X: -4.1487217 Y: 11.698082title: Mangostanin, a Xanthone Derived from Garcinia mangostana Fruit, Exerts Protective and Reparative Effects on Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The fruit of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is known in ancient traditional Asian medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. These effects are mainly due to the action of polyphenols known as xanthones, which are contained in the pericarp of the fruit. In recent years, there has been a growing interest from pharmaceutical companies in formulating new topicals based on mangosteen full extracts to prevent skin aging. However, the molecules responsible for these effects and the mechanisms involved have not been investigated so far. Here, the arils and shells of Garcinia mangostana were extracted with chloroform and methanol, and the extracts were further purified to yield 12 xanthone derivatives. Their effects were evaluated using in vitro cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes. After confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of these compounds, identifying mangostanin as capable of both protecting and restoring oxidative damage induced by H2O2. We showed how mangostanin, by reducing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevents the activation of AKT (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p53, and other cellular pathways underlying cell damage and apoptosis activation. In conclusion, our study is the first to demonstrate that mangostanin is effective in protecting the skin from the action of free radicals, thus preventing skin aging, confirming a potential toward its development in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields.


X: -4.3872943 Y: 11.9179title: Novel α-Mangostin Derivatives from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract with Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The mangosteen peels contain biologically active compounds, with antioxidant and anticancer properties. Among these isolated phytochemicals, α-mangostin is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants and anticancer compounds. This study focused on synthesizing novel α-mangostin (α-MG) derivatives at positions of C-3 and C-6 from extracted α-MG of mangosteen peels and investigating antioxidant and anticancer activities. The structures of the synthesized compounds were determined by using MS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HPLC. The analysis of the interaction between structure and bioactivity showed that phenol groups on C-3 and C-6 positions play a crucial role in antiproliferative activity to boost both anticancer efficacy and drug-like properties. The antioxidant activity of α-MG and its derivatives were investigated by the DPPH method. Among α-MG derivatives, 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-3,6-diyl bis(2-bromobenzoate) (compound 4) exhibited significant antioxidant property. The in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, NCI–H460, and HepG2) was evaluated by the standard sulforhodamine B assay. The anticancer activities (HeLa, MCF-7, NCI–H460, and HepG2) of compound 4 are five to six times higher than those of α-MG and other derivatives. The acetylation at C-3 and C-6 of α-MG by halogen of benzoyl greatly improved cancer cell toxicity. Our results provide new opportunities for further explorations of α-MG derivatives for antioxidant property and promise as drugs in cancer therapy.


X: -4.3587217 Y: 12.45746title: Mangostanaxanthone VIIII, a new xanthone from Garcinia mangostana pericarps, α-amylase inhibitory activity, and molecular docking studies publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new xanthone: mangostanaxanthone VIIII [1,3,5,6,7-pentahydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl) xanthone] (5) and four known xanthones: mangostanaxanthones I (1) and II (2), γ-mangostin (3), and mangostanaxanthone VII (4) were separated and characterized from the acetone fraction of Garcinia mangostana L., Clusiaceae (mangosteen) pericarps. Their structures were established based on various spectroscopic analyses in addition to HRMS and comparison with the literature. The α-amylase inhibitory potential of the isolated metabolites was evaluated. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 had the highest activity with % inhibition 72.5, 86.5, and 81.8, respectively compared to acarbose (97.1%, reference α-amylase inhibitor). The molecular docking study of the tested metabolites was estimated to shade up the rational explanation of the α-amylase inhibitory activity results. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using Swiss ADME. It is noteworthy that 1, 2, and 5 had similar binding poses as the X-ray crystal structure of acarbose, whereas the other metabolites possessed different binding mode that decreased their inhibitory capacity. Thus, these data reinforced the health benefit of mangosteen as an alternative medicine to help lowering the postprandial glucose absorption. Therefore, it could have a good potential for the treatment of diabetes.


X: -4.7520833 Y: 11.752293title: α-Mangostin: A Dietary Antioxidant Derived from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. Inhibits Pancreatic Tumor Growth in Xenograft Mouse Model publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Aims:
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive malignant disease, ranking as the fourth most leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the United States. In this study, we provide evidence of chemotherapeutic effects of α-mangostin, a dietary antioxidant isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. against human PC.

Results:
The chemotherapeutic effect of α-mangostin was determined using four human PC cells (PL-45, PANC1, BxPC3, and ASPC1). α-Mangostin resulted in a significant inhibition of PC cells viability without having any effects on normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. α-Mangostin showed a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in PC cells. Also, α-mangostin inhibited the expression levels of pNF-κB/p65Ser552, pStat3Ser727, and pStat3Tyr705. α-Mangostin inhibited DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator 3 (Stat3). α-Mangostin inhibited the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), cyclin D1, and gp130; however, increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) was observed in PC cells. In addition, i.p. administration of α-mangostin (6 mg/kg body weight, 5 days a week) resulted in a significant inhibition of both primary (PL-45) and secondary (ASPC1) human PC cell-derived orthotopic and ectopic xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. No sign of toxicity was observed in any of the mice administered with α-mangostin. α-Mangostin treatment inhibited the biomarkers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) in the xenograft tumor tissues.

Innovation:
We present, for the first time, that dietary antioxidant α-mangostin inhibits the growth of PC cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion:
These results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of α-mangostin against human PC.


X: -3.2099378 Y: 12.064603title: From the Front or Back Door? Quantitative analysis of direct and indirect extractions of α-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The pulp and pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit are popular food, beverage and health products whereby 60% of the fruit consist of the pericarp. The major metabolite in the previously neglected or less economically significant part of the fruit, the pericarp, is the prenylated xanthone α-mangostin. This highly bioactive secondary metabolite is typically isolated using solvent extraction methods that involve large volumes of halogenated solvents either via direct or indirect extraction. In this study, we compared the quantities of α-mangostin extracted using three different extraction methods based on the environmentally friendly solvents methanol and ethyl acetate. The three solvent extractions methods used were direct extractions from methanol (DM) and ethyl acetate (DEA) as well as indirect extraction of ethyl acetate obtained via solvent partitioning from an initial methanol extract (IEA). Our results showed that direct extraction afforded similar and higher quantities of α-mangostin than indirect extraction (DM: 318 mg; DEA: 305 mg; IEA: 209 mg per 5 g total dried pericarp). Therefore, we suggest that the commonly used method of indirect solvent extraction using halogenated solvents for the isolation of α-mangostin is replaced by single solvent direct extraction using the environmentally friendly solvents methanol or ethyl acetate.


X: -4.226023 Y: 12.373235title: A New Xanthone from the Pericarp of Garcinia Mangostana publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangostanate, a new prenylated xanthone, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8-(3-formyloxy-3-methylbutyl)-xanthone, has been isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, together with five known compounds. The structures were elucidated using spectroscopy. All the components were tested for antioxidant activity.


X: -4.1682634 Y: 11.511412title: Immune Regulation and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Isogarcinol Extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. against Collagen-Induced Arthritis publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Isogarcinol is a natural compound that we extracted from Garcinia mangostana Linn, and we were the first to report that it is a new immunosuppressant. In the present study, we investigated the immune-regulation and anti-inflammatory effects of isogarcinol on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and explored its potential mechanism in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The oral administration of isogarcinol significantly reduced clinical scores, alleviated cartilage and bone erosion and reduced the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines in CIA mice. Isogarcinol inhibited acetic acid-induced capillary permeability and xylene-induced mouse ear edema in vivo. In vitro, isogarcinol decreased iNOS mRNA activity and NO content in LPS stimulated macrophagocytes by inhibiting NF-κB expression. Furthermore, isogarcinol decreased the activity of NFAT and inhibited IL-2 expression. The mechanism of action of isogarcinol is associated with down-regulation of both autoimmune and inflammatory reactions.


X: -4.5611157 Y: 11.720814title: Antitumour and free radical scavenging effects of γ-mangostin isolated from Garcinia mangostana pericarps against hepatocellular carcinoma cell publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Liver cancer is one of the highest rate diseases in southeastern Asia. Recently, many of functional foods and alternative medicines are very popularly utilized to prevent chronic diseases and cancer in Taiwan. In this study, we wanted to select and develop some of novel effectual agents or phytochemicals of γ-mangostin for clinical management or prevent hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC).
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is an autocatalytic mechanism which induced tissue injure and carcinogenesis. In this study, the inhibitory activity of γ-mangostin on oxidative damage induced rat mitochondria LPO, the free radical scavenging of γ-mangostin and the apoptotic effects of γ-mangostin on HepG2 cells were investigated.
γ-Mangostin processed activity to inhibit LPO and scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. γ-Mangostin showed antiproliferative activity and induced nuclear condensation and apoptotic bodies appearance under Giemsa staining by microscopic observation. In addition, γ-mangostin showed increases of hypodiploid cells via propidium iodide, 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, and 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide staining by flow cytometry analysis in HepG2 cells.
γ-Mangostin has demonstrated free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells. The proof suggests that γ-mangostin is a lead compound candidate for clinical management or prevent HCC.


X: -4.38787 Y: 11.869492title: In vitro and in vivo studies reveal α-Mangostin, a xanthonoid from Garcinia mangostana, as a promising natural antiviral compound against chikungunya virus publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a serious health problem in several tropical countries, is the causative agent of chikungunya fever. Approved antiviral therapies or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of CHIKV infections are not available. As diverse natural phenolic compounds have been shown to possess antiviral activities, we explored the antiviral activity of α-Mangostin, a xanthanoid, against CHIKV infection.

Methods
The in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic effects of α-Mangostin on CHIKV replication in Vero E6 cells were investigated by administering it under pre, post and cotreatment conditions. The antiviral activity was determined by foci forming unit assay, quantitative RT-PCR and cell-based immune-fluorescence assay. The molecular mechanism of inhibitory action was further proposed using in silico molecular docking studies.

Results
In vitro studies revealed that 8 µM α-Mangostin completely inhibited CHIKV infectivity under the cotreatment condition. CHIKV replication was also inhibited in virus-infected mice. This is the first in vivo study which clearly showed that α-Mangostin is effective in vivo by significantly reducing virus replication in serum and muscles. Molecular docking indicated that α-Mangostin can efficiently interact with the E2–E1 heterodimeric glycoprotein and the ADP-ribose binding cavity of the nsP3 macrodomain.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that α-Mangostin can inhibit CHIKV infection and replication through possible interaction with multiple CHIKV target proteins and might act as a prophylactic/therapeutic agent against CHIKV.


X: -3.8364322 Y: 11.655268title: Garcinia Mangostana Leaf Extracts from Ivory Coast Possess Remarkable Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxicological Properties publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana L. is a medicinal plant. Its fruit, the mangosteen contains many bioactive xanthones. This study investigates the potential of organic leaf extracts of G. mangostana grown in Ivory Coast. We tested two organic leaf extracts: G. mangostana aqueous ethanolic leaf extract (ethanol: water, 80:20 v/v) (GMLE) and dichloromethane leaf extract (GMLD). We measured total phenolic and total Flavonoids. We analysed the in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-radical and anti-proliferative activities of leaf extracts. Ethanol leaf extract showed a considerable amount of phenolic content (328.78±34.32 mg GAE/g) and moderate flavonoids content (43.60±1.48 mg QE/g), Dichloromethane extract had low values of phenolic (70.31±4.55 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (8.49±0.69 mg QE/g). However, GMLD extract gave a significant anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=152.79±3.34 μg/mL), comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium (IC50=142.30±1.22 μg/mL), contrary to GMLE extract (IC50=652.33±12.23 μg/mL). The radical scavenging assay showed a very significant ability of ethanol leaf extract to reduce the DPPH radical (IC50=33.40±0.67 μg/mL) compared to references molecules such as Trolox (IC50=43.72±0.31 μg/mL) and acid ascorbic (IC50=27.20±0.17 μg/mL), dichloromethane extract results showed lowest activity (IC50=580.00±23.03 μg/mL). All the organic leaf extracts of G. mangostana had moderate anti-proliferative activity on L20B, RD and VS cell lines studied with IC50 values ranging from 110.89 ±4.82 μg/mL to 860.60±25.78 μg/mL). Our results prove the high potential of the G. mangostana leave extracts as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress drugs. However, further studies are to determine and validate all the medicinal properties of G. mangostana leaves extracts.


X: -4.4676557 Y: 11.568083title: α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana Linn: An updated review of its pharmacological properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Over the past decades, various studies have highlighted the pure natural compound, α-mangostin as their main topic. The compound’s pre-clinical and pharmacological properties have been recognized and defined in these studies. α-mangostin shows strong pharmacological effects in in vitro and in vivo model systems by targeting a number of vital cellular factors through various mechanisms of action. Despite its important molecular versatility, the α-mangostin still has limited clinical application. In order to optimize the conditions of this compound as a chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent, for instance in diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes as well as inflammatory disorders, the recent tendency is to limit the range of its pharmacological properties. The present work reviews recent studies on the central and potential pharmacological principles as well as the preclinical applications of the α-mangostin.


X: -4.373106 Y: 12.374009title: Garcixanthone A, a new cytotoxic xanthone from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new prenylated xanthone, garcixanthone A (5), together with eight known compounds, mangostanaxanthones I (1) and II (2), garcinone E (3), β-mangostin (4), 8-hydroxycudraxanthone G (6), garcinone C (7), cudraxanthone G (8), and (-)-epicatechin (9) were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of the air-dried pericarps of Garcinia mangostana (family Clusiaceae). Their structures were verified on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation as well as comparison with the literature. The cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the new compound were assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) and agar disk diffusion assays, respectively. Compound 5 showed significant cytotoxic potential against epithelial lung carcinoma (A549) and breast carcinoma (MCF7) cell lines with IC50s 3.0 and 4.2 μM, respectively, compared to doxorubicin (0.74 and 0.41 μM, respectively).


X: 0.5106788 Y: 7.314408title: The origin of cultivated mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L. var. mangostana ): Critical assessments and an evolutionary‐ecological perspective publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana) is a popular tropical fruit, yet many aspects of its biology and evolutionary history are little known. Its origin remains contentious, although recent findings suggest G. mangostana L. var. malaccensis (Hook. f.) Nazre (synonym: G. malaccensis Hook. f.) as the sole progenitor. We review hypotheses on the origin of mangosteen and clarify points that have been affected by errors of fact and interpretation. The narrow focus and lack of detail in published results make their interpretation difficult. When possible, we support our interpretations with field observations and examination of herbarium specimens. We outline the main biological traits (e.g., dioecy, facultative apomixis, and polyploidy) of mangosteen and its wild relatives to infer traits that might have evolved during domestication of mangosteen. We find no clear indication that apomixis and polyploidy evolved during domestication. Polyploidy is known in the wild relatives, but apomixis has not yet been demonstrated. Also, we propose a testable new evolutionary-ecological framework that we call "Forest-Dusun Interface" to infer processes in the origin of mangosteen. Dusun (Malay) refers to subsistence orchards in this context. Lastly, we propose future studies to address identified knowledge gaps.


X: -4.11093 Y: 12.307809title: ChemInform Abstract: Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors of Phenolic Constituents Isolated from Garcinia mangostana. publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: 13 Benzophenones and xanthanes including the new compound (I) are isolated from the hulls of Garcinia mangostana and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against fatty acid synthase (FAS).


X: -3.7856326 Y: 11.239576title: Activity assay of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extract for decreasing fasting blood cholesterol level and lipid peroxidation in type-2 diabetic mice publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study aimed to explore the activity of pericarp extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). Mangosteen pericarp contains various active compounds which are beneficial for human health. In-vivo antioxidant assay of pericarp extract was carried out using 3-4 month male mice of strain BALB/c weighed 30-40 g. The mice were divided into two groups: normal control (KN) group and STZ-induced diabetic group. STZ induction was performed using multiple low-dose method 30 mg/kg body weight treated daily for five consecutive days. Diabetic group was separated into two subgroups: diabetic control (KD), metformin control (KM), and crude extract treatment subgroups. The fasting blood glucose and the cholesterol level were measured before and after lard treatment, we also did it on the first, seventh, and fourteenth day of mangosteen pericarp crude extract treatment. The mice were treated with mangosteen pericarp crude extract for 14 days. The MDA level of the fasting blood serum was measured. The body weight and fasting blood cholesterol level before and after lard treatment were analyzed by t-test, whereas, the fasting blood cholesterol and the MDA level were analyzed using one-way variant analysis continued with Duncan test. The correlation between the increasing body weight and the fasting blood cholesterol level was determined by Pearson correlation test. The results of the study showed that the administration of mangosteen pericarp crude extract was able to reduce the fasting blood cholesterol and the malondialdehide level significantly.


X: -3.2906826 Y: 12.024884title: Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp nanosized extract publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The difference of crude size was reported to give impact over magosteen pericarp nanosized extract (ME) antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Nano-sized ME (213,6 nm) showed the best antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of bacteria compared to extract from crude with a particle size of 20 mesh and 40 mesh. In the other hand, its antioxidant activity was the lowest. Meanwhile, the chemical compound contained in the ME supposed to support both activities. This research was conducted to characterize the fractions from nano-sized ME based on its antibacterial as well as antioxidant activity. The fractionation of extract provided 6 fractions. Fraction 5 and 6 had the highest antibacterial activity over B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. flexneri and also for antioxidant activity. The result of GC-MS for fraction 5 showed that the fraction contained a high abundance of fatty acid, but fraction 3 was identified to contain 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,8-diisoprenylxanthone and (R)-(-)-mellein.


X: 0.49848685 Y: 7.602261title: Phenological growth stages in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) according to the extended BBCH scale publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is an important fruit grown throughout South‐East Asia and is often considered as one of the best‐flavoured fruits in the world, owing to its juicy and delicate flesh and appealing taste and flavour. In spite of high nutraceutical and ethno botanical value, phenology is an often overlooked aspect of mangosteen ecology. In the present study, the codes and descriptions of the phenological stages of mangosteen as given in the extended Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie scale (the BBCH scale) were elaborated using a three‐digit system of notation. A total of seven primary growth stages, namely bud development (stage 1), leaf development (stage 3), shoot development (stage 5), reproductive development (stage 6), flowering (stage 7), fruit development (stage 8), and fruit maturation (stage 9), are described and illustrated. In addition, 36 secondary growth stages have also been defined and described. The duration of each principal and secondary growth stages was measured in days and quantified in thermal accumulation/growing degree days. The significance of the primary growth stages for orchard management and crop improvement, in monitoring plant growth and development (especially in the light of the impacts of climate change), and in assessing fruit yield and quality is explained. Moreover, the extended BBCH scale will be a useful tool for characterization of germplasm as well as to standardize the phenophases observed under different environmental conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: -3.0696237 Y: 11.8378935title: Extraction, Characterization and Application of Natural Dyes from the Fresh Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study is conducted to explore and utilize fresh mangosteen peel as an upcoming raw material for the production of natural dyes. The extract of fresh mangosteen peel is tested on cotton fabric by using alum as a mordanting agent who processed by pre-mordant dyeing procedure and fixation using 3 (three) different types of fixer. To obtain optimum interaction of fabric, mordant, dye and fixer, washing procedure has been performed using Turkish Red Oil (TRO) before the mordanting stage with varying washing time and repeated dyeing procedure with varying frequency of dyeing. As a result, the application of pre-mordanting dyeing method and fixation using iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O), alum (KAI (SO4)2.12H2O) and lime (CaO), produced very good color from mangosteen peel dyes extract. Cotton fabric that has been through the pre-mordanting dyeing procedure using dyes extract of mangosteen peel consecutively bring green, light brown, and dark brown color each on the fixation result using iron (II) sulfate, alum, and lime. Preliminary evaluation and instrumentation allow us to determine whether the application of washing time varies, the repeated frequency of immersion and the use of different fixers compound using dyes extract with similar concentration and dyeing procedure affect the color intensity of the fabric sample.


X: -4.01174 Y: 12.556368title: Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activity of Xanthones Obtained via Semi-Synthetic Modification of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The microbial contamination in food packaging has been a major concern that has paved the way to search for novel, natural anti-microbial agents, such as modified α-mangostin. In the present study, twelve synthetic analogs were obtained through semi-synthetic modification of α-mangostin by Ritter reaction, reduction by palladium-carbon (Pd-C), alkylation, and acetylation. The evaluation of the anti-microbial potential of the synthetic analogs showed higher bactericidal activity than the parent molecule. The anti-microbial studies proved that IE showed high anti-bacterial activity whereas II showed the highest anti-fungal activity. Due to their microbicidal potential, modified α-mangostin derivatives could be utilized as active anti-microbial agents in materials for the biomedical and food industry.


X: -4.2500005 Y: 12.489721title: Xanthones with neuraminidase inhibitory activity from the seedcases of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study was designed to gain deeper insights into the molecular properties of natural xanthones as neuraminidase inhibitors. A series of xanthones 1-12 was isolated from the seedcases of Garcinia mangostana and evaluated for bacteria neuraminidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 11 and 12 emerged to be new xanthones (mangostenone F, mangostenone G) which we fully spectroscopically characterized. The IC(50) values of compounds 1-12 were determined to range between 0.27-65.7 microM. The most potent neuraminidase inhibitor 10 which has an IC(50) of 270 nM features a 5,8-diol moiety on the B ring. Interestingly, structure-activity studies reveal that these xanthones show different kinetic inhibition mechanisms depending upon the arrangement of hydroxyl groups in the B ring. Compound 6 possessing a 6,7-diol motif on the B-ring operated under the enzyme isomerization model (k(5)=0.1144 microM(-1) s(-1), k(6)=0.001105 s(-1), and K(i)(app)=7.41 microM), whereas compound 10 possessing a 5,8-diol unit displayed simple reversible slow-binding inhibition (k(3)=0.02294 microM(-1) s(-1), k(4)=0.001025 s(-1), and K(i)(app)=0.04468 microM).


X: -4.0399084 Y: 11.701759title: Anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extract in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced superficial skin infection in mice publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) pericarp has antibacterial effects; however, information regarding its anti-
inflammatory activity in vivo is limited. The anti-inflammatory effect of G. mangostana pericarp extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced superficial skin infection was investigated in mice using a tape stripping model. G. mangostana pericarp ethanolic extract (GME) and its constituent, α-mangostin, were topically administered to mice with MRSA-induced superficial skin infection. MRSA-infected wounds treated with GME were completely healed on the 10th day of the study and the number of MRSA-colonies decreased from the first day of the study, whereas α-mangostin-treated wounds never completely healed with higher numbers of MRSA colonies. The epidermis of GME-treated wounds had nearly completely regenerated, with no inflammatory cell infiltration. In contrast, α-mangostin-treated wounds exhibited neutrophil infiltration and accumulation of mast cells. MRSA-infected wounds without treatment showed high expression of TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1β, and TLR-2 genes. In contrast, GME decreased mRNA levels, restoring expression of those genes to normal levels. Notably, α-mangostin did not down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines to the same extent as GME. Hence, GME is a promising alternative MRSA treatment because of its antibacterial, anti- inflammatory, and wound healing effects.


X: -3.8516603 Y: 12.547221title: Antileptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Leptospirosis, one of the most widespread zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide, is caused by spirochetes bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The present study examined inhibitory activity of purified xanthones and crude extracts from Garcinia mangostana against both non-pathogenic and pathogenic leptospira. Synergy between gamma-mangostin and penicillin G against leptospires was also determined.
Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts and purified xanthones from G. mangostana and penicillin G for a non-pathogenic (L. biflexa serovar Patoc) and pathogenic (L. interrogans serovar Bataviae, Autumnalis, Javanica and Saigon) leptospires were determined by using broth microdilution method and alamar blue. The synergy was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index.
The results of broth microdilution test demonstrated that the crude extract and purified xanthones from mangosteen possessed antileptospiral activities. The crude extracts were active against all five serovars of test leptospira with MICs ranging from 200 to >= 800 mug/ml. Among the crude extracts and purified xanthones, garcinone C was the most active compound against both of pathogenic (MIC =100 mug/ml) and non-pathogenic leptospira (MIC = 200 mug/ml). However, these MIC values were higher than those of traditional antibiotics. Combinations of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G generated synergistic effect against L. interrogans serovars Bataviae, Autumnalis and Javanica (FIC = 0.52, 0.50, and 0.04, respectively) and no interaction against L. biflexa serovar Patoc (FIC =0.75). However, antagonistic activity (FIC = 4.03) was observed in L. interrogans serovar Saigon.
Crude extracts and purified xanthones from fruit pericarp of G. mangostana with significant antibacterial activity may be used to control leptospirosis. The combination of xanthone with antibiotic enhances the antileptospiral efficacy.


X: 0.4894696 Y: 7.281808title: New evidence on the origin of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) based on morphology and ITS sequence publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), known as one of the most desirable tropical fruits of Southeast Asia, has been considered as an obligate agamospermous hybrid, thought to have arisen from two wild species, G. celebica L. (syn. G.
hombroniana Pierre) and G. malaccensis Hook. f. However, this putative origin was based on a misidentification of G. malaccensis, which was confused for G. penangiana Pierre. Intensive field studies and molecular investigations based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data of 22 samples were conducted, which included six samples of true G. malaccensis. Morphological observation shows that mangosteen highly resembles G. malaccensis, particularly in its vegetative and fruit characters, even sharing similar taste of ripe fruits. ITS data revealed that mangosteen shared more than 99 % of its sequence with G. malaccensis with a few accessions identical with wild populations in Peninsular Malaysia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that clades of mangosteen are paraphyletic per se, but monophyletic if both mangosteen and G. malaccensis are grouped together. This show that mangosteen and G. malaccensis are so closely related that they should be combined together as one species. I propose two theories on the origin of mangosteen, first, that it is a hybrid of different varieties of G. malaccensis, and second, that it may be a product of multiple, superior selections from different populations of female trees of G. malaccensis originating in Peninsular Malaysia.


X: -4.4801245 Y: 11.61009title: Discovery of gamma-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana as a potent and selective natural SIRT2 inhibitor publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Studies have suggested that sirtuin inhibition may have beneficial effects on several age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Garcinia mangostana is a well-known tropical plant found mostly in South East Asia with several positive health effects. Some of its phytochemicals such as α-mangostin was found to be able to modulate sirtuin activity in mice and was implicated with inflammation, diabetes and obesity. However, comprehensive studies on sirtuin activity by the prenylated xanthones extracted from Garcinia mangostana have yet to be reported. The present study led to the discovery and identification of γ-mangostin as a potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitor. It was demonstrated that γ-mangostin was able to increase the α-tubulin acetylation in MDA-MD-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It was also found to possess potent antiproliferative activity against both cell lines. In addition, it was able to induce neurite outgrowth in the N2a cells.


X: -3.707068 Y: 11.725648title: Effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) extracts as a feed additive on growth and hematological parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The efficacy of dietary inclusion of various parts of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) extract on growth and hematological parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings were investigated.
Ninety six fingerlings were randomly distributed into each of ten 20L plastic aquaria. Each treatment groups consists of three replicates. Four experimental diets were prepared: controls, leaf extract, shoot extract and rind extract. The 0.5% of various parts (leaf, rind and shoot extract) of mangosteen were included in the experimental diets at the expense of 0.5% rice bran. The fingerlings were fed with experimental diets at satiation for five weeks.
The results showed that no significant difference on growth, specific growth rate, average daily growth, feed conversion ratio and condition factors of the dietary inclusion of the different mangosteen extract treatment when compared to control groups except leaf extract. Significantly higher red blood cells (RBC) count and white blood cells (WBC) count were recorded in fish fed with shoot extract incorporated diet fed groups than the other groups. However, no significant impact on hemoglobin content between the experimental groups and control groups.
Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that feeding fish with 0.5 % of mangosteen extracts for 35 days has no adverse effect on growth and enhanced the hematological parameters of African catfish fingerlings.


X: -4.359529 Y: 11.830873title: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF MANGOSTEEN FRUIT, GARCINIA MANGOSTANA AGAINST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HePG-2) CELL LINE publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The antioxidant and anticancer potential of mangosteen fruit Garcinia mangostana have been unraveled in the present study. Extraction of the epicarp and endocarp of the fruit with methanol, chloroform, hexane and ethyl acetate revealed that methanol gave maximum yield of extract. However, standardization of the solvents by MTT assay showed that only chloroform extract of epicarp and hexane extract of endocarp had significant effect on HeP-G2 cells, thus revealing that the hexane extract has profound effect on HeP-G2 cells. In toto, it can be concluded that both the epicarp and endocarp of Garcinia mangostana have antioxidant and anticancer potential. Moreover, identification of active phytoconstiuents in the extracts will pave a way for using this fruit as a natural cytotoxic agent against various cancers.


X: -4.4062886 Y: 11.596548title: α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana Linn: An updated review of its pharmacological properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Over the past decades, various studies have highlighted the pure natural compound, α-mangostin as their main topic. The compound’s pre-clinical and pharmacological properties have been recognized and defined in these studies. α-mangostin shows strong pharmacological effects in in vitro and in vivo model systems by targeting a number of vital cellular factors through various mechanisms of action. Despite its important molecular versatility, the α-mangostin still has limited clinical application. In order to optimize the conditions of this compound as a chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent, for instance in diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes as well as inflammatory disorders, the recent tendency is to limit the range of its pharmacological properties. The present work reviews recent studies on the central and potential pharmacological principles as well as the preclinical applications of the α-mangostin.


X: -4.4340158 Y: 12.37297title: Cytotoxic Prenylated Xanthones from the Pericarps of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanol extract of the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana led to the isolation of two new prenylated xanthones, named 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-xanthone (1) and 1,3,8-trihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-xanthone (2), together with the five known compounds garcinones C (3) and D (4), gartanin (5), xanthone I (6), and γ-mangostin (7). Their structures were elucidated primarily based on MS and NMR data. Compounds 1-7 showed significant cytotoxic activities against various human cancer cell lines.


X: -3.0935 Y: 11.890732title: Optimization of total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and total phenolic content (TPC) extractions from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) hull using ultrasonic treatments publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The extraction yields of anthocyanins (TMA) and total phenolics (TPC) from mangosteen hull were optimized by varying the amplitude and time of ultrasonic treatment. The highest TMA recovery of 2.92 mg cy-3-glu/g hull powder was achieved using methanol aqueous solvent when direct ultrasonic treatment was applied for 15 min at 20% amplitude. For the TPC, 245.78 mg GAE/g hull powder was obtained in ethanol with sonication time of 25 min and at 80% amplitude. These TMA and TPC yields obtained are respectively 45.6% and 8.8% higher (p < 0.05) when compared to those without ultrasonic treatment. The ultrasonic treatment is able to improve anthocyanin extraction more effectively than the total phenolics from mangosteen hull.


X: -3.9919176 Y: 11.233867title: Rind from Purple Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Attenuates Diet-Induced Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Obese Rats publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The pulp of the purple mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, is a popular tropical fruit but the rind containing xanthones such as α-mangostin together with procyanidins and anthocyanidins is usually discarded as waste. However, this rind has been used in SouthEast Asia for diarrhoea, dysentery , skin infections and wounds. As xanthones have reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses, this study has determined the bioactive compounds and evaluated the effects of G. man-gostana rind on physiological, metabolic, liver and cardiovascular parameters in rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Rats fed a diet with increased simple sugars and saturated fats developed obesity, hypertension, increased left ventricular stiffness, dyslipidaemia and fatty liver. Administration of G. mangostana rind as 5% of the food to rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome gave a dose of 168 mg/kg/day α-mangostin, 355 mg/kg/day procyanidins, 3.9 mg/kg/day anthocya-nins and 11.8 mg/kg/day hydroxycitric acid for 8 weeks which reduced body weight and attenuated physiological and metabolic changes in rats including decreased abdominal fat deposition, decreased abdominal circumference and whole-body fat mass, improved liver structure and function and improved cardiovascular parameters such as systolic blood pressure, left ventricular stiffness and endothelial function. These responses were associated with decreased infiltration of inflamma-tory cells, decreased deposition of collagen in both heart and liver and decreased mean adipocyte size in retroperitoneal adipose tissues. We conclude that, in rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome , chronic intake of G. mangostana rind decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells which decreased physiological, metabolic, liver and cardiovascular symptoms.


X: -4.1796417 Y: 12.600812title: Synthesis of Minor Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2004 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Reaction of 2,3,6-trimethoxybenzoic acid and phloroglucinol in the presence of P2O5 and MeSO3H afforded 1,3-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethoxyxanthone [8] which, on 3-methylbut-2-enylation followed by methylation, gave a mixture of the mono- and di-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthones 2, 5, 6, and 12. Whereas demethylation of xanthone 2 with hot aqueous morpholine yielded gartanin [1] and its 5-O-methylether 3, similar reaction of xanthone 5 gave, in addition to the expected products 14 and 15, two 1,3,7,8-tetraoxygenated xanthones 16 and 17. Selective methylation of 14 gave the natural xanthone 4.


X: -2.9999146 Y: 12.234939title: Character, Xanthone Content and Antioxidant Properties of Mangosteen Fruit’s Hull (Garcinia mangostana L.) at Several Fruit Growth Stadia publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of mangosteen fruit’s hull, xanthone content, and antioxidant
potential on various stadia of mangosteen fruit development. The experiment was conducted in September 2006 until July
2008 using randomized complete block design, with three replications at maturation stage i.e. 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after
anthesis. The parameters being observed were fruit’s hull characters, xanthone content, and antioxidant capacity. The results
of this study showed that fruit diameter and fruit weight increased until three months after anthesis and then did not change
signifi cantly once they entered the process of maturity. Thickness of fruit’s hull differed signifi cantly among maturation stage.
The thickness of fruit hull was observed at two months and the highest weight was at three months after anthesis. Xanthone content of mangosteen fruit’s hull at a month up to four months after anthesis did not differ signifi cantly however capacity of antioxidant differed signifi cantly among fruit ages, the IC50 values increased with the increase of fruit maturation.


X: -3.2003007 Y: 12.276947title: Metabolic profiling of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) based on ripening stages publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Metabolomics is an emerging research field based on exhaustive metabolite profiling that have been proven useful to facilitate the study of postharvest fruit development and ripening. Specifically, tracking changes to the metabolome as fruit ripens should provide important clues for understanding ripening mechanisms and identify bio-markers to improve post-harvest technology of fruits. This study conducted a time-course metabolome analysis in mangosteen, an economically important tropical fruit valued for its flavor. Mangosteen is a climacteric fruit that requires an important plant hormone ethylene to regulate ripening processes and rate. We first categorized mangosteen samples in different ripening stages based on color changes, an established indicator of ripening. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, small hydrophilic metabolites were profiled from non-ripened to fully ripened (ripening stages 0-6). These metabolites were then correlated with color changes to verify their involvement mangosteen ripening. Our results suggest that the increase of 2-aminoisobutyric acid, psicose, and several amino acids (phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, serine, and tyrosine) showed a correlation with the progression of mangosteen ripening. This is the first report of the application of non-targeted metabolomics in mangosteen.


X: -3.1320755 Y: 11.874789title: Extraction of Total Phenolic Content from Garcinia mangostana Linn. hull. I. Effects of Solvents and UV–Vis Spectrophotometer Absorbance Method publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The effect of solvents with different polarity on the extraction of total phenolic content from mangosteen hull was investigated. The Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) method, expressed in equivalent to gallic acid concentration was used to quantify total phenolic content. Methanol was the most effective solvent in giving the highest recovery (p < 0.05) of phenolic compounds, compared to ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, ethyl acetate and distilled water. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the direct absorbance method and the FC method for total phenolic contents determination. Strong coefficients of determinations (R
2 ≥ 0.990) were obtained for the absorbance of acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts suggesting the regression equations obtained can be used to determine the total phenolic contents without using the FC method.


X: -4.2530127 Y: 11.494322title: Anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism of action of α-Mangostin, the major xanthone from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana; an in silico, in vitro and in vivo approach publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: α-mangostin (αMN) is a xanthone present in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana Linn. which is mentioned in the Ayurveda and widely used functional food supplement. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism is not well studied. Hence we used in silico, in vitro and in vivo models to provide information of mechanism on how αMN could prevent inflammation. Molecular docking was used to find out the binding energy of αMN with NFkB and COX proteins. Secondly, LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells was used to measure the production of cytokines, prevention of translocation of NFkB and inhibition of COX-1 and -2 enzymes. Finally, carrageenan-induced peritonitis was used in vivo to check the cytokine release, leukocyte migration and vascular permeability. The in silico modelling had showed that αMN has lowest binding energy with COX-2 and NFkB proteins. αMN has been found to be inhibit the production of PGE2, nitric oxide, iNOS protein expression. TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines were inhibited significantly (p<0.05) at 8 and 14 µg/ml concentration. αMN at higher doses inhibit the translocation of NFkB together with suppressing the COX-2 enzymes, but not COX-1. αMN inhibited the total leukocyte migration; predominantly, neutrophils in vivo. The level of TNFα and IL-1β was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the peritoneal fluids as measure by ELIZA analysis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that αMN acts well as an anti-inflammatory agent via inhibiting hallmark mechanisms of inflammation. It can be considered as potential alternative leads compound. In addition, the current results support the traditional use of this fruit pericarp as a functional food.


X: -3.7923255 Y: 12.072026title: Antimalarial activity of Garcinia mangostana L rind and its synergistic effect with artemisinin in vitro publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background
Malaria especially falciparum malaria still causes high morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. Several factors have been linked to this situation and the most important one is the rapid spread of parasite resistance to the currently available antimalarials, including artemisinin. Artemisinin is the main component of the currently recommended antimalarial, artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT), and it is a free radical generating antimalarial. Garcinia mangostana L (mangosteen) rind contain a lot of xanthone compounds acting as an antioxidant and exhibited antimalarial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of mangosteen rind extract and its fractions and their interaction with artemisinin against the 3D7 clone of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Methods
Dry ripe mangosteen rind was extracted with ethanol followed by fractionation with hexane, ethylacetate, buthanol, and water consecutively to get ethanol extract, hexane, athylacetate, buthanol, and water fractions. Each of these substances was diluted in DMSO and examined for antimalarial activity either singly or in combination with artemisinin in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 clone. Synergism between these substances with artemisinin was evaluated according to certain formula to get the sum of fractional inhibitory concentration 50 (∑FIC50). ResultsAnalysis of the parasite growth in vitro indicated that IC50 of these mangosteen rind extract, hexane, ethylacetate, buthanol, and water fraction ranged from 0.41 to > 100 μg/mL. All of the ∑FIC50 were <1. Conclusions
This study demonstrated a promising antimalarial activity of the extract and fractions of G.mangostana L rind and its synergistic effect with artemisinin. Further study using lead compound(s) isolated from extract and fractions should be performed to identify more accurately their mechanism of antimalarial activities.


X: -3.90115 Y: 11.301435title: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) flesh supplementation attenuates biochemical and morphological changes in the liver and kidney of high fat diet-induced obese rats publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background:
Mangosteen is a native fruit from Southeast Asia. It is rich in phenolic compounds such as xanthones, anthocyanins and phenolic acids. Mangosteen pericarp extract showed inhibitory activity towards pancreatic lipase and may have potential use for obesity treatment. However, there is limited study on the beneficial effects of mangosteen flesh against obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Garcinia mangostana flesh (GMF) on biochemical and morphological changes in the liver and kidney of high-fat diet-induced obese rats.

Methods:
Forty healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into five groups (n = 8) with four groups were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks and a control group was fed with rat chow diet. Supplementation with GMF in obese rats was continued for 7 weeks starting from week 10th after the initiation of HFD at different doses (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg). The positive and negative control rats were given distilled water via oral gavage. Plasma lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory markers were determined using commercial kits. Liver and kidney structure were defined by histology.

Results:
The rats fed with HFD for 10 weeks increased plasma LDL-cholesterol, reduced plasma glutathione peroxidase level and had significantly higher body weight compared to normal control rats (p < 0.05). Obese rats also showed elevated level of TNF-α and IL-6 after 17 weeks of HFD. Supplementation with GMF for 7 weeks in obese rats reduced their body weight, improved lipid profile, increased total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase level and lowered plasma pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) (p < 0.05). In addition, GMF supplementation attenuated the abnormalities of the liver and kidney tissue caused by high fat diet.

Conclusion:
Taken together, the findings suggest that supplementation of Garcinia mangostana flesh may help in reducing body weight and has the potential to ameliorate the biochemical changes of the high fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Further studies on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic are required before the results are translated to human.


X: -4.0378428 Y: 11.356065title: Study of α-Mangostin Compound And Antidiabetic Assay From Fruit Hull of Garcinia Mangostana Linn publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana Linn. is known as ''the queen of fruits " because it is one of the best tasting tropical fruits. The mangostin-fruit has been used as a medicinal agent, such as antioxidant, antiproliferasi, antibacterial agent, anticancer, anti HIV, decreases the human low density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation, induced apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines, anti hypertensive, anti malaria, and many others. Based on an information, mangostin has an antidiabetic bioactivity, but there are not any data that support this information. Therefore, this research is required to obtained α-mangostin compounds, and antidiabetic bioactivity assay contained in fruit hull G. mangostana. Antidiabetic activity was investigated in normal and diabetic rat. Animals were treated intraperitoneally with a single dose of 120 mg/kg alloxan to induce diabetes. This resulted in significant increase in blood glucose level. The diabetic and normal rat were both randomly divided into 6 group. Group A (negative control) received distilled water ad libitum. Group B (positive control) were treated intraperitoneally with single dose of 120 mg/kg alloxan. Group C, D, and E were treated intraperitoneally with single dose of 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg α-mangostin. Group F received 10 mg/kg glibenclamide for the same period. Blood glucose levels and changes in body weight were evaluated in normal rats. The diabetic groups treated with α-mangostin were compared with standard glibenclamide. The findings of the study support the antidiabetic claims of α-mangostin.


X: -4.102984 Y: 11.994621title: The inhibitory activity of aldose reductase in vitro by constituents of Garcinia mangostana Linn publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: We investigated aldose reductase inhibition of Garcinia mangostana Linn. from Indonesia. Dichloromethane extract of the root bark of this tree was found to demonstrate an IC50 value of 11.98 µg/ml for human aldose reductase in vitro. From the dichloromethane fraction, prenylated xanthones were isolated as potent human aldose reductase inhibitors. We discovered 3-isomangostin to be most potent against aldose reductase, with an IC50 of 3.48 µM.


X: -3.9507394 Y: 12.060286title: Garcinia mangostana L.: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen, Clusiaceae) has a long history of use as a medical plant, mostly in Southeast Asia. This is a review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of mangosteen. Traditionally mangosteen is famous for its antiinflammatory properties and is used in the treatment of skin infections and wounds. Other applications include the therapy of various conditions such as dysentery, different urinary disorders, cystitis and gonorrhoea. This review highlights the development of this botanical drug into a widely used nutraceutical. Products derived from G. mangostana are now distributed increasingly all over the world. This has given rise to a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of mangosteen. Central to the biological activity of the species are xanthones which are reviewed in detail. A comprehensive assessment of the biological activities of individual xanthones as well as extracts of G. mangostana is included. In addition, its potential in terms of developing novel drug leads is assessed. Products containing its fruits are now sold widely as 'liquid botanical supplements', but evidence for the health benefits of these products is still lacking. As shown here, a serious weakness in our knowledge is the lack of clinical data and it is not yet clear to what extent the findings about pharmacological activities are of potential clinical relevance.


X: -4.1969705 Y: 12.440015title: Xanthones with pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana L. (Guttiferae) publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Bioactivity‐guided isolation of natural compounds from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana , using a pancreatic lipase assay, led to the identification of 13 xanthones including α‐mangostin ( 1 ), β‐mangostin ( 2 ), γ‐mangostin ( 3 ), 1‐isomangostin ( 4 ), gartanin ( 5 ), garcinone D ( 6 ), 9‐hydroxycalabaxanthone ( 7 ), smeathxanthone A ( 8 ), tovophyllin A ( 9 ), 8‐ deoxygartanin ( 10 ), mangostanin ( 11 ), calocalabaxanthone ( 12 ), and 1,7‐dihydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐2‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl) xanthen‐9‐one ( 13 ). The inhibitory activities of the isolated xanthones against pancreatic lipase were evaluated and α‐mangostin ( 1 ) was found to possess the most potent inhibitory activity (IC 50 5.0 µM) in a non‐competitive manner, compared with the positive control, orlistat (IC 50 3.9 µM).
Practical applications: Pancreatic lipase is a key enzyme in lipid absorption. A total of 13 compounds were isolated from the pericarps of G. mangostana . Their structures were characterized by HRESI‐MS, and 1D and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic data. Our results show that all the isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase. Of the active xanthones, α‐mangostin displayed the most potent lipase inhibition, with an IC 50 value of 5.0 μM. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of α‐mangostin was carried out. In the Lineweaver–Burk plot, the apparent V max values in the presence of 1, 2, 4, and 10 µM α‐mangostin were decreased compared with those without α‐mangostin, whereas the K m values of 4‐MU oleate with and without α‐mangostin were both close to 3.22 μM. Finally, it is evident that xanthone derivatives isolated from G. mangostana possess pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities.

A total of 13 compounds are isolated from the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana . α‐Mangostin is found to possess the most potent lipase inhibitory activity.


X: 1.0984424 Y: 7.688677title: Developing an improved in vitro propagation system for slow-growing species using Garcinia mangostana L. (Mangosteen) publish year: 2000 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This investigation disclosed that evaluation of tissue culture parameters of slowly developing species (e.g. Garcinia mangostana) requires monitoring of treatments through two or more successive, relatively long passages. Two 8-wk passages were necessary
to observe differences in phytohormone effects. Photoperiod and temperature effects were not clearly evident until tissues
had been cultured through three passages; the optimal photoperiod and temperature for shoot proliferation could not be established
until after the fifth passage. Our investigation revealed that no auxin supplementation was necessary for bud primordium differentiation
in cotyledon explants or proliferation of regenerated shoots. The optimum N6-benzyladenine concentration for primordium differentiation was 13.3 μM, and for shoot proliferation ranged from 4.4 to 13.3 μM. Continuous culturing in an 8-h photoperiod at 30°C resulted in progressively intensified degeneration of shoots after three
passages. In contrast, successive passages in a 16-h photoperiod/26°C regimen enabled sustained regeneration of shoots. The
shoots rooted at a rate of 85% when precultured for 3 d in a medium containing 4921.3 μM indole-3-butyric acid, or 10 d at 492.1 μM, then cultured for two 8-wk passages in phytohormone-free medium. Following acclimatization by gradually lowering the relative
humidity in the growth chamber, rooted shoots survived transfer to the greenhouse at a rate of 95%.


X: -4.235391 Y: 12.064868title: Xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana): Multi-targeting pharmacological properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This review focuses on mangosteen pericarp extracts, xanthones and derivatives for the future laboratory experiment and development in pharmacological aspects.
All relevant literature databases were searched up to 2 March 2014. The search terms included mangosteen, xanthone, mangostin, and gatanin in all of the human, animal, in vitro and in vivo studies. Anti-intflammation, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and antiulcer properties of each substance were the key parameters.
Xanthones are a group of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds including alpha-mangostin, gamma-mangostin, mangosteen extract, xanthone derivatives and synthetic xanthones, which provide remarkable and diverse pharmacological effects such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.
These xanthone compounds may play a major role in therapeutic treatment ofthe diseases but precise mechanisms ofaction are still unclear and needfurther investigation.


X: 0.5421108 Y: 7.3411374title: Development of SSR markers of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Assessment and utilization of diversity in plant genetic resources is very important to improve of plant species. A mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seed was formed obligate apomicts process. Genetic diversity of mangosteen was developed by using SSR markers. An inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-suppression -PCR technique established to SSR marker of plant spesies. DNA library construction was used restriction enzyme blunt end Rsa I and adaptor (consist of 48-mer: 5'-GTAATACGACTCACTATAGG GCACGCGTGGTCGACGGCCCGGGCTGGT-3' and 8-mer with the 3-end capped by an amino residue: 5'-ACCAGCCC-NH2-3). Primer designed by using compound SSR (AC)10; (TC)6(AC)5 or (AC)6(AG)5 and an adaptor primer AP2 and nested PCR using AP1 primers. The PCR product integrated into the plasmid PGEMT Easy Vector System and competence cell Escherichia coli (strain DH5α) and sequence. Eight sequence from sample #G17 with SSR compound (AC)10, (TC)6(AG)5 and (AC)6(AG)5 produced two primer pairs. The primer pairs from sequence positive clone 4 of SSR compound (TC)6(AC)5 were forward primer: 5'-GGCCGTT AAAGTAGCTCAAGAA-3' and reverse primer:5'-CCGCATAGCATCAGTATCTG TC-3', while primer pairs from sequence positive clone 10 of SSR compound (AC)6(AG)5 were forward primer: 5'-GTGTTTCCATTTGTTACGCGCT-3' and reverse primer: 5'TAATGCCGTTGGGCAGTGA-3'.


X: -2.6879277 Y: 11.325938title: Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging films based on chitosan and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind powder publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has long been used as traditional medicine in SoutheastAsiancountries. Due to the presence of abundant polyphenols, mangosteen rind possesses potent antioxidant and antibacterial ability. In this study, mangosteen rind powder (MRP) was incorporated into chitosan (CS) film to develop active packaging for the first time. The structure, physical and functional properties of CS-MRP films containing different MRP contents (2.5, 5 and 10 wt% on CS basis) were determined. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the polyphenols in MRP could interact with CS through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the crystallinity of CS-MRP films was higher than that of CS film. Notably, MRP incorporation significantly increased the thickness, tensile strength, and UV-visible light barrier, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of CS film. However, the moisture content, water solubility, water vapor barrier ability and elongation at break of CS film were reduced by MRP incorporation. Moreover, CS-MRP film packaging effectively inhibited the increase in the peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of soybean oil during storage. Our results suggested CS-MRP films could be used as active packaging to increase the oxidative stability of soybean oil in food industry.


X: -3.1735263 Y: 11.9875555title: Anthocyanin Recovery from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Hull using Lime Juice Acidified Aqueous Methanol Solvent Extraction publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The recovery of anthocyanin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) hull was investigated using an aqueous methanol solvent acidified by Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) juice in comparison with the conventional HCl acidified methanol solvent. The addition of 0.20 mL lime juice/mL to an aqueous methanol extraction solvent gave a maximum total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) recovery of 4.742 ± 0.590 mg cy-3-glu/g hull powder compared to 2.950 ± 0.265 when using an HCl acidified extraction solvent at 0.20%. This acidified aqueous methanol extraction solvent using lime juice produced an increase of 60.75% anthocyanin which suggests that this natural lime juice can be a good acidifying agent. The quantity of lime juice or HCl added to the extraction solvent was found to be a more important factor than its pH value in influencing TMA yield. A lower particle size of hull powder of 250 μm to 500 μm was also found to give the highest recovery of anthocyanin (p < 0.05).


X: -4.1843343 Y: 12.542398title: Three Xanthones and a Benzophenone from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2001 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Investigation of the constituents of Garcinia mangostana has led to the isolation of four new compounds:  three minor xanthones, garcimangosone A (1), garcimangosone B (2), and garcimangosone C (3), and a benzophenone glucoside, garcimangosone D (4). The structures of these four compounds were established by spectral (NMR and MS) and chemical methods.


X: 0.8938302 Y: 7.6164823title: Comparison of adventitious shoot formation of garcinia mangostana via embryogenesis and direct organogenesis publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The adventitious shoot of mangosteen can be obtained in vitro from seed and leaf explants. This research was conducted to study effects of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) treatments on the formation of adventitious shoot of mangosteen in vitro via embryogenesis and direct organogenesis. Explants for embryogenesis were taken from cotyledon, where as those for direct organogenesis were from red young leaf of seedling. The BAP treatment of embryogenesis and direct organogenesis were 0.0, 11.1, 22.2, 33.3 and 44.4 μM, medium supplemented with 3% sugar, 0.8% agar, 1.39 μM PVP. Each experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with BAP concentrations as treatments. The result of embryogenesis showed that MS medium supplemented with BAP 22.2 μM BAP produced the best effects on the percentage of explants forming adventitious shoot (53.7%), number of shoots (3.3), length of shoot (1.7 cm) and time to form shoot (17.3 days). The result of direct organogenesis showed that MS medium supplemented with BAP at a concentration of 2.2 μM resulted in the highest percentage of explants that formed shoot (39.8%), number of shoot per explants (1.3 shoot), number of pair leaf (1.2) and means number of shoot with the length 1-5 mm (1.3 shoot), 6-10 mm (0.8 shoot) and >10 mm (0.3 shoot). Furthermore, at the concentration tested, the shortest time to form shoot was 80.7 days. This highly efficient protocol of embryogenesis and direct organogenesis of mangosteen is needed for the improvement of mangosteen such as in genetic transformation, mutation breeding methods and propagation of mangosteen.


X: -3.7990613 Y: 11.471807title: The Effect of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) Toward Stress Oxidative Parameter, Leukocytes, Leukocytes Type Counts on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Excessive Physical Activity publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: BACKGROUND: Excessive and heavy physical activity could lead to the oxidative stress in the body. This condition can affect several blood parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), leukocytes, and its type counts. One way to overcome the effects of oxidative stress due to strenuous physical activity is by giving natural antioxidants. Mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains considerable antioxidants, namely, xanthones and procyanidin. AIM: This research aimed to investigate the effect of mangosteen rind extract (MRE) on oxidative stress parameters, leukocyte count, and leukocyte count in male rats (Rattus norvegicus) that received excessive physical activity. METHODS: This study was purely experimental research with a post-test only control group design, using 29 white rats (R. norvegicus) as experimental animals, which were divided into four groups. The first group (P1) received distilled water and the other group received MRE at a dose of 50 mg/KgBW (Body Weight) (P2), 100 mg/KgBW (P3), and 200 mg/KgBW (P4) for 3 weeks, respectively. Swimming as a physical activity was carried out 3 times a week in all groups. Examination of leukocyte count and species was carried out on the last day of treatment after the rats swam to fatigue. RESULTS: MDA levels did not decrease significantly while GPx activity increased significantly. Moreover, the average leukocytes and lymphocytes showed a decrease but not significant. A significant decrease in the percentage of neutrophils and basophils was obtained by P4 group compared to others. In addition, a significant decrease in the average percentage of eosinophils for P3 and P4 groups was obtained. Furthermore, P3 and P4 group exhibit significant increase of the average percentage of monocytes. CONCLUSION: MRE as an antioxidant affects the levels of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes but not in MDA, GPx, leukocytes, and lymphocytes.


X: -4.1747174 Y: 11.5366955title: Antidotal and protective effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) against natural and chemical toxicities: A review publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Chemical and natural toxic compounds can harm human health through a variety of mechanisms. Nowadays, herbal therapy is widely accepted as a safe method of treating toxicity. Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is a tree in the Clusiaceae family, and isoprenylated xanthones, its main constituents, are a class of secondary metabolites having a variety of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity. In this review, the protective activities of mangosteen and its major components against natural and chemical toxicities in both in vivo and in vitro experiments were evaluated. The protective effects of mangosteen and its components are mediated primarily through oxidative stress inhibition, a decrease in the number of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, reduction of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB), modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, reducing p65 entrance into the nucleus, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), improving histological conditions, and inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity.


X: -3.5432782 Y: 12.235674title: Anti-acne inducing bacteria activity and -mangostin content of Garcinia mangostana fruit rind extracts from different provenience publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The fruit rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. has been traditionally used for treatment of skin infection, wounds, dysentery, and diarrhea. -Mangostin, a major constituent of the fruit rind, was reported to possess a strong inhibitory effect against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is involved in acne development. This study was conducted to quantitative analyze the content of -mangostin in the fruit rind of this plant collected from 13 locations in the South and East of Thailand by validated TLC-densitometric method. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. epidermidis of the extracts was also determined. -Mangostin contents in the fruit rinds and in the 95 % ethanolic extracts were found in the ranges of 3.39-5.68 and 11.83-23.11 % dry weight, respectively. The samples from the South showed higher contents of -mangostin (average 17.64 % w/w in the extract and 4.85 % w/w in the dried powder) than the eastern samples. The MIC values of all extracts against P. acnes and S. epidermidis were in the range of 7.81-15.63 and 15.63-31.25 g/mL, respectively,while the MBC values were in the range of 15.63-31.25 and 62.50-125.00 g/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activityand mangostin content of the samples from different locations were significantly different (p<0.05). The average MIC and MBC values indicate that the samples from the South of Thailand (MIC = 13.02 g/mL, MBC = 15.63 g/mL for P. acne and MIC = 23.44 g/mL, MBC = 83.33 g/mL for S. epidermidis) promoted stronger antibacterial effect than the samples from the East. The results suggest that the -mangostin content in the extract of G. mangostana fruit rind correlates with the antiacne inducing bacteria activity. The fruit rinds of G. mangostana cultivated in the South seemed to be the appropriate source in terms of higher -mangostin content and better anti-acne property.


X: -3.371064 Y: 12.1045885title: Characterisation and quantification of xanthones from the aril and pericarp of mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana L.) and a mangosteen containing functional beverage by HPLC–DAD–MSn publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Attention on mangosteen fruits as an ingredient of functional products is growing, particularly due to their rich content of xanthones. Whereas mangosteen products containing puree from the entire fruit of Garcinia mangostana L. are considered as novel food in the European Union, such products are widely used in the US due to their high antioxidant potential and traditional consumption in their countries of origin. With special emphasise on the xanthone profile and content, mangosteen pericarp, aril segments and a functional beverage made from whole mangosteens were compared. The fruit parts and the product showed a consistent pattern composed of mainly 7 xanthones, which could be unambiguously identified by LC–MS. Based on collision-induced dissociation experiments, fragmentation pathways of xanthones were suggested. The quantification of 7 derivatives contained in the arils, the pericarp and the functional beverage allowed an estimation of the amounts of bioactives which are ingested by the consumption of fresh mangosteen fruits and beverages produced thereof. Total xanthone content of the pericarp was the highest, revealing its potential as functional ingredient – followed by the aril segments and the functional beverage. It has been shown, that the content of bioactive xanthones in 90 mL of the beverage (i.e. the recommended daily dose) corresponds to about 0.9 g of pericarp and the aril segments (≈30 g) of a single mangosteen. Since residual parts of pericarp are always ingested after usual peeling of the fruit, xanthone concentrations exceeding those of the nutritional beverage have been ingested, thus allowing to establish a safe history of use.


X: -2.8622005 Y: 11.66677title: Mesoporous activated carbon from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peels by H3PO4 assisted microwave: Optimization, characterization, and adsorption mechanism for methylene blue dye removal publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study reported a facile method to synthesize mangosteen peels activated carbon (MSPAC) from an abundant Malaysian biomass waste (mangosteen peels) via microwave-assisted H3PO4 activation. The process resulted in high carbon content and mesoporous structure with a high surface area (681.41 m²/g). MSPAC was applied as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The response surface methodology approach was established via Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize a series of adsorption conditions: MSPAC dose (0.02–0.06 g), solution pH (3–9), and time (5–20) for MB adsorption. The BBD method indicated that the best adsorption parameters for maximum MB removal are an MSPAC dose of 0.06 g, an MB solution pH of 6, and a time of 20 min. The result showed that the PSO kinetic model best represented the adsorption kinetics, whereas the Langmuir model best characterized the equilibrium results, with the maximal monolayer adsorption capability of 163.6 mg/g for the MB dye adsorption onto MSPAC. Thermodynamic findings demonstrated that MB uptaking onto MSPAC was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The results of this work show that quite rapidly manufactured MSPAC is an excellent environmentally friendly adsorbent for removing cationic synthetic dyes from polluted water.


X: 0.51360506 Y: 7.3486423title: Analysis of Allelic Diversity and Genetic Relationships Among Cultivated Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) in Java, Indonesia Using Microsatellite Markers and Morphological Characters publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The genetic variation and relationships of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) were observed across mangosteen populations in Java, Indonesia using newly identified microsatellite loci and morphological characters. In this study, we developed an improved protocol to isolate microsatellite loci, named Selective Repeats from AFLP Sequence, by using a hybridized membrane. Twenty microsatellite loci were evaluated using 78 individuals from five mangosteen populations, and we successfully amplified four closely related Garcinia species, including G. malaccensis, G. hombroniana, G. celebica, and G. porrecta. Eight loci were monomorphic and the others were polymorphic. Sixty-nine alleles were found, with 3.491 per locus on an average. Genetic diversity (Hʹ) was calculated with an average across loci within population (HʹS) as 0.39, an average loci across many populations (HʹT) as 0.444, and genetic differentiation (FʹST) as 0.147. Furthermore, based on morphological characters, mangosteen individuals from four populations including Leuwiliang, Wanayasa, Puspahiang, and Kaligesing also had morphologically distinct fruit weight, rind weight, and rind thickness among populations. The study also elucidated the dispersal pattern of mangosteen in Java; the source of the genotype mangosteen in Java population was the Wanayasa population. In addition, we found evidence of tetraploidy in mangosteen. These results have potential applications in future breeding, conservation studies, and genetic assessment of mangosteen and their closely related species.


X: -3.1793954 Y: 11.966255title: The effect of solvents and extraction time on total xanthone and antioxidant yields of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) extract publish year: 2018 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different solvents and extraction time on total xanthone and antioxidant yield of mangosteen peel extract. The research was conducted by extracting mangosteen peel using seven solvents: Ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, hexane, acetic acid, and aquadest at different times: 24, 36, and 48 h. Total xanthone was examined using visible UV spectrophotometer at the particular wavelength, and antioxidant yield was observed from the extract and then dried using rotary evaporator and freeze dryer. The result reported that the solvents and extraction time significantly (P < 0.01) affected total xanthone and antioxidant yield. Mangosteen peel extracted by acetone shows the best results on total xanthone at 48 h. Meanwhile, mangosteen peel extracted by ethanol for 24 h was the best result on antioxidant yield. Total xanthone levels and antioxidant yield are affected by solvents and extraction time. Total xanthone levels were best found at long extraction times, while the best levels of antioxidant yield were found at short extraction times. Acetone and ethanol solvents which have medium polarity index (5.1 and 5.2, respectively) show the highest levels of total xanthone and best antioxidant yield compared to other treatments.


X: -4.245155 Y: 12.287677title: Mangostanaxanthones III and IV: advanced glycation end-product inhibitors from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are associated with a non-enzymatic reaction between the amino group of a protein and the carbonyl group of a sugar during hyperglycemia. The precipitation of AGEs in different tissues leads to many complications, such as endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular complications, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, neuropathy, and Alzheimer’s disease. Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) (GM) was selected owing to the ability of its polar and non-polar fractions to inhibit AGE formation. For the first time, the bioguided fractionation of its pericarp MeOH extract (GMT) gave rise to two new xanthones, namely, mangostanaxanthones III (1) and IV (3), in addition to six known compounds, β-mangostin (2), garcinone E (4), rubraxanthone (5), α-mangostin (6), garcinone C (7), and 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone (8), from the non-polar faction. Their structures were verified by various spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR studies and high-resolution MS data. All of the isolated xanthones significantly inhibited both sugar (ribose) and dicarbonyl compound (methylglyoxal)-induced protein glycation in a dose-dependent manner. This is explained by the ability of the isolated xanthones to inhibit protein oxidation, as indicated by the decreases in dityrosine and N′-formylkynurenine formation.


X: -3.9841044 Y: 11.658403title: Anti-inflammatory and in vitro bone formation effects of Garcinia mangostana L. and propolis extracts publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory and in vitro bone formation effects of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) and propolis extracts. Immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (hTERT-hNOF) cells were treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis KCOM 2804 lipopolysaccharide followed by treatment with mangosteen and propolis extract alone or in combination. Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Effect of mangosteen and/or propolis extracts on mineralization of MG-63 cells was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining. Group mangosteen extract complex 1:34 (1 µg/ml mangosteen extract and 34 µg/ml propolis extract) significantly reduced expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2. It had higher than other groups in vitro bone formation effect on MG63 cells. These results suggest that mangosteen and propolis extract complex could be used in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.


X: -4.184481 Y: 10.607891title: Garcinoxanthones from Garcinia mangostana L. against SARS- CoV-2 infection and cytokine storm pathway inhibition: A viroinformatics study publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Context: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is used in traditional medicine as an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory.

Aims: To determine the molecular mechanism and potential of garciniaxanthone derivate compounds from G. mangostana as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and prevent cytokine storm through in silico approach.

Methods: Ligand and protein samples were obtained from databases such as PubChem and Protein Databank, then drug-likeness analysis using Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muege rules on SwissADME server, prediction of antiviral probability through PASSOnline server. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation with PyRx v1.0 software (Scripps Research, USA) with an academic license, identification of interactions and chemical bond positions of ligands on the target by PoseView server, 3D visualization of PyMOLv.2.5.2 software (Schrödinger, Inc., USA) with an academic license, molecular dynamics simulation for molecular stability prediction by CABS-flex v2.0 server, target prediction of antiviral candidate compounds by SwissTargetPrediction server, pathway analysis through STRING v11.5 database, and toxicity by ProTox-II server were used.

Results: Garciniaxanthone C from G. mangostana was found to be a drug-like molecule with low toxicity. This can be a candidate for SARS-Cov-2 antiviral through inhibitor activity on two viral enzymes consisting of Mpro and replicase with a binding affinity value that is more negative than other garciniaxanthone derivates and is stable. Garciniaxanthone C is predicted to bind and inhibit pro-inflammatory proteins that trigger cytokine storms, such as NFKB1 and PTGS2.

Conclusions: Garciniaxanthone derivative compounds from G. mangostana may be candidates for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and preventing cytokine storm through garciniaxanthone C activity.


X: 0.5239519 Y: 7.439643title: Morphological variability of apomictic mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) in Indonesia: Morphological evidence of natural populations from Sumatra and Java publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Indonesia is one of the most important mangosteen producing countries whose the growing areas are scattered on almost all of the islands. Mangosteen variability was observed based on field expeditions from 1992 to 2005. The data were collected on morphological observations on mangosteen production centres in West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Bangka/Belitung, West Java, Central Java, and East Java based on a total number of 192 mangosteen trees. The objectives of the research were to find out the variability of Indonesian mangosteen based on the morphological characters and to determine the morphological characters that can be used to distinguish mangosteen accessions. Leaves and mature fruits were observed for morphological variations. The results show that mangosteens vary in their morphological appearances. Among the morphological variations obtained, there are 11 specific characters that can be used to distinguish the apomictic mangosteen. These characters are canopy shape, mature leaf colour, number of flowers and fruits per cluster, pedicel length, fruit shape, fruit-base shape, stigma lobe shape, size, and thickness, the number of fruit segments, and rind thickness. Based on the morphological characters the mangosteen in Sumatra and Java can be divided into seven kinds. This information will be useful for researchers and will make the task of the curators easier in the area of mangosteen germplasm evaluation.


X: -4.101389 Y: 12.700332title: Xanthones from Garcinia smeathmannii (Oliver) and their antimicrobial activity publish year: 2005 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Two new xanthones, smeathxanthone A (1) (2-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone) and smeathxanthone B (2) (5,7,10-trihydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)[2H, 6H]pyrano[3,2-b]xanthen-6-one), have been isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia smeathmannii, and their structures elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments. 1,3,5-Trihydroxyxanthone and 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone were also obtained. The compounds showed only modest activity against a range of bacteria and yeasts.


X: -3.4991086 Y: 12.3463title: Antimicrobial Activity Test of Mangosteen Leaves Ethanol Extract ( Garcinia mangostana Linn ) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes various infections such as skin infections. Mangosteen leaves contains active compounds that are useful in inhibiting bacterial growth. The purpose of this research is to examine the antibacterial activity of mangosteen leaves ethanol extract ( Garcinia mangostana Linn ) on the growth of Ps . aeruginosa bacteria. The experiment was conducted by an experimental method of Ps . aeruginosa bacteria using the Kirby-Bauer method. The concentration of ethanol extract from mangosteen leaves studied is 10% to 100% concentration with a bacterial density of 0.5 Mc Farland. The results showed that the ethanol extract of mangosteen leaves could inhibit bacteria from a concentration of 10% with an average inhibitory diameter is 13.20 mm, 20% is 14.00 mm, 30% is 14.65 mm, 40% is 15.85 mm, 50% is 16.05 mm, 60% is 16.90 mm, 70% is 17.55 mm, 80% is 18.75 mm, 90% is 19.25 mm and 100% equal to 24.80 mm. Based on the results of research and analysis date that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of mangosteen leaves ( Garcinia mangostana Linn ) has antibacterial activity against Ps . aeruginosa , with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 10% with diameter inhibitor zone is 13.20 mm.


X: -4.1220655 Y: 11.655928title: Protective effects of compounds from Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) against UVB damage in HaCaT cells and hairless mice publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes alterations in the skin, such as epidermal thickening, wrinkle formation and inflammation. Therefore, preventing UVB-induced skin damage can promote general health among the human population. Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) is a fruit that has become a popular botanical dietary supplement because of its perceived role in promoting overall health. The present study investigated the photoprotective effects of α-, β-, γ-mangostins and gartanin against UVB radiation using the HaCaT immortalized human keratinocyte cell line as an in vitro model and hairless mice as an in vivo model. UVB radiation increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑1 and ‑9 and decreased the mRNA expression levels of involucrin, filaggrin and loricrin in HaCaT cells; however, these changes were attenuated by pretreating the cells with α-, β-, γ-mangostins and gartanin. Among these compounds, α-mangostin exhibited the greatest effects in reducing UVB-induced skin wrinkles, inhibited epidermal thickening in hairless mice in vivo. Exposure to UVB radiation increased the expression of MMPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases in hairless mice, but these changes were attenuated by α-mangostin. The authors suggested that α-mangostin exerts anti-wrinkle and anti-aging properties.


X: -3.713389 Y: 12.064582title: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana): Extraction, Purification, Bioactivities and Toxicities publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a popular tropical fruit known as 'the queen of fruits' due to its delicious flavour. It comprises phytochemicals, flavonoids, and polyphenols such as xanthones, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. The G. mangostana pericarp, seed, and flesh bioactive compounds have been shown to have anticancer, antitumor, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. This review focuses on the bioactivity of G. mangostana, with the most common bioactive compound discovered being xanthone, which is frequently used in cosmetics, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and pharmaceutical research. Various extraction methods, both conventional and non-conventional, have been used in studies, depending on the goal of the research. This review concludes by using a computerised database search technique to discuss the extraction methods available and the properties of the bioactive compounds found in various parts of G. mangostana, including the pericarp, seed, and flesh.


X: -3.5749786 Y: 11.960726title: Chemical Constituents of Garcinia mangostana Pulp and Seeds publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the freeze-dried Garcinia mangostana Linn. led to the isolation of δ-tocotrienol (1), α-mangostin (2), 3-isomangostin (3), stigmasterol (4), triacylglycerols (5), a mixture of β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6-O-fatty acid esters (6a) and stigmasteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6-O-fatty acid esters (6b) in about 3:2 ratio, from the pulp; and 4, 5, and linoleic acid (7) from the seeds. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 2-7 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.


X: -3.1670263 Y: 12.238927title: RNA-seq analysis of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit ripening publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is known for its delectable taste and contains high amount of xanthones which have been reported to possess anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other bioactive properties. However, stage-specific regulation of mangosteen fruit ripening has never been studied in detail. We have performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of three ripening stages (Stage 0, 2 and 6) of mangosteen. We have obtained a raw data from six libraries through Illumina HiSeq 4000. A total of ~40Gb of raw data were generated. Clean reads of 650,887,650 (bp) were obtained from 656,913,570 (bp) raw reads. The raw transcriptome data were deposited to SRA database, with the BioProject accession number of PRJNA339916. These data will be beneficial for transcriptome profiling in order to study the regulation of mangosteen fruit ripening. The lack of a complete sequence database from this species impedes protein identification. These data sets provide a reference data for the exploration of novel genes or proteins to understand mangosteen fruit ripening behaviour.


X: -4.1354256 Y: 11.7731905title: Biological Activity Investigation of Phytocomponents in Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): In Silico Study publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Indonesia has abundant medicinal plants, which have been historically used by the population in treating diseases for generations. Traditional Indonesian medicine and the medicinal plants used could lead to the discovery of novel drugs. The mangosteen or Garcinia mangostana L. is a well-known medicinal plant that has been used to treat various diseases worldwide. The pharmacological activities and phytochemical composition of the whole plant of mangosteen have been investigated and identified by scientists in recent decades. Therefore, this study aims to generate the prediction of the biological activity of phytocompotents in mangosteen. In this study, we extracted 18 phyocomponents of mangosteen from PubChem, an open chemistry database at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA. Then, we predicted the pharmacokinetic properties and druglike nature of the phytocomponents using the SwissADME web server, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Swiss. Furthermore, PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) web resource has been employed as a strong potential tool to predict the biological activity. In summary, we revealed the biological activity of 18 phytocomponents of the mangosteen. However, further trials, such as in vitro and in vivo evaluation, are needed to prove the validity of these findings. © 2021, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.


X: -3.508065 Y: 12.419627title: The Effectiveness of α-Mangostin in Reducing the Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Thickness publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Dental caries occurs due to the demineralization of tooth structure caused by microorganisms in colonies called biofilms. One of the microorganisms involved in dental caries is Streptococcus mutans. Oral mouthwash, in addition to mechanical cleaning, is known to prevent the growth of oral microorganisms. Mangosteen is known as an anti-cancer ingredient with high anti-bacterial properties. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of mangosteen skin extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) in decreasing Streptococcus mutans biofilm. The study is experimental research with a post-test control group design. The research sample was divided into five groups; 3 treatment groups and 2 control groups. The biofilm thickness test was carried out with OD (Optical density) with a wavelength of about 620 nm using an ELISA reader. Kruskal Wallis analysis was employed as a non-parametric statistical test analysis. Statistical Kruskal Wallis indicated significant differences in the thickness of 5 test groups of Streptococcus mutans. The lowest average yield of biofilm thickness was in the α-mangosteen group at 12.5 g/ml. Conclusion: α-mangosteen in mangosteen skin extract effectively reduced the thickness of Streptococcus mutans biofilm.