X: 1.2996758 Y: 4.9375677title: Japanese species of Alternaria and their species boundaries based on host range publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To clarify the diversity of plant-parasitic Alternaria species in Japan, diseased samples were collected, and fungal isolates established in culture. We examined 85 isolates representing 23 species distributed in 14 known sections based on conidial morphology and DNA phylogeny. Three species were found to be new, A. cylindrica, A. paragomphrenae and A. triangularis. Furthermore, a lectotype was designated for A. gomphrenae, and epitypes for A. cinerariae, A. gomphrenae, A. iridicola, and A. japonica. Species boundaries of isolates were also clarified by studying phenotypes and determining host ranges. Alternaria gomphrenae and related species in sect. Alternantherae were recognized as distinct species owing to their host specificity. Among the species infecting Apiaceae, the pathogenicity of A. cumini and a novel species, A. triangularis ex Bupleurum, were confirmed as host specific. Another novel species, A. cylindrica, proved to be host specific to Petunia. Alternaria iridicola was recognized as a large-spored species in sect. Alternaria, being host specific to Iris spp. On the other hand, the experimental host ranges of three morphologically and phylogenetically distinct species infecting Brassicaceae (A. brassicae, A. brassicicola, and A. japonica) showed
almost no differences. Alternaria brassicicola and A. porri were even found on non-host plants. In general, host ranges of Alternaria species correlated with morphology and molecular phylogeny, and combining these datasets resulted in clearer species boundaries.


X: 0.46622154 Y: 3.6260915title: Genetic and environmental factors influencing the contents of essential oil compounds in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea are used in traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) and Chinese medicine to treat numerous diseases and disorders because they contain many pharmacologically active compounds. The major active compounds in A. lancea are essential oil compounds such as β-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylon, and atractylodin. The contents of the compounds in A. lancea exhibit high variability depending on their habitat. We cultivated clonal lines of A. lancea in different years (2016, 2017) and different locations (Hokkaido, Ibaraki) to investigate the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the contents of major compounds, namely, β-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylon, and atractylodin. Broad sense heritability of β-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylon, and atractylodin contents were 0.84, 0.77, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively. The effects of interannual variability on the contents of the compounds were lower than those of genotype. In addition, the cultivated environmental factors were assessed by different locations, and the correlations between Hokkaido and Ibaraki grown plants based on β-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylon, and atractylodin contents were 0.94, 0.94, 1.00, and 0.83, respectively. The results suggest that the contents of β-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylon, and atractylodin in A. lancea are largely influenced by genetic factors, and clonal propagation could be an effective strategy for obtaining populations with high contents of essential oil compounds. Furthermore, the contents of β-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylon, and atractylodin in A. lancea exhibited few correlations with rhizome yields. A. lancea cultivars with not only high contents of essential oil compounds but also high rhizome yield could be developed through selective breeding.


X: -0.8974208 Y: 3.571078title: Comparison of the anti-ulcer activity between the crude and bran-processed Atractylodes lancea in the rat model of gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (AL, Compositae, Chinese name: Cangzhu; Japanese name: Sou-ju-tsu) has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases such as digestive disorders, rheumatic diseases, and influenza in China, Korea and Japan. The crude AL and AL bran-processed are both listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the differences between the effects of the crude and AL bran-processed on gastric ulcer were poorly understood, and the mechanisms for the treatment of gastric ulcer were not clear. This study aimed at comparing the anti-ulcer effects between the crude AL and AL processed in acetic acid induced model in rats and evaluating the mechanisms of action involved in the anti-ulcer properties of AL.

Materials and methods:
The model of gastric ulcer was imitated by acetic acid in rats, and AL was gavaged. The serum and gastric tissues were collected. The levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), trefoil factor2 (TFF2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6, 8 (IL-6, 8) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in serum and gastric tissues were determined by the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA expressions of EGF, TFF2, TNF-α, and IL-8 in stomach were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Meanwhile, histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. The protein expressions of EGF, TFF2, TNF-α, and IL-8 were examined by immunohistochemistry in stomach.

Results:
The results demonstrated that the damage of gastric tissue was obviously alleviated and the productions of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, and PGE2 and the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, and IL-8 were notably inhibited. Furthermore, the productions of EGF and TFF2 and the mRNA expressions of EGF and TFF2 were significantly stimulated by both crude AL and AL processed in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the crude AL, the processed AL was more effective.

Conclusion:
The AL processed had more satisfactory effects in treatment of gastric-ulcer than the crude AL. The anti-ulcer effects of AL could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties via down-regulating TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6 and PGE2 and to the gastroprotective effects via up-regulating EGF and TFF2.


X: 0.08562078 Y: 4.197696title: Identification of Atractylodes plants in Chinese herbs and formulations by random amplified polymorphic DNA publish year: 2001 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: An efficient, precise, and sensitive method for identifying Atractylodes plants has been established and will contribute significantly to quality control and scientific analysis in Chinese traditional medicine.
Twenty primers were applied for setting up the RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers of Atractylodes plants, Atractylodes lancea DC (A lancea DC), Atractylodes japonica Koidz (A japonica K), and Atractylodes ovata DC (A ovata DC). The primer OPF03, OPF05, and OPF14 could discriminate them successfully. The results were also able to apply on the Chinese formulations with Atractylodes purchased from local markets.
RAPD was used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among and within closely related species. RAPD analysis reflects heritable changes in the nucleotides sequence in both the coding and noncoding regions, because it is conducted directly from the DNA level. This work first conducted RAPD analysis of Atractylodes plants to establish their RAPD makers.
The RAPD markers could be applied extensively in the Chinese herbal formulations.


X: 0.64395267 Y: 3.2720265title: Comparison of the volatile compounds of Atractylodes medicinal plants by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry publish year: 2006 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes macrocephala (baizhu) and Atractylodes lancea (cangzhu), which are two famous Atractylodes medicinal plants, have traditionally been used as important ingredient of several Chinese herbal medicines. The volatile constituents are the main active components in them. To avoid the traditional and time-consuming hydrodistillation, the analyses of volatile components in baizhu and cangzhu were carried out by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The headspace volatiles were collected using a polydimethylsiloxane–divinylbenzene (PDMS–DVB, 65 μm) fiber. The extraction conditions including extraction temperature, equilibrium time, extraction time and desorption time were optimized using the total peak areas as index. The best response was obtained when the extraction temperature, equilibrium time, extraction time and desorption time were 70 °C, 30, 30 and 4 min, respectively. Thirty-six components representing 90.72% of the total peak areas of baizhu were identified. The highest content component of the HS-SPME sample of baizhu was atractylone (40.12%). For cangzhu, 56 components representing 90.38% of the total peak areas of cangzhu were identified and the highest content component of the HS-SPME sample of cangzhu was eudesma-4(14),11-diene (16.49%). This study showed that baizhu and cangzhu have 23 common components. The result suggested the developed method could be used to compare the similarities and differences between the above-mentioned two Chinese herbs.


X: 0.082124665 Y: 3.772827title: Chemical Differentiation of Genetically Identified Atractylodes japonica , A. macrocephala , and A. chinensis Rhizomes Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemometric Analysis publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The rhizome of Atractylodes japonica , which is a herbal medicine used for gastrointestinal therapeutics, has been categorized with A. macrocephala rhizome or A. chinensis rhizome based on different therapeutic criteria in Korea, China, and Japan. In the present study, 61 A. japonica , A. macrocephala , and A. chinensis rhizomes were collected from Korea and China and were genetically identified by internal transcribed spacer sequencing analysis. Chromatographic profiles were obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol and hot-water extracts of Atractylodes rhizomes and chemical differentiation of the rhizomes was carried out using chemometric statistical analyses such as principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis. The results from chromatographic profiles and chemometric analyses demonstrate that A. japonica rhizomes showed apparent chemical differences from A. macrocephala and A. chinensis rhizomes in the methanol extracts. In contrast, no clear distinction was apparent for the hot-water extracts of Atractylodes rhizomes, especially A. chinensis rhizomes. These results indicate that there is a clear chemical difference between A. japonica and A. macrocephala rhizomes; however, the chemical diversity of A. chinensis rhizome shows different chemical relationships with A. japonica or A. macrocephala rhizome, dependent on the chemical features.


X: -0.1094192 Y: 3.6370628title: Predictive Analysis of Quality Markers of Atractylodis Rhizoma Based on Fingerprint and Network Pharmacology publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. (A. chinensis) is a perennial herbaceous plant that is widely used as a Chinese medicine herb to gastric diseases. However, the bioactive compounds of this herbal medicine have not been defined, and quality control is imperfect.

Objective
Although the method of quality evaluation method for A. chinensis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting has been reported in related papers, it remains unknown whether the chemical markers selected are representative of their clinical efficacy. To develop methods for qualitative analysis and improved quality evaluation of A. chinensis.

Methods
In this study, HPLC was used to establish fingerprints and conduct similarity evaluation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to reveal the differences of these fingerprints. Network pharmacology was used to analyze the corresponding targets of the active ingredients. Meantime, an active ingredient-target-pathway network was constructed to investigate the characteristics of the medical efficacy of A. chinensis and to predict potential Q-markers.

Results
Combining network pharmacological effectiveness and composition specificity with the Q-Marker concept, atractylodin (ATD), β-eudesmol, atractylenolide Ι (AT-I) and atractylenolide III (AT-III) were predicted to be potential Q-Markers of A. chinensis that showed anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-gastric and antiviral effects by acting on 10 core targets and 20 key pathways.

Conclusions
The HPLC fingerprinting method established in this study is straight forward, and the identified four active constituents can be utilized as Q-markers of A. chinensis. These findings facilitate effective quality evaluation of A. chinensis and suggest this approach could be applied to evaluate the quality of other herbal medicines

Highlights
The fingerprints of Atractylodis Rhizoma were organically combined with network pharmacology to further clarify its criteria for quality control.


X: 1.0631557 Y: 4.3756113title: Signal transduction of atractylodin biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea cell induced by endophytic fungal elicitor mediated with nitric oxide followed by salicylic acid publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Objective To investigate the signal molecules and signal transduction involved in endophytic fungal elicitor-induced atractylodin biosynthesis and the effect of an endophytic fungal elicitor on the key enzyme activity in Atractylodes lancea. Methods Content changes of nitric oxide (NO), salicylic acid (SA), and atractylodin were detected under the endophytic fungal elicitor treatment by plant cell suspension culture technology. Results The endophytic fungal elicitor remarkably promoted NO burst and the biosynthesis of SA and atractyodin by activating nitric oxide synthase (NOS), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), respectively. NOS inhibitor PBITU could inhibit the NO and SA accumulation and the atractyodin biosynthesis induced by the elicitor. And atractyodin biosynthesis could also be triggered by exogenous NO or SA. The results indicated that NO and SA were the necessary signal molecules and NO burst was mediated by NOS induced by endophytic fungal elicitor. NO quencher cPITO could effectively remove NO burst in A. lancea cell induced by endophytic fungal elicitor and notably inhibit the biosynthesis promotion of SA and atractyodin in A. lancea cell induced by endophytic fungal elicitor. Exogenous SNP could reverse the cPITO inhibition on the activity of PAL and ACC and the synthesis of SA and atractylodin. This suggested that NO was an upstream signal molecule mediated endophytic fungal elicitor to accelerate the biosynthesis of SA and atractyodin. Conclusion Endophytic fungal elicitor mediated through NO followed by SA could promote atractyodin biosynthesis by activating ACC in A. Lancea.


X: 0.08848124 Y: 4.053041title: Identification of the Crude Drug Atractylodes Rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome (So-jutsu) Using Chloroplast TrnK Sequence as a Molecular Marker. publish year: 2000 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Novel methods for molecular authentication of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs (Jutsu) were established based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing of chloroplast trnK. Two regions inside the chloroplast trnK were selected as molecular markers for identification and discrimination of Atractylodes Rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome (So-jutsu). The Region 1 fragment (260 bp) amplified from So-jutsu and Wa-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. japonica) gave 2 bands of 180 bp and 80 bp on agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with a restriction endonuclease HinfI, whereas the fragment amplified from Kara-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. ovata) remained undigested, which allowed unambiguous identification of Kara-byaku-jutsu. By direct sequencing of Region 2 (436 bp) and comparison of the nucleotide sequence data sets we could not only discriminate Byaku-jutsu and So-jutsu but also identify the original plant species of each crude drug specimen. A simple and reliable protocol for rapid preparation of DNA suitable for PCR from as little as 1 mg of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs was also described.


X: -0.18896767 Y: 2.7122023title: Two Novel Sesquiterpenoid Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Secoatractylohexone A (1), an unprecedented secoguaiane lactone glycoside featuring 6/7 cores and dihydroxy-9-guaine-3-one 11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), a 9,10-unsaturated guaiene-type glycoside possessing an uncommon scaffold, were isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes together with five known compounds (3–7). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and application of the CD technique. The potential biological activities of secoatractylohexone A were predicted by network pharmacology in silico, the result of which indicated that secoatractylohexone A may be used to treat type II diabetes.


X: 0.64776814 Y: 3.3187082title: Species Differentiation and Quality Evaluation for Atractylodes Medicinal Plants by GC/MS Coupled with Chemometric Analysis publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The utilization of rhizomes from the genus Atractylodes has been challenging due to their closely related origins. In this study, we developed an analytical strategy to differentiate Atractylodes lancea (A. lancea), Atractylodes chinensis (A. chinensis), Atractylodes japonica (A. japonica), and Atractylodes macrocephala (A. macrocephala), and compared their volatile compositions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile profiles of essential oils extracted from 59 batches of samples. Chemometric methods enabled a better understanding of the differences in volatile oils between the four species and identified significant components affecting their classification and quality. A total of 50 volatile components were identified from the essential oils by GC-MS. Unsupervised and supervised chemometric analyses accurately distinguished A. lancea, A. chinensis, A. japonica, and A. macrocephala. Furthermore, five characteristic chemical markers, namely hinesol, β-eudesmol, atractylon, atractylodin and atractylenolide I, were obtained, and their respective percentage contents in individual species and samples were determined. This study provides a valuable reference for the quality evaluation of medicinal plants with essential oils and holds significance for species differentiation and the rational clinical application of Atractylodes herbs.


X: 0.1664233 Y: 3.8331976title: Chemical characterization of rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis identified by ITS sequences of nrDNA publish year: 2006 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A comparison was made with regard to interspecific and geographical characteristics of nine pharmacologically active components in dried rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea, A. chinensis, and the hybrids between them, which were identified by sequence data of internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA. The chemical constituents of the nine components were determined. Principal component analysis using the contents data of these nine constituents revealed that A. lancea differs chemically from A. chinensis. The hybrids possessed chemical variations within the limits observed in both the species. The relationships between these chemical variations and geographical localities were numerically analyzed by the Mahalanobis-Taguchi method, and this analysis enabled the classification of individuals from the localities into four groups.


X: -0.90030414 Y: 3.4783053title: Atractylenolide III ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by activating Hepatic Adiponectin Receptor 1-Mediated AMPK Pathway publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. At present, there are no effective pharmacological therapies for NAFLD except lifestyle intervention-mediated weight loss. Atractylenolide III (ATL III), the major bioactive component found in Atractylode smacrocephala Koidz, has been shown to exert anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-allergic response, anti-bacterial effects and cognitive protection. Here we investigate the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of ATL III for the treatment of NAFLD.
Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with ATL III. Lipid accumulation was analyzed by Oil Red O staining in liver tissues and free fatty acids (FFAs)-treated hepatocytes. AMP-activated protein (AMPK) and sirtuin 1(SIRT1) signaling pathways were inhibited by Compound C and EX527 in vitro, respectively. Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) expression in HepG2 cells.
Results: ATL III treatment ameliorated liver injury and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD-induced NAFLD mouse model as demonstrated by that ATL III administration significantly reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, treatment with ATL III alleviated hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in the HFD feeding model. To study the underlying mechanisms, we performed Computer Aided Design assay and found that open-formed AdipoR1 and adiponectin receptor 2 were the potential receptors targeted by ATL III. Interestingly, HFD feeding or FFAs treatment only reduced hepatic AdipoR1 expression, while such reduction was abolished by ATL III administration. In addition, in vitro treatment with ATL III activated the AdipoR1 downstream AMPK /SIRT1 signaling pathway and reduced lipid deposition in HepG2 cells, which was diminished by silencing AdipoR1. Finally, inhibition of AMPK or SIRT1, the AdipoR1 downstream signaling, abolished the protective effects of ATL III on lipid deposition and oxidative stress in FFAs-treated HepG2 cells.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ATL III is a therapeutic drug for the treatment of NAFLD and such protective effect is mediated by activating hepatic AdipoR1-mediated AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.


X: -1.7708194 Y: 8.189341title: Studies on the isolation of Photobacterium damselae subsp piscicida from diseased golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus Linnaeus) and antibacterial agents sensitivity publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: An epizootic occurred among cultured golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus); it involved mass mortality on fish farms in Linshui in Hainan province, China, in 2008. Diseased fish exhibited no obvious clinical signs, but pathological studies showed that nodules were scattered over the spleen and kidney. To investigate the nature of the pathogen, we studied the surviving fish, and a Gram-negative bacterium (designated strain TOS1) was isolated from the spleens of golden pompano. Pathogenicity assays revealed that TOS1 was virulent for golden pompano when they were challenged by intraperitoneal injection, and the lethal dose (LD(50)) was 1.1×10(6)colony forming units (CFU)g(-1). 16S rDNA gene sequence of TOS1 demonstrated high similarity (99%) to that of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Phylogenetic analysis also showed a clear association of strain TOS1 with P. damselae subsp. piscicida, and this agreed with the results of morphological, physiological and biochemical identification. The results also showed that TOS1 was sensitive to norfloxacin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, neomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline, and was very sensitive to Psidium guajava and Atractylodes lancea (minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC=10(-6)g/mL). This paper describes a systematic study of P. damselae subsp. piscicida isolated from diseased golden pompano in China, including its sensitivity to different antibiotics and Chinese herbal extracts, which will contribute to the diagnosis and prevention of the associated disease.


X: 0.70931447 Y: 3.2865384title: Differentiation of essential oils in Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes rhizome is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb that comprises complex several species whose essential oils are the primary pharmacologically active component. Essential oils of Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana were extracted by hydrodistillation, and the yield was determined. The average yield of essential oil obtained from A. lancea (2.91%) was higher than that from A. koreana (2.42%). The volatile components of the essential oils were then identified by a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method that demonstrated good precision. The method showed clear differences in the numbers and contents of volatile components between the two species. 41 and 45 volatile components were identified in A. lancea and A. koreana, respectively. Atractylon (48.68%) was the primary volatile component in A. lancea, while eudesma-4(14)-en-11-ol (11.81%) was major in A. koreana. However, the most significant difference between A. lancea and A. koreana was the major component of atractylon and atractydin. Principal component analysis was utilized to reveal the correlation between volatile components and species, and the analysis was used to successfully discriminate between A. lancea and A. koreana samples. These results suggest that different species of Atractylodes rhizome may yield essential oils that differ significantly in content and composition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: 1.0619671 Y: 4.370157title: Signal transduction of atractylodin biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea cell induced by endophytic fungal elicitor mediated with nitric oxide followed by salicylic acid publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Objective To investigate the signal molecules and signal transduction involved in endophytic fungal elicitor-induced atractylodin biosynthesis and the effect of an endophytic fungal elicitor on the key enzyme activity in Atractylodes lancea. Methods Content changes of nitric oxide (NO), salicylic acid (SA), and atractylodin were detected under the endophytic fungal elicitor treatment by plant cell suspension culture technology. Results The endophytic fungal elicitor remarkably promoted NO burst and the biosynthesis of SA and atractyodin by activating nitric oxide synthase (NOS), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), respectively. NOS inhibitor PBITU could inhibit the NO and SA accumulation and the atractyodin biosynthesis induced by the elicitor. And atractyodin biosynthesis could also be triggered by exogenous NO or SA. The results indicated that NO and SA were the necessary signal molecules and NO burst was mediated by NOS induced by endophytic fungal elicitor. NO quencher cPITO could effectively remove NO burst in A. lancea cell induced by endophytic fungal elicitor and notably inhibit the biosynthesis promotion of SA and atractyodin in A. lancea cell induced by endophytic fungal elicitor. Exogenous SNP could reverse the cPITO inhibition on the activity of PAL and ACC and the synthesis of SA and atractylodin. This suggested that NO was an upstream signal molecule mediated endophytic fungal elicitor to accelerate the biosynthesis of SA and atractyodin. Conclusion Endophytic fungal elicitor mediated through NO followed by SA could promote atractyodin biosynthesis by activating ACC in A. Lancea.


X: 1.473884 Y: 4.5395875title: Effects of interplanting of Atractylodes lancea in monocultured peanut fields on soil nematode community publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: [Objective] In this study, responses of soil nematodes community in composition and diversity to interplanting of A. lancea in monocultured peanut soil were explored and mechanisms of the effects analyzed. [Method] Soil samples were collected from a 10-year monocultured peanut field for a pot experiment, which was designed to have two treatments, i.e. monocropping of peanut and interplnating of A. lancea with peanut. At the maturing stage of peanut, population of nematodes in rhizosphere soils of the peanut and A. lancea was measured, separately, and composition and diversity of the nematode communities were analyzed. [Result] Results show that in the treatment of interplanting, the peanut significantly increased in plant height, main root length, straw yield and pod yield and the nematodes changed in density, diversity and community structure. Interplanting significantly decreased the population of nematodes in the rhizosphere soils of both peanut and A. lancea, especially the number of plant-parasitic nematodes, which used to be the dominant group. Interplanting significantly enhanced the relative abundance of bacterivores, fungivores, and predators/omnivores, but significantly inhibited plant-parasites in the rhizosphere soils of peanut. Analysis of nematode ecological indices shows that the interplanting treatment was more stable in soil ecosystem, and it raised Shannon-Wiener index (H') and evenness index (J), and lowered dominance index (λ) of the nematodes in the rhizosphere soil of peanut, while, increasing evenness index (J) and altering little diversity index of the nematodes in rhizosphere soil of A. lancea. Interplanting also significantly increased Wasilewska index (WI) and maturity index (MI) of the nematodes in the rhizosphere soil of peanut, while reducing plant parasite index (PPI) of the nematodes in the rhizosphere soil of peanut and affecting little Nematode channel ratio (NCR) of the rhizosphere soil. [Conclusion] In conclusion, the study has found that interplanting of A. lancea with peanut can increase diversity of the nematodes community, and improve its structure of the nematodes in peanut fields under monoculture, and further on, strengthen ecological function of beneficial nematode and mitigate the obstacle for monocropping of peanut.


X: 0.76534474 Y: 3.2543392title: Quantitative and fingerprinting analysis of Atractylodes rhizome based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection combined with chemometrics publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: This study assessed the feasibility of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for quality analysis of Atractylodes rhizome. We extracted essential oils from 20 Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana samples by hydrodistillation. The variation in extraction yields (1.33-4.06%) suggested that contents of the essential oils differed between species. The volatile components (atractylon, atractydin, and atractylenolide I, II, and III) were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and the results demonstrated that the number and content of volatile components differed between A. lancea and A. koreana. We then calculated the relative peak areas of common components and similarities of samples by comparing the chromatograms of A. lancea and A. koreana extracts. Also, we employed several chemometric techniques, including similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least-squares discriminate analysis, to analyze the samples. Results were consistent across analytical methods and showed that samples could be separated according to species. Five volatile components in the essential oils were quantified to further validate the results of the multivariate statistical analysis. The method is simple, stable, accurate, and reproducible. Our results provide a foundation for quality control analysis of A. lancea and A. koreana. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: 1.2646644 Y: 4.521946title: [The status and changes of soil nutrients in rhizosphere of cultivated Atractylodes lancea] publish year: 2005 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To find the status and changes of the soil nutrients in rhizosphere of Atractylodes lancea.
Total nitrogen (total N), available K, available P, organic matter (ORG), available nitrogen and pH in rhizosphere soil of the wild growing A. lancea in 3 sites, MS, LT and MFS, and the cultivated ones with different ages in LT were detected.
The contents of total nitrogen (total N), available K, available P, organic matter (ORG), available nitrogen and pH value in rhizosphere soil were significant different between MS, LT and MFS (P < 0.01). The results of the 6 detected parameters in MS were the lowest, in MFS were the highest and in LT were in the middle. The total N, ORG and available N in the cultivated A. lancea were lower than that in the wild ones (P < 0.01) and available P and pH value in the cultivated A. lancea were higher than that in wild ones (P < 0.01) and there was no difference in available K between the wild and cultivated ones in LT (P > 0.05); 3 available P in rhizosphere soil of the two years old A. lancea were higher than of the one year old A. lancea (P < 0.01) and there were no difference of total N, ORG, available N, available K and pH value in rhizosphere soil of A. lancea between one year and two years plant (P > 0.05).
It is indicated that the growth of A. lancea in Mt. Mao is faced nutrient stress.


X: 1.192227 Y: 4.132053title: Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: This study aimed to explore the important role of the rhizosphere microbiome in the quality of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (A. lancea). The rhizosphere microbial community of A. lancea at two sampling sites was studied using metagenomic technology. The results of α-diversity analysis showed that the rhizosphere microbial richness and diversity were higher in the Maoshan area. The higher abundance of core microorganisms of the rhizosphere, especially Penicillium and Streptomyces, in the Maoshan area compared with those in the Yingshan area might be an important factor affecting the yield of A. lancea. Redundancy analysis illustrated that the available phosphorus had a significant effect on the rhizosphere microbial community structure of A. lancea. We also showed that the plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions were closer in the Maoshan area than in the Yingshan area, and Streptomyces were the main contributors to the potential functional difference between the two regions. A. lancea in the Maoshan area had a high content of atractylodin and atractylon, which might be related to the enhanced abundance of Streptomyces, Candidatus-Solibacter, and Frankia. Taken together, this study provided theoretical insights into the interaction between medicinal plants and the rhizosphere microbiome and provides a valuable reference for studying beneficial microbes of A. lancea.


X: 0.51123685 Y: 4.043871title: Differential transcriptome analysis of genes associated with the rhizome growth and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in Atractylodes macrocephala publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine containing a variety of sesquiterpenoids and has a wide range of bioactivities. Due to the lack of genetic information, the rhizome growth and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in A. macrocephala are basically unknown. In this study, the metabolic analysis and transcriptome sequencing of five different tissues (rhizomes, roots, stems, leaves and buds) of A. macrocephala were performed. Over 97.08 Gb clean data obtained from fifteen sequencing samples were assembled into 144,137 unigenes. Transcription factor (TF) analysis revealed that 14 TFs predominantly expressed in the rhizomes might be involved in the regulation of rhizome growth and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. A total of 73 unigenes and 287 CYP450s were annotated to sesquiterpene biosynthesis, and AmFPPS was verified to catalyze the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene. EF-1α was the best reference gene for tissue expression pattern analysis in A. macrocephala by comparing the expression of reference genes in five tissues. Thus, extensive transcriptome data from this work offered a comprehensive transcriptional expression pattern in different tissues of A. macrocephala, which will provide a more valuable resource for further research on molecular mechanisms of the growth and development of rhizome, and the biosynthesis and regulation sesquiterpenes.


X: -2.7015495 Y: 9.031383title: Polysaccharide-Containing Macromolecules in a Kampo (Traditional Japanese Herbal) Medicine, Hochuekkito: Dual Active Ingredients for Modulation of Immune Functions on Intestinal Peyer's Patches and Epithelial cells publish year: 2011 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine, Hochuekkito (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese, TJ-41) is a well-known Kampo formula, and has been found to enhance antigen-specific antibody response in not only local mucosal immune system in upper respiratory tract, but also systemic immune system through upper respiratory mucosal immune system. Although this immunopharmacological effect has been proposed to express by modulation of intestinal immune system including Peyer's patches and intestinal epithelial cells, active ingredients are not known. TJ-41 directly affected the production of bone marrow cell-proliferative growth factors from murine Peyer's patch immunocompetent cells
in vitro
. Among low molecular, intermediate size and macromolecular weight fractions prepared from TJ-41, only fraction containing macromolecular weight ingredients showed Peyer's patch-mediated bone marrow cell-proliferation enhancing activity. Anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration gave 17 subfractions comprising polysaccharides and lignins from the macromolecular weight fraction of TJ-41, and some of the subfractions showed significant enhancing activities having different degrees. Some of the subfractions also expressed stimulating activity on G-CSF-production from colonic epithelial cells, and statistically significant positive correlation was observed among enhancing activities of the subfractions against Peyer's patch immunocompetent cells and epithelial cells. Among the fractions from TJ-41 oral administration of macromolecular weight ingredient fraction to mice succeeded to enhance antigen-specific antibody response in systemic immune system through upper respiratory mucosal immune system, but all the separated fractions failed to enhance the
in vivo
antibody response in upper respiratory tract.


X: 0.44726223 Y: 3.819949title: Cloning and prokaryotic expression of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase gene AIKAT from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: In this study, the gene encoding the key enzyme 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase(KAT) in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway of Atractylodes lancea was cloned. Meanwhile, bioinformatics analysis, prokaryotic expression and gene expression analysis were carried out, which laid a foundation for the study of fatty acid β-oxidation mechanism of A. lancea. The full-length sequence of the gene was cloned by RT-PCR with the specific primers designed according to the sequence information of KAT gene in the transcriptomic data of A. lancea and designated as AIKAT(GenBank accession number MW665111). The results showed that the open reading frame(ORF) of AIKAT was 1 323 bp, encoding 440 amino acid. The deduced protein had a theoretical molecular weight of 46 344.36 and an isoelectric point of 8.92. AIKAT was predicted to be a stable alkaline protein without transmembrane segment. The secondary structure of AIKAT was predicted to be mainly composed of α-helix. The tertiary structure of AIKAT protein was predicted by homology modeling method. Homologous alignment revealed that AIKAT shared high sequence identity with the KAT proteins(AaKAT2, CcKAT2, RgKAT and AtKAT, respectively) of Artemisia annua, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, Rehmannia glutinosa and Arabidopsis thaliana. The phylogenetic analysis showed that AIKAT clustered with CcKAT2, confirming the homology of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase genes in Compositae. The prokaryotic expression vector pET-32 a-AIKAT was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for protein expression. The target protein was successfully expressed as a soluble protein of about 64 kDa. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed to profile the AIKAT expression in different tissues of A. lancea. The results demonstrated that the expression level of AIKAT was the highest in rhizome, followed by that in leaves and stems. In this study, the full-length cDNA of AIKAT was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), and qRT-PCR showed the differential expression of this gene in different tissues, which laid a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of fatty acid β-oxidation in A. lancea.


X: 0.7492883 Y: 3.227408title: [Studies on chemical constituents in essential oil from wild Atractylodes lancea in dabie mountains] publish year: 2004 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The chemical constituents in essential oil of wild Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains were studied. The essential oil was extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction equipment and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. 49 compounds were identified and they represent 92.49% of the total peak aeras. The extraction method and solvent selection of the essential oil were studied. The oil yields and major constituents from Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains were contrasted to that had been reported. The results showed that Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains had more essential oil (10.14%) and there were more constituents in it. The main constituents in the essential oil were hinesol, beta-eudesmol, 1H-cyclopropa (a) naphthalene, 1a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-octaphdro-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-, [1aR-(1a. alpha, 7. alpha, 7a. alpha,7b. alpha-)] -and gamma-eudesmol. Both the major constituents and contents were different from that had been reported.


X: 0.8870136 Y: 4.348508title: [Study on effect of drought stress on physiological adaptation of seedlings of Atractylodes lancea] publish year: 2008 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To study the effect of drought stress on the changes of physiological adaptation of Atractylodes lancea seedlings.
Investigation was carried out on content changes of MDA, soluble protein, and activities of SOD, POD, CAT, APX in A. lancea seedlings under polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000)-simulated drought stress.
In A. lancea seedlings treated with 15% and 25% PEG, the content of MDA increased significantly with the stress time, and increased more significantly at a higher concentration of PEG. The content of soluble protein increased significantly after treatment on the day one and day three; activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APX increased at first and decreased later, increasing rates rose at high concentration of PEG moreover, activities of POD, APX reached the maximum after three days, and the time of maximum activities changed with concentration of PEG.
A. lancea seedlings adapted to drought stress by increasing the content of soluble protein to decrease water potential, and by improving activities of protective enzymes to enhance anti-oxidative ability under drought stress.


X: 0.77614605 Y: 4.2254887title: Effect of drought on photosynthesis, total antioxidant capacity, bioactive component accumulation, and the transcriptome of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC, a medicinal herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, often faces severe drought stress during its growth. Until now, there has been no research on the effect of drought stress on the quality formation of A. lancea . Therefore, the present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress on A. lancea through physical and chemical analysis, and to reveal the related molecular mechanisms via transcriptome analysis.

Results
The photosynthesis was markedly inhibited under drought stress. There were alterations to photosynthetic parameters (Pn, Gs, Ci) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, NPQ), and the chlorophyll content decreased. Twenty genes encoding important regulatory enzymes in light and dark reactions, including the Rubisco gene of the Calvin cycle, were significantly downregulated. After exposure to drought stress for more than 4 days, the activities of four antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD CAT and APX) began to decrease and continued to decrease with longer stress exposure. Meanwhile, most of the genes encoding antioxidative enzymes were downregulated significantly. The downregulation of 21 genes related to the respiratory electron transport chain indicated that the blocked electron transfer accelerated excessive ROS . The MDA content was significantly elevated. The above data showed that 15 days of drought stress caused serious oxidative damage to A. lancea . Drought stress not only reduced the size and dry weight of A. lancea , but also lowered the amount of total volatile oil and the content of the main bioactive components. The total volatile oil and atractylodin content decreased slightly, whereas the content of atractylon and β-eudesmol decreased significantly. Moreover, ten significantly downregulated genes encoding sesquiterpene synthase were mainly expressed in rhizomes.

Conclusions
After exposed to drought stress, the process of assimilation was affected by the destruction of photosynthesis; stress tolerance was impaired because of the inhibition of the antioxidative enzyme system; and bioactive component biosynthesis was hindered by the downregulation of sesquiterpene synthase-related gene expression. All these had negative impacts on the quality formation of A. lancea under drought stress.


X: 1.3854847 Y: 4.1597023title: The Medicinal Plant Atractylodes Lancea Recruits Specialized Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria From The Soil publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Purpose: Atractylodes lancea is a medicinal plant used to treat rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, night blindness, and influenza. However, the microbiome associated with A. lancea remains unclear. In this study, we assess the role of microorganisms in the roots of A. lancea in regulating plant growth and secondary metabolites, and investigate the microbial composition of the root of A. lancea.
Methods: The roots of A. lancea were inoculated with 10% soil suspension at different temperatures. Thereafter, the biological indices, major volatile oils, chemical properties of the rhizosphere soil, and the diversity of root endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial communities of A. lancea were assessed.
Results: Soil microorganisms could attenuate the damage of high-temperature to A. lancea and significantly promote the growth and accumulation of volatile oil. A. lancea recruited endogenous plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) from soil, including Burkholderia-Caballeronia-paraburkholderia, Bradyrhizobium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Rhodococcus. These bacteria were positively correlated with four volatile oils. In the rhizosphere, PGPBs such as Novosphingobium are recruited.
Conclusions: Soil microorganisms promote the growth and development of A. lancea, improve the plant’s ability to resist high temperature stress, and accelerate secondary metabolite accumulation. Most importantly, A. lancea could recruit and enrich specialized PGPBs from the soil. The PGPBs were significantly and positively correlated with A. lancea secondary metabolite and soil nutrient content, and can be used as ideal biological material in A. lancea cultivation and quality improvement.


X: -3.0143523 Y: 5.187779title: Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Aporphine Alkaloids Isolated from Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The cytotoxic activity of five alkaloids, namely 4,5-dioxo-dehydrocrebanine (1), dehydrocrebanine (2), crebanine (3), oxostephanine (4), and thailandine (5) isolated from the tuber and leaves of Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng was investigated. Thailandine showed the strongest activity against lung carcinoma cells (A549) (IC50 of 0.30 µg/mL) with very low cytotoxicity against normal embryonic lung cells (MRC-5). Thailandine also demonstrated strong activity against Plasmodium falciparum, K1 strain (IC50 of 20 ng/mL), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Ra (MIC of 6.25 µg/mL) as well as gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Oxostephanine exhibited strong activity against breast cancer (BC) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (MOLT-3) with an IC50 of 0.24 and 0.71 µg/mL, respectively, and exhibited very low cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells. Dehydrocrebanine demonstrated strong activity against promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) with an IC50 of 2.14 µg/mL whereas crebanine showed weak activity against cancer cell lines. However, both of them showed cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells.


X: -2.0594058 Y: 5.395755title: Dicentrine Production in Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures of Stephania Venosa publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The highest dicentrine content (19.5 +/- 0.3 mg/g dry weight) from callus culture of Stephania venosa was achieved from stem segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with TDZ 0.5 mg/L and NAA 1.0 mg/L. Cell suspension cultures were established from callus cultured on MS liquid medium with the same plant growth regulators. Dicentrine production from S. venosa cell suspension cultures was obtained in the range of 15-26 mg/g dry weight. Elicitation in cell suspension cultures by chitosan (50 mg/L) and salicylic acid (2 mg/L) for 6 days significantly increased dicentrine content. Our findings indicate that callus and cell suspension cultures of S. venosa can produce high levels of dicentrine as an alternative source of plant materials.


X: -3.102233 Y: 4.7474627title: Some Unusual Proaporphine and Aporphine Alkaloids from Stephania venosa publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: New proaporphines found in Thai Stephania venosa include (+)-N-carboxamidostepharine [2], (-)-O-methylstepharinosine [3], and (-)-stepharinosine [5]. Alkaloid 2 is the first proaporphine incorporating a urea functionality, while 3 and 5 are the only proaporphines oxygenated at C-12. The plant also produces the new aporphines (-)-sukhodianine-β-N-oxide [6], (-)-ushinsunine-β-N-oxide [7], and (-)-stephadiolamine-β-N-oxide [8]. All three N-oxides are hydroxylated at C-7, but (-)-stephadiolamine-β-N-oxide [8] is also hydroxylated at C-4. Thus, this is the first aporphine hydroxylated at both of these sites; 17 known isoquinoline alkaloids were also obtained.


X: -3.216194 Y: 5.479521title: Stephanine from Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng Showed Effective Antiplasmodial and Anticancer Activities, the Latter by Inducing Apoptosis through the Reverse of Mitotic Exit: Stephanine has effective antiplasmodial & anticancer activities publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Extracts from the tubers of Stephania venosa (Blum) Spreng growing in Vietnam significantly inhibited cell proliferation against a number of cancer cells including HeLa, MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cells. A bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of four aporphine and one tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids: dehydrocrebanine 1, tetrahydropalmatine 2, stephanine 3, crebanine 4 and O-methylbulbocapnine 5. The characterization of these compounds was based on MS, NMR and published data. A study by structure-bioactivity relationship on these isolates showed that stephanine is the most active compound. Cell biological studies showed that stephanine induces the reverse of mitotic exit, eventually leading to cell death by apoptosis. This data suggests that stephanine has a unique mode of cell-killing activity against cancer cells, which is seldom observed with known synthetic compounds. In addition to its anticancer property, our data from an in vitro study showed that S. venosa also possesses effective antiplasmodial activity and stephanine was also the most interesting compound but is the most cytotoxic with the lowest selectivity index. Copyright © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Phytotherapy Research and StartCopTextCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: -2.7371318 Y: 5.4554title: Chief Constituents and Biological Activities Determination of Stephania venosa publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Accessible utilization study of Stephania venosa was carried out on TLC fingerprints and various biological activity tests. Chief constituents in tuberous roots extractives of S. venosa were detected on TLC fingerprints as 3 different zones of steroids and terpenes, 8 different zones of alkaloids, 6 different zones of flavonoids and 2 different zones of phenol carboxylic acids as indicated by the hRf values and visualized colours resulting from spraying with special detection reagents. It was found that ethanol extract from tuberous roots of S. venosa displayed marked inhibitory activity on Artemia sp. with the LC50 of 260.26 μg/ml. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity with the EC50 of 4.98 μg/ml by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The microplate assay using the Dopachrome method indicated that the extract inhibited mushroom tyrosinase with the IC50 of 1.74 mg/ml. The extract given at the dose of 250 mg/kg orally, presented inconsistent antiinflammatory activity as an antioedematogenic effect in rat paw oedema induced by carrageenin only at 1 h (74.3%), and the activity was reduced thereafter; toxic/lethal dose of the extract was 750 mg/kg with anticholinesterase-like effects. The agar dilution method assay showed that the extract was active against various microbial enteropathogens and dermatopathogens, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 5-30 mg/ml.


X: -3.7817035 Y: 5.560241title: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Alkaloids Isolated from Stephania venosa publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng or "Sa-Bu-Leud" is a Thai medicinal plant used for treatment of cancer and diabetes, and as a blood-tonic and aphrodisiac. This plant contains alkaloids as its major components and has been of interest for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Phytochemical screening of S. venosa was made using HPLC analysis and showed the chemical variation between the same species from different provenances. Fractionation of S. venosa extract yielded three alkaloids, namely, dicentrine, crebanine, and tetrahydropalmatine. AChE inhibitory potential of the isolated alkaloids was evaluated using Ellman's AChE inhibition assay. Dicentrine, crebanine, and tetrahydropalmatine inhibited AChE activity with IC50 values of 93.5, 86.6, and 168.6 mu g/mL, respectively. The AChE inhibitory activity of the tertiary protoberberine alkaloid, tetrahydropalmatine, was lower than that of the aporphine alkaloids, dicentrine and crebanine, whereas the quaternary protoberberine alkaloid, berberine, showed a higher AChE inhibitory effect than the others.


X: -2.8977525 Y: 5.406973title: Simultaneous HPLC analysis of crebanine, dicentrine, stephanine and tetrahydropalmatine in Stephania venosa publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng., Menispermaceae, has been traditionally used as tonic drug and treatment of various diseases in South East Asian countries. In order to evaluate the quality and standardization of S. venosa roots, the HPLC method for quantification of the content of major components in S. venosa was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Hypersil BDS C18 column using gradient system of 100 mM ammonium acetate in water and methanol with flow rate 1 ml/min. Detection wavelength was set at 210 nm for tetrahydropalmatine, 280 nm for dicentrine and crebanine, and 270 nm for stephanine. The validated method showed good sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The suitable solvent that yielded highest alkaloids contents from the matrix was optimized. S. venosa samples collected from various locations were analyzed. The present study provided comprehensive overview of major components in S. venosa. A remarkable variation in the accumulation of alkaloids in each population and the between individual in the same population could be observed. Our results showed the heterogeneity of S. venosa in Thailand which would need a further study for species delimitations.


X: -3.0527813 Y: 5.6284165title: Anticancer and antioxidative activities of stephania venosa publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa, known to be a rich source of isoquinoline alkaloids, is used as the Thai folk remedy for cancer treatment. Herein, ethanol and water extracts of the S. venosa were investigated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative activities. Significantly, the ethanol extract exerted the most potent cytotoxic activity against human small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187) with an IC50 of 4.88 ?g/mL. Such extract also displayed the activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) with the IC50 of 19.76 ?g/mL. Both extracts were shown to be antioxidants. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest superoxide and radical scavenging activities. The findings provide a potential of the plant species as therapeutics for treatment of lung and breast cancers.


X: -3.1718369 Y: 5.8853517title: Induction of G1 Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells by Crebanine, an Alkaloid from Stephania venosa publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: In this study, we focused the effects of crebanine, an alkaloid isolated from the tuber of Stephania venosa, on various human cancer cells. Crebanine treatment was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation of human leukemic cells (HL-60, U937 and K562), human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) and cervix cancer cell lines (KB-3-1 and KB-V1), of which HL-60 cells were the most sensitive to its treatment. In contrast, crebanine caused much less toxicity in human normal fibroblast cells. Our results demonstrated that crebanine mediated cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and this was associated with down-regulation of cyclins A and D. In addition, crebanine induced apoptosis, which was detected by observation of the membrane phospholipid exposure in flow cytometry. Its induction of apoptosis was accompanied by an increase in cleavage of caspase-3, -8, -9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and was attributable to the augmentation of Bax/Bcl proteins level. Crebanine also decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, crebanine exerts anti-proliferative effects on human cancer cells through the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phases and apoptosis. Our results suggest that crebanine is a promising new candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer therapy.


X: -3.004763 Y: 5.617701title: Apoptotic Activity of Aporphine from Stephania venosa on Human Ovarian Cancer Cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa is a plant rich of alkaloids of family Menispermaceae. In Thailand, the study on this plant revealed a wild variety of phytochemical constituents. Those including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sulfides, and polyphenolics. In this study, we analyzed the anticancer activity according to the antiproliferation and apoptotic activity of the pure constituent isolated from S. venosa tuber on human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3). During phytochemical processes, we concomitantly tested the activity of the isolates and selected the effective fractions for further purification. Crude ethanolic extract and pure constituent were obtained from the tuber of S. venosa and evaluated the cytotoxic activity against SKOV3 by MTT assay. Crude ethanolic extract was performed various fractionations and further isolated to obtain pure constituent. Purified constituent and crude extract were demonstrated the significant effect on antiproliferation in a dose dependent manner. Apoptotic effect was confirmed by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation assay. The cytotoxic activity of crude ethanolic extract showed a potent inhibition with an ED 50 value at 31 μg/ml. Structure of the pure constituent was determined by NMR technique and identified as aporphine. Aporphine from S. venosa showed the antiproliferation at ED 50 value at 6 μg/ml against SKOV3. Results from the morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation assay, in this study demonstrated that aporphine could significantly inhibit the treated tumor cell proliferation and cause cells death via apoptosis, whereas those were not found in the untreated cells. We concluded that the pure constituent from S. venosa could lead to the further study on the detail mechanisms of action of this active substance for future application as new drug for ovarian cancer. ©All right reserved.


X: -3.079232 Y: 5.824732title: Alkaloids from Stephania venosa as Chemo-Sensitizers in SKOV3 Ovarian Cancer Cells via Akt/NF-κB Signaling publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Crebanine (CN), tetrahydropalmatine (THP), O-methylbulbocapnine (OMBC) and N-methyl tetrahydropalmatine (NMTHP) are isoquinoline derived natural alkaloids isolated from tubers of Stephania venosa. We investigated chemo-sensitizing effects of these alkaloids in ovarian cancer cells and evaluated underlying molecular mechanisms involved in chemo-sensitivity. Detection of cell apoptosis was evaluated by using flow cytometry. Cell viability was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Chou-Talalay median effect principle was used to evaluate potential drug interactions. Protein analyses were performed on ovarian carcinoma cells using Western blotting upon treatment with anticancer drug and alkaloids. Aporphine alkaloids, such as CN and OMBC, enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in intrinsic cisplatin resistant SKOV3 cells, but not in cisplatin sensitive A2780 cells. Protoberberine alkaloids, such as THP and NMTHP, had no synergistic effect on cisplatin sensitivity in either cell line. Chemo-sensitizing effects of CN and OMBC in SKOV3 cells were mediated via activating apoptosis-induced cell death through caspase-3, -8 and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and via inhibiting anti-apopotic and survival protein expression, such as Bcl-xL, Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 (cIAP-2), survivin and interleukin (IL) -6. Cisplatin stimulated protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activator protein 1 (AP-1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in SKOV3 cells. Akt/NF-κB signaling was blocked by CN and OMBC leading to increased sensitization to cisplatin. These findings demonstrate that CN and OMBC sensitizes SKOV3 cells to cisplatin via inhibition of Akt/NF-κB signaling and the down regulation of NF-κB mediated gene products. Our results suggest that alkaloids obtained from S. venosa could be used as chemo-sensitizers in ovarian cancer to sensitize and minimize the dose related toxicity of platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs.

Graphical Abstract Fullsize Image


X: -3.2109947 Y: 5.7555084title: Anti-Invasion Effect of Crebanine and O-methylbulbocapnine from Stephania venosa via Down-Regulated MMPs and uPA. publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The alkaloids isolated from Stephania venosa (S.venosa) have been shown to inhibit the proliferation and to induce the apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the anti-metastatic effect of the alkaloids on cancer cell invasion is unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-invasive properties of four alkaloids from S.vernosa, Crebanine (CN), O-methylbulbocapnine(OMBC), tetrahydropalmatine(THP), and N-methyltetrahydropalmatine (NMTHP), in HT1080 human fibrosacroma cells. Treatment of the cells with 15μg/ml of CN and OMBC reduced the chemo-invasion of HT1080 cells to 45 and 50%, respectively, whereas THP and NMTHP had a negative effect. On the other hand, CN and OMBC had no effect on cell migration. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) are the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation enzymes that play an important role in cancer cell metastasis. Results from zymography and western blot analysis showed that CN and OMBC comparatively reduced MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP and uPA expression in a dose-dependent manner. However, CN and OMBC had no effect on the activity of collagenase, MMP-2 and MMP-9. We also found that CN and OMBC reduced the nuclear translocation and DNA bindind activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is the expressed mediator of ECM degradation enzymes. These findings demonstrated that CN and OMBC mediated HT1080 cell invasion by the reduction of MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA and MT1-MMP expression, possibly by targeting of NF-κB signaling pathway in the HT1080 cells.


X: -3.1381218 Y: 5.492251title: Dehydrostephanine Isolated from Stephania venosa Possesses Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng. is a medicinal herb wildly used as a folklore medicine in Thailand. Many studies have reported that S. venosa tuber revealed a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-malarial, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of (–)-stephanine and dehydrostephanine isolated from S. venosa tuber on anti-inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. RAW264.7 cells were treated with (–)-stephanine and dehydrostephanine in the presence of LPS and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The levels of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Pre-treatment of dehydrostephanine significantly suppressed NO secretion in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells with the half-maximal NO inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 26.81±0.25 μM. However, (–)-stephanine had IC50 value on the inhibition of NO secretion of >40 μM. In addition, dehydrostephanine at concentrations of 20 - 80 μM significantly reduced LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1b, and interleukin-6 production in RAW264.7 cells. The present study showed that dehydrostephanine possesses the anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages by suppression of inflammatory mediators. Dehydrostephanine may be a promising candidate compound for further investigation of a novel class of anti-inflammatory drug.


X: -3.090396 Y: 5.5557046title: Antiproliferative Effects of Alkaloids Isolated from the Tuber of Stephania venosa via the Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest in Mammalian Cancer Cell Lines publish year: 2010 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Problem statement: S. venosa (Menispermaceae) is used in traditional medicine. The constituents of S. venosa belonging to showed remarkable cytotoxic activity. According to previous research, S. venosa contains several alkaloids, such as protoberberine stephanine cyclanoline and N-methylstepholidine, kamaline, (+)-N-carboxamidostepharine, (-)-O-methylstepharinosine, (-)-stepharinosine, aporphine (-)-O-acethylsukhodiamine and oxostephanosine. The chemical and biological investigations of this plant are interesting to bioassay-guided fractionation, particularly Antiproliferative effects via the induction of cell cycle arrest in mammalian cancer cell lines. Approach: The research was carried out to extract, isolate, purify and elucidate structure of the active compound from the tuber S. venosa. Most of the solvent extracts and isolated compound were evaluated with kinds of mammalian cancer cell lines for investigation on antiproliferative effects. Results: Four alkaloids, tetrahydropalmatine (1), crebanine (2) O-methylbulbocapnine (3) and N-methyltetrahydropalmatine (4) were isolated from the tuber of S. venosa. Charaterization of the compounds were carried out by extensive NMR studies using COSY, HMQC, HMBC and DEPT in addition to other spectroscopic methods. These compounds (1, 2 and 3) were showed evidence of the anticancer activities for cell proliferation inhibition in K562, K562/Adr, GLC4 and GLC4/Adr cell lines due to G0/G1 obstruction by compound 2 and 3 and negligible S phase arrest by compound 1. Conclusion: The result showed slightly increase in S phase by the effect of compound 1, beside the G0/G1 phase was blocked by compound 2 and 3.


X: -2.9319842 Y: 5.960808title: Testing of the estrogenic activity and toxicity of Stephania venosa herb in ovariectomized rats publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa Spreng is a traditional herb which has been used for cancer treatment as well as an aphrodisiac. The scientific literature strongly supports its in vitro antiproliferative effects on cancer cell lines and has suggested developing this plant as a potential anticancer drug. However, the in vivo steroidogenic activity and toxicity of this plant have never been tested. We analyzed the levels of five key isoflavones in the plant extract by quantitative HPLC and then evaluated the in vivo estrogenic activity and toxicity in ovariectomized rats, in comparison with the phytoestrogen-rich plant, Pueraria mirifica. Twenty rats were first ovariectomized, and then seven days later divided into four groups and gavaged daily with 0, 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of S. venosa, or 100 mg/kg body weight/day of P. mirifica for 28 days. A trace amount of puerarin, daidzin and daidzein with a subtle amount of genistein and genistin were isolated from the S. venosa tuber extract. S. venosa tuber powder, at both doses, did not exhibit any detectable estrogenic activity in ovariectomized rats, as assessed by the vaginal cytology and uterotropic assays, whilst P. mirifica induced a remarkable vaginal and uterine proliferation. S. venosa induced a toxicological effect on the hematological values and histopathological appearance of metabolic organs. Taken together, these results suggest that S. venosa has no discernable estrogenic activity but that it is toxic, at least to ovariectomized rats. Thus, the use of this plant for anticancer treatment needs to be reassessed or used with caution.


X: -3.1126254 Y: 4.769437title: Some Unusual Proaporphine and Aporphine Alkaloids from Stephania venosa publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: New proaporphines found in Thai Stephania venosa include (+)-N-carboxamidostepharine [2], (-)-O-methylstepharinosine [3], and (-)-stepharinosine [5]. Alkaloid 2 is the first proaporphine incorporating a urea functionality, while 3 and 5 are the only proaporphines oxygenated at C-12. The plant also produces the new aporphines (-)-sukhodianine-β-N-oxide [6], (-)-ushinsunine-β-N-oxide [7], and (-)-stephadiolamine-β-N-oxide [8]. All three N-oxides are hydroxylated at C-7, but (-)-stephadiolamine-β-N-oxide [8] is also hydroxylated at C-4. Thus, this is the first aporphine hydroxylated at both of these sites; 17 known isoquinoline alkaloids were also obtained.


X: -2.890656 Y: 6.0454574title: Induction of apoptosis by the extract from Stephania venosa (Bl.) spreng tuber on lymphocyte publish year: 2002 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chulalongkorn University, 2002 There are thousands of herbs in Thailand used in traditional medicine that are claimed to possess anticancer activity, but most of them have no scientific evidences to support their alleged medicinal quality. One among them is Stephania venosa (Bl.) spreng or S.venosa. The tuber of S.venosa has been used in many Thai traditional medicines as remedy of various diseases including cancer. In this study, we aim to apply cell culture technique and design a scientific model for testing and proving the claimed anticancer activity of these Thai herbs. Lymphocytes obtained from healthy blood donors were cultured in RPMI medium with the density of 4x10[superscript 5] cells/ml and used in various tests throughout the study. The inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC[subscript 50]) of water extract of S.venosa was determined by exposing 4x10[superscript 5] lymphocytes to various concentrations of S.venosa for 48 hours, and trypan blue dye exclusion was the technique applied to detect the cytotoxic activity. Detection of pH change and the cytotoxic activity of aliquots of S.venosa were studied for a period of 12 weeks to monitor the stability of the water extract of the herb. Besides the study of cytotoxic activity, IC[subscript 50] of water extract at 300 microgram/ml was selected for the test of apoptotic activity, both in normal human lymphocytes and lymphocytes obtained from cervical cancer patients. Both sources of lymphocytes were exposed to various treatments including: 100 microgram/ml S.venosa, 300 microgramm/ml S.venosa, 0.5 Gy [superscript 60]Co irradiation and a combination of 300 microgram/ml S.venosa plus 0.5 Gy [superscript 60]Co irradiation. The apoptotic activity was detected at 48 hour after exposure by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay (TdT assay). Furthermore, inhibitory effect of various concentrations of water extract of S.venosa was tested on PHA stimulated normal human lymphocytes. Results from all studies indicated that, water extract of S.venosa tuber possessed cytotoxicity and apoptotic activities against both normal lymphocytes and lymphocytes obtained from cervical cancer patients. A combination of 0.5 Gy [superscript 60]Co irradiation with 300 microgram/ml S.venosa exhibited additive effect when detected by TdT assay. Besides, water extract of S.venosa exhibited definite inhibitory activity on PHA stimulated normal human lymphocytes at IC[subscript 50] of 40 microgram/ml. With the above data, it can then be primarily concluded that water extract of S.venosa should be further investigated and developed in line of other anticancer herbal drugs. มีพืชสมุนไพรไทยหลายพันชนิดที่ได้รับการกล่าวอ้างสรรพคุณว่าสามารถใช้รักษา โรคมะเร็ง แต่ขาดหลักฐานยืนยันทางวิทยาศาสตร์ ทั้งนี้รวมถึงบอระเพ็ดพุงช้าง (Stephania venosa (Bl.) spreng) ซึ่งมีการนำส่วนหัวบนดินมาใช้ในการแพทย์แผนไทยสำหรับรักษาโรคต่างๆ เช่นมะเร็ง การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์จะนำการทดลองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ในระดับการเพาะ เลี้ยงเซลล์ มาใช้ในการทดสอบและพิสูจน์เพื่อยืนยันผลในการรักษาโรคมะเร็ง วิธีทดลองนำเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวที่ได้จากผู้บริจาคโลหิตมาเพาะเลี้ยงในอาหาร เลี้ยง RPMI ที่ความหนาแน่น 4x10[superscript 5] เซลล์/มล. มาศึกษาฤทธิ์ของสารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างความเข้มข้นต่างๆ ที่สามารถยับยั้งการเจริญเติบโตของเซลล์ได้ 50% (IC[subscript 50]) ตรวจสอบความเป็นพิษต่อเซลล์ด้วยเทคนิค Trypan blue dye exclusion หลังจากเพาะเลี้ยงเซลล์ 48 ชม. ศึกษาความคงตัวของสารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างที่เตรียมในรูปของสารละลายโดยตัว ชี้วัด 2 ตัวได้แก่ การวัดค่า pH และการทดสอบความเป็นพิษต่อเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวของสารละลายที่แบ่งเก็บ ศึกษาเป็นเวลา 12 สัปดาห์ ค่าความเข้มข้นของสารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างที่ยับยั้งการเจริญเติบโตของเซลล์ ได้ 50% คือ 300 ไมโครกรัม/มล. ซึ่งเป็นค่าความเข้มข้นที่ถูกเลือกมาใช้ในการศึกษาฤทธิ์การเหนี่ยวนำให้เกิด อะพอพโตสิส ในเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวที่ได้จากผู้บริจาคโลหิตและผู้ป่วยมะเร็งปากมดลูก ทดสอบเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวด้วยสารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างที่ความเข้มข้น 100, 300 ไมโครกรัม/มล. และการฉายรังสีโคบอลต์ 60 ที่ขนาด 0.5 Gy รวมทั้งการให้สารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างความเข้มข้น 300 ไมโครกรัม/มล. ร่วมกับการฉายรังสี ตรวจสอบเซลล์ที่เกิดอะพอพโตสิสที่เวลา 48 ชั่วโมงหลังการให้สารทดสอบ ด้วยวิธี in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay (TdT assay) และศึกษาฤทธิ์ในการยับยั้งการแบ่งตัวของเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวที่ถูกกระตุ้นด้วย Phytohhemagglutinin A (PHA) ผลการทดลองพบว่า สารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างมีฤทธิ์เป็นพิษต่อเซลล์โดยเหนี่ยวนำเซลล์ตายแบบอะพอ พโตสิส ทั้งในเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวที่ได้จากผู้บริจาคโลหิต และเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวของผู้ป่วยมะเร็งปากมดลูก และมีฤทธิ์เพิ่มขึ้น (additive effect) เมื่อให้สารสกัดบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างร่วมกับการฉายรังสี อีกทั้งสามารถยับยั้งการแบ่งตัวของเซลล์เม็ดเลือดขาวที่ถูกกระตุ้นด้วย PHA โดยมีค่า IC[subscript 50] ของความเข้มข้นของบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างเท่ากับ 40 ไมโครกรัม/มล. ผลการศึกษาเบื้องต้นนี้อาจสามารถสรุปได้ว่า สารสกัดน้ำจากหัวบอระเพ็ดพุงช้างน่าจะได้รับการศึกษา เพื่อพัฒนาเป็นยาสมุนไพรสำหรับต้านมะเร็งต่อไป


X: -3.1970594 Y: 5.5741405title: Antiproliferative Effects of Alkaloids Isolated from the Tuber of Stephania venosa via the Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest in Mammalian Cancer Cell Lines publish year: 2010 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Problem statement: S. venosa (Menispermaceae) is used in traditional medicine. The constituents of S. venosa belonging to showed remarkable cytotoxic activity. According to previous research, S. venosa contains several alkaloids, such as protoberberine stephanine cyclanoline and N-methylstepholidine, kamaline, (+)-N-carboxamidostepharine, (-)-O-methylstepharinosine, (-)-stepharinosine, aporphine (-)-O-acethylsukhodiamine and oxostephanosine. The chemical and biological investigations of this plant are interesting to bioassay-guided fractionation, particularly Antiproliferative effects via the induction of cell cycle arrest in mammalian cancer cell lines. Approach: The research was carried out to extract, isolate, purify and elucidate structure of the active compound from the tuber S. venosa. Most of the solvent extracts and isolated compound were evaluated with kinds of mammalian cancer cell lines for investigation on antiproliferative effects. Results: Four alkaloids, tetrahydropalmatine (1), crebanine (2) O-methylbulbocapnine (3) and N-methyltetrahydropalmatine (4) were isolated from the tuber of S. venosa. Charaterization of the compounds were carried out by extensive NMR studies using COSY, HMQC, HMBC and DEPT in addition to other spectroscopic methods. These compounds (1, 2 and 3) were showed evidence of the anticancer activities for cell proliferation inhibition in K562, K562/Adr, GLC4 and GLC4/Adr cell lines due to G0/G1 obstruction by compound 2 and 3 and negligible S phase arrest by compound 1. Conclusion: The result showed slightly increase in S phase by the effect of compound 1, beside the G0/G1 phase was blocked by compound 2 and 3.


X: -2.7628458 Y: 4.9568844title: Antimalarials from Stephania venosa, Prismatomeris sessiliflora, Diospyros montana and Murraya siamensis publish year: 2000 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Fourteen compounds isolated from Stephania venosa, Prismatomeris sessiliflora, Diospyros montana and Murraya siamensis were tested for their antimalarial potential. The 6a,7-dehydroaporphine alkaloids dehydrostephanine and dehydrocrebanine showed potent activity with IC50 values of 40 and 70 ng/ml, respectively. The 13C-NMR data of rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl ether, diospyrin and 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthal-dehyde were extensively studied.


X: -3.0832736 Y: 5.35212title: Cytotoxic alkaloids from the tuber of Stephania venosa publish year: 2001 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Water and ethanol extracts prepared from the tuber of Stephania venosa were assessed for cytotoxic activity aganinst brine shrimp. Pronounced cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the ethanol extract with an LC50 value of 90.8 ?g/ml. The water extract was about two times less active than the ethanol extract with an LC50 value of 184.9 ?g/ml. The ethanol extract was further tested against human cancer cell line MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) which was found to be cytotoxic with an IC50 value of 11.6 ?g/ml. Activity-directed fractionation led to the isolation of three isoquinoline alkaloids, tetrahydropalmatine, crebanine and palmatine, from the most active fraction of the ethanol extract. palmatine has been isolated for the first time from S.venosa. Structures of the alkaloids were determined by spectroscopic methods, particularly NMR techniques. Palmatine and crebanine were found to possess pronounced activity against MCF-7 with IC50 values in the range of 5-6 ?g/ml. Crebanine and palmatine also exhibited cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp with LC50 values of 29.6 and 74.4 ?g/ml, respectively. In marked contrast, tetrahydropalmatine was considerably less active than crebanine and palmatine. It is evident that the alkaloids crebanine and palmatine were mainly responsible for the observed activity of the extract, which could be used as biomarkers for cytotoxic activity of the tuber of S. venosa. The results lend some support to the use of the tuber of S. venosa in traditional medicine as a remedy for treating breast cancer.


X: -2.8464954 Y: 5.3925395title: The genus Stephania (Menispermaceae): Chemical and pharmacological perspectives publish year: 2010 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The plants of the genus Stephania (Menispermaceae) are widely distributed, and have long been used in folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycemia, malaria, cancer and fever. Over 150 alkaloids together with flavonoids, lignans, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins have been identified in the genus, and many of these have been evaluated for biological activity. This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.


X: -2.905867 Y: 5.3093805title: Facile Isolation and Purification of Thailandine, a Biologically Active Oxoaporphine Alkaloid, from Stephania venosa Leaves using Ion-pair Liquid-liquid Extraction publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Thailandine is a quaternary oxoaporphine alkaloid isolated from Stephania venosa. This compound has shown highly potent and broad range of biological effects, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum, K1 strain) and antitubercular (Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra) activities. In this study, ion-pair extraction was applied to isolate and purify thailandine. The proposed method involved the extraction of dried S. venosa leaves with methanol. After solvent removal, the crude extract was dissolved in water and partitioned thrice with dichloromethane (1:1 v/v) to remove non and semi-polar substances. Dichloromethane was discarded and a volatile ion-pair reagent, trifluoroacetic acid, was added to the aqueous layer to form an ion-pair substance with thailandine. The ion-pair product was then transferred to the dichloromethane layer. After dichloromethane removal, thailandine was obtained as a red precipitate. Purity and identification were determined using NMR and ESI-HRMS. The results indicated that the proposed method could provide thailandine with high purity. The conditional optimizations showed that using 24 h maceration with methanol at room temperature for extraction and 1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid for ion-pair forming provided thailandine with the optimum yield of 0.18% based on dried weight. This study demonstrated the successful utilization of the ion-pair liquid-liquid extraction for thailandine isolation and purification.


X: -3.739463 Y: 5.6623116title: Decelerate of Amyloid Fibrillation By The Alkaloids Extracted From Stephania Venosa publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Naturally occurring phytochemical compounds have received considerable attention as alternative candidates for anti-amyloidogenic agents. This study, utilizing human insulin and amyloid beta peptide as an in vitro model, determined the anti-amyloid effects of alkaloids extracted derived from Stephania venosa. Alkaloids extracts including crebanine, O-methylbulbocapnine, tetrahydropalmatine and N-methyltetrahydropalmatine were used. Inhibition of amyloid protein aggregation were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Most alkaloids, except N-methyltetrahydropalmatine, exhibited the inhibitory properties against amyloid fibrillation either insulin or amyloid-beta peptide. Among alkaloids group, crebanine and tetrahydropalmatine showed the potent properties of anti-amyloidogenesis. These results suggest that alkaloids could be used as a natural compound for the development of drugs against amyloid protein aggregation for treatment of amyloid-related diseases.


X: -2.4474971 Y: 7.0690413title: Anti - HIV-1 integrase activity of Thai Medicinal Plants publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: For the purpose of discovering anti-HIV-1 agents from natural sources, the aqueous and EtOH extracts of eight Thaiplants including Clerodendron indicum (whole plant), Tiliacora triandra (stem), Capparis micracantha (wood), Harrissoniaperforata (wood), Ficus glomerata (wood), Diospyros decandra (wood), Dracaena loureiri (heartwood), and Tinospora crispa (stem) were screened for their inhibitory activities against HIV-1 integrase (IN) using the multiplate integration assay(MIA). Of the EtOH extracts, Ficus glomerata (wood) was the most potent with an IC50 value of 7.8 g/ml; whereas the water extract of Harrisonia perforata (wood) was the most potent aqueous extract with an IC50 value of 2.3 g/ml. The isolation of active principles against HIV-1 IN from Ficus glomerata is now actively pursued.


X: -3.521601 Y: 5.74785title: Neurotoxic Effect of Stephania venosa Tubers Extract in Male Rats publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background and Objective: Stephania venosa (SV), especially its tuber, is traditionally claimed to be effective treatment of cancer and acted as agent for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the neurotoxicity of this plant in prolonged administration has never been documented. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of SV tuber extract in male rats.

Methods: The ethanol extract of tuber SV were used for the experiment. The male rats were orally administered with vehicle or the SV extracts at various doses ranging from 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 once daily, for 4 weeks. All rats were evaluated the neuronal density of both cerebral cortex and hippocampus by cresyl violet staining.

Results: The results show that all dosages of SV extracts significantly decreased the neuronal density of cerebral cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex) and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus) compared to those controls.

Conclusion: The resent study demonstrated that the prolonged administration of alcoholic extract of SV tubers is neurotoxic to cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male rats.


X: -3.082331 Y: 4.7880554title: Aporphine Alkaloids Oxygenated at C-7 publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa Spreng. (Menispermaceae) is a source of the new 7-hydroxylated aporphine alkaloids ayuthianine (1) and sukhodianine (2). Generalizations have been drawn concerning the stereochemistry and occurrence of aporphines oxygenated at C-7. Such compounds always belong to the C-6a R configuration. The trans relationship between H-6a and H-7 is found only among alkaloids of the Annonaceae. Similarly, it is solely the Annonaceae that produce aporphines bearing a C-7 methoxyl group. The occurrence of C-7 oxygenated aporphines is limited to the four families Annonaceae, Menispermaceae, Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae.


X: -3.5978174 Y: 5.78225title: Neurotoxic Effect of Stephania venosa Tubers Extract in Male Rats publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background and Objective: Stephania venosa (SV), especially its tuber, is traditionally claimed to be effective treatment of cancer and acted as agent for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the neurotoxicity of this plant in prolonged administration has never been documented. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of SV tuber extract in male rats.

Methods: The ethanol extract of tuber SV were used for the experiment. The male rats were orally administered with vehicle or the SV extracts at various doses ranging from 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 once daily, for 4 weeks. All rats were evaluated the neuronal density of both cerebral cortex and hippocampus by cresyl violet staining.

Results: The results show that all dosages of SV extracts significantly decreased the neuronal density of cerebral cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex) and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus) compared to those controls.

Conclusion: The resent study demonstrated that the prolonged administration of alcoholic extract of SV tubers is neurotoxic to cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male rats.


X: -3.2122982 Y: 5.5489306title: Stephanine from Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng Showed Effective Antiplasmodial and Anticancer Activities, the Latter by Inducing Apoptosis through the Reverse of Mitotic Exit: Stephanine has effective antiplasmodial & anticancer activities publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Extracts from the tubers of Stephania venosa (Blum) Spreng growing in Vietnam significantly inhibited cell proliferation against a number of cancer cells including HeLa, MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cells. A bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of four aporphine and one tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids: dehydrocrebanine 1, tetrahydropalmatine 2, stephanine 3, crebanine 4 and O-methylbulbocapnine 5. The characterization of these compounds was based on MS, NMR and published data. A study by structure-bioactivity relationship on these isolates showed that stephanine is the most active compound. Cell biological studies showed that stephanine induces the reverse of mitotic exit, eventually leading to cell death by apoptosis. This data suggests that stephanine has a unique mode of cell-killing activity against cancer cells, which is seldom observed with known synthetic compounds. In addition to its anticancer property, our data from an in vitro study showed that S. venosa also possesses effective antiplasmodial activity and stephanine was also the most interesting compound but is the most cytotoxic with the lowest selectivity index. Copyright © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Phytotherapy Research and StartCopTextCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: -3.2492056 Y: 5.756959title: O-Methylbulbocapnine and Dicentrine Suppress LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response by Blocking NF-κB and AP-1 Activation through Inhibiting MAPKs and Akt Signaling in RAW264.7 Macrophages publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The natural aporphine alkaloids including crebanine (CN), O-methylbulbocapnine (OMP), and dicentrine (DC), and protoberberine alkaloids, tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and N-methyl tetrahydropalmatine (NTHP), have been found in Stephania venosa. Previous reports demonstrated CN and THP exhibited anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effect of CN analogs including OMP, DC, THP, and NTHP in RAW264.7 macrophages. The pre-treatment of macrophages with CN, OMP and DC suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, in which the rank-order of inhibitory potency was DC>CN≥OMP. Whereas, high dose THP (30–40 µg/mL) reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production in RAW264.7 cells but NTHP did not effect. Moreover, CN, OMP and DC inhibited the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. OMP and DC inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation by suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κB at Ser536, but not the nucleus translocation and inhibitor of kappaB (IκB)-α degradation. In addition, OMP and DC also reduced the phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of activator protein-1 (AP-1). Furthermore, OMP and DC suppressed the LPS-activated myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, which were the upstream signaling regulators of AP-1 and NF-κB. Collectively, OMP and DC have an anti-inflammatory effect on RAW264.7 macrophages by the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. The inhibitory property of OMP and DC is mediated by blockage the activation of MyD88, MAPKs, Akt, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling molecules.

Graphical Abstract Fullsize Image


X: -2.96781 Y: 4.8593745title: Aporphinoid alkaloids and other constituents from Lettowianthus stellatus publish year: 2000 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Two new aporphinoid alkaloids. lettowianthine and 11-methoxylettowianthine were isolated from the root bark of Lettowianthus stellatus, together with the new sesquiterpene 11-hydroxyguaia-4,6-diene and the known compounds liriodenine, (Z)-7-octadeeen-9-ynoic acid, methyl (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate, methyl (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-dihydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate, and 3,4,5,-trimethoxyphenol. The structure elucidation was achieved by spectroscopic methods. (c) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


X: -2.8355885 Y: 4.8972373title: Antimalarials from Stephania venosa, Prismatomeris sessiliflora, Diospyros montana and Murraya siamensis publish year: 2000 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Fourteen compounds isolated from Stephania venosa, Prismatomeris sessiliflora, Diospyros montana and Murraya siamensis were tested for their antimalarial potential. The 6a,7-dehydroaporphine alkaloids dehydrostephanine and dehydrocrebanine showed potent activity with IC50 values of 40 and 70 ng/ml, respectively. The 13C-NMR data of rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl ether, diospyrin and 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthal-dehyde were extensively studied.


X: -4.2333913 Y: 5.72909title: Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in plants used in Thai traditional rejuvenating and neurotonic remedies publish year: 2003 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor has been used as a drug for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In order to search for new AChE inhibitors, 32 plants used in Thai traditional rejuvenating and neurotonic remedies were collected. The plant methanolic extracts were tested for AChE inhibitory activity using Ellman's colorimetric method in 96-welled microplates. The results showed that the methanolic extracts from roots of Stephania suberosa Forman. and Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. at concentration of 0.1 mg/ml inhibited more than 90% of AChE activity. At the same concentration, four extracts, i.e. stems of Piper interruptum Opiz., seeds of Piper nigrum L., rootbarks of Butea superba Roxb. and roots of Cassia fistula L. extracts showed 50-65% inhibitory activity on AChE. The rest of the extracts showed the AChE inhibitory activity below 50%.


X: -3.0457249 Y: 5.619837title: Apoptotic Activity of Aporphine from Stephania venosa on Human Ovarian Cancer Cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa is a plant rich of alkaloids of family Menispermaceae. In Thailand, the study on this plant revealed a wild variety of phytochemical constituents. Those including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sulfides, and polyphenolics. In this study, we analyzed the anticancer activity according to the antiproliferation and apoptotic activity of the pure constituent isolated from S. venosa tuber on human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3). During phytochemical processes, we concomitantly tested the activity of the isolates and selected the effective fractions for further purification. Crude ethanolic extract and pure constituent were obtained from the tuber of S. venosa and evaluated the cytotoxic activity against SKOV3 by MTT assay. Crude ethanolic extract was performed various fractionations and further isolated to obtain pure constituent. Purified constituent and crude extract were demonstrated the significant effect on antiproliferation in a dose dependent manner. Apoptotic effect was confirmed by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation assay. The cytotoxic activity of crude ethanolic extract showed a potent inhibition with an ED 50 value at 31 μg/ml. Structure of the pure constituent was determined by NMR technique and identified as aporphine. Aporphine from S. venosa showed the antiproliferation at ED 50 value at 6 μg/ml against SKOV3. Results from the morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation assay, in this study demonstrated that aporphine could significantly inhibit the treated tumor cell proliferation and cause cells death via apoptosis, whereas those were not found in the untreated cells. We concluded that the pure constituent from S. venosa could lead to the further study on the detail mechanisms of action of this active substance for future application as new drug for ovarian cancer. ©All right reserved.


X: -3.0369718 Y: 5.1433654title: Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Aporphine Alkaloids Isolated from Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The cytotoxic activity of five alkaloids, namely 4,5-dioxo-dehydrocrebanine (1), dehydrocrebanine (2), crebanine (3), oxostephanine (4), and thailandine (5) isolated from the tuber and leaves of Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng was investigated. Thailandine showed the strongest activity against lung carcinoma cells (A549) (IC50 of 0.30 µg/mL) with very low cytotoxicity against normal embryonic lung cells (MRC-5). Thailandine also demonstrated strong activity against Plasmodium falciparum, K1 strain (IC50 of 20 ng/mL), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Ra (MIC of 6.25 µg/mL) as well as gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Oxostephanine exhibited strong activity against breast cancer (BC) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (MOLT-3) with an IC50 of 0.24 and 0.71 µg/mL, respectively, and exhibited very low cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells. Dehydrocrebanine demonstrated strong activity against promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) with an IC50 of 2.14 µg/mL whereas crebanine showed weak activity against cancer cell lines. However, both of them showed cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells.