X: -1.2379409 Y: 3.1834395title: Atractylodes lancea for cholangiocarcinoma: Modulatory effects on CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 and pharmacokinetics in rats and biodistribution in mice publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. ( A . lancea : AL) is a promising candidate for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). The study investigated (i) the propensity of capsule formulation of the standardized extract of AL (formulated AL) to modulate mRNA and protein expression and activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 in rats after long- and short-term exposure, (ii) the pharmacokinetics of atractylodin (ATD: active constituent) after long-term administration of formulated AL, and (iii) the biodistribution of atractylodin-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (ATD-PLGA-NPs) in mice. To investigate CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 modulatory activities following long-term exposure, rats of both genders received oral doses of the formulated AL at 1,000 (low dose), 3,000 (medium dose), and 5,000 (high dose) mg/kg body weight daily for 12 months. For short-term effects, male rats were orally administered the formulated AL at the dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight daily for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted in male rats after administration of the formulated AL at the dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight daily for 9 months. The biodistribution study was conducted in a male mouse receiving ATD-PLGA-NPs at the equivalent dose to ATD of 100 mg/kg body weight. The high dose of formulated AL produced an inducing effect on CYP1A2 but an inhibitory effect on CYP3A1 activities in male rats. The low dose, however, did not inhibit or induce the activities of both enzymes in male and female rats. ATD reached maximum plasma concentration (C max ) of 359.73 ng/mL at 3 h (t max ). Mean residence time (MRT) and terminal phase elimination half-life (t 1/2z ) were 3.03 and 0.56 h, respectively. The extent of biodistribution of ATD in mouse livers receiving ATD-PLGA-NPs was 5-fold of that receiving free ATD. Clinical use of low-dose AL should be considered to avoid potential herb-drug interactions after long-term use. ATD-PLGA-NPs is a potential drug delivery system for cholangiocarcinoma treatment.


X: -0.27554065 Y: 2.555686title: Two new thiophene polyacetylene glycosides from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Phytochemical investigation on the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea led to the isolation of two new thiophene polyacetylene glycosides (1 and 2) and six known compounds (3-8). Their structures were elucidated based on the extensive spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS). The absolute configurations of new compounds were established by calculated and experimental circular dichroism. All the compounds were assessed on the lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in BV2 cells and compounds 3, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory activities.


X: 1.4489723 Y: 4.4654484title: Maize intercropping enriches plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and promotes both the growth and volatile oil concentration of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: In the Atractylodes lancea (A. lancea)-maize intercropping system, maize can promote the growth of A. lancea, but it is unclear whether this constitutes an aboveground or belowground process. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of the root system interaction between A. lancea and maize using three different barrier conditions: no barrier (AI), nylon barrier (AN), and plastic barrier (AP) systems. The biomass, volatile oil concentration, physicochemical properties of the soil, and rhizosphere microorganisms of the A. lancea plant were determined. The results showed that (1) the A. lancea - maize intercropping system could promote the growth of A. lancea and its accumulation of volatile oils; (2) a comparison of the CK, AI, and AP treatments revealed that it was the above-ground effect of maize specifically that promoted the accumulation of both atractylon and atractylodin within the volatile oils of A. lancea, but inhibited the accumulation of hinesol and β-eudesmol; (3) in comparing the soil physicochemical properties of each treatment group, intercropping maize acidified the root soil of A. lancea, changed its root soil physicochemical properties, and increased the abundance of the acidic rhizosphere microbes of A. lancea at the phylum level; (4) in an analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities of A. lancea under different barrier systems, intercropping was found to promote plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enrichment, including Streptomyces, Bradyrhizobium, Candidatus Solibacter, Gemmatirosa, and Pseudolabrys, and the biomass of A. lancea was significantly influenced by PGPR. In summary, we found that the rhizosphere soil of A. lancea was acidified in intercropping with maize, causing the accumulation of PGPR, which was beneficial to the growth of A. lancea.


X: -3.7585077 Y: 10.505503title: Effects of Functional Extracts Made from Fermented Plants on Serum Glucose and Lipids Level in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats publish year: 2010 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: This study was performed to explore the effects of the fermented functional extracts (FE) on blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetes. FE were created by mixing 9 kinds of plants with sea water and then allowing the mixture to ferment for 1 year. FE were supplemented in the feed of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats at 1%, 3% and 5%. The 1% feeding group showed the lowest weight loss of the three experimental groups. The blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level were significantly decreased in the FE fed rats compared to the diabetic control (DMC) group. The lipid levels in serum were decreased in 1% and 3% FE fed rats in comparison to the DMC group, and there was no significant difference in triglyceride levels due to the FE concentration. The HDL-C level was significantly increased in rats with FE supplemented diets, compared to the DMC group. The levels of lipid peroxides in liver tissue were significantly decreased in FE fed diabetic rats, and the hepatic glycogen content was increased in rats receiving supplements. As a result of these studies, we believe 1% FE may be the optimum level for controlling blood glucose and alleviating hyperlipidemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats.


X: -0.8225196 Y: 3.4612691title: Treatment of Spleen-Deficiency Syndrome With Atractyloside A From Bran-Processed Atractylodes lancea by Protection of the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of spleen-deficiency syndrome (SDS). Bran-processed Atractylodes lancea (BAL) has been found to be more effective than unprocessed AL. However, the compound in BAL active against SDS remains unclear. The pharmacological efficacy of BAL and its mechanism of action against SDS were investigated by HPLC-ELSD. Candidate compound AA (atractyloside A) in AL and BAL extracts was identified by HPLC-MS analysis. AA was tested in a rat model of SDS in which body weight, gastric residual rate, and intestinal propulsion were measured, and motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), and c-Kit were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Potential targets and associated pathways were identified based on network pharmacology analysis. mRNA expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR and protein expression levels were measured by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. AA increased body weight, intestinal propulsion, MTL, GAS, and c-Kit levels, while decreasing gastric residual volume and intestinal tissue damage, as same as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen levels. Seventy-one potential pharmacologic targets were identified. Analysis of protein interaction, Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, and docking and molecular interactions highlighted MAPK signaling as the potential signal transduction pathway. Validation experiments indicated that treatment with AA increased MTL, GAS, ZO-1, and OCLN levels, while reducing AQP1, AQP3, and FGF2 levels. In addition, phosphorylation of p38 and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) expression were inhibited. AA improved gastrointestinal function by protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. The results have clinical implications for the therapy of SDS.


X: -0.7974732 Y: 3.0664732title: Bone Marrow Cell Proliferation Activity through Intestinal Immune System by the Components of Atractylodes lancea DC. publish year: 2001 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Of hot-water extracts prepared from 10 herbal components of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang, Atractylodes lancea DC. (ALR) and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG) showed the most potent bone marrow cell proliferation activity through intestinal immune system whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for Astragalus membranacues Bunge (ASR) and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (AR) having low activity. Especially, ALR had the potent activity irrespective of classes of ALR, a place of production and the condition of breeding. In addition, we found that hot-water extract from Atractylodes lancea DC rhizomes (ALR-0) contributed mainly to Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang. ALR-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (ALR-1), MeOH-insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (ALR-2), and the crude polysaccharide fraction (ALR-3). Among these fractions, only ALR-3 showed potent stimulating activity for proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells, dose-dependently. In treatments of ALR-3 with and pronase, all significantly reduced the intestinal immune system modulating activity of ALR-3, and the activity of ALR-3 was much affected by oxidation particularly. These results reveal that macromolecules, such as polysaccharide, rather than low-molecular-weight substances, are the potent intestinal immune system modulating compound of ALR.


X: 0.51510984 Y: 4.0457554title: Full-length transcriptome analysis of two chemotype and functional characterization of genes related to sesquiterpene biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is an important medicinal plant mainly distributed in China. A. lancea is rich in volatile oils and has a significant effect on various diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Based on the signature constituents of volatile oils, A. lancea is divided into two chemotypes: the Dabieshan and Maoshan chemotype. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results revealed that the hinesol and β-eudesmol contents in the Dabieshan chemotype were higher than those in the Maoshan chemotype. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technologies were combined to investigate the molecular mechanisms of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in A. lancea. A total of 42 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for terpenoid biosynthesis were identified in the two chemotype groups, and nine full-length terpene synthase (TPS) genes were identified. Subcellular localization revealed that AlTPS1 and AlTPS2 proteins were localized in the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. They use FPP as a substrate to generate sesquiterpenoids. AlTPS1 catalyzes biosynthesis of elemol while AlTPS2 is observed to perform β-farnesene synthase activity. This study provides information for understanding the differences in the accumulation of terpenoids in two chemotypes of A. lancea and lays a foundation for further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis.


X: 0.6322348 Y: 4.178855title: Transcriptomics analysis investigates sesquiterpenoids accumulation pattern in different tissues of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. plantlet publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea: (Thunb.) DC. is an endangered traditional Chinese medicinal herb with broad pharmacological activity, reflected by an abundance of sesquiterpenoids. However, the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenoids is largely unknown due to a lack of genetic information. To understand sesquiterpenoid distribution in A. lancea, tissue-specific sesquiterpenoids accumulation patterns during different growth periods of plantlets were analyzed via gas chromatography (n = 3). Transcriptomic analyses were furthermore performed via RNA-Seq in an attempt to reveal the molecular mechanism regulating sesquiterpenoids formation in leaves, stems and roots. 85,170 unigenes with an average sequence length of 768 bp were acquired. Via analysis of differentially expressed genes, 857 unigenes were identified to be involved in sesquiterpenoids formation. Consequently, a putative sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic pathway was proposed, including mevalonate, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate, sesquiterpene synthase, cytochrome P450, and the peroxisome pathway. Moreover, the relationship between gene expression and sesquiterpenoid production in different growth periods of leaves, stems, and roots was analyzed based on Quantitative Real-Time PCR (n = 3) and gas chromatography data. In this study, the sesquiterpenoid distribution in different tissues of sterile tissue culture plantlets of A. lancea was systematically investigated via metabolite quantitative and transcriptomics analysis. This study provides a central theoretical basis for the manipulation of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in A. lancea.


X: 0.962027 Y: 4.3090005title: The Mechanism of Ethylene Signaling Induced by Endophytic Fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 Mediating Sesquiterpenoids Biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Ethylene, the first known gaseous phytohormone, is involved in plant growth, development as well as responses to environmental signals. However, limited information is available on the role of ethylene in endophytic fungi induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Atractylodes lancea is a traditional Chinese herb, and its quality depends on the main active compounds sesquiterpenoids. This work showed that the endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 induced ethylene production in Atractylodes lancea. Pre-treatment of plantlets with ethylene inhibiter aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) suppressed endophytic fungi induced accumulation of ethylene and sesquiterpenoids. Plantlets were further treated with AOA, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC), jasmonic acid inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenger catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO)-specific scavenger 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO). With endophytic fungi inoculation, IBU or PAC did not inhibit ethylene production, and JA and SA generation were suppressed by AOA, showing that ethylene may act as an upstream signal of JA and SA pathway. With endophytic fungi inoculation, CAT or cPTIO suppressed ethylene production, and H2O2 or NO generation was not affected by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), showing that ethylene may act as a downstream signal of H2O2 and NO pathway. Then, plantlets were treated with ethylene donor ACC, JA, SA, H2O2, NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Exogenous ACC could trigger JA and SA generation, whereas exogenous JA or SA did not affect ethylene production, and the induced sesquiterpenoids accumulation triggered by ACC was partly suppressed by IBU and PAC, showing that ethylene acted as an upstream signal of JA and SA pathway. Exogenous ACC did not affect H2O2 or NO generation, whereas exogenous H2O2 and SNP induced ethylene production, and the induced sesquiterpenoids accumulation triggered by SNP or H2O2 was partly suppressed by ACC, showing that ethylene acted as a downstream signal of NO and H2O2 pathway. Taken together, this study demonstrated that ethylene is an upstream signal of JA and SA, and a downstream signal of NO and H2O2 signaling pathways, and acts as an important signal mediating sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis of Atractylodes lancea induced by the endophytic fungus.


X: 0.5447111 Y: 4.122563title: Mild shading promotes sesquiterpenoid synthesis and accumulation in Atractylodes lancea by regulating photosynthesis and phytohormones publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea rhizome (AR) has high medicinal and economic value. A previous study has reported that the accumulation of sesquiterpenoids in AR has obvious advantages under bamboo canopy. A concrete shade value to promote the cultivation of high-quality AR has not been established. In this study, 80% shading was screened at six different light intensities (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, 7%), and the mechanism was explored in terms of photosynthetic efficiency and phytohormones levels. The results indicated that the total sesquiterpenoid content of 80% mild shading increased by 58%, 52%, and 35%, respectively, compared to 100% strong light in seedling, expansion, and harvest stages and increased by 144%, 178%, and 94%, respectively, compared with 7% low light. The sesquiterpenoids hinesol and β-eudesmol contributed approximately 70% to the differential contribution ratio between mild shading and strong light (100%) or between mild shading and low light (7%). Furthermore, HMGR, DXR, and FPPS genes, which regulate sesquiterpenoid synthesis, were significantly upregulated in 80% mild shading. Transpiration rate; the intercellular CO2 concentration; net photosynthetic rate; and levels of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and gibberellin were strongly correlated (r > 0.85) with sesquiterpenoid accumulation. Cis-acting elements responding to light and phytohormones were present within the promoter regions of HMGR, DXR, and FPPS. Therefore, 80% shading promotes the synthesis and accumulation of sesquiterpenoids in AR by regulating photosynthetic efficiency and phytohormone production, thereby promoting transcriptional expression.


X: -0.48055464 Y: 3.7228055title: Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Investigate the Antidepressant Potential of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) has been indicated in traditional prescriptions for the treatment of depression. However, the mechanism of action of AL in the treatment of depression is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant potential of AL using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments. The active components of AL were retrieved from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP), and the depression-related targets were screened through the DisGeNET database. Overlapping targets of AL and depression were selected and analyzed. Ten active compounds of AL showed anti-depressant potential, including stigmasterol, 3β-acetoxyatractylone, wogonin, β-sitosterol, selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one, atractylenolide I, atractylenolide II, atractylenolide III, patchoulene, and cyperene. These compounds target 28 potential antidepressant genes/proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the potential targets might directly influence neural cells and regulate neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter-related processes. The potential Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for the antidepressant effects of AL include neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions, calcium signaling pathways, dopaminergic synapse, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathways, and the pathways of neurodegeneration. IL-6, nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4), estrogen receptor (ESR1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were the most important proteins in the protein–protein interaction network and these proteins showed high binding affinities with the corresponding AL compounds. AL showed an antidepressant effect in mice by decreasing immobility time in the tail suspension test and increasing the total contact number in the social interaction test. This study demonstrated the antidepressant potential of AL, which provides evidence for pursuing further studies to develop a novel antidepressant.


X: -0.6793507 Y: 3.359841title: The Suppressive Effects of the Petroleum Ether Fraction from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. On a Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model: The Effects of the Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: In Chinese traditional medicine, the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (A. lancea) is used extensively for the treatment of several diseases such as rheumatic diseases, but its actions on rheumatoid arthritis have not been clarified. The purpose of this article was to investigate the pharmacological effect of an A. lancea rhizome extract on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. The CIA model was induced by the injection of bovine type II collagen. The rats were orally administered the petroleum ether (PE) fraction of the A. lancea rhizome (0.82 and 1.64 mg/kg), methotrexate (0.3 mg/kg body weight), or a vehicle from day 7 to day 15 after the model was established. The histological examination and radiological observation showed that the PE fraction significantly reduced the inflammatory responses and collagen loss in the joints of the rats with CIA. The PE fraction inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and IL-6 in the sera. Moreover, the treatment with the PE fraction in vivo was able to reduce the level of Beclin 1 protein in the synovial tissue of the rats. These results highlight the antiarthritic potential of the PE fraction of the A. lancea rhizome and provide further evidence of the involvement of Beclin 1 inhibition in the effects of the PE fraction of the A. lancea rhizome. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: -2.042045 Y: 4.812633title: Efficacy of artesunate combined with Atractylodes lancea or Prabchompoothaweep remedy extracts as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of cerebral malaria publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Cerebral malaria is one of the most serious complications of Plasmodium infection and causes behavioral changes. However, current antimalarial drugs have shown poor outcomes. Therefore, new antimalarials with neuroprotective effects are urgently needed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of selected extracts as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with artesunate on antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM).

Methods
ECM was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Ethanolic extracts of Atractylodes lancea (a dose of 400 mg/kg) and Prabchompoothaweep remedy (a dose of 600 mg/kg) were evaluated as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy combined with artesunate at the onset of signs of cerebral malaria and continued for 7 consecutive days. Parasitemia, clinical scores, and body weight were recorded throughout the study. At day 13 post-infection, mouse brains were dissected and processed for the study of the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, histopathological changes, and neurocognitive impairments.

Results
Ethanolic extracts of A. lancea and Prabchompoothaweep remedy alone improved cerebral malaria outcome in ECM, whereas artesunate combined with extracts of A. lancea or Prabchompoothaweep remedy significantly improved the outcome of artesunate and crude extracts alone. Using real-time PCR, PbA-infected mice that had received the combination treatment showed significantly reduced gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), chemokines (CXCL4 and CXCL10), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM1, and CD36). The PbA-infected mice that received the combination treatment showed a significantly decreased malondialdehyde level compared to the untreated group. Similarly, the Evans blue dye assay revealed significantly less dye extravasation in the brains of infected mice administered the combination treatment, indicating improved BBB integrity. Combination treatment improved survival and reduced pathology in the PbA-infected group. Additionally, combination treatment resulted in a significantly reduced level of cognitive impairment, which was analyzed using a novel object recognition test.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that artesunate combined with A. lancea or Prabchompoothaweep remedy extracts as adjunctive therapy reduced mortality, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, BBB integrity protection, and neurocognitive impairment in the ECM.


X: 1.0369384 Y: 4.246525title: Involvement of abscisic acid and salicylic acid in signal cascade regulating bacterial endophyte-induced volatile oil biosynthesis in plantlets of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The enormous biological diversity of endophytes, coupled with their potential to enhance the production of bioactive metabolites in plants, has driven research efforts focusing on endophytes. However, limited information is available on the impacts of bacterial endophytes on plant secondary metabolism and signaling pathways involved. This work showed that an endophytic Acinetobacter sp. ALEB16, capable of activating accumulation of plant volatile oils, also induced abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) production in Atractylodes lancea. Pre-treatment of plantlets with biosynthetic inhibitors of ABA or SA blocked the bacterium-induced volatile production. ABA inhibitors suppressed not only the bacterium-induced volatile accumulation, but also the induced ABA and SA generation; nevertheless, SA inhibitors did not significantly inhibit the induced ABA biosynthesis, implying that SA acted downstream of ABA production. These results were confirmed by observations that exogenous ABA and SA reversed the inhibition of bacterium-induced volatile accumulation by inhibitors. Transcriptional activities of genes in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis also increased significantly with bacterium, ABA and SA treatments. Mevalonate pathway proved to be the main source of isopentenyldiphosphate for bacterium-induced sesquiterpenoids, as assessed in experiments using specific terpene biosynthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that Acinetobacter sp. acts as an endophytic elicitor to stimulate volatile biosynthesis of A. lancea via an ABA/SA-dependent pathway, thereby yielding additional insight into the interconnection between ABA and SA in biosynthesis-related signaling pathways.


X: 0.83291066 Y: 4.384002title: Reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling cascades in endophytic bacterium induced essential oil accumulation in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Main conclusion
Pseudomonas fluorescensinduces gibberellin and ethylene signaling via hydrogen peroxidein planta. Ethylene activates abscisic acid signaling. Hormones increase sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis gene expression and enzyme activity, inducing essential oil accumulation.
Atractylodes lancea is a famous Chinese medicinal plant, whose main active components are essential oils. Wild A. lancea has become endangered due to habitat destruction and over-exploitation. Although cultivation can ensure production of the medicinal material, the essential oil content in cultivated A. lancea is significantly lower than that in the wild herb. The application of microbes as elicitors has become an effective strategy to increase essential oil accumulation in cultivated A. lancea. Our previous study identified an endophytic bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B, which can increase essential oil accumulation in A. lancea more efficiently than other endophytes; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown (Physiol Plantarum 153:30–42, 2015; Appl Environ Microb 82:1577–1585, 2016). This study demonstrates that P. fluorescens ALEB7B firstly induces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signaling in A. lancea, which then simultaneously activates gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) signaling. Subsequently, ET activates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. GA and ABA signaling increase expression of HMGR and DXR, which encode key enzymes involved in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, leading to increased levels of the corresponding enzymes and then an accumulation of essential oils. Specific reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling cascades induced by P. fluorescens ALEB7B may contribute to high-efficiency essential oil accumulation in A. lancea. Illustrating the regulation mechanisms underlying P. fluorescens ALEB7B-induced essential oil accumulation not only provides the theoretical basis for the inducible synthesis of terpenoids in many medicinal plants, but also further reveals the complex and diverse interactions among different plants and their endophytes.


X: -0.37879157 Y: 3.250154title: Identification and Simultaneous HPLC-PDA Quantification of Anti-glycation and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Compounds From Atractylodes lancea Water Extract publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Objective: The anti-diabetic efficacy of Atractylodes lancea water extract was verified by identifying the major active compounds, and quality control standards for water extracts were established by simultaneous HPLC quantification analysis. Methods: Thirteen compounds were isolated from the butanol fraction by bioactivity-guided approach using open-column chromatography. The compounds were identified by NMR and ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-HRMS. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated with anti-glycation and α-glucosidase assay. The simultaneous quantification by nine compounds was conducted by HPLC-PDA. Results: In total, 13 compounds from the butanol fraction were isolated. The water extract showed greater inhibitory effects than the hexane extract. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13 showed high or significant activity. HPLC simultaneous analysis for these compounds was developed and validated to establish quality control standards, and the content standards of each compound were established through quantitative evaluation. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the main components and anti-glycation, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the water extract of A. lancea. This study scientifically and systematically established the quality control standards of traditional herbal medicine traditional herbal medicine through the development of a simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis method and the establishment of content standards. It also demonstrates the potential of A. lancea water extract as a natural alternative treatment for diabetes.


X: -0.13088283 Y: 2.7220879title: Bioactive Sesquiterpenoid and Polyacetylene Glycosides from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Nine new sesquiterpenoids (1-9), five new polyacetylenes (10-14), and six known compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. These new chemical structures were established using NMR, MS, and ECD data. Notably, compounds 3-5, the aglycone of which possesses two stereogenic centers (C-5 and C-7), exhibited similar ECD spectra to compounds 1 and 2, the aglycone of which possesses one stereogenic center (C-7). Such a difference was supported by the experimental and calculated ECD data and single-crystallographic analyses of 3a. In addition, compound 3 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in BV2 cells with an IC50 value of 11.39 μM (positive control curcumin, IC50 = 4.77 μM); compound 4 showed better hepatoprotective activity against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol-induced HepG2 cell injury than the positive drug (bicyclol) at a concentration of 10 μM (p < 0.001).


X: 0.7775674 Y: 3.1711347title: Identification of volatile compounds of Atractylode lancea Rhizoma using supercritical fluid extraction and GC–MS publish year: 2009 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Supercritical fluid was used to extract volatile components from the rhizoma of Atractylode lancea (A. lancea). An orthogonal array design (OAD), L(9) (3)(4), was employed as a chemometric method for the optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of volatile compounds from the herbal medicine. Four parameters, namely, pressure, temperature, dynamic extraction time, and flow rate of CO(2), were studied and optimized by a three-level OAD in which the interactions between the parameters were neglected. These compounds were identified according to their retention times and mass spectra by GC-MS. A total of 30 compounds of SFE extracts were identified. Atractylon (8.63%), hinesol (1.44%), beta-eudesmol (6.64%), elemol (0.42%), and atractydin (13.92%) were the major sesquiterpenes identified in A. lancea SFE extracts.


X: -0.22925048 Y: 2.7941568title: Two Novel Sesquiterpenoid Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Secoatractylohexone A (1), an unprecedented secoguaiane lactone glycoside featuring 6/7 cores and dihydroxy-9-guaine-3-one 11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), a 9,10-unsaturated guaiene-type glycoside possessing an uncommon scaffold, were isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes together with five known compounds (3–7). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and application of the CD technique. The potential biological activities of secoatractylohexone A were predicted by network pharmacology in silico, the result of which indicated that secoatractylohexone A may be used to treat type II diabetes.


X: -0.28230974 Y: 3.3804486title: Atractylodis Rhizoma: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Atractylodis Rhizoma (AR), mainly includes Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (A. lancea) and Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. (A. chinensis) is widely used in East Asia as a diuretic and stomachic drug, for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, night blindness, and influenza as it contains a variety of sesquiterpenoids and other components of medicinal importance.

Aim of the review:
A systematic summary on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of AR was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this plant.

Materials and methods:
A review of the literature was performed by consulting scientific databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, Springer, PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, etc. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List".

Results:
Over 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from AR, notably sesquiterpenoids and alkynes. Various pharmacological activities have been demonstrated, especially improving gastrointestinal function and thus allowed to assert most of the traditional uses of AR.

Conclusions:
The researches on AR are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components need to be further elucidated. It is suggested that further studies should be carried out in the aspects of comprehensive evaluation of the quality of medicinal materials, understanding of the "effective forms" and "additive effects" of the pharmacodynamic substances based on the same pharmacophore of TCM, and its long-term toxicity in vivo and clinical efficacy.


X: 1.0704769 Y: 4.1873417title: A novel exopolysaccharide elicitor from endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 on volatile oils accumulation in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Endophytes and plants can establish specific long-term symbiosis through the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Previous studies have shown that the endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 can stimulate Atractylodes lancea to produce volatile oils. The purpose of this report is to investigate key factors involved in the stimulation of A. lancea by AL12 and reveal the mechanism. We identified the active component from AL12 as an extracellular mannan with a polymerization degree of 26–42. Differential membrane proteomics of A. lancea was performed by 2D electrophoresis. The results showed that there were significant differences in the expression of 83 proteins. Based on these results, we conclude that AL12 secreted mannan contributes to the antagonistic balance seen in interactions between AL12 and A. lancea. One portion of the mannan was degraded to mannose for hexokinase activation, promoting photosynthesis and energy metabolism, with a potential metabolic fluxes flowing towards terpenoid biosynthesis. The other portion of the mannan directly enhanced autoimmunity of A. lancea through G protein-mediated signal transduction and the mannan-binding lectin pathway. Volatile oil accumulation was ultimately promoted in subsequent defense reactions. This study provides a new perspective on the regulation of secondary metabolites by endophytic fungal elicitors in medicinal plants.


X: 1.2259263 Y: 4.371699title: Effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species on the growth, physiology, and major components of essential oil of atractylodes lancea publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on survival, growth, physiological characteristics, and essential oil accumulation of Atractylodes lancea plantlets, three strains of AMF, including Glomus etunicatum BGC AM0048 (A1), Glomus tortuosum BGC AM0001 (A2), and Glomus mosseae BGC AM0045 (A3), were used to inoculate A. lancea tissue culture seedlings in a greenhouse experiment. The results showed that the inoculation of AMF increased the survival rate of seedlings. The mycorrhizal infection rates in the three inoculated groups were in the order of A3 (63.39%), A2 (47.81%), A1 (42.41%) at 35 d after transplanting, and their positive effects on the growth of A. lancea followed the same order of infection rate, with A3 group showing the best performance. Compared to the control group, plant height, root length, and leaf number per plant in A3 group significantly increased by 21.9%, 65% and 38.7% respectively. The activities of disease resistance enzymes (PAL, PPO, β-1,3glucanase), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POD) as well as chlorophyll (a+b) content in the leaves of AMF treatment groups were improved at some extent. Moreover, AMF inoculation increased the accumulation of the major components (hinesol, β-eudesmol and atractylodin) in the essential oil. Our results showed that there was difference in the preference of AMF for plants. G. mosseae BGC AM0045 (A3) could be used as an excellent fungal strain to inoculate A. lancea seedlings for the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizae in artificial cultivation. © 2018, editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Ecology. All rights reserved.


X: 0.990987 Y: 3.5954185title: [Antimicrobial activity of volatile oil from Atractylodes lancea against three species of endophytic fungi and seven species of exogenous fungi] publish year: 2009 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: In order to investigate the inhibitory effects of host plants secondary metabolites on the growth of endophytic and exogenous fungi, the volatile oil from medicinal plant Atractylodes lancea was extracted with organic solvent extraction method, and its antimicrobial activity against three species of endophytic and seven species of exogenous fungi was determined by paper disc assay and spread-plate. The volatile oil had inhibitory effects on the growth of test endophytic fungi. It had strong antimicrobial activity against Rhodotorula glutinis and Saprolegnia, but weak activity against Rhizopus and Absidia. It suppressed the sporulation of Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, but no effects on the growth of Phytophthora. Under the stress of high concentration volatile oil, the hyphal branches of test endophytic fungi increased, the distance between the branches became shorter, and the growth of aerial hyphae was inhibited. The test endophytic fungi had remarkable ability to metabolize and transform the volatile oil, and decreased the contents of its main ingredients. All the results showed that the volatile oil extracted from A. lancea had inhibitory effects on the growth of endophytic fungi, but the fungi could adapt to the volatile oil via metabolizing and decomposing it.


X: -0.82673895 Y: 3.4130082title: Deep-Fried Atractylodis Rhizoma Protects against Spleen Deficiency-Induced Diarrhea through Regulating Intestinal Inflammatory Response and Gut Microbiota publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: According to the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, spleen deficiency often leads to diarrhea, and deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (DAR) is commonly used for the treatment. However, the association between spleen deficiency and diarrhea remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of DAR for the treatment of diarrhea caused by spleen deficiency and analyze the related mechanisms. It was found that a high dose group of an ethanolic extract of deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (EEDAR-H) significantly inhibited weight loss, diarrhea, and pathological changes in colon tissue induced by rhubarb. EEDAR-H was found to significantly reduce the level of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression of gastrointestinal motility hormones. In addition, EEDAR-H significantly increased the expression of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) and restored abnormal water metabolism; Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San (SLBZS) induced the same effect as EEDAR-H. Additional tests on the mechanism found that EEDAR-H and SLBZS promoted the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Both significantly increased the expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin, inhibited the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and MLC, and significantly reduced the expression levels of PAR-2. Analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that overall changes in its structure were reversed after treatment with EEDAR-H or SLBZS, in addition to significant modulation of the abundance of different phyla. At the genus level, EEDAR-H or SLBZS significantly reduced the levels of potential pathogens and increased those of beneficial bacteria.


X: 0.0496363 Y: 3.3665679title: [Simultaneous determination of atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol, atrctylodin in Atractylodes lancea and hierarchical cluster analysis] publish year: 2010 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To develop a GC method for simultaneous determination of 4 compounds (atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin) in Atractylodes lancea.
A HP-1 capillary column (0.25 mm x 30 m, 0.25 microm) was used. The detector was FID:Inlet temperature was 250 degrees C. The detector temperature was 250 degrees C. The column temperature was set at 145 degrees C and held for 25 min after injection, then programmed at 10 degrees C x min(-1) to 250 degrees C and held for 10 min at the temperature. The carrying gas was nitrogen, split ratio was 40:1. Injection volume was 2 microL, Cluster analysis was performed by SPSS13.0 software.
The linear ranges for atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin were 0.0122. 32 (r = .9998), 0.008-1.68 (r = 0.9998), 0.009-1.76 (r = 0.9999), 0.016-3.20 g x L(-1) (r = 0.9997), respectively. The average recoveries (n = 3) of atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin were 98.0%-99.0%, 97.7%-99.4%, 98.4%-99.2%, 97.8%-99.7%, respectively. The samples analyzed were divided into two classes.
This method is simple, specific, repeatable and stable. It can be applied for the simultaneous determination of 4 compounds (atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin) in A. lancea, which will provide the basis for the quality control of A. lancea. The contents of 4 active compounds were significantly different between geo-authentic and non-authentic producing areas.


X: -1.2534084 Y: 3.1520245title: Research and Development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. as a Promising Candidate for Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapeutics publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Treatment and control of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA): the bile duct cancer is limited by the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs and alternative drugs are needed, particularly those from natural sources. This article reviews steps of research and development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. (AL) as potential candidate for CCA chemotherapy, with adoption of the reverse pharmacology approach. Major steps include (1) reviewing of existing information on its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, (2) screening of its activities against CCA, (3) standardization of AL, (4) nonclinical studies to evaluate anti-CCA activities, (5) phytochemistry and standardization of AL extract, (6) development of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized AL extract, and (7) toxicity testing of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized AL extract. Results from a series of our study confirm anti-CCA potential and safety profiles of both the crude extract and the finished product (oral pharmaceutical formulation of the standardized AL extract). Phases I and II clinical trials of the product to confirm tolerability and efficacy in healthy subjects and patients with advanced stage CCA will be carried out soon.


X: 0.45527005 Y: 4.043389title: Comparative Analysis and Functional Identification of Rhizome miRNAs of Two Atractylodes Lancea Ecotypes publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules. They mediate RNA silencing and regulate a series of target mRNAs involved in plant development, metabolism, and responses to different ecological environments. As one of important medicinal plants, Atractylodes lancea has a high medicinal significance and commercial value. Mao and Dabie are two ecotypes of A. lancea which mainly distributes in Mao Mountain and Dabie Mountain, respectively. To better understand the genomic information and germplasm resource characteristics, miRNA profiling analysis by high-throughput sequencing was performed to identify rhizome miRNAs of two A. lancea ecotypes. A transcriptomic database was established to identify miRNAs precursors and their target transcripts. By comparing small RNAs and the transcriptomic database, 270 known miRNAs of 46 miRNA families and 91 novel miRNAs were identified, plus hundreds of putative targets. Using Mireap software, 5 and 12 of 22 significant differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in ecotype formation and terpenoid metabolism, respectively, which was verified by qRT-PCR tests. These results are an important resource to better understand the biological mechanism of terpene formation and A. lancea adaptation to different ecological environment.


X: -0.88725287 Y: 3.542624title: Comparison of the anti-ulcer activity between the crude and bran-processed Atractylodes lancea in the rat model of gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (AL, Compositae, Chinese name: Cangzhu; Japanese name: Sou-ju-tsu) has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases such as digestive disorders, rheumatic diseases, and influenza in China, Korea and Japan. The crude AL and AL bran-processed are both listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the differences between the effects of the crude and AL bran-processed on gastric ulcer were poorly understood, and the mechanisms for the treatment of gastric ulcer were not clear. This study aimed at comparing the anti-ulcer effects between the crude AL and AL processed in acetic acid induced model in rats and evaluating the mechanisms of action involved in the anti-ulcer properties of AL.

Materials and methods:
The model of gastric ulcer was imitated by acetic acid in rats, and AL was gavaged. The serum and gastric tissues were collected. The levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), trefoil factor2 (TFF2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6, 8 (IL-6, 8) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in serum and gastric tissues were determined by the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA expressions of EGF, TFF2, TNF-α, and IL-8 in stomach were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Meanwhile, histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. The protein expressions of EGF, TFF2, TNF-α, and IL-8 were examined by immunohistochemistry in stomach.

Results:
The results demonstrated that the damage of gastric tissue was obviously alleviated and the productions of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, and PGE2 and the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, and IL-8 were notably inhibited. Furthermore, the productions of EGF and TFF2 and the mRNA expressions of EGF and TFF2 were significantly stimulated by both crude AL and AL processed in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the crude AL, the processed AL was more effective.

Conclusion:
The AL processed had more satisfactory effects in treatment of gastric-ulcer than the crude AL. The anti-ulcer effects of AL could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties via down-regulating TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6 and PGE2 and to the gastroprotective effects via up-regulating EGF and TFF2.


X: -0.08129731 Y: 2.6906605title: Four new sesquiterpenes from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Four new sesquiterpene compounds, (5R,7R,10S)-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylisopterocarpolone-11-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), (5R,7R,10S)-14-carboxylisopterocarpolone-11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), (1R,7R,10R)-1-hydroxylcarissone-11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), and (1R,7R,10S)-10,11-dihydroxy-4-guaien-3-one 11-O-β-d- glucopyranoside (4), were isolated from the Atractylodes lancea by high-performance liquid chromatography. The compounds’ structures were elucidated through detailed spectroscopic methods.


X: 0.3142468 Y: 3.596763title: Evaluation of heritability of β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio in Atractylodes lancea De Candolle publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background:
Atractylodes lancea De Candolle is a medicinal plant distributed in East Asia. Its rhizome has been used as an important crude drug in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines for the treatment of numerous diseases and disorders. In recent years, the demand for mass production of the crude drug with a stable quality has increased. Its major active compounds are sesquiterpenoids, such as β-eudesmol and hinesol that have closely related chemical structures with each other. As the criteria for evaluating the quality of A. lancea, the β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio is considered important. In A. lancea, the ratio could be considered to be influenced by genetic factors, geographical environment factors and these interactions. Few studies of a detail genetic analyses for β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio have been reported. Therefore, we evaluated the heritability and genotype-environment interaction on the β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio in A. lancea using clonal lines propagated with division of rhizome.

Results:
The heritability of the β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio in A. lancea was evaluated through the cultivation of clonal lines of A. lancea in both different years (2016, 2017) and locations (Hokkaido, Ibaraki). Correlations between β-eudesmol and hinesol contents were identified in all clonal lines, with high correlation coefficients (r = 0.73-0.99). The broad-sense heritability of the β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio was revealed to be high at 0.92. The effects of cultivation year were smaller than that of genotype, and few genotype-environment interactions were observed. In addition, the influence of cultivation location was also smaller than that of genotype, and the correlation between the two cultivation locations on the β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio was high. The results suggested that the β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio in A. lancea is highly dependent on genetic factors.

Conclusion:
We demonstrate that the heritability of β-eudesmol/hinesol content ratio is high and that the effects of genetic factors were stronger than that of environmental factors such as cultivation location and year. Our findings suggested that selective breeding and clonal propagation are effective strategies for the production of A. lancea with stable qualities for use in the production of crude drugs.


X: 1.2483793 Y: 4.5946574title: The influences of inorganic elements in soil on the geolism of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2002 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To study the influence of inorganic elements in soil on the geolism of Atractylodes lancea.
The concentrations of 15 kinds of inorganic elements of regional A. lancea and their correspondingly soils were determined, and the data were analysed with the SPSS10.0 software.
The mean concentration of Ni in geoherbs of A. lancea was 3 times higher than that in the non-geoherbs. The accumulation of Ca is high in geoberbs. There is no relationship between the concentrations of inorganic elements in A. lancea and those in their corresponding soil.
A. lancea adjusts the concentration of inorganic elements mainly by active absorption, and there are good relationship between the accumulation of Fe and Cr, Fe and Hg, Hg and Cr, As and Pb, Co and Sr.


X: -0.792627 Y: 3.385816title: Protective Effects of Atractylodis lancea Rhizoma on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via TLR4/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a syndrome caused by an excessive inflammatory response characterized by intractable hypoxemia both inside and outside the lung, for which effective therapeutic drugs are lacking. Atractylodis rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicine, has excellent anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties in addition to protecting the integrity of the cellular barrier. However, few studies of Atractylodis rhizoma for the treatment of ALI have been published, and its mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodis rhizoma (EEAR) was initially clarified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), after which it was studied in vivo using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI rat model. Treatment with EEAR significantly reduced the lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio, neutrophil infiltration, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) formation, and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) depletion in rats with ALI, thereby improving lung barrier function and effectively reducing lung injury. In addition, EEAR significantly reduced histopathological changes, decreased the expression of inflammatory factors (such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)), and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus reducing inflammation. In addition, EEAR was found to also reduce oxidative stress in ALI by upregulating the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream proteins heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1). EEAR also reduced LPS-induced inflammatory factor expression in THP-1 cells in vitro by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and reduced damage from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in THP-1 cells by promoting the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets HO-1 and NQO-1, the molecular mechanism of which was consistent with in vivo observations. Therefore, we conclude that EEAR attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via TLR4/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways to alleviate LPS-induced ALI, suggesting that Atractylodis Rhizoma is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of ALI.


X: 0.12006173 Y: 3.5766933title: Quality evaluation of the extract of aerial parts from Atractylodes lancea based on fingerprint and chemometrics publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint technique is an effective method to evaluate the quality, identify species, ensure consistency and stability of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this study, determination was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) column with methanol-water as mobile phase in gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, the column temperature was 30°C, the detection wavelength was set to 260 nm. The HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of extract of the aerial parts from Atractylodes lancea were evaluated by similarity analysis and chemometrics including hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activities of 10 batches of extract of the aerial parts from Atractylodes lancea were estimated on Escherichia coli (E. coli). The correlation coefficient of similarity between 10 batches of extract was ≥ 0.998, and the extract of the aerial parts from Atractylodes lancea have stable effects on inhibiting the proliferation of E. coli. Besides, bivariate correlation analysis (BCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were applied to construct a spectrum-effect relationship, which proved the 5 main marker compounds were more relevant to anti-bacteria. Therefore, in this work, the results were successfully built an agile and efficient method that can ensure the intra-assay stability of biological activity of the extract of the aerial parts from Atractylodes lancea.


X: 0.5165221 Y: 4.1104474title: Cloning, Prokaryotic Expression, and Purification of Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Cangzhu (Atractylodes lancea), a valuable and common traditional Chinese medicinal herb, is primarily used as an effective medicine with various health-promoting effects. The main pharmacological bioactive ingredients in the rhizome of A. lancea are terpenoids. Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT) is the first enzyme in the terpenoid synthesis pathway and catalyzes two units of acetyl-CoA into acetoacetyl-CoA.

Objective
The objective of the present work was to clone and identify function of AlAACT from Atractylodes lancea.

Method
A full-length cDNA clone of AlAACT was isolated using PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed protein was purified using Ni-NTA agarose column using standard protocols. AlAACT was transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaves to determine their subcellular location. The difference in growth between recombinant bacteria and control bacteria under different stresses was observed using the droplet plate experiment.

Result
In this study, a full-length cDNA of AACT (AlAACT) was cloned from A. lancea, which contains a 1,227 bp open reading frame and encodes a protein with 409 amino acids. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis clearly suggested that AlAACT shared high similarity with AACTs from other plants. The recombinant protein pET32a(+)/AlAACT was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells induced with 0.4 mM IPTG at 30°C as the optimized condition. The recombinant enzyme pET-32a-AlAACT was purified using the Ni-NTA column based on the His-tag, and the molecular weight was determined to be 62 kDa through SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis. The recombinant protein was eluted with 100, 300, and 500 mM imidazole; most of the protein was eluted with 300 mM imidazole. Under mannitol stress, the recombinant pET-32a-AlAACT protein showed a substantial advantage in terms of growth rates compared to the control. However, this phenomenon was directly opposite under NaCl abiotic stress. Subcellular localization showed that AlAACT localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Conclusion
The expression and purification of recombinant enzyme pET-32a-AlAACT were successful, and the recombinant strain pET-32a-AlAACT in showed better growth in a drought stress. The expression of AlAACT-EGFP fusion protein revealed its localization in both nuclear and cytoplasm compartments. This study provides an important foundation for further research into the effects of terpenoid biosynthesis in A. lancea.


X: -1.2936987 Y: 3.1405215title: Prognostic factors of clinical responses in patients with advanced-stage intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma following Atractylodes lancea administration: A phase 2A clinical trial publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A statistical model is essential in determining the appropriate predictive indicators for therapies in many types of cancers. Predictors have been compared favorably to the traditional systems for many cancers. Thus, this study has been proposed as an alternative or a new standard approach. A recent study on the clinical efficacy of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. (AL) revealed the higher clinical benefits in patients with advanced-stage intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) treated with AL compared with standard supportive care. we investigated the relationships between clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic parameters of serum bioactivity of AL and its active constituent (atractylodin) and determined therapeutic ranges. The cox proportion hazard model and Receive Operating Characteristic (ROC) were applied to determine the cut-off values of AUC0-inf, Cmax, and Cavg associated with therapeutic outcomes. Number-need to be treated (NNT) and relative risk (RR) was also applied to determine potential predictors. The AUC0-inf of total AL bioactivity of> 96.71 mg/h/l was identified as a promising predictor of disease prognosis, i.e., progression-free survival (PFS) and disease control rate (DCR). Cmax of total AL bioactivity of>21.42 was identified as a predictor of the prognosis of death. The therapeutic range of total AL bioactivity for PFS and DCR is 14.48-65.8 mg/l, and for overall survival is 10.97-65.8 mg/l. The predictors of ICC disease prognosis were established based on the pharmacokinetics of total AL bioactivity. The information could be exploited to improve the clinical efficacy of AL in patients with advanced-stage ICC. These predictors will be validated in a phase 2B clinical study.


X: 1.4591808 Y: 4.6412425title: Consequences of antagonistic interactions between endophytic fungus and bacterium on plant growth and defense responses in Atractylodes lancea: Endophytic interactions in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2013 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Many studies have examined pair-wise interactions between plants and endophytes, while overlooking the interplays among multiple endosymbionts and their combined impacts on hosts. In this study, Atractylodes lancea plantlets were inoculated with endophytic fungus Acremonium strictum AL16, or endophytic bacterium Acinetobacter sp., or both, to investigate the impacts of the three-way symbiosis on the host. Our results showed that defense-related responses of the co-inoculated plantlets were delayed and weakened relative to plantlets with single inoculants, but no detrimental effects on phyto-physiology (growth, photosynthesis) were observed after combined inoculations. Quantitative PCR analysis verified a decrease in AL16 colonization density within plants after co-inoculation with the endobacteria. An in vitro assay was then performed to elucidate the suppressed plant defense responses and reduced fungal colonization by dual inoculation. The data showed that the presence of Acinetobacter sp. reduced AL16 colony diameter and spore germination rate without negatively affecting fungal morphology. Additionally, direct hyphal attachment of the bacterium to AL16 in vitro was visualized by scanning electronic microscopy. Therefore, we propose that a balanced and compatible symbiosis might require constraints conferred by the antagonistic endophyte Acinetobacter sp. on the fungus AL16 in the tripartite endophytic bacterium-fungus-plant system.


X: 0.96129644 Y: 4.564877title: Habitat characteristics for the growth of Atractylodes lancea based on GIS publish year: 2005 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To study the habitat characteristics for the growth of Atractylodes lancea.
The leading factors for the growth of A. lancea are determined after stepwise regression, and the limiting factor are determined by field study, literature search,and weather records. The mean values of leading factors and the limiting factors of A. lancea for 30 years were applied to do spatial interpolation using IDIRIEIW softwares. An overlay was prerformed using data obtained in Mt. Maoshan and the general habitat of A. Iancea.
It was found that precipitation is one of the dominant climate factors that affects the quality of A. lancea. High temperature was one of the limiting factor which influences the living of A. lancea. The best habitat was determined to be: annual mean temperature more than 15 degrees C, monthly mean minimum temperature between - 2- -1 degrees C, monthly mean maximum temperature about 32 degrees C, lowest tolerable temperature - 17- -15 degrees C, drought season 1 - 2 months, annual mean precipitation between 1000 - 1160 mm.
Mt. Maoshan was characterized by having high temperature, short drought season and adequate precipitation. The growth of A. Lancea is a result of environmental stress.


X: 0.5755936 Y: 4.52566title: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of DXS and DXR Genes in the Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii publish year: 2015 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) genes are the key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthesis but still unknown in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Here, three full-length cDNA encoding DXS1, DXS2 and DXR were cloned from suspension cells of T. wilfordii with ORF sizes of 2154 bp (TwDXS1, GenBank accession no.KM879187), 2148 bp (TwDXS2, GenBank accession no.KM879186), 1410 bp (TwDXR, GenBank accession no.KM879185). And, the TwDXS1, TwDXS2 and TwDXR were characterized by color complementation in lycopene accumulating strains of Escherichia coli, which indicated that they encoded functional proteins and promoted lycopene pathway flux. TwDXS1 and TwDXS2 are constitutively expressed in the roots, stems and leaves and the expression level showed an order of roots > stems > leaves. After the suspension cells were induced by methyl jasmonate, the mRNA expression level of TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR increased, and triptophenolide was rapidly accumulated to 149.52 µg·g(-1), a 5.88-fold increase compared with the control. So the TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR could be important genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.


X: 0.69958544 Y: 3.2885435title: Quantitative and fingerprinting analysis of Atractylodes rhizome based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection combined with chemometrics publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: This study assessed the feasibility of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for quality analysis of Atractylodes rhizome. We extracted essential oils from 20 Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana samples by hydrodistillation. The variation in extraction yields (1.33-4.06%) suggested that contents of the essential oils differed between species. The volatile components (atractylon, atractydin, and atractylenolide I, II, and III) were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and the results demonstrated that the number and content of volatile components differed between A. lancea and A. koreana. We then calculated the relative peak areas of common components and similarities of samples by comparing the chromatograms of A. lancea and A. koreana extracts. Also, we employed several chemometric techniques, including similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least-squares discriminate analysis, to analyze the samples. Results were consistent across analytical methods and showed that samples could be separated according to species. Five volatile components in the essential oils were quantified to further validate the results of the multivariate statistical analysis. The method is simple, stable, accurate, and reproducible. Our results provide a foundation for quality control analysis of A. lancea and A. koreana. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: -0.6860091 Y: 3.1863532title: Effect of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and its constituents on the delay of gastric emptying publish year: 2003 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The effect of rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea on gastric disorders, in particular, the delay in gastric emptying induced by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine in rats, was investigated. Intragastric treatment with an aqueous extract (250 mg/kg) and its lipophilic fractions (4 mg/kg) significantly improved delayed gastric emptying. The major constituents of the lipophilic fraction were two sesquiterpens, hinesol and beta-eudesmol, and four known polyacetylenic compounds, atractylodin, atractylodinol, acetylatractylodinol and 4,6,12-tetradecatriene-8,10-diyne-1,3,14-triol. The activity was found in the four polyacetylenic compounds at a similar potency, but not in the two sesquiterpens. To clarify the effect of the four polyacetylenic compounds in this extract, we attempted to evaluate the activity of atractylodin, as representative, at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg based on the total amounts (0.2 mg/250 mg aqueous extract) of the four polyacetylenic compounds. In addition, atractylodin improved the delay in gastric emptying at between 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the aqueous extract improved the delayed gastric emptying, and polyacetylenic compounds contributed to its activity.


X: 1.375772 Y: 4.2921343title: Atractylodes lancea volatiles induce physiological responses in neighboring peanut plant during intercropping publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: AimsPlant volatiles serve as airborne semiochemicals, bridging the interactions between the plant and environment. Intercropping of a Chinese medicinal herb, Atractylodes lancea, with peanut plants greatly improves peanut growth, leading to a reduction of soil-borne disease. The underlying mechanism of peanut responding to the intercropped A. lancea is unknown. We here explored the response of the above- and belowground peanut parts to volatiles produced by the aboveground parts of A. lancea.Methods
Closed cultivation system was used. Composition of volatiles released by A. lancea plant was first determined using headspace solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Then, physiological responses of peanut were explored via enzymes activity assay and root secretions. Changes in the peanut rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities were analyzed by Illumina sequencing.ResultsThe intercropped A. lancea volatiles induced a physiological response in peanut, which includes the increased catalase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in peanut leaf, and improvement of peanut growth. Secretion of organic acids by the peanut root was increased in response to volatile treatment. Pyrosequencing of the whole internal transcribed spacer and 16S rRNA amplicons revealed significant differences in microbial diversity and composition in peanut rhizosphere upon volatile treatment.Conclusions
In the intercropping, A. lancea volatiles play a key role in influencing the growth of a neighbouring peanut plant, e.g., increasing biomass and affecting root colonization by soil microorganisms, which may increase plant protection against pathogens. Intercropping patterns could be designed accordingly to increase crop performance.


X: 0.289844 Y: 4.4611683title: Chloroplast Genome Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships of Atractylodes species publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background：Atractylodes DC is the basic original plant of the widely used herbal medicines “Baizhu” and “Cangzhu” and an endemic genus in East Asia. Species within the genus have minor morphological differences, and the universal DNA barcodes cannot clearly distinguish the systemic relationship or identify the species of the genus. In order to solve these question, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of all species of Atractylodes using high-throughput sequencing.
Results: The results indicate that the chloroplast genome of Atractylodes has a typical quadripartite structure and ranges from 152,294 bp (A. carlinoides) to 153,261 bp (A. macrocephala) in size. The genome of all species contains 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes and four ribosomal RNA genes. Four hotspots, rpl22-rps19-rpl2, psbM-trnD, trnR-trnT(GGU), and trnT(UGU)-trnL, and a total of 42-47 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were identified as the most promising potentially variable makers for species delimitation and population genetic studies. Phylogenetic analyses of the whole chloroplast genomes indicate that Atractylodes is a clade within the tribe Cynareae; Atractylodes species form a monophyly that clearly reflects the relationship within the genus.
Conclusions: Our study included investigations of the sequences and structural genomic variations, phylogenetics and mutation dynamics of Atractylodes chloroplast genomes and will facilitate future studies in population genetics, taxonomy and species identification.


X: -0.14212249 Y: 2.8975563title: Chemical constituents of Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz publish year: 2010 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Phytochemical investigations of the rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. resulted in the isolation of four sesquiterpenes (1–4), five polyacetylenes (5–9), oleanolic acid (10), and 5-hydromethyl furaldehyde (11). Among them, seven compounds (3, 5–10) were firstly isolated from the A. chinensis, and all have been reported in the genus Atractylodes except compound 10. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was summarized.


X: -0.17238052 Y: 2.7922363title: Two Novel Sesquiterpenoid Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Secoatractylohexone A (1), an unprecedented secoguaiane lactone glycoside featuring 6/7 cores and dihydroxy-9-guaine-3-one 11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), a 9,10-unsaturated guaiene-type glycoside possessing an uncommon scaffold, were isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes together with five known compounds (3–7). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and application of the CD technique. The potential biological activities of secoatractylohexone A were predicted by network pharmacology in silico, the result of which indicated that secoatractylohexone A may be used to treat type II diabetes.


X: -0.5088231 Y: 3.1974142title: Pharmacological effects of medicinal components of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Abstract Atractylodes lancea Thunb. DC. (AL) has a long history as one of the important herbs used in East Asia. This review is on the purpose of providing a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of AL and its extractions. The publication from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley database was collected and summarized. The potential application of AL on the disease could be attributed to its pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other essential effects. Hence, this review aims at providing evidence of the pharmacological activities of AL as one of natural products used in clinical trial.


X: -0.22536597 Y: 2.807972title: Glycosides of Atractylodes ovata publish year: 2003 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A new coumarin glycoside and a new glycoside of an acetylene derivative were isolated from the water-soluble portion of the methanolic extract of Atractylodes ovata rhizome together with eight known compounds. Their structures were characterized as scopoletin beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and (2E)-2-decene-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol 8-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, based on chemical and spectroscopic investigations. A comparison of the polar constituents among Atractylodes japonica, Atractylodes lancea, and A. ovata is led to the conclusion that A. ovata is distinguishable from A. lancea and A. japonica, as also shown by phylogenetic analysis.


X: 1.5551097 Y: 4.589028title: The effects of intercropping with medicinal plants and addition of endophytic fungi on soil microflora and peanut yield publish year: 2010 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The deterioration of soil microflora and the decline of enzyme activity have been regarded as two key factors of the reduction in peanut yield in long-term continual peanut cropping system. To understand soil biological functions in peanut cropping system, a surface layer (0-20 cm in depth) of red soil was sampled from a 15-year-old continuous peanut cropping upland at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in Yingtan, Jiangxi province (N28°13', E116°55' with an altitude of 45 m ASL), and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of intercropping with medicinal plants and adding endophytic fungi B3 (Phomopsis sp.) on soil microflora, saccharase, urease activities, and peanut superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and peanut yield. The results showed that intercropping with medicinal plants and adding endophytic fungi B3 treatments significantly reduced soil mould colony forming units (CFU), but enhanced bacterium CFU and saccharase activity. The bacteria increase and mould reduction followed the order of Atractylodes lancea intercropping peanut with adding B3 treatment (PAB3) > peanut monocropping with adding B3 treatment (PB3) > Euphorbia pekinensis intercropping peanut with adding B3 treatment (PEB3) > A. lancea intercropping peanut treatment (PA) > E. pekinensis intercropping peanut treatment (PE) > control (peanut monocropping, P). Compared to the control (P), soil saccharase activity was significantly increased at flowering pegging stage in the PA and PE treatments. Its increase was greater after adding B3. The highest was observed in the PAB3 treatment combing the intercropping and B3 adding functions. Soil urease activity was also increased significantly after adding B3 (e. g., PB3, PAB3 and PEB3 treatments), although its change was less than soil saccharase activity. As a result, peanut SOD activity and peanut yield were increased significantly in the intercropping with medicinal plants and adding B3 treatments. The peanut SOD activity was the order PAB3 > PEB3 > PB3, PA > PE > P. Compared to the control (P), the PA and PE treatments rose the peanut yield by 9% - 22%, while an increase of 24% was in PB3 treatment. Adding B3 increased the yield by 30% and 4% in PAB3 and PEB3 treatments than PA and PE treatments, respectively. Combining the intercropping and B3 adding increased the yield by 59% greater in the PAB3 than in the control (P), but only 13% increase was found in the PEB3 treatment. These results suggested that some synergisms might take place between the intercropping A. lancea and addition of B3 for improving peanut yield, while the presence of E. pekinensis might inhibit B3 activity to some degree, and its mechanism need more investigation.


X: -0.15707007 Y: 2.7360969title: Two Novel Sesquiterpenoid Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Secoatractylohexone A (1), an unprecedented secoguaiane lactone glycoside featuring 6/7 cores and dihydroxy-9-guaine-3-one 11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), a 9,10-unsaturated guaiene-type glycoside possessing an uncommon scaffold, were isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes together with five known compounds (3–7). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and application of the CD technique. The potential biological activities of secoatractylohexone A were predicted by network pharmacology in silico, the result of which indicated that secoatractylohexone A may be used to treat type II diabetes.


X: 0.7748788 Y: 3.272213title: Quality suitability modeling of volatile oil in Chinese Materia Medica – Based on maximum entropy and independent weight coefficient method: Case studies of Atractylodes lancea, Angelica sinensis, Curcuma longa and Atractylodes macrocephala publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Volatile oils are an important class of active constituents that have anti-bacterial, antipyretic and nerve-soothing effects in Chinese medicinal materials. It is often a characteristic constituent that indicates the quality of Chinese herbal medicines. How the ecological factors influence volatile oil has important theoretical and practical value for the genuine medicinal materials. This study selected Atractylodes lancea, Angelica sinensis, Curcuma longa and Atractylodes macrocephala as research objects in China, after Pearson correlative analysis between volatile oil and ecological factors, volatile oil was selected as the evaluating index and the monthly precipitation from March to June as the independent variable, maximum entropy and improved independent weight coefficient method were used to analyze the variation of volatile oil with the changes in the environment. Finally the volatile oil distribution maps were drafted. The results suggested that: (1) the precipitation in the early growth season had an important effect on the accumulation of volatile oil, but the effects were not the same. (2) The volatile oil particular prediction model was established by the factors that were most relevant to the volatile oil, and the universal prediction model was established by the precipitation from March to June. The results of the latter were highly consistent with those of the former, which showed that the universal prediction model had an effective predictive ability.


X: 0.25902435 Y: 4.5512047title: Phylogenomic analyses based on the plastid genome and concatenated nrDNA sequence data reveal cytonuclear discordance in genus Atractylodes (Asteraceae: Carduoideae) publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes species are widely distributed across East Asia and are cultivated as medicinal herbs in China, Japan, and Korea. Their unclear morphological characteristics and low levels of genetic divergence obscure the taxonomic relationships among these species. In this study, 24 plant samples were collected representing five species of Atractylodes located in China; of these, 23 belonged to members of the A. lancea complex. High-throughput sequencing was used to obtain the concatenated nrDNA sequences (18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S) and plastid genomes. The concatenated nrDNA sequence lengths for all the Atractylodes species were 5,849 bp, and the GC content was 55%. The lengths of the whole plastid genome sequences ranged from 152,138 bp ( A. chinensis ) to 153,268 bp ( A. lancea ), while their insertion/deletion sites were mainly distributed in the intergenic regions. Furthermore, 33, 34, 36, 31, and 32 tandem repeat sequences, as well as 30, 30, 29, 30, and 30 SSR loci, were detected in A. chinensis , A. koreana , A. lancea , A. japonica , and A. macrocephala , respectively. In addition to these findings, a considerable number of heteroplasmic variations were detected in the plastid genomes, implying a complicated phylogenetic history for Atractylodes . The results of the phylogenetic analysis involving concatenated nrDNA sequences showed that A. lancea and A. japonica formed two separate clades, with A. chinensis and A. koreana constituting their sister clade, while A. lancea , A. koreana, A. chinensis , and A. japonica were found based on plastid datasets to represent a mixed clade on the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic network analysis suggested that A. lancea may have hybridized with the common ancestor of A. chinensis and A. japonica , while ABBA–BABA tests of SNPs in the plastid genomes showed that A. chinensis was more closely related to A. japonica than to A. lancea . This study reveals the extensive discordance and complexity of the relationships across the members of the A. lancea complex ( A. lancea, A. chinensis , A. koreana , and A. japonica ) according to cytonuclear genomic data; this may be caused by interspecific hybridization or gene introgression.


X: -0.73778373 Y: 3.0996368title: Structure of crude polysaccharides from Atractylodes lancea rhizome and treatment of diarrhea owing to spleen deficiency through intestinal flora publish year: 2024 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To optimize the extraction process of crude polysaccharides from Atractylodes and elaborate the mechanism of Atractylodes polysaccharides in treating diarrhea owing to spleen deficiency, so as to lay a foundation for further development and utilization of Atractylodes lancea , we used an orthogonal test to optimize the extraction process and established a model of spleen deficiency. It was further combined with histopathology and intestinal flora to elaborate the mechanism of Atractylodes polysaccharides in the treatment of spleen‐deficiency diarrhea. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: the ratio of material to liquid was 1:25; the rotational speed was 150 rpm; the extraction temperature was 60°C; the extraction time was 2 h; and the extraction rate was about 23%. The therapeutic effect of Atractylodes polysaccharides on a spleen‐deficiency diarrhea model in mice showed that the water content of stools and diarrhea grade in the treatment group were alleviated, and the levels of gastrin, motilin and d ‐xylose were improved. The analysis results based on gut microbiota showed that the model group had a higher diversity of gut microbiota than the normal group and treatment group, and the treatment group could correct the diversity of gut microbiota in model mice. Analysis based on the level of phylum and genus showed that the treatment group could inhibit the abundance of Helicobacter pylori genus and increase beneficial bacteria genera. The conclusion was that the optimized extraction process of Atractylodes polysaccharides was reasonable and feasible, and had a good therapeutic effect on spleen deficiency diarrhea.


X: 1.521347 Y: 4.587713title: Effects of the symbiosis between fungal endophytes and Atractylodes lancea on rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities publish year: 2013 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Tissue-cultured plantlets of Atractylodes lancea were inoculated with the endophytes AL4 (Cunninghamella sp.) and AL12(Gilmaniella sp.), and subsequently transplanted into soil after hardening of the tissue-cultured plantlets. We investigated rhizospheric and phyllospheric microbial communities using culture-based and culture-independent methods. Energy spectrumanalysis, high performance liquid chromatography, and other assay methods were employed to quantify the elements in the leaves, and the soluble sugars, free amino acids and organic acids in the rhizosphere. The results showed that the endophytes enhanced the diversity and size of the rhizospheric microbial populations. In the phyllosphere, AL4 (Cunninghamella sp.) enhanced the diversity and size of bacterial populations, while AL12 (Gilmaniella sp.) enhanced the diversity and size of fungal populations. The dominant bacterial genera were Microbacterium, Kocuria and Sphingomon in the endophytes-inoculated groups, and Acinetobacter and Bacillus in the endophytes-free group. While Acremonium and Curvularia were the dominant fungal genera in the phyllosphere of endophytes-inoculated groups, Fusarium and Penicillum were most common in the endophytes-free group. AL4 (Cunninghamella sp.) enhanced the rhizospheric microbial population size and diversity by increasing rhizospheric free amino acids, while AL12 (Gilmaniella sp.) altered the rhizospheric microbes by changing concentration of soluble sugars in the rhizosphere. Elemental levels in the phyllosphere
and the nutrients in the rhizosphere varied among the treatments and may also have influenced the microbial communities.


X: 1.1649419 Y: 4.3423767title: Effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species on the growth, physiology, and major components of essential oil of atractylodes lancea publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on survival, growth, physiological characteristics, and essential oil accumulation of Atractylodes lancea plantlets, three strains of AMF, including Glomus etunicatum BGC AM0048 (A1), Glomus tortuosum BGC AM0001 (A2), and Glomus mosseae BGC AM0045 (A3), were used to inoculate A. lancea tissue culture seedlings in a greenhouse experiment. The results showed that the inoculation of AMF increased the survival rate of seedlings. The mycorrhizal infection rates in the three inoculated groups were in the order of A3 (63.39%), A2 (47.81%), A1 (42.41%) at 35 d after transplanting, and their positive effects on the growth of A. lancea followed the same order of infection rate, with A3 group showing the best performance. Compared to the control group, plant height, root length, and leaf number per plant in A3 group significantly increased by 21.9%, 65% and 38.7% respectively. The activities of disease resistance enzymes (PAL, PPO, β-1,3glucanase), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POD) as well as chlorophyll (a+b) content in the leaves of AMF treatment groups were improved at some extent. Moreover, AMF inoculation increased the accumulation of the major components (hinesol, β-eudesmol and atractylodin) in the essential oil. Our results showed that there was difference in the preference of AMF for plants. G. mosseae BGC AM0045 (A3) could be used as an excellent fungal strain to inoculate A. lancea seedlings for the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizae in artificial cultivation. © 2018, editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Ecology. All rights reserved.


X: -0.9339019 Y: 3.5787115title: Comparison of the Effects of Essential Oil Obtained from the Crude and Bran-Processed Atractylodes lancea on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Injury of Human Colonic Epithelial Cells by Downregulating the IKK/NF-B Signaling Pathway publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background:
Atractylodes lancea (AL) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various diseases including digestive disorders. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common digestive system disease with a low cure rate and easy recurrence. However, it is still not clear whether AL is suitable for UC treatment. Currently, stir-baking with wheat bran is most commonly used to process AL. Here, we aimed to address the effects of the crude and bran-processed AL on UC in vitro and uncover the underlying mechanism based on regulating the IKK/NF-kappa B signaling pathway.

Methods:
Human colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpiC) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic the inflammatory injury of UC in vitro. The essential oil from crude and bran-processed AL was used to treat LPS-induced HcoEpiC cells. The cell viability was detected by an MTT assay. The levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-1-β, TNF-α, and NO were determined by ELISA, and the mRNA expressions of IKK-α, NF-κB, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were determined by RT-PCR. Meanwhile, the expressions of IKK-α, p-IKK-α, p-IKK-β, NF-κB, IL-6, and IL-8 proteins were determined by Western blot.

Results:
The essential oil of AL, whether it was from crude or bran-processed AL, could significantly increase the viability of LPS-induced HCoEpiC cells. The treatment of AL essential oil also notably inhibited the productions of IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-1-β, TNF-α, NO, p-IKK-α, p-IKK-β, and NF-κB and downregulated the mRNA expressions of NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Meanwhile, IL-4 protein and mRNA expression were significantly stimulated by AL essential oil. Moreover, the essential oil from bran-processed AL was more effective than that from crude AL.

Conclusion:
Both kinds of AL essential oil had the anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced HCoEpiC, and the essential oil from bran-processed AL was more effective. The mechanism could be through the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro.


X: 0.07035107 Y: 3.4213247title: [Simultaneous determination of atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol, atrctylodin in Atractylodes lancea and hierarchical cluster analysis] publish year: 2010 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To develop a GC method for simultaneous determination of 4 compounds (atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin) in Atractylodes lancea.
A HP-1 capillary column (0.25 mm x 30 m, 0.25 microm) was used. The detector was FID:Inlet temperature was 250 degrees C. The detector temperature was 250 degrees C. The column temperature was set at 145 degrees C and held for 25 min after injection, then programmed at 10 degrees C x min(-1) to 250 degrees C and held for 10 min at the temperature. The carrying gas was nitrogen, split ratio was 40:1. Injection volume was 2 microL, Cluster analysis was performed by SPSS13.0 software.
The linear ranges for atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin were 0.0122. 32 (r = .9998), 0.008-1.68 (r = 0.9998), 0.009-1.76 (r = 0.9999), 0.016-3.20 g x L(-1) (r = 0.9997), respectively. The average recoveries (n = 3) of atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin were 98.0%-99.0%, 97.7%-99.4%, 98.4%-99.2%, 97.8%-99.7%, respectively. The samples analyzed were divided into two classes.
This method is simple, specific, repeatable and stable. It can be applied for the simultaneous determination of 4 compounds (atractylone, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin) in A. lancea, which will provide the basis for the quality control of A. lancea. The contents of 4 active compounds were significantly different between geo-authentic and non-authentic producing areas.


X: 0.43847346 Y: 3.6703625title: Authenticating the geographic origins of Atractylodes lancea rhizome chemotypes in China through metabolite marker identification publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Introduction
Atractylodes lancea is widely distributed in East Asia, ranging from Amur to south-central China. The rhizome of A. lancea is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, however, the quality of products varies across different regions with different geochemical characteristics.

Method
This study aimed to identify the chemotypes of A. lancea from different areas and screen for chemical markers by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a targeted metabolomics approach based on GC–MS/MS.

Results
The A. lancea distributed in Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, and a region west of Henan province was classified as the Hubei Chemotype (HBA). HBA is characterized by high content of β-eudesmol and hinesol with lower levels of atractylodin and atractylon. In contrast, the Maoshan Chemotype (MA) from Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and other northern regions, exhibited high levels of atractylodin and atractylon. A total of 15 categories of VOCs metabolites were detected and identified, revealing significant differences in the profiles of terpenoid, heterocyclic compound, ester, and ketone among different areas. Multivariate statistics indicated that 6 compounds and 455 metabolites could serve as candidate markers for differentiating A. lancea obtained from the southern, northern, and Maoshan areas.

Discussion
This comprehensive analysis provides a chemical fingerprint of selected A. lancea. Our results highlight the potential of metabolite profiling combined with chemometrics for authenticating the geographical origin of A. lancea.


X: -0.46708855 Y: 3.116337title: β-Eudesmol (a Main Component of Atractylodes lancea)-lnduced Potentiation of Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade in Diaphragm Muscles of Normal and Diabetic Mice publish year: 1989 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Potentiating effects of β-eudesmol on neuromuscular blockade were investigated in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. Pretreatment with β-eudesmol potentiated the blocking effects of suc-cinylcholine to a greater extent in diabetic muscles than in normal ones. This effect was saturated after 30-min pretreatment in normal muscles. Further potentiation was observed after 60-min pretreatment in diabetic muscles. These results suggest that β-eudesmol modifies the sensitivity of diabetic mice to depolarizing blockers so that they have a higher susceptibility to these compounds.