than their control group. Histopathological results of visceral organs revealed no significant lesion related to the extract; except the satellite group of both sexes, which had significantly higher lesion of centrilobular hydropic degeneration in their livers than the corresponding control groups. Such alteration may be caused by the highest dose mangosteen pericarp extract. In conclusion, the high dose mangosteen pericarp extract affected liver and kidney. Safety of chemical constituents in the extract should be further investigated before the usage for health promotion.


X: -3.6624832 Y: 12.281367title: Prenylated Xanthone Composition of
Garcinia mangostana
(Mangosteen) Fruit Hull publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Fourteen prenylated xanthones found in mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana L., have been simultaneously separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with water–acetonitrile gradient
elution and diode-array detection. The separated xanthones were detected at 254nm. This new method was developed to establish
a chemical fingerprint of the major constituents of mangosteen. It was also used for quantitative analysis of the two major
xanthones in crude extracts of mangosteen fruit hull. This chemical fingerprint of G. mangostana extract can be used for comprehensive quality-control of mangosteen extract.


X: -3.2624383 Y: 11.738579title: Antioxidant efficacy of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) peel extracts in sunflower oil during accelerated storage publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study evaluated the efficacy of mangosteen peel extracts (100 and 200 ppm) in stabilizing sunflower oil was tested under accelerated storage (65 °C) for a period of 24 days in this study. BHA and α-tocopherol were used as comparative standards besides the control. Established parameters such as peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), p-anisidine value (p-AnV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and free fatty acid (FFA) content were used to assess the extent of oil deterioration. After 24 days storage at 65 °C, sunflower oil containing 200 ppm extract of mangosteen peel showed significant lower PV and TOTOX compared to BHA and α-tocopherol. TBARS, p-AnV and FFA values of sunflower oil containing 200 ppm of mangosteen peel extract exhibited comparable inhibitory effects with BHA. Mangosteen peel extract at 200 ppm exhibited inhibitory effect against both primary and secondary oxidation up to 24 days under accelerated storage conditions. Thus, it is suggested that mangosteen peel extract may be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants in the application of food industry to suppress lipid oxidation.


X: -3.7120976 Y: 12.184488title: Topical application of Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp gel as an adjunct to periodontal treatment publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: To evaluate the effects of gel containing Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract (GM gel) applied topically as an adjunct to periodontal treatment.
Subjects who had periodontal pockets on their single-rooted teeth were randomized into the test or control group. Subjects in the test group received periodontal treatment consisting of scaling, root planing and subgingival application of GM gel while those in the control group received scaling and root planing without GM gel application.
Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Thailand.
Clinical parameters included probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI). Microbiological parameter included subgingival microbial composition as examined by phase contrast microscopy.
Clinical improvement compared to baseline was found in both groups (P < 0.05). The test group exhibited significantly higher reduction in mean PPD, GI and BOP than the control group at the 3rd month after treatment (P < 0.05). Subgingival microbial composition changed from diseased state to that compatible with health after treatment in both groups. However, significant differences between groups were found only in the mean percentage of cocci at the 1st and 3rd month after treatment (P < 0.05).
GM gel could enhance the clinical effects of periodontal treatment.


X: -2.8018773 Y: 12.161678title: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): A Potential Crop for Increasing Incomes of Island Farmers publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen is popularly known as the ‘Queen of Tropical Fruits’ owing to its delicious taste. Demand for fruits has increased in recent times and is being met by cultivation in non-traditional areas. An attempt was made to know cultivation suitability of mangosteen in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Fruits grown in South Andaman and Little Andaman were evaluated for physicochemical parameters. Results revealed that fruit morphological characters varied with collection. Pulp content in island grown fruits varied from 27.3% to 35.7%, while total soluble solids content of
pulp was in the range of 16.0 to 22.5 °B. This suggested comparable and even better pulp recovery and sweetness in island grown fruits than earlier reports from abroad. pH of pulp was in acidic range (3.8 to 4.4). Possible bottlenecks in cultivation and initiatives undertaken at authors’ institute have been discussed. Further, roadmap for promotion of
cultivation of mangosteen in the islands has also been given. Considering the findings, mangosteen could be a potential crop for backyard as well as commercial scale cultivation in the islands.


X: -3.7720644 Y: 11.533489title: Evaluation of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) antioxidant activity in clinical trials and in vivo animal studies: A systematic review publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), a tropical fruit highly studied because of its potent antioxidant activity, has been utilized as supplements to alleviate chronic diseases related to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and others. Regardless, previous studies evaluating mangosteen antioxidant activity in vivo showed conflicting results toward oxidant-related diseases, and an extensive review summarizing its antioxidant effect on oxidant-related diseases was not available. Based on these, our study aimed to systematically evaluate scientific evidence of mangosteen antioxidant activity on animal models and clinical trials regarding its role in improving oxidant-related diseases. Results showed that the administration of either mangosteen extract, isolated compound, or commercialized product was able to increase antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as reduce oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde. They were also shown to improve disease-related parameters in type II diabetes models, cardiovascular models, neurological disorder models, liver and kidney injury models, and stress-induced models. However, in clinical trials, most of the studies used commercialized mangosteen-based products that contain additional antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the results were deemed inconclusive and more clinical studies of mangosteen antioxidant activity in oxidant-related diseases are needed.


X: -2.7173598 Y: 11.558233title: Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp and their photocatalytic activity publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: We reported a facile, green and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous extract of Garcinia mangostana (G. mangostana) fruit pericarp as reducing agent as well as capping agent. Biosynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by various analytical tools using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that ZnO NPs synthesized by aqueous extract of G. mangostana fruit pericarp with high purity, mostly spherical in shape with an average size of 21 nm. The photocatalytic activity of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was evaluated by carrying out the degradation of malachite green dye under solar irradiation. The extent of MG dye degradation was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring absorbance at its characteristics λmax value of 615 nm. Degradation products were detected using liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometry technique. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs showed an excellent photocatalyst performance due to the small size and high purity.


X: -3.2063262 Y: 11.88204title: Selected Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of α-Mangostin from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This research considers the application of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) as green solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds, mainly α-mangostin, from the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). Extractions were carried out using NADES consisting of choline chloride, a quarternary ammonium salt, and four hydrogen bond donors: 1,2-propanediol, citric acid, glycerol, and glucose. The highest α-mangostin extraction yield of 2.6 % (w/w) in dried pericarp was obtained using a mixture of choline chloride and 1,2-propanediol in 1:3 mole ratio. The presence of hydrogen bonding was indicated by the broadening of the OH peak in the infra-red spectra of the NADES used. The polarity and viscosity data of NADES were determined to describe the solubility of -mangostin. The decomposition and glass transition temperatures were determined in order to study their thermal behavior and stability. The results of this study suggest that NADES made of choline chloride and diol-based hydrogen bond donors are effective for the extraction of bioactive compounds from the mangosteen pericarp.


X: -3.5949652 Y: 12.145466title: A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Xanthones are significant bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarps. A xanthone is a phenolic compound and versatile scaffold that consists of a tricyclic xanthene-9-one structure. A xanthone may exist in glycosides, aglycones, monomers or polymers. It is well known that xanthones possess a multitude of beneficial properties, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, xanthones can be used as raw material and/or an ingredient in many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Although xanthones can be used in various therapeutic and functional applications, their properties and stability are determined by their extraction procedures. Extracting high-quality xanthones from mangosteen with effective therapeutic effects could be challenging if the extraction method is insufficient. Although several extraction processes are in use today, their efficiency has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction procedure is imperative to recover substantial yields of xanthones with enhanced functionality from mangosteens. Hence, the present review will assist in establishing a precise scenario for finding the most appropriate extraction method for xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by critically analyzing various conventional and unconventional extraction methods and their ability to preserve the stability and biological effects of xanthones.


X: -4.2965784 Y: 12.3046title: New benzophenones and a dihydroflavanonol from Garcinia mangostana pericarps and their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Two new benzophenone derivatives [2,4,6,3`,4`,6`-hexahydroxybenzophenone (5) and 6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2,4,6,3`,4`,6`-hexahydroxybenzophenone (8)], one new dihydroflavanonol derivative [2R,3R-5,7-dihydroxy-8-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4`-methoxy-2,3-dihydroflavon-3-ol (9)], and six known metabolites [β-mangostin (1), garcinone E (2), α-mangostin (3), mangostanaxanthone IV (4), epicatechin (6), and garcimangosone D (7)] were separated from the EtOAc fraction of Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae) pericarps. Their characterization was accomplished by various spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with the literature data. Compounds 5, 8, and 9 were assessed for their antioxidant potential using DPPH assay. They exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50s 21.6, 43.5, and 36.4 μg/mL, respectively in comparison to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC50 26.3 μg/mL). In addition, the cytotoxic activities of 5, 8, and 9 were assessed towards lung carcinoma (A549), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT-116), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Compound 5 possessed cytotoxic potential towards A549 (IC50 1.4) and HCT-116 (IC50 1.8 μM) in comparison to that of doxorubicin (IC50s 0.6 and 0.2 μM, respectively). While 8 exhibited activity with IC50 1.9 μM towards HCT-116. These findings could provide evidence to support the traditional use of G. mangostana for the treatment of chronic or degenerative illnesses.


X: -3.441193 Y: 11.859258title: The characteristics of the pericarp of garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) extract as natural antioxidants in rendang publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The purpose of this study is to determine the role of pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (commonly known as Mangosteen ) extract as natural antioxidants in rendang . The materials used in this study were obtained from Mangosteen of Pariaman, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Xhantones were extracted from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana by using ethanol. The rendang were made with additional Mangosteen extract: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. The data obtained were processed statistically. If treatment showed significant results (P <0.05), it then further tested by using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with SPSS method. Results indicated that pericarp of Mangosteen produces the antioxidants. Xanthones content of Mangosteen extract was 37.5 mg/100ml. Another component were found: total phenolic content 90 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/g dry weight) mg GAE/g, tannins 3.02% and anthocyanins 1.85%. The organoleptic test showed that addition of the extract in rendang was not significant (P>0.05) and addition of mangosteen extract could extend the storage life of rendang.


X: -3.8603866 Y: 11.725891title: Biological properties in relation to health promotion effects of Garcinia mangostana (queen of fruit) A short report publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Purpose – For the prevention and cure of disease, patient use various types of chemical and drug agents. Along with their curative effect, almost all drugs have some destructive effects and side-effects. Due to the minimal and/or none of unwanted side-effect, recently, the use of herbal remedy as the drug of choice becomes the preference choice. The mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, contains various types of polyphenols. It has been used as a traditional medicine from the ancient times till present days. The purpose of this paper is to
investigate the biological properties of mangosteen in relation to health promotion effects.

Design/methodology/approach – Several research papers from well-known database (such as PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus and Sciencedirect) were reviewed without considering publication-times to
understand the biological properties of mangosteen.

Findings – Mangosteen and its xanthone exerted diverse biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-bacteria, anti-fungal, anti-malaria, anticancer and anti-diabetes.

Originality/value – Based on these studies, mangosteen is beneficial dietary supplement of overall human health.


X: -2.2463768 Y: 11.177165title: Mechanism of Larvicidal Activity of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Garcinia mangostana Bark Extract publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: In this present investigation, we used an inexpensive method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Garcinia mangostana bark. The phyto-assisted AgNPs further characterized using scanning electron microscope for morphology and the elemental composition was detected via energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The domain size was characterized with the help of X-ray diffraction and UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis for surface plasmon resonance. The possible functional groups were identified with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Antibacterial properties of nanoparticles were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, using agar well diffusion method. Ultimately, the mosquitocidal activity of silver nanoparticles was assessed in the laboratory against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti with LC50 of 5.93 mg L⁻¹ which shows the potential larvicidal effect. To find out the mode of action for larvicidal activity, Agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out. We hypothesize that the toxicity of AgNPs against dengue vectors may be attributed to the small size of these AgNPs, which allows passage through the insect cuticle and into individual cells where they interfere with molting and other physiological processes.


X: -4.3286924 Y: 11.877565title: Immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of phenolics from Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The methanolic extract of Garciniamangostana fruit pericarp was partitioned into butanol and water fractions in this work. Three major phenolics were purified and identified as P1 [1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2,8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) xanthone], P2 [1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) xanthone] and P3 (epicatechin). Strong antioxidant activities were detected for P1–P3. In vitro cell proliferation trials indicated that P1 and P3 exhibited good immunomodulatory activities when 7.5 μg/ml was used. Furthermore, P1 and P3 showed good cytotoxicities against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human colon cancer cells (LOVO). P1 exhibited the maximal cytotoxicity of 73.06% against MCF-7 cells and of 46.27% against LOVO cells when 62.5 μg/ml was used. The cytotoxicities of P1, P2, P3 and paclitaxel against normal embryonic lung fibroblast cells (HELF) were in a decreasing order: paclitaxel > P3 > P1 > P2. These results suggested that P1 and P3 could be used as a potential anticancer agent.


X: 0.4580363 Y: 7.3511405title: Mitochondrial genome of Garcinia mangostana L. variety Mesta publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Fruits of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) are rich in nutrients with xanthones found in the pericarp having great pharmaceutical potential. Mangosteen variety Mesta is only found in Malaysia, which tastes sweeter than the common Manggis variety in Southeast Asia. In this study, we report the complete mitogenome of G. mangostana L. variety Mesta with a total sequence length of 371,235 bp of which 1.7% could be of plastid origin. The overall GC content of the mitogenome is 43.8%, comprising 29 protein-coding genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 21 tRNA genes. Repeat and tandem repeat sequences accounted for 5.8% and 0.15% of the Mesta mitogenome, respectively. There are 333 predicted RNA-editing sites in Mesta mitogenome. These include the RNA-editing events that generated the start codon of nad1 gene and the stop codon of ccmFC gene. Phylogenomic analysis using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis methods showed that the mitogenome of mangosteen variety Mesta was grouped under Malpighiales order. This is the first complete mitogenome from the Garcinia genus for future evolutionary studies.


X: -3.855298 Y: 11.417848title: Chronic Toxicity Study of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp Extract publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Ethanolic extracts from fruit pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) possess many biological and pharmacological activities. However, chronic toxicity study of ethanolic extract has never been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of 95% ethanolic extract from mangosteen pericarp in animal model. The oral administration of the extract was performed in 180 Wistar rats randomly allocated to six groups, each of 15/sex. Group 1 was control group receiving distilled water. Group 2 to 6 were treatment groups receiving the extract at the doses of 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 1000 mg/kg/day for six months respectively. The last group was assigned to be the satellite group for the study of reversibility of the extract effects after two-week of extract withdrawal. The results revealed that the highest dose extract produced significantly lower body weights in both male and female rats, compared to their corresponding control groups. The extract at any tested doses did not affect the animals' behavior, health status and nor did produce any abnormality of clinical manifestations and hematological values. Clinical chemistry results showed that the male rats treated with 500 mg/kg/day extract onward had significantly higher ALT than their control group. Both male and female receiving the highest dose extract had significantly higher AST, whereas their glucose levels were significantly lower when compared to their corresponding control groups. The male rats of the highest dose and satellite groups had significantly higher BUN values than their control group. The female rats receiving the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day onward had significantly higher BUN and creatinine values than their control group. Histopathological results of visceral organs revealed no significant lesion related to the extract; except the satellite group of both sexes, which had significantly higher lesion of centrilobular hydropic degeneration in their livers than the corresponding control groups. Such alteration may be caused by the highest dose mangosteen pericarp extract. In conclusion, the high dose mangosteen pericarp extract affected liver and kidney. Safety of chemical constituents in the extract should be further investigated before the usage for health promotion.


X: -4.3193917 Y: 11.5903title: Pharmacokinetic characterization of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit extract standardized to α-mangostin in C57BL/6 mice publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Previously, we have reported the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of α-mangostin in mice. For this study, we evaluated the PK profile of α-mangostin using a standardized mangosteen extract in C57BL/6 mice. The primary objective was to determine the PK properties of α-mangostin when administered as an extract. This experiment was designed to test our primary hypothesis that α-mangostin in an extract should achieve a desirable PK profile. This is especially relevant as dietary supplements of mangosteen fruit are regularly standardized to α-mangostin. Mice received 100 mg/kg of mangosteen fruit extract orally, equivalent to 36 mg/kg of α-mangostin, and plasma samples were analyzed over a 24-hour period. Concentrations of α-mangostin were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, we evaluated the stability in the presence of phase I and phase II enzymes in liver and gastrointestinal microsomes. Furthermore, we identified evidence of phase II metabolism of α-mangostin. Further research will be required to determine if less abundant xanthones present in the mangosteen may modulate the PK parameters of α-mangostin.


X: -3.2970588 Y: 12.011708title: Ultrasonic/cellulase-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Garcinia mangostana rinds and its carboxymethylated derivative publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Response surface methodology was selected to explore the ultrasonic-assisted cellulase extraction conditions of Garcinia mangostana rind polysaccharides (GMRPs), and the optimum values of each condition were as follows: ratio of raw material to liquid of 1:50 g/mL, ultrasonic time of 40 min, enzyme concentration of 4 %, and ultrasonic power of 179 W. Based on the above conditions, the average extraction rate of GMRPs was 15.56 %. GMRPs were modified by carboxymethylation, and the relationship between the amount of chloroacetic acid and the substitution degree of carboxymethylated derivative was compared. Based on the results of single factor experiment, it was shown that the amount of chloroacetic acid significantly affected the degree of substitution of derivative products. The above research provides some valuable theoretical references for the preparation of GMRPs and its carboxymethylation products.


X: -3.9805706 Y: 12.408959title: A Geranylated biphenyl derivative from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2005 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Extracts of root bark, stem bark and the latex collected from the green fruits of Garcinia mangostana gave alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, gamma-mangostin, garcinone-E, methoxy-beta-mangostin and a new geranylated biphenyl derivative 3-hydroxy-4-geranyl-5-methoxybiphenyl. The latex of G. mangostana consists of more than 75% of xanthones which have strong antibacterial (anti-MRSA and -VRE), anti-inflammatory, antifungal and a number of other biological activities. Hence the presence of the above highly bioactive compounds in large quantities should be the causative factor for G. mangostana's medicinal value in indigenous medicine.


X: -4.577915 Y: 11.7395935title: Biochemical Evidence for the Antitumor Potential of Garcinia mangostana Linn. On Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatic Carcinoma publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background
Garcinia mangostana is extensively used in most of the Indian herbal pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Objective
The objective of this study was to elucidate the underlying biochemical protective mechanism of G. Mangostana Linn. fruit extract (GME) in deterioration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic carcinoma (HCC) in rats.

Materials and Methods
The cancer was induced using DEN to the experimental rats and treated with GME (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) to find its anticancer property. The cancer biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), hepatic hydroxyl proline, total tissue protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were measured using ELISA. The vascular endothelial growth factor expressions were also seen in liver tissues using immunohistochemistry.

Results
In addition, there was a significant increase in serum AFP, CEA, hepatic hydroxylproline, and total tissue protein levels in HCC group versus the negative control group. In contrast, the groups with HCC subjected to either high or low dose of GME elicited significant reduction of AFP, CEA, hepatic hydroxylproline, and increase in total protein in serum compared to the untreated HCC rats. Interestingly, treatment with GME elicited marked improvement in the liver histological feature and downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in HCC groups. GME extract may have chemopreventive benefits by reducing the tumor promoting growth factor levels in HCC-induced group.

Conclusion
To sum up, all findings on curative groups had proved clearly that the GME has anticarcinogenic effect on the development of liver cancer induced by DEN in rats.

SUMMARY
Garcinia mangostana Linn. (GME) may have chemopreventive property by reducing the tumor promoting growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic cancer
The suppression in the levels of cancer biomarkers by GME due to the presence of anticancer phytoconstituents
The histological studies proved the effective dose of GME against DEN-induced experimental hepatic cancer.
Abbreviations used: TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, PBS: Phosphate buffered saline, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, GSH: Glutathione, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.


X: -3.5297537 Y: 11.951876title: Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was done to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using Electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results:The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity. © 2019 Phcog.Net. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.


X: -3.3687506 Y: 12.002054title: Distribution of Major Xanthones in the Pericarp, Aril, and Yellow Gum of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana Linn.) Fruit and Their Contribution to Antioxidative Activity publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Xanthone compounds in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) fruit have been reported to have biological activities including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and the major xanthone compounds in mangosteen are α-mangostin and γ-mangostin. The objectives of this research were to quantify and qualify the major xanthones in each part of the mangosteen fruit with and without yellow gum from the point of view of effective utilization of agricultural product. Quantitative evaluation revealed that yellow gum had extremely high amounts of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin (382.2 and 144.9 mg/g on a wet basis, respectively) followed by pericarp and aril. In mangosteen fruit with yellow gum inside, xanthones seemed to have shifted from the pericarp and to have concentrated in a gum on the surface of aril, and there was almost no difference between the amounts of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin in whole fruits with and without yellow gum. Pericarp and yellow gum showed much higher radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant potential than the aril.


X: -3.2649367 Y: 12.07309title: Optimized extraction and characterization of antimicrobial phenolic compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) cultivation and processing waste publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Applications for antimicrobials derived from the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) plant are presently restricted by high production costs. Extraction from cultivation or processing waste streams using a solvent free approach could lessen to permit commercial applications in food processing and preservation.
Phenolics were extracted from mangosteen bark, leaf and fruit pericarp in methanol and in water using response surface methodology to optimize recovery. Initial examination of antimicrobial effects revealed a lack of antimicrobial activity against fungi and weak activity against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. In contrast, extracts prepared from bark or fruit pericarp exhibited strong pH-dependent bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Activity was slightly weaker in aqueous extracts due to lower concentrations of tartaric acid esters and flavonols than in methanolic extracts. Measurement of propidium iodide uptake and ATP leakage indicated the extracts induced damage to the membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.
Extracts of mangosteen bark and fruit pericarp contain mixtures of phenolic compounds with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, notably Listeria monocytogenes. Extraction of phenolics from mangosteen waste could yield fractions for potential applications in the formulation of low-cost processing aids or sanitizers for the food industry.


X: -4.0722833 Y: 11.255862title: Alpha-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp extract reduces high fat-diet induced hepatic steatosis in rats by regulating mitochondria function and apoptosis publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by multiple factors including hepatic oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Obesity is among the risk factors for NAFLD alongside type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. α- mangostin (α-MG) extracts from the pericarps of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) may regulate high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis; however the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of α-MG on high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and the underlying mechanisms related to mitochondrial functionality and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Methods
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed on either AIM 93-M control diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or high-fat diet supplemented with 25 mg/day mangosteen pericarp extract (MGE) for 11 weeks. Thereafter, the following were determined: body weight change, plasma free fatty acids, liver triglyceride content, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione, GSH; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; glutathione reductase GRd; catalase, CAT) and mitochondrial complex enzyme activities. In the in vitro study, primary liver cells were treated with 1 mM free fatty acid (FFA) (palmitate: oleate acid = 2:0.25) to induce steatosis. Thereafter, the effects of α-MG (10 μM, 20 μM, 30 μM) on total and mitochondria ROS (tROS, mitoROS), mitochondria bioenergetic functions, and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis were examined in the FFA-treated primary liver cells. ResultsThe MGE group showed significantly decreased plasma free fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides (TG) and thiorbarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels; increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GPx, GRd, CAT); and enhanced NADH-cytochrome c reductase (NCCR) and succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCCR) activities in the liver tissue compared with HFD group. In the in vitro study, α-MG significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR), decreased tROS (total ROS) and mitoROS (mitochondrial ROS) levels ; reduced Ca2+ and cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria, and reduced caspases 9 and 3 activities compared with control group. Conclusion
These findings demonstrate α-MG attenuated hepatic steatosis in high fat-diet fed rats potentially through enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity and improved mitochondrial functions as well as suppressed apoptosis of hepatocytes. The findings of study represent a novel nutritional approach on the use of α-MG in the prevention and management of NAFLD.


X: -3.2757988 Y: 11.806166title: Extraction of antioxidant pectic-polysaccharide from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) rind: Optimization using response surface methodology publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the incubator temperature (X1: 50–80 °C), extraction time (X2: 2–4 h) and pH (X3: 2–4) to obtain a high antioxidant pectic-polysaccharide yield with high uronic acid content and antioxidant activity from mangosteen rind. Analysis of variance showed that the contribution of quadratic model was significant for the extraction yield and antioxidant activity whereas linear model was significant for pectin content. Optimization study using response surface methodology was performed and 3D response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical model. Two optimal conditions were given: condition (1) X1 = 80.0 °C; X2 = 3.93 h; X3 = 2.45, and condition (2) X1 = 67.7 °C; X2 = 3.67 h; X3 = 2.00. These optimum conditions yielded pectic-polysaccharide of ∼12.0–12.4%, uronic acid content of ∼20.2–21.1 mg/g, and %DPPHsc/g extract of 225–252, respectively. Close agreement between experimental and predicted values was found. This could therefore be applied in extraction of mangosteen-derived functional pectic-polysaccharide in industry.


X: -4.725044 Y: 11.777683title: Effects of Mangosteen Pericarp Extracts Against Mammary Cancer publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The pericarp of the mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana Linn, has a long history of use as a medicinal plant in Southeast Asia. The actions of mangosteen extracts have been scientifically supported and it has become a popular natural health-promoting dietary supplement. Mangosteen extracts, particularly α-mangostin, induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, cell cycle arrest by p21cip1 induction and Akt dephsophorylation in mammary cancer cells; these anti-proliferative effects are associated in vivo with suppression of tumor growth and metastasis in mouse mammary cancer models. Such preclinical evidence suggests that mangosteen extracts have potential chemotherapeutic and/or chemopreventive uses


X: -3.3483334 Y: 11.652937title: Phenolics, antioxidants and color properties of aqueous pigmented plant extracts: Ardisia colorata var. elliptica, Clitoria ternatea, Garcinia mangostana and Syzygium cumini publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Plants have been an exemplary source of antioxidant and colorants. The purposes of this study were to determine the phenolic compositions, antioxidant and color properties of the selected pigmented plants. The highest concentration of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, catechin and cyanidin 3-sophoroside were found in Garcinia mangostana. G. mangostana showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) value of oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacities (20.18 µmol trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g, 75.37 mM TEAC/g, 7.57 µM TEAC/g and EC50 = 0.35 mg/mL respectively) as compared to the other samples. The highest value of color density (1.69 absorbance unit (AU)), indices of polymeric color (0.31 AU) and chroma (33.38) were exhibited by Clitoria ternatea. Thus, G. mangostana and C. ternatea exhibited better potential in antioxidant and colorant properties as compared to Syzygium cumini and Ardisia colorata var. elliptica.


X: -4.315012 Y: 12.360279title: Garcinoxanthones S V, new xanthone derivatives from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana together with their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Xanthones (9H-xanthene-9-ones) are considered to be very promising compounds due to a variety of interesting biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, column chromatography of the methanol extract of the Garcinia mangostana L. pericarps resulted in the isolation of four new xanthones (garcinoxanthones SV, 1–4) and five known analogs including garcinone E (5), 11-hydroxy-1-isomangostin (6) mangostenone E (7), 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (8), and α-mangostin (9). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD spectra. Compound 8 (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone) was found from the G. mangostana pericarps for the first time. All the isolated compounds (1–8) were evaluated for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity and cytotoxicity in vitro against three human cancer cell lines including SK-LU-1, MCF7, and HT-29 cell lines. Compounds 3, 5, and 8 exhibited significant DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 values of 68.55, 63.05, and 28.45 μM, respectively, in comparison with ascorbic acid (IC50 = 48.03 μM). Compounds 5 and 8 showed moderate cytotoxic effects against the three human cancer cell lines with IC50 value ranges of 19.86–27.38 μM.


X: 0.30707556 Y: 7.4444647title: Molecular Diversity of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Garcinia parvifolia publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia is commonly found in Malaysia, but limited information is available regarding endophytic fungi associated with this plant. In this study, 24 endophytic fungi were successfully recovered from different parts of two Garcinia species. Characterization of endophytic fungi was performed based on the conserved internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence analysis and the antimicrobial properties. Results revealed that fruits of the plant appeared to be the highest inhabitation site (38 %) as compared with others. Glomerella sp., Guignardia sp., and Phomopsis sp. appeared to be the predominant endophytic fungi group in Garcinia mangostana and Garcinia parvifolia. Phylogenetic relationships of the isolated endophytic fungi were estimated from the sequences of the ITS region. On the other hand, antibacterial screening showed 11 of the isolates possessed positive response towards pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. However, there was no direct association between certain antibacterial properties with the specific genus observed.