X: -2.635093 Y: 6.367836title: Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used for the Treatment of Cancers/Tumors, with Special Reference to Its Scientific Validations publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Ethnobotany includes the traditional use of plants in different fields like medicine and agriculture. This book incorporates important studies based on ethnobotany of different geographic zones. The book covers medicinaland aromatic plants, ethnopharmacology, bioactive molecules, plants used in cancer, hypertension, disorders of the central nervous system, and also as antipsoriatic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiurolithiatic. The book will be useful for a diverse group of readers including plant scientists, pharmacologists, clinicians, herbalists, natural therapy experts, chemists, microbiologists, NGOs and those who are interested in traditional therapies.


X: -4.127046 Y: 12.608353title: Bioactive Prenylated Xanthones from the Young Fruits and Flowers of Garcinia cowa publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Five new xanthones, garciniacowones A-E (1-5), together with 14 known xanthones, 6-19, were isolated from the young fruits and fresh flowers of Garcinia cowa. The structures of 1-5 were elucidated by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometric data. The compounds 1-19 were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity and for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Compounds 16 and 17 showed the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 7.8 ± 0.5 and 8.7 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. Compounds 8, 9, and 19 showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis TISTR 088 with identical MIC values of 2 μg/mL, while 8, 10, and 19 exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus TISTR 688 with identical MIC values of 4 μg/mL.


X: -4.2471676 Y: 5.971584title: An Upcoming Approach to Alzheimer's Disease: Ethnopharmacological Potential of Plant Bioactive Molecules publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background:
Neurodegenerative disorders achieved epidemic levels in the last decades; not only elderly but also adult individuals have been increasingly affected. Among them, Alzheimer's disease is one of the most prevalent and crippling, associated with high rates of multi-morbidities and dependency. Despite the existence of a wide variety of drugs used as symptomatic treatment they have some side effects and toxicity, apart from its limited effectiveness. Botanical preparations have a secular use, being widely recommended for a multitude of purposes, such as brain health improvers.

Objective:
The aim of the present report is to systematize the knowledge about plant-food derived bioactive molecules with promising in vitro enzymatic inhibitory activity.

Results:
Alkaloids, phenolic compounds and terpenes are the most studied phytochemicals, both derived from natural and commercial sources. In spite of its efficient activity as enzymatic inhibitors, the number of in vivo studies and even clinical trials to confirm its real bioactive potential remains scarce.

Conclusions:
Thus, it is of the utmost importance to deepen knowledge on this area, once those relevant and informative tools can significantly contribute to the promising advances on the field of Alzheimer's disease treatment.


X: -0.7540854 Y: 6.9517107title: Ethnobotany publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Ethnobotany is a life science which studies the interaction between human beings and flora in particular and broadly deals with the investigations, observations, and identifications of botanical diversity used for the prevention and treatment of human and livestock ailments. The current chapter reviews the history and development of ethnobotany and the involvement of this branch of science in the innovation and derivation of drug products which is originated from plants and claimed by the traditional healers and indigenous people used for the prevention and treatment of disease. This chapter also combines interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary methods that can lead to further productive, comprehensive, and systemic guesstimates in the investigation of the relationship between the plants and humans. Regardless of its various bottlenecks, ethnobotany becomes an attractive and hopeful area of research. It also covers ethnobotanical knowledge and modern science, ethnobotany research and their applications, plant conservation and sustainable management practices, taxonomy, and economic botany. The chapter also deals with the ways in which different societies and cultures have come to perceive, know, use, classify, and symbolically represent plants and animals.


X: -1.6330273 Y: 7.0796757title: The role of biotechnology in healthcare: A review of global trends publish year: 2024 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: As healthcare systems strive to meet the evolving demands of an ever-changing landscape, biotechnology emerges as a pivotal force driving transformative advancements. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of biotechnology in healthcare, examining global trends that underscore its profound impact on diagnostics, treatment modalities, and the overall landscape of healthcare delivery. The study begins by elucidating the fundamental principles of biotechnology and its diverse applications in healthcare. From genomics to personalized medicine, biotechnological innovations are reshaping the understanding of diseases, enabling tailored interventions based on individual genetic profiles. The review delves into the burgeoning field of precision medicine, where biotechnological tools empower clinicians to deliver targeted therapies, optimize treatment outcomes, and minimize adverse effects. The integration of biotechnological platforms in diagnostics, including advanced imaging techniques and liquid biopsies, is transforming the early detection and monitoring of diseases, ushering in an era of proactive and personalized healthcare. Moreover, the global landscape of biotechnology in healthcare is characterized by collaborative research initiatives and cross-disciplinary partnerships. The interconnectedness of biotechnology with artificial intelligence and data analytics is explored, highlighting the synergistic potential in unlocking intricate patterns within vast datasets to inform more precise and effective healthcare strategies. As biotechnology accelerates the development of novel therapeutics, including gene and cell therapies, the review addresses ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and accessibility challenges. It critically analyzes the disparities in the adoption of biotechnological advancements across diverse healthcare systems, emphasizing the need for equitable access to ensure the benefits reach populations worldwide. In conclusion, the review elucidates that the role of biotechnology in healthcare extends beyond scientific breakthroughs to encompass a global paradigm shift. By examining trends across continents, it underscores the transformative power of biotechnology in fostering a new era of healthcare characterized by precision, innovation, and an unwavering commitment to improving patient outcomes on a global scale.


X: -2.3056679 Y: 7.2938366title: Herbal medicine in the management and treatment of HIV-AIDS - A review of Clinical trials publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Abstract

HIV is a retroviral disease of the immune system that leads to decreased immunity via reduced CD4+ T-helper cells (CD4 cells) and increased susceptibility to infections, and ultimately AIDS. Currently it is an epidemic in parts of Asia such as southern Yunnan, China and regions of southern Africa. Herbal medicines are widely used by patients with HIV especially in developing countries due
to the high cost of pharmaceuticals and also cultural factors. In these countries herbal medicines are often used for primary care and treatment of opportunistic infections, whereas in developed countries they are used along with conventional modern medicine as ‘complementary medicines’. Herbal medicines are also commonly used in HIV-AIDS treatment, in line with growing evidence suggesting the utility of herbal medicines to be beneficial for immune support, anti-oxidant status and anti-retroviral activity. There
are concerns about the safety of some herbs and about false claims of efficacy. We reviewed clinical trials of herbal medicines employed in the treatment of HIV-AIDS using clinical trials from PubMed data and Google Scholar from 1995-2013. Our review clearly suggests that herbal medicines are being used in the management of HIV-AIDS primarily for immune support to maintain immunological parameters. However, further extensive clinical studies are required to establish the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies in the treatment of HIV-AIDS.

Keywords: AIDS, HIV, herbal medicine, traditional Chinese medicine.


X: -3.1042852 Y: 5.1438875title: Bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from Cissampelos pareira publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The phytochemical and biological investigation of Cissampelos pareira leads to the isolation of one new isoquinoline alkaloid (7) along with six known isoquinoline alkaloids, namely, magnoflorine (1), magnocurarine (2), cissamine (3), curine (4), hayatinine (5) and cycleanine (6). Magnoflorine (1) and magnocurarine (2) were isolated for the first time from C. pareira. A new, rapid, simple and sensitive UPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantification of five pure compounds (1–5). Seasonal variation study revealed higher content of these compounds during the rainy season. The chloroform (CPCF) and n-butanol (CPBF) fractions showed cytotoxic efficacy against KB cells. Among pure compounds, hayatinine (5) was found to be most active against KB and A549, while, cycleanine (6) against KB cells.


X: -0.7379466 Y: 7.0049357title: Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Appamaraka S, Saensouk S, Saensouk P, Junsongduang A, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4617-4635. Don Pu Ta Forest (in Thailand) is a vital conservation area with significant natural resources that are intertwined with the way of life, traditions, beliefs, and culture of the local community. This ecosystem fosters interdependence among its components. The local healers rely on the medicinal plants found in the Don Pu Ta Forest to provide healthcare to the people in their community. This research aimed to investigate the plant diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge, and medicinal plant utilization in the Don Pu Ta Forest, specifically within the Kaloeng Ethnic Group of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving three indigenous healers and 220 local residents between January 2016 and November 2017. The interviews focused on plant usage, local names, utilized plant parts, methods of use, and medicinal properties. We also conducted vegetation analysis to assess the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Don Pu Ta Forest. The findings revealed that the Don Pu Ta Forest of the Kaloeng Ethnic Group in Sakon Nakhon Province contained medicinal plants from 28 families and 44 species. The biodiversity index (H') was calculated as 3.34, the Evenness Index (E) as 0.88, and the highest importance value index (IVI) as 25.26. Interviews with folk medicine healers identified the use of medicinal plants for treating 29 different symptoms. Notably, Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Wright & Arn., Rhodamnia dumetorum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) at 100%. The results of this study imply that ancestral wisdom's role in shaping the Kaloeng group's medicinal traditions, advocating for their integration with contemporary healthcare. In summary, the study offers valuable insights into the diversity, importance, and ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Don Pu Ta Forest, emphasizing possibilities for conservation, sustainable practices, and further exploration of these resources for healthcare benefits.


X: -4.1171083 Y: 6.12238title: Berberine chloride improved synaptic plasticity in STZ induced diabetic rats publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Previous studies indicated that diabetes affects synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, leading to impairments of synaptic plasticity and defects in learning and memory. Although berberine treatment ameliorates memory impairment and improves synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats, it is not clear if the effects are pre- or post-synaptic or both. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of berberine chloride on short-term plasticity in inhibitory interneurons in the dentate gyrus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Experimental groups included: The control, control berberine treated (100 mg/kg), diabetic and diabetic berberine treated (50,100 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) groups. The paired pulse paradigm was used to stimulate the perforant pathway and field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were recorded in dentate gyrus (DG). In comparison with control, paired pulse facilitation in the diabetic group was significantly increased (P < 0.01) and this effect prevented by chronic berberine treatment (50,100 mg/kg). However, there were no differences between responses of the control berberine 100 mg/kg treated and diabetes berberine treated (50 and 100 mg/kg) groups as compared to the control group. The present results suggest that the pre-synaptic component of synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus is affected under diabetic conditions and that berberine prevents this effect.


X: 0.17644121 Y: 4.8665223title: Role of Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Signaling in Secondary Metabolite Production publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Secondary metabolite synthesis takes place from primary metabolites. Secondary metabolites have no role in the development of plant growth, reproduction, and physiological procedures but they are needed for competitive weapons against a wide range of plant pathogens. Natural products as bioactive compounds derived from plants are mainly produced by the secondary metabolism. These metabolites are known for their wide therapeutic values. Plants are utilized for the isolation of various bioactive compounds; so they are sometimes overexploited and are getting threatened. Therefore, this problem can be overcome by enhancement of secondary metabolite production with various in vitro culture procedures. Elicitation by different molecules upscales the secondary metabolites production in a number of plants with varied potential for bioactive metabolite accumulation. Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are significant molecules involved in the regulation of plant growth, immunity to pathogens, and abiotic stresses. The present review categorizes synthesis and enhancement of various bioactive compounds by JA and SA as elicitation using in vitro cultures. We also discuss the inception of JA and SA signaling with a focus on gene expression in relation to secondary metabolite biosynthesis.


X: -4.163928 Y: 5.981085title: Application of BACE1 immobilized enzyme reactor for the characterization of multifunctional alkaloids from Corydalis cava (Fumariaceae) as Alzheimer's disease targets publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: In our ongoing study focused on Corydalis cava (Fumariaceae), used in folk medicine in the treatment of memory dysfunctions, we have investigated fifteen previously isolated alkaloids for their potential multifunctional activity on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) targets. Determination of ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibition was carried out using a BACE1-Immobilized Enzyme Reactor (IMER) by validating the assay with a multi-well plate format Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assay. Seven alkaloids out of fifteen were found to be active, with (–)-corycavamine (3) and (+)-corynoline (5) demonstrating the highest BACE1 inhibition activity, in the micromolar range, in a concentration dependent manner. BACE1-IMER was found to be a valid device for the fast screening of inhibitors and the determination of their potency. In a permeation assay (PAMPA) for the prediction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, the most active compounds, (–)-corycavamine (3) and (+)-corynoline (5), were found to be able to cross the BBB. Not all compounds showed activity against glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and casein kinase-1δ (CK-1δ). On the basis of the reported results, we found that some Corydalis cava alkaloids have multifunctional activity against AD targets (prolyl oligopeptidase, cholinesterases and BACE1). Moreover, we tried to elucidate the treatment effectivity (rational use) of its extract in memory dysfunction in folk medicine.


X: -2.6219707 Y: 7.0173054title: Evaluation of Anti-HIV-1 Integrase and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Compounds from Betula alnoides Buch-Ham publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Betula alnoides is a medicinal plant in Thai traditional longevity preparations. The crude extracts of this plant possess various biological activities. However, the isolated compounds from this plant have no reports of anti-HIV-1 integrase (IN) activity. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the anti-HIV-1 integrase and anti-inflammatory effects of isolated compounds from this plant and predict the interaction of compounds with integrase active sites. From the bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract of B. alnoides stems using chromatographic techniques, five pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds were obtained. They are betulinic acid ( 1 ), betulin ( 2 ), lupeol ( 3 ), oleanolic acid ( 4 ), and ursolic acid ( 5 ). Compound 2 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IN, with an IC 50 value of 17.7 μ M. Potential interactions of compounds with IN active sites were investigated using computational docking. The results indicated that active compounds interacted with Asp64, a residue participating in 3′-processing, and Thr66, His67, and Lys159, residues participating in strand-transfer reactions of the integration process. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, all compounds exerted significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide production (IC 50 < 68.7 μ M). Thus, this research provides additional scientific support for the use of B. alnoides in traditional medicine for the treatment of HIV patients.


X: -2.55051 Y: 6.9733515title: Anti-HIV-1 integrase activity of compounds from Cassia garrettiana heartwood publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The ethanol extract of heartwood from Cassia garrettiana had strong anti-HIV-1 integrase (IN) activity with an IC50 value of 3.0 μg/mL. Therefore, its fractions and compounds were investigated for their anti-HIV-1 IN effect using the multiplate integration assay (MIA). From bioassay-guided isolation, the ethyl acetate fraction was then separated to give five compounds which are chrysophanol (1), piceatannol (2), aloe-emodin (3), emodin (4) and cassigarol E (5). Of the tested samples, piceatannol (2) showed the highest activity against HIV-1 IN with an IC50 of 17.9 μM, followed by cassigarol E (5, IC50 = 72.9 μM), respectively. This is the first report on anti-HIV-1 IN activity of Cassia garrettiana.


X: -4.240848 Y: 5.9312906title: Natural Products as a Source of Alzheimer's Drug Leads publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This review focuses on recent developments in the use of natural products as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. The compounds span a diverse array of structural classes and are organized according to their mechanism of action, with the focus primarily on the major hypotheses. Overall, the review discusses more than 180 compounds and summarizes 400 references.


X: -0.040099952 Y: 9.835224title: Phytochemicals targeting matrix metalloproteinases regulating tissue degradation in inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Purpose:
Matrix metalloproteinases, zinc dependent proteolytic enzymes, have significant implications in extracellular matrix degradation associated with tissue damage in inflammation and Rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous orchestrated pathways affects instigation and blockade of metalloproteinases as well as various factors that increase the expression of MMPs including inflammatory cytokines, hormones and growth factors. Direct inhibition of these proteolytic enzymes or modulation of these pathways can provide protection against tissue destruction in inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Inclination towards use of plant derived phytochemicals to prevent tissue damage has been increasing day by day. Diversity of phytochemicals have been known to directly inhibit metalloproteinases. Hence, thorough knowledge of phytochemicals is very important in novel drug discovery.

Methods:
Present communication evaluates various classes of phytochemicals, in effort to unveil the lead molecules as potential therapeutic agents, for prevention of MMPs mediated tissue damage in inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Data have been analyzed through different search engines.

Results:
Numerous phytochemicals have been studied for their role as MMPs inhibitors which can be processed further to develop into useful drugs for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis.

Conclusion:
In search of new drugs, phytochemicals like flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, lignans & terpenes offer a wide canvas to develop into valuable forthcoming medicaments.


X: -3.1694524 Y: 5.115081title: Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids--A Review publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The review presents a glossary of the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The following information is tabulated: structural formulas of all the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BBI) with their molecular formulas; molecular weights; nip and [α]D values; uv, ord, nmr, mass data; degradation methods applied to determine their structures; and sources. A list of the plants with the particular part studied and the BBI alkaloid (s) isolated from each source is furnished. In addition, this article summarizes the distribution of different types of BBI alkaloids in different genera, methods of isolation, and degradative techniques applied for structure elucidation.


X: -2.86031 Y: 5.363574title: Total Synthesis of (-)-Menisdaurin publish year: 2010 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Non-cyanogenic cyanoglucosides are found in many plants, specially in medicinal species but have been the subject of only few studies. Particularly, Menisdaurin seemed us an interesting target and we decided to work on its first total synthesis. The starting material, chosen by reference to previous work in the laboratory, is a derivative of 7- oxanorbornanone. The first synthetic route had as key-step an electrophilic addition on a double bond but, unfortunately, was unsuccessful. Then we chose as an alternative the nucleophilic opening of an epoxide ring followed by reduction. We noticed that this epoxide ring could be opened by the intramolecular migration of a methoxy group in the presence of iodine, and therefore we tried, successfully, to perform the same reaction with a phenylthio group. So the opening of the epoxide ring was carried out with total regio- and stereo-selectivity in almost neutral conditions, which had not been hitherto reported in literature. Mechanistic studies confirmed that this reaction consisted of two steps : the formation of an hemimercaptal on the ketone followed by the opening of the epoxide by an intramolecular attack. Replacement of iodine by zinc iodide afforded even better yields. The phenylthio group being easily removed by reduction, this procedure is very efficient to obtain selectively an alcohol from an epoxide. Then, the following synthetic steps afforded the desired protected aglycone which was glycosidated with a 80% yield. Natural (-)-Menisdaurin was obtained (and characterized as its pentaacetate) in 10 steps with a global 3% yield.


X: -4.1022515 Y: 5.880514title: Recent Progress on Biological Activity of Amaryllidaceae and Further Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Connection with Alzheimer’s Disease publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease recognized as the most common form of dementia among elderly people. Due to the fact that the exact pathogenesis of AD still remains to be fully elucidated, the treatment is only symptomatic and available drugs are not able to modify AD progression. Considering the increase in life expectancy worldwide, AD rates are predicted to increase enormously, and thus the search for new AD drugs is urgently needed. Due to their complex nitrogen-containing structures, alkaloids are considered to be promising candidates for use in the treatment of AD. Since the introduction of galanthamine as an antidementia drug in 2001, Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) and further isoquinoline alkaloids (IAs) have been one of the most studied groups of alkaloids. In the last few years, several compounds of new structure types have been isolated and evaluated for their biological activity connected with AD. The present review aims to comprehensively summarize recent progress on AAs and IAs since 2010 up to June 2021 as potential drugs for the treatment of AD.


X: -2.7858696 Y: 6.039799title: Production of human embryonic kidney 293T cells stably expressing C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) as a screening tool for anticancer lead compound targeting CXCR4 publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Aim
The C-X-C chemokine-receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is an emerging target for cancer drug discovery due to its high expression in cancer cells. The present study aimed to produce CXCR4 overexpressing HEK293T cells for a non-radioactive binding assay as a platform to identify drug candidates targeting CXCR4.

Main methods
HEK293T cells stably expressing human CXCR4 were constructed by transfection of CXCR4 plasmids from the human CXCR4 gene. The CXCR4 overexpressing HEK293T cells were obtained by fluorescence-activated sorting and verified by conducting the competition binding assay of a known CXCR4 inhibitor, AMD3100 (plerixafor), to determine the IC50 value against monoclonal anti-human CD184 (hCD184) antibody tagged with fluorescence probe, phycoerythrin (PE). The non-radioactive binding assay using CXCR4 overexpressing HEK293T cells and PE-anti hCD184 was applied as a platform for identifying the target of natural compounds that exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines.

Key findings
The CXCR4 overexpressing HEK293T cells were produced with high expression (99.8%). The IC50 value of plerixafor determined by fluorescence tagged antibody-based competition assay using our developed cells agree with previously reported values using a radioligand binding assay. We observed no significant displacement of bound PE-anti-hCD184 by the test natural compounds which could be due to non-specific binding to other functional targets or organelles, low potency of the natural compounds, or binding to CXCR4 at deeper pockets.

Significance
The verified non-radioactive binding assay can serve as an alternative screening tool for anticancer lead compounds targeting CXCR4 and an essential tool for proof of mechanism study in the drug discovery.


X: -1.4826752 Y: 9.503429title: TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: A study was conducted to determine the effects of ensiling on the proximate and mineral
composition, anti-nutritional factors and microbial properties of ensiled cassava root-leaf
blends at 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 ratios in an air tight sealed bottles and to also
determine the blend that could replace maize in swine diet. The data was subjected to oneway
analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Results of the study indicated
that blend 50:50 had highest value of crude protein 12.96%, while blend 60:40 had highest
gross energy value of 4617.17 kcal/kg. Blend 70:30 had gross energy of 4180.95 kcal/kg and
crude protein of 10.12%. Results of the mineral composition revealed that blend 50:50 had
highest values of calcium 5.96 g/kg and phosphorus 1.98 g/kg. Anti-nutritional factors of
the blends were drastically reduced after ensiling. Microbial load of ensiled blends revealed
that only blend 70:30 recorded the presence of Lactobacillus spp., while Salmonella spp.
was not detected in all the blends. It was concluded that ensiling was effective for removal
of anti-nutritional factor, improving chemical composition and hygienic quality of ensiled
product. Blend 70:30 was recommended as a replacement for maize in swine nutrition.


X: -0.9517758 Y: 7.0032616title: Medicinal Plants of the Indigenous Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia: Current and Future Perspectives publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The main aim of this paper is to compile information on plant that is known to be medicinal to the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. Information is compiled from various sources. Current trends on studies of medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes and threats to the sustainability of the plants are also discussed. Focus of future studies on medicinal plants utilized by the indigenous tribes will also be discussed.
Keywords: Jah Hut, medicinal, Negrito, Semai, Semang, Temuan, proto-Malay


X: -2.734665 Y: 6.2138076title: Prospective Plant Based Anticancer Lead Molecules publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Nature has been a source of a wide range of products being utilized for the treatment of various diseases like malaria, cancer, diabetes etc. Among these, cancer is emerging as a leading cause of deaths worldwide and the development of cross-resistance to already established drugs increases the need for novel anticancer drugs. To discover novel anticancer molecules, it is a necessity to unearth the molecules which can act as anticancer agents. Taking natural products in vision, phytoconstituents like terpenoids, flavones, glycosides and alkaloids might act as a major source of lead molecules. Considering the anticancer prospectives of phytoconstituents, different unknown lead molecules are summarized in this review. The present review highlights the representative studies of plant-based anticancer agents which are classified as per their phytochemical nature. Furthermore, important key points along with important structure-activity relationships points regarding selected lead molecules are also discussed.


X: -3.4670255 Y: 5.3669887title: Alkaloids of Abuta panurensis Eichler: In silico and in vitro study of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Natural products obtained from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) are known as ethnobotanicals that are attracting increasing attention due to a wide range of their pharmacological properties. In this study, the alkaloids stepharine and 5-N-methylmaytenine were first isolated from branches of Abuta panurensis Eichler, an endemic species from the Amazonian rainforest. Structure of the compounds was elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS and HRMS spectrometric techniques. Interaction of the above-mentioned alkaloids with acetylcholinesterase enzyme and interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 was investigated in silico by molecular docking. The molecules under investigation were able to bind effectively with the active sites of the AChE enzyme, IL-6, and IL-8 showing affinity towards the proteins. Along with the theoretical study, acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition, cytotoxic, and immunomodulatory activity of the compounds were assessed by in vitro assays. The data obtained in silico corroborate the results of AChE enzyme inhibition, the IC 50 values of 61.24μM for stepharine and 19.55μM for 5-N-methylmaytenine were found. The compounds showed cytotoxic activity against two tumor cell lines (K562 and U937) with IC 50 values ranging from 11.77 μM to 28.48 μM. The in vitro assays revealed that both alkaloids were non-toxic to Vero and human PBMC cells. As for the immunomodu-latory activity, both compounds inhibited the production of IL-6 at similar levels. Stepharine inhibited considerably the production of IL-8 in comparison to 5-N-methylmaytenine, which showed a dose dependent action (inhibitory at the IC 50 dose, and stimulatory at the twofold IC 50 one). Such a behavior may possibly be explained by different binding modes of the alkaloids to the interleukin structural fragments. Occurrence of the polyamine alkaloid PLOS ONE PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.


X: -2.3127627 Y: 5.0100155title: In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected South African plants publish year: 2001 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The resistance of Plasmodium spp. to currently used drugs has become a serious problem and efforts are being directed in obtaining new drugs with different structural features. One option favoured is the search for new plant derived antimalarial drugs. Bark and leaves of 20 extracts from 14 South African plant species were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity by means of the flow cytometric test. The most active extract of each species giving more than 70% inhibition at 50 microg/ml was selected for determination of IC(50) values. Two extracts had IC(50) values below 2 microg/ml, another seven had IC(50) values between 2 and 5 microg/ml while one had an IC(50) of 10.1 microg/ml. Chloroquine had an IC(50) of 0.043 microg/ml. Cytotoxicities of the five most active extracts at 50 microg/ml were determined with the monkey kidney cell toxicity test and the ID(50) values ranged between 35 and 100 microg/ml.


X: -2.533703 Y: 5.312855title: Antifungal alkaloids from the fresh rattan stem of Fibraurea recisa Pierre publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The rattan stem of Fibraurea recisa Pierre. is known as an ethno-remedy commonly used for the treatment of various skin diseases by the minority Yao, Zhuang and Miao in Yunnan Province of China. The present study was designated to evaluate its antifungal activity, and to root out the antifungal substances from this ethical herb.
The in vitro antifungal assay was performed by agar diffusion test for extracts and fractions. Then, the active fractions were submitted to column chromatography on silica gel and LH-20 to isolate their compounds. And the antifungal activity of pure compounds has been examined by checkerboard microdilution test. Nine Candida strains and one Cryptococcus strain were used for the bioassay.
The MeOH extract exhibited significant antifungal activity, and the alkaloidal fractions were deduced as main active component. Subsequent studies led to the identification of a new alkaloid fibrecisine (1) and 21 known alkaloids including berberines, tetrahydroberberines and aporphine derivatives. The bioassay result indicated that the berberines showed more potent activity than aporphine derivatives against the test Candida strains, while tetrahydroberberines showed very weak activity against Cryptococcus neoformans.
The new alkaloid fibrecisine (1) was identified as 1,2-methylenedioxy-8-hydroxy-6a(R)-aporphine by detailed spectral analysis. The rattan stem of Fibraurea recisa Pierre. is an effective antifungal herb, and its major active component is alkaloidal compounds. Bioassay tests revealed that the water-soluble berberines are the most important antifungal substances. The study provides preliminary scientific validation for the traditional medicinal use of this ethno-remedy.


X: -2.8271608 Y: 6.0368223title: Natural Products for Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy that arises due to reciprocal translocation of 3′ sequences from c-Abelson (abl) protooncogene on chromosome 9 with 5′ sequence of truncated break point cluster region (bcr) to chromosome 22. The fusion gene product BCR-ABL, a functional oncoprotein p210, is a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that activates several cell proliferative signaling pathways. BCR-ABL-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, nilotinib and ponatinib potently inhibit CML progression. However, drug resistance owing to BCR-ABL mutations and overexpression is still an issue. Natural products are chemical compounds or substances produced by living organisms. They are becoming an important research area for cancer drug discovery due to their low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. Several lines of evidence show that many NPs such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyketides, lignans and saponins inhibit CML cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. NPs not only differentiate CML cells into monocyte/erythroid lineage but also can reverse the multi-drug resistance (MDR) in CML cells. In this chapter, we review the anti-CML activity of various NPs.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy that arises due to reciprocal translocation of 3′ sequences from c-Abelson (abl) protooncogene on chromosome 9 with 5′ sequence of truncated break point cluster region (bcr) to chromosome 22. The fusion gene product BCR-ABL, a functional oncoprotein p210, is a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that activates several cell proliferative signaling pathways. BCR-ABL-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, nilotinib and ponatinib potently inhibit CML progression. However, drug resistance owing to BCR-ABL mutations and overexpression is still an issue. Natural products are chemical compounds or substances produced by living organisms. They are becoming an important research area for cancer drug discovery due to their low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. Several lines of evidence show that many NPs such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyketides, lignans and saponins inhibit CML cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. NPs not only differentiate CML cells into monocyte/erythroid lineage but also can reverse the multi-drug resistance (MDR) in CML cells. In this chapter, we review the anti-CML activity of various NPs.
Since, there is a need for alternative strategy to develop new BCR-ABL inhibitors; NPs (obtaining from living organisms) offers an alternate, effective and inexpensive design for CML therapy. Moreover, they have less (or) no side effects. Studies conducted so far have revealed that many NPs inhibit CML cell proliferation and, in addition, induce cell death through apoptosis. NPs alone or in combination with other TKIs are able to reverse the MDR, thereby increasing the sensitivity of TKIs towards CML. Moreover, many NPs are able to differentiate CML cells into erythroid, monocyte or macrophage lineage. In vivo results have clearly shown that NPs potently suppress tumor growth. In sum, NPs serve as an inexhaustible source which renders an attractive alternate strategy to combat CML.


X: -2.8404756 Y: 5.581886title: Studies with Cissampelos sympodialis: The search towards the scientific validation of a traditional Brazilian medicine used for the treatment of asthma publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The paper is a review of the literature on the ethnobotanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of the species Cissampelos sympodialis Eichler, Menispermaceae, in order to assess its potential for the treatment of asthma. The aqueous infusion from the leaves of this Brazilian plant is used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory conditions, including colds, bronchitis and asthma. A multidisciplinary approach has led to the elucidation of the main chemical biomarkers and of the mechanism of action of the extract and its isolated constituents in animal models of inflammation and asthma. A comprehensive review of the literature on the species and its related chemical constituents was conducted using Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Lilacs, SciFinder, as well as conference proceedings. Retrieved literature data demonstrates that the aqueous fraction of the ethanolic extract from the leaves exerts an immunomodulatory activity in different animal models of asthma. This include an increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, a decrease in the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin, a decrease in mucus production and deposition in the airways, and a direct bronchodilator activity. These preclinical results clearly demonstrate the potential of this species for the treatment of asthma and points to the need for well-designed clinical trials to finally validate the traditional use of this herbal medicine.


X: -0.5394625 Y: 4.853468title: Reconstitution of a 10-gene pathway for synthesis of the plant alkaloid dihydrosanguinarine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) represent a large class of plant secondary metabolites, including pharmaceuticals such as morphine, codeine and their derivatives. Large-scale production of BIA-based pharmaceuticals is limited to extraction and derivatization of alkaloids that accumulate in planta. Synthesis of BIAs in microbial hosts could bypass such limitations and transform both industrial production of BIAs with recognized value and research into uncharacterized BIAs. Here we reconstitute a 10-gene plant pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that allows for the production of dihydrosanguinarine and its oxidized derivative sanguinarine from (R,S)-norlaudanosoline. Synthesis of dihydrosanguinarine also yields the side-products N-methylscoulerine and N-methylcheilanthifoline, the latter of which has not been detected in plants. This work represents the longest reconstituted alkaloid pathway ever assembled in yeast and demonstrates the feasibility of the production of high-value alkaloids in microbial systems.


X: -3.157928 Y: 5.728982title: Two new monoterpene esters from Illigera paviflora Dunn roots publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Two new monoterpene esters, illigerates H and I (1 and 2), and six known compounds actinodaphine (3), bulbocupnine (4), stephanine (5), hypserpanine B (6), betulinic acid (7) and gallic acid (8) were obtained from the root of Illigera paviflora Dunn. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some isolated compounds were assessed. Two monoterpenes 1 and 2 exhibited weak in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 64.5 ± 5.3 and 79.2 ± 7.5 μM) while compounds 3–6 showed inhibition of α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranged from 87.17 to 118.74 μM.


X: -4.392218 Y: 6.057979title: Phytomedicine: A Possible Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive loss of memory. Various strategies have been developed to prevent or slow the progression of the disease. Despite several advancements in the field of medical therapeutics, an effective treatment for AD is the need of the hour. Since ages past, plants have played a role in catering to the therapeutic needs of humans and in the process of drug discovery. Based on the traditional literature, various new therapeutically active compounds or their leads have been isolated from plants, including for use in cognitive disorders. We are blessed with plethora of such literature from different traditional systems of medicines. This chapter discusses plants and their active constituents found effective in treatment of memory disorders, including their preclinical and clinical efficacy and their mechanism of action.


X: -4.4157825 Y: 5.894905title: Geissospermum vellosii stembark Anticholinesterase activity and improvement of scopolamine-induced memory deficits publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This study evaluated the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of an alkaloid-rich fraction of stembark from Geissospermum vellosii (PP), and its effect on memory tests in mice. PP inhibited rat brain and electric eel acetylcholinesterase, as well as horse serum butyrylcholinesterase in a concentration-dependent manner with mean IC(50) values of 39.3 microg/mL, 2.9 microg/mL, and 1.6 microg/mL, respectively. The main alkaloid with anticholinesterase activity in PP was isolated and identified as geissospermine. PP significantly reduced scopolamine-induced amnesia in the passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests, at 30 mg/kg i.p. (given 45 min before the test sessions). At the highest effective dose (60 mg/kg), administration of PP did not result in noticeable peripheral or central cholinergic side effects. Only after administration of 200 mg/kg, mice showed convulsions affecting the whole body followed by death. These results show that compounds present in G. vellosii stembark have anticholinesterase activity, and that they can revert cognitive deficits in a model of cholinergic hypofunction.


X: -0.1326239 Y: 6.6655807title: Floristic Diversity and Analysis of South Andaman Islands (South Andaman District), Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: we recorded a total of 1376 wild and naturalized vascular plant taxa representing 1364 species belonging to 701 genera and 153 families, of which 95% of the taxa are based on primary collections. Of the 319 endemic species of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 111 species are located in South Andaman Islands and 35 of them strict endemics to this region.


X: -0.88979024 Y: 8.556965title: Training and Performance of Public Procurement Professionals in Tanzania: The Mediating Role of Career Development publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Training and career development have been considered to improve employee performance because better-quality human capital is vital in enhancing employee performance. This study analysed the influence of training on the performance of public procurement professionals when mediated by career development in Tanzania. The study used a cross-sectional research design involving 204 public procurement professionals from Dodoma city in Tanzania. The study applied Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as a part of Covariance Based-Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) and Hayes' PROCESS macro to analyse the data and determine the relationship between the training and performance of public procurement professionals when mediated by career development in Tanzania. The results show that training and career development determine the performance of public procurement professionals. Training facilitates the career development of public procurement professionals, whereas career development mediates the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals. This study only considers training and career development, among other aspects of human resource development practices. This excludes the other human resource development practices in public organisations. This study brings together human resource development concepts (training and career development) and the performance of public procurement professionals. Thus, it adds value to the literature on human resource management concerning the performance of public procurement professionals.


X: -3.5902503 Y: 5.5767913title: Screening an In-House Isoquinoline Alkaloids Library for New Blockers of Voltage-Gated Na + Channels Using Voltage Sensor Fluorescent Probes: Hits and Biases publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Citation: Coquerel, Q.; Legendre, C.; Frangieh, J.; Waard, S.D.; Montnach, J.; Cmarko, L.; Khoury, J.; Hassane, C.S.; Bréard, D.; Siegler, B.; et al. Abstract: Voltage-gated Na + (Na V) channels are significant therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiac and neurological disorders, thus promoting the search for novel Na V channel ligands. With the objective of discovering new blockers of Na V channel ligands, we screened an In-House vegetal alkaloid library using fluorescence cell-based assays. We screened 62 isoquinoline alkaloids (IA) for their ability to decrease the FRET signal of voltage sensor probes (VSP), which were induced by the activation of Na V channels with batrachotoxin (BTX) in GH3b6 cells. This led to the selection of five IA: liriodenine, oxostephanine, thalmiculine, protopine, and bebeerine, inhibiting the BTX-induced VSP signal with micromolar IC 50. These five alkaloids were then assayed using the Na + fluorescent probe ANG-2 and the patch-clamp technique. Only oxostephanine and liriodenine were able to inhibit the BTX-induced ANG-2 signal in HEK293-hNa V 1.3 cells. Indeed, liriodenine and oxostephanine decreased the effects of BTX on Na + currents elicited by the hNa V 1.3 channel, suggesting that conformation change induced by BTX binding could induce a bias in fluorescent assays. However, among the five IA selected in the VSP assay, only bebeerine exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Na + currents elicited by the hNav1.2 and hNav1.6 channels, with IC 50 values below 10 µM. So far, bebeerine is the first BBIQ to have been reported to block Na V channels, with promising therapeutical applications.


X: -5.120391 Y: 8.051105title: Herbal medicine to cure male reproductive dysfunction publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The reproductive system comprises a series of internal and external organs that function collaboratively to produce male germ cells that fuse with female germ cells to produce offspring. Reproductive health encompasses the proper functioning of the reproductive system at all stages of life. The male reproductive system is susceptible to various diseases, disorders, and dysfunction, which may develop during multiple phases of life. Adverse and life-threatening effects of modern therapies targeting reproductive conditions are widespread. Recently, an alternative to modern medicine that takes advantage of nature's benefits has been investigated. Herbal medicine has long been used to treat various diseases in different countries, especially among rural and ethnic peoples, due to its profitability, easy availability, low cost, ease of use, and little to no adverse effect. Various medicinal plants have been evaluated for their therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of various reproductive dysfunctions. This chapter summarizes multiple medicinal plants and their extracts used to treat common reproductive disorders in this chapter.


X: -3.0730803 Y: 5.117005title: Two new isoquinoline alkaloids from the seeds of Nandina domestica publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Two new isoquinoline alkaloids, 6 R,6aS-N-nantenine Nβ-oxide (1), 6S,6aS-N-nantenine Nα-oxide (2), along with nine known alkaloids, nantenine (3), oxonantenine (4), protopine (5), nornantenine (6), N-methyl-laurotetanine (7), isocorydine (8), O-methyflavinantine (9), N-methyl-2,3,6-trimethoxymorphinan-dien-7-one Nβ-oxide (10) and (+)-10-O-methylhernovine Nβ-oxide (11) were isolated from the seeds of Nandina domestica. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analyses of spectroscopic data (IR, UV, HRESIMS, 1 D and 2 D NMR), ECD calculation and comparison with the related literatures. In addition, the cytotoxicity against A549 cells of these alkaloids was determined by the MTT assay.


X: -4.349932 Y: 5.784828title: Natural Product Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase publish year: 2006 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Various natural products, such as physostigmine, have long been recognized as inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Since the recent approval of galanthamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by the blockage of acetylcholine degradation, attempts to find other inhibitors of the enzyme have multiplied, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. In this review, a listing is presented of natural product inhibitors, both alkaloid and nonalkaloid in origin. These have been isolated from plant, animal and microbial sources. Details of current testing methods on cholinesterases are given, including solution assays and screening techniques by TLC and HPLC.


X: -2.8097262 Y: 5.031434title: Antibacterial and Antifungal Alkaloids from Asian Angiosperms: Distribution, Mechanisms of Action, Structure-Activity, and Clinical Potentials publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi requires the development of antibiotics and antifungal agents. This review identified natural products isolated from Asian angiosperms with antibacterial and/or antifungal activities and analyzed their distribution, molecular weights, solubility, and modes of action. All data in this review were compiled from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, ChemSpider, PubChem, and a library search from 1979 to 2022. One hundred and forty-one antibacterial and/or antifungal alkaloids were identified during this period, mainly from basal angiosperms. The most active alkaloids are mainly planar, amphiphilic, with a molecular mass between 200 and 400 g/mol, and a polar surface area of about 50 Å2, and target DNA and/or topoisomerase as well as the cytoplasmic membrane. 8-Acetylnorchelerythrine, cryptolepine, 8-hydroxydihydrochelerythrine, 6-methoxydihydrosanguinarine, 2′-nortiliacorinine, pendulamine A and B, rhetsisine, sampangine, tiliacorine, tryptanthrin, tylophorinine, vallesamine, and viroallosecurinine yielded MIC ≤ 1 µg/mL and are candidates for the development of lead molecules.


X: -3.5645275 Y: 5.866944title: A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes’ upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.


X: -0.85774124 Y: 6.7216706title: Climber Plants: Medicinal Importance and Conservation Strategies publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Climbing plants are groups of plants that often show unique horticultural uses because of their beauty-imparting features. As the stems are weak, these plants have evolved various climbing devices in order to support growth and development. This climbing habit is predominantly seen in angiosperms and some members of ferns, and Gnetum is the only representative genus of gymnosperm. Several families such as Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Dioscoreaceae are exclusively climbers, while over 50 species of families like Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Calastraceae, and Apocynaceae are also of climber types. Besides their aesthetic use, the plants are of high medicinal value as almost all contain pharmaceutically active bio-compounds like michellamines A and B (anti-HIV properties) present in Ancistrocladus korupensis, various saponins (Asparagus racemosus), diosgenin (Dioscorea deltoidea), colchicine (Gloriosa superba), cordifolioside A (Tinospora cordifolia), momordin (Momordica balsamina), protoberberine, syringin, shatavarin I–IV, asparagine, aglycones, etc. Many of these plants are widely used in folk and traditional medicines. The prevalence of diseases and high cost of modern Medicare coupled with increasing load of human population across the globe have resulted in overexploitation of plants/climbers with extinction possibilities. A large number of plants including the above have already been endangered. Therefore, a balanced approach is needed in order to preserve germplasm of climbers for future uses. The application of biotechnological interventions and ex situ conservation approaches like in vitro cryopreservation and setting/strengthening germplasm or seed banks have opened a new vista for preservation of climbers. In this chapter, the history, distribution, and medicinal applications of select climbers have been discussed. Different conservation strategies have also been described in climbers, keeping various challenges in mind to its success.


X: -2.4242477 Y: 5.1031485title: Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Some Antimalarial Plant Species publish year: 2024 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Plants are considered as a very significant resource in many parts of the world due to their variety of uses in treating diseases and ailments. The phytochemical constituents of any botanical species are the active agent for the corresponding medicinal activity, such as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antianalgesic, antidepressant, antiplasmodial, antirheumatic, and others. Most of the villages in Africa, Asia, and South America are still using medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases. Malaria is a global disease and has cases in most countries of the world. Villagers still believe in their traditional system and thus utilize extracts of different plant parts for malarial treatment. Efforts are made to enlist majority of plant species which show mild to high antimalarial potential. Details of the plant species, their families, geographic distribution, and important phytochemical constituents, are discussed thoroughly.


X: -2.4416647 Y: 4.8836646title: Antimalarial Activity in Tropical Plants: A Review publish year: 2007 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: In recent years, a large number of plants have been explored for their antimalarial potential. Active principles from these plants have been isolated and analyzed in detail. Except for artemisinin, none of the principles were near the effectiveness of the existing antimalarial drug quinine. Regarding artemisinin the yield and isolation again had a drawback. Due to drug resistance by the parasites against quinine and its derivatives, there exist lacunae in malarial chemotherapy. In the present review, a number of potential antimalarial plants explored in the last two decades have been brought out and a number of leads suggested on the basis of their antimalarial activities.


X: 0.0205156 Y: 6.653391title: Bundagen and Scrub Creek Littoral Rainforest Bongil Bongil National Park Description, ecology and plant species list publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The distribution of littoral rainforest along the Eastern Australian coastline is discontinuous, and this has been amplified by substantial losses of these ecological communities in recent decades. Many of the remaining stands are now reserved within conservation areas. The size, high species richness and geographic location of the littoral rainforests in Bongil Bongil National Park, NSW, identify them collectively as a cornerstone community.

This report outlines the environment, floristics and significance of these occurrences.


X: -3.2634802 Y: 5.29339title: Structure–activity relationship study of 4,5-didehydroguadiscine, an aporphine alkaloid showing potent melanogenesis-inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Although 4,5-didehydroguadiscine (12a), an alkaloid with potent melanogenesis-inhibitory activity isolated from Hornschuchia obliqua (Annonaceae), consists of an aporphine nucleus with an aromatized B-ring, to date, it has not been utilized as a template for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of pharmacological activities because of its exceptional structure. Accordingly, herein, five analogs (12b–12f) of 12a and five benzylisoquinoline analogs (13b–13f) lacking the C11a–C11b bond of 12b–12f were prepared. The inhibitory effects of 12b–12f and 13b–13f on melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells were examined and compared with those of 12a. Melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of 12b–12f were the same as that of 12a, whereas the melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of 13b–13f were significantly inferior to those of 12a and 12b–12f. These results suggest that the C11a–C11b bond plays an essential role in the melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of 12a–12e.


X: -2.2762694 Y: 5.120072title: Antiplasmodial activity of New Caledonia and Vanuatu traditional medicines publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: With the emergence of strains multiresistant to antimalarial drugs, the search for new active molecules remains a priority. Ethnopharmacology appears to be a good method of selection in such investigations.
The aim of this research work is to select plants used in Melanesian traditional medicine, in New Caledonia and Vanuatu, which should be a promising source for the isolation of new antimalarial drugs.
Forty-seven plant extracts belonging to 12 families, traditionally used by the Melanesian people or belonging to an antimalarial known genus, were screened in vitro for antimalarial activity on Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (FcB1) and CQ-sensitive (HB3) strains. They were also tested for their inhibitory effects on a protein kinase (Pfnek) and their cytotoxicity on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells.
Among all extracts, four displayed strong in vitro activities against P. falciparum: Gardenia urvillei Montrouzier, Scleria polycarpa Boeckeler, Terminalia catappa L. and Acronychia laevis J.R. & J.G. Forster, the latter being also toxic on MCF7 cells. Except for the extracts of S. polycarpa, all others that were active on P. falciparum, also possess an inhibitory effect on Pfnek. Discussion and
These results confirm that ethnopharmacology is an excellent approach for such investigations. The two countries considered clearly present advantages in the field. Indeed, local populations keep their traditional knowledge alive, and their flora is exceptionally rich. In New Caledonia, the high endemicity rate (74%) ranks the island as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. As a consequence, chances to discover new active natural compounds are also high.


X: -2.804991 Y: 6.0438275title: Natural Products as Chemosensitizers for Adjunct Therapy in Cancer Management publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Conventional cancer treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy has their respective limitations and complications. A large number of cancers are relatively resistant and highly refractory to cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. One of the main reasons behind the cancer-related death is the development of multidrug resistance which may hinder an effective anticancer treatment. Many of the first-order antineoplastic drugs like anthracyclines, platins, taxanes, cyclophosphamides show resistance and/or adverse side effects after initial success in chemotherapy. Other than individual’s genetic variation which is the basis of intrinsic resistance, an array of epigenetic dysregulation is acquired parallel to the cancer progression. Genetic or epigenetic alterations influence various cellular processes involved in drug metabolism such as modulation in drug uptake and efflux, activation of drug-detoxifying machinery, drug target alteration and compartmentalization, activation of error-prone DNA repair, and death evasion. Systemic cytotoxicity due to chemotherapy/radiotherapy refrains improvement of patient survival. Restoration of chemosensitivity by chemical modulators was extensively explored but trials did not indicate towards absolute efficacy. Many natural compounds possess the property of suppression or even reversal of drug resistance. Most of these natural chemosensitizers are phytochemicals e.g. polyphenols, quinones, alkaloids, carotenoids, and steroids. Natural chemosensitizers are promising adjuvants as they selectively alter the drug–transporter interaction by their unique conformational features. In general, these molecules can increase the uptake and retention of chemotherapeutic drugs in tumor cells, induce pro-apoptotic signals, cell-cycle arrest and DNA damage, or can even control the changed drug targets expression. When combined, these mechanisms enhance the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs by increasing their response and promoting either a synergistic or an additive effect even in resistant cells. So, the future direction towards a successful chemoprevention needs a combinatorial approach between natural chemosensitizers and conventional anticancer chemotherapeutics which would aim for drug-dose minimization by enhanced drug-efficacy on the one hand and reduced side effects on the other hand by the virtue of their low toxicity, pleiotropy, and immune-modulatory properties.


X: -4.030371 Y: 5.6242785title: Synthesis and Inhibition Evaluation of New Benzyltetrahydroprotoberberine Alkaloids Designed as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Secondary metabolites from natural products are a potential source of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), which is a key enzyme in the treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases. Inspired by the reported activities of isoquinoline-derivative alkaloids herein we report the design, one step synthesis and evaluation by capillary enzyme reactor (ICER) of benzyl analogs (1a–1e) of the tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid stepholidine, which is abundant in Onychopetalum amazonicum. Docking analysis based on the crystal structure of Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE) indicated that π-π interactions were dominant in all planned derivatives and that the residues from esteratic, anionic and peripheral subsites of the enzyme played key interaction roles. Due to the similarities observed when compared with galantamine in the AChE complex, the results suggest that ligand-target interactions would increase, especially for the N-benzyl derivatives. From a series of synthesized compounds, the alkaloids (7R,13aS)-7-benzylstepholidine (1a), (7S,13aS)-7-benzylstepholidine (1b), and (S)-10-O-benzylstepholidine (1d) are reported here for the first time. The on flow bioaffinity chromatography inhibition assay, based on the quantification of choline, revealed the N-benzylated compound 1a and its epimer 1b to be the most active, with IC50 of 40.6 ± 1 and 51.9 ± 1 μM, respectively, and a non-competitive mechanism. The proposed approach, which is based on molecular docking and bioaffinity chromatography, demonstrated the usefulness of stepholidine as a template for the design of rational AChEIs and showed how the target-alkaloid derivatives interact with AChE.


X: -2.9008217 Y: 4.9522333title: Biological activity of Anthraquinones and Triterpenoids from Prismatomeris fragrans publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: A new 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-5,6-dimethoxyanthraquinone (1); six known anthraquinones, nordamnacanthal (2), damnacanthal (3), rubiadin (4), rubiadin-1-methyl ether (5), lucidin-omega-methyl ether (6), and 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyanthraquinone (7); a beta-sitosterol (8); together with two known triterpenoids, beta-acetylolean-12-en-28-olic acid (9), and 3beta-O-acetyl-11alpha,12alpha-epoxyolean-28,13-olide (10) were isolated from the roots and stems of Prismatomeris fragrans. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data. This is the first isolation of compounds 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10 from Prismatomeris genus. The isolated compounds were evaluated in antiplasmodial, antituberculosis, antifungal and anticancer cell lines tests. The bioactivity assays showed that only 9 exhibited moderate antimalarial activity, 2 and 3 exhibited antifungal activity while 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 showed antituberculosis activity. In addition, compounds 2, 3 and 7 exhibited cytotoxicity to BC cell line while 1, 1a (the methyl ether derivative of 1), 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 exhibited cytotoxicity to NCI-H187 cell line.


X: -3.073522 Y: 4.969104title: Aporphine Alkaloids from the Leaves of Phoebe grandis (Nees) Mer. (Lauraceae) and Their Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The oxoaporphine alkaloid lysicamine (1), and three proaporphine alkaloids, litsericinone (2), 8,9,11,12-tetrahydromecambrine (3) and hexahydromecambrine A (4) were isolated from the leaves of Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr. (Lauraceae). Compounds 2 and 3 were first time isolated as new naturally occurring compounds from plants. The NMR data for the compounds 2-4 have never been reported so far. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant cytotoxic activity against a MCF7 (human estrogen receptor (ER+) positive breast cancer) cell line with IC50 values of 26 and 60 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxic activity against HepG2 (human liver cancer) cell line was evaluated for compounds 1-4 with IC50 values of 27, 14, 81 and 20 µg/mL, respectively. Lysicamine (1) displayed strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (B145), Staphylococcus aureus (S1434) and Staphylococus epidermidis (a clinically isolated strain) with inhibition zones of 15.50 ± 0.57, 13.33 ± 0.57 and 12.00 ± 0.00 mm, respectively. However, none of the tested pathogenic bacteria were susceptible towards compounds 2 and 3.


X: -2.9247823 Y: 5.1672063title: Anthraquinones from the roots of Knoxia valerianoides publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Five new 9,10-anthraquinones (1-5) were isolated from an ethanol extract of the roots of Knoxia valerianoides. Their structures including absolute configuration of 1 were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate activity against nitrogen oxide production in macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide, at 10(- 5) M, with inhibition ratios of 50.4 ± 3.6 and 41.7 ± 2.1%, respectively.


X: -3.1569214 Y: 4.9852037title: Bioactive aporphine alkaloids from Fissistigma tungfangense publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Three new aporphine alkaloids, fissitungfines C–E (1–3), together with five known analogues (4–8) were isolated from the stems of Fissistigma tungfangense. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods Among them, fissitungfines C (1) and D (2) are two unusual aporphine alkaloids with a carboxyl group as a substituent at N-6. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities via examining their anti-proliferative effects on synoviocytes in vitro. Fissitungfine E (3) exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of synoviocytes comparable to that of methotrexate.


X: 6.1336737 Y: 12.401567title: Role of garlic (Allium sativum) in various diseases: An overview publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic is probably one of the earliest known medicinal plants, which used from ancient time to cure different disease conditions in human. Garlic’s principal medicinal uses are to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, fight infections, and prevent cancer. The active constituents are sulfur-containing compounds that are rapidly absorbed and metabolized. Numerous studies suggest that garlic lowers total cholesterol concentrations by approximately 10%, favorably altering HDL/LDL ratios. Literature survey support garlic’s effectiveness as a mild antihypertensive, lowering blood pressure by 5-7%. Garlic inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances fibrinolytic activity, reducing clots on damaged endothelium. Another important use of garlic is as antidiabetic. Garlic controls the blood sugar level by different types of mechanisms. In vitro studies and animal data suggest that garlic may help to prevent some solid tumors. Therefore garlic is also effective in the cancer prevention. There are no studies evaluating its effectiveness in treating children or pregnant or nursing women. The other proposed uses of garlic include the hepatoprotective, antihelmentics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and wound healing.


X: 6.65171 Y: 12.131979title: Antioxidant Action and Therapeutic Efficacy of Allium sativum L. publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Allium sativum (L.) is rich in antioxidants which help destroy free radicals particles that can damage cell membranes and DNA, and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a number of conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause over time. The antioxidant activity of fresh Allium sativum L. (garlic) is well known and is mainly due to unstable and irritating organosulphur compounds. Fresh garlic extracted over a prolonged period (up to 20 months) produces odourless aged garlic extract (AGE) containing stable and water soluble organosulphur compounds that prevent oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals. The aim of this review was to understand the mechanism of antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of garlic.


X: 6.361224 Y: 12.559639title: Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2019 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice in the world. Garlic contains diverse bioactive compounds, such as allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine. Substantial studies have shown that garlic and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and renal protective properties. In this review, the main bioactive compounds and important biological functions of garlic are summarized, highlighting and discussing the relevant mechanisms of actions. Overall, garlic is an excellent natural source of bioactive sulfur-containing compounds and has promising applications in the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases.


X: 5.9948225 Y: 12.399808title: Clinical effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) publish year: 2007 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The objective of this review is to update and assess the clinical evidence based on rigorous trials of the effectiveness of garlic (A. sativum). Systematic searches were carried out in Medline, Embase, Amed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Natural Standard, and the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (search date December 2006). Our own files, the bibliographies of relevant papers and the contents pages of all issues of the review journal FACT were searched for further studies. No language restrictions were imposed. To be included, trials were required to state that they were randomized and double blind. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of garlic were included if based on the results of randomized, double-blind trials. The literature searches identified six relevant systematic reviews and meta-analysis and double-blind randomized trials (RCT) that were published subsequently. These relate to cancer, common cold, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease and pre-eclampsia. The evidence based on rigorous clinical trials of garlic is not convincing. For hypercholesterolemia, the reported effects are small and may therefore not be of clinical relevance. For reducing blood pressure, few studies are available and the reported effects are too small to be clinically meaningful. For all other conditions not enough data are available for clinical recommendations.


X: 6.9777465 Y: 12.928778title: Antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic has been used as a source of food and medicine for thousands of years.
Given that the garlic contains different biologically active materials and acts as an
antibiotic and a fungicide, the purpose of this research was to estimate the degree of
sensitivity of three different Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillinresistent
Staphylococcus aures (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis; two types of Gram-negative
bacteria: Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis; as well as the fungus Candida
albicans. The degree of sensitivity of tested microbes with regards to the agency of fresh
and thermally processed local and imported garlic was determined using the disc-diffusion
method. Examined antimicrobial-test substances exhibited antibacterial effect on all tested
gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, as well as the fungistatic agency upon
fungus C. albicans. The strongest antimicrobial effect on all tested species was exhibited
by fresh local garlic. Preparates based on A. sativum could be introduced in clinical
practice for the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans


X: 6.9929857 Y: 12.894032title: Antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic has been used as a source of food and medicine for thousands of years.
Given that the garlic contains different biologically active materials and acts as an
antibiotic and a fungicide, the purpose of this research was to estimate the degree of
sensitivity of three different Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillinresistent
Staphylococcus aures (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis; two types of Gram-negative
bacteria: Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis; as well as the fungus Candida
albicans. The degree of sensitivity of tested microbes with regards to the agency of fresh
and thermally processed local and imported garlic was determined using the disc-diffusion
method. Examined antimicrobial-test substances exhibited antibacterial effect on all tested
gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, as well as the fungistatic agency upon
fungus C. albicans. The strongest antimicrobial effect on all tested species was exhibited
by fresh local garlic. Preparates based on A. sativum could be introduced in clinical
practice for the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans


X: 6.5195904 Y: 12.407303title: Medicinal plant Allium sativum = A Review publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic Allium sativum the Liliaceae family, is among the oldest of all cultivated plants. It has been used as a medicinal agent for thousands of years. Garlic is one of the most important bulb vegetables, which is used as spice and flavoring agent for foods Garlic adds to taste of foods as well as it helps to make them digestible. Garlic contains different useful minerals, vitamins and many other substances used for health of human beings. It is rich in sugar, protein, fat, calcium, potassium, phosphorous, sulfur, iodine fiber and silicon in addition to vitamins. It possesses high nutritive value. Furthermore, garlic has pharmaceutical effects and used to cure a vast conditions including blood pressure and cholesterol, cancer, hepatoprotective, anthelmintics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and wound healing, asthma, arthritis, sciatica, lumbago, backache, bronchitis, chronic fever, tuberculosis, rhinitis, malaria, obstinate skin disease including leprosy, leucoderma, discoloration of the skin and itches, indigestion, colic pain, enlargement of spleen, piles, fistula, fracture of bone, gout, urinary diseases, diabetes, kidney stone, anemia, jaundice, epilepsy, cataract and night blindness. Garlic products are used as sources of medicine in many ways in human beings in their day today life. As a result, researchers from various disciplines are now directing their efforts towards discovering the medicinal values of garlic on human health. The main interest of researchers in the medicinal values of garlic is its broad-spectrum therapeutic effect with minimal toxicity.


X: 6.2793994 Y: 12.359616title: Garlic [Allium sativum]: A Review of its Potential Use as an Anti-Cancer Agent publish year: 2003 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic [Allium sativum] is among the oldest of all cultivated plants. It has been used as a medicinal agent for thousands of years. It is a remarkable plant, which has multiple beneficial effects such as antimicrobial, antithrombotic, hypolipidemic, antiarthritic, hypoglycemic and antitumor activity. In this review, we will discuss particularly the largely preclinical use of this agent in the treatment and prevention of cancer. A number of studies have demonstrated the chemopreventive activity of garlic by using different garlic preparations including fresh garlic extract, aged garlic, garlic oil and a number of organosulfur compounds derived from garlic. The chemopreventive activity has been attributed to the presence of organosulfur compounds in garlic. How this is achieved is not fully understood, but several modes of action have been proposed. These include its effect on drug metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant properties and tumor growth inhibition. Most of these studies were carried out in the animal models. Also, recent research has focused on the antimutagenic activity of garlic. Recently, it has been observed that aged garlic extract, but not the fresh garlic extract, exhibited radical scavenging activity. The two major compounds in aged garlic, S-allylcysteine and S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine, had the highest radical scavenging activity. In addition, some organosulfur compounds derived from garlic, including S-allylcysteine, have been found to retard the growth of chemically induced and transplantable tumors in several animal models. Therefore, the consumption of garlic may provide some kind of protection from cancer development.


X: 6.5239763 Y: 12.45566title: Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review publish year: 2020 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times for human healthcare as in the form of traditional medicines, spices, and other food components. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that is consumed worldwide as food and traditional remedy for various diseases. It has been reported to possess several biological properties including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihypertensive activities in traditional medicines. A. sativum is rich in several sulfur-containing phytoconstituents such as alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and flavonoids such as quercetin. Extracts and isolated compounds of A. sativum have been evaluated for various biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities among others. This review examines the phytochemical composition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of A. sativum extracts as well as its main active constituent, allicin.


X: 6.238267 Y: 12.593811title: Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review of potential therapeutic applications publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L. fam. Alliaceae), one of the best-researched herbal remedies, is frequently used as a food and a spice. Garlic contains enzymes (e.g., allinase), sulphur-containing compounds, including alliin, and compounds produced enzymatically from alliin (for example, allicin). Conventionally, it has been used to treat infections, wounds, diarrhoea, rheumatism, heart disease, diabetes and many other disorders. Experimental studies have demonstrated that garlic exhibits antibacterial, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, antilipidaemic, anticarcinogenic, immunostimulant and hypoglycaemic properties. Clinically, garlic has been investigated for a variety of indications, namely, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and for the prevention of arteriosclerosis and cancer. Systematic reviews are available for the possible antilipidaemic, antihypertensive, antithrombotic and chemopreventive effects. Garlic appears to be generally safe although allergic reactions may occur.


X: 6.10905 Y: 12.9673title: Review of the Application of Garlic, Allium sativum, in Aquaculture publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The extensive use of antibiotics and various chemical compounds has resulted in drug residue and resistant pathogens in treated fish. Drug residue not only pollutes the environment, but also threatens human consumers. In contrast, garlic as a well‐known natural antibiotic that causes no environmental or physical side effects has shown to be effective for the treatment of many diseases in humans and animals owing to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive properties. In aquacultural operations, garlic with dose optimization is strongly recommended. This review focuses on the application of garlic in various fish diseases treatments and the prospects of using garlic preparations in aquaculture.


X: 6.2014327 Y: 12.454226title: Potential Health Benefits of Garlic ( Allium Sativum ): A Narrative Review publish year: 2008 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A member of the Liliaceae family, garlic (Allium sativum) is highly regarded throughout the world for both its medicinal and culinary value. Early men of medicine such as Hippocrates, Pliny and Aristotle encouraged a number of therapeutic uses for this botanical. Today, it is commonly used in many cultures as a seasoning or spice. Garlic also stands as the second most utilized supplement. With its sulfur containing compounds, high trace mineral content, and enzymes, garlic has shown anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidant abilities. Diseases that may be helped or prevented by garlic's medicinal actions include Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerosis, strokes, hypertension, thrombosis and hyperlipidemias) children's conditions, dermatologic applications, stress, and infections. Some research points to possible benefits in diabetes, drug toxicity, and osteoporosis.


X: 6.364537 Y: 12.625688title: Pharmacological Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2008 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a bulbous herb used as a food item, spice and medicine in different parts of the world. Its medicinal use is based on traditional experience passed from generation to generation. Researchers from various disciplines are now directing their efforts towards discovering the effects of garlic on human health. Interest in garlic among researchers, particularly those in medical profession, has stemmed from the search for a drug that has a broad-spectrum therapeutic effect with minimal toxicity. Recent studies indicate that garlic extract has antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria, fungi and viruses. The role of garlic in preventing cardiovascular disease has been acclaimed by several authors. Chemical constituents of garlic have been investigated for treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, platelet aggregation and blood fibrinolytic activity. Experimental data indicate that garlicmay have anticarcinogenic effect. Recent researches in the area of pest control show that garlic has strong insecticidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal and molluscicidal activity. Despite field trials and laboratory experiments on the pesticidal activity of garlic have been conducted, more studies on the way of delivery in environment and mode of action are still recommended for effective control of pest. Adverse effects of oral ingestion and topical exposure of garlic include body odor, allergic reactions, acceleration in the effects of anticoagulants and reduction in the efficacy of anti-AIDS drug Saquinavir.


X: 6.4346886 Y: 12.572487title: Allium sativum: facts and myths regarding human health publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L. fam. Alliaceae) is one of the most researched and best-selling herbal products on the market. For centuries it was used as a traditional remedy for most health-related disorders. Also, it is widely used as a food ingredient--spice and aphrodisiac. Garlic's properties result from a combination of variety biologically active substances which all together are responsible for its curative effect. The compounds contained in garlic synergistically influence each other so that they can have different effects. The active ingredients of garlic include enzymes (e.g. alliinase), sulfur-containing compounds such as alliin and compounds produced enzymatically from alliin (e.g. allicin). There is a lot of variation among garlic products sold for medicinal purposes. The concentration of Allicin (main active ingredient) and the source of garlic's distinctive odor depend on processing method. Allicin is unstable, and changes into a different chemicals rather quickly. It's documented that products obtained even without allicin such as aged garlic extract (AGE), have a clear and significant biological effect in immune system improvement, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, liver and other areas. Some products have a coating (enteric coating) to protect them against attack by stomach acids. Clinically, garlic has been evaluated for a number of purposes, including treatment of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cold or the prevention of atherosclerosis and the development of tumors. Many available publications indicates possible antibacterial, anti-hypertensive and anti-thrombotic properties of garlic. Due to the chemical complexity of garlic and the use of different processing methods we obtain formulations with varying degrees of efficacy and safety.


X: 6.9323645 Y: 11.643475title: Some nutritional and technological properties of garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2005 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The nutrients and physical properties were measured in developing Allium sativum L. bulbs from Kastamonu (Taşköprü) to investigate potential uses. Completely ripe bulbs contained crude protein, crude oil, crude energy, crude fiber, ash, dimethyl sulphite (DMS) and essential oil and minerals including K, P, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, etc. Crude protein, DMS and essential oil contents were determined as 17.2%, 1779 μcg/kg and 0.14%, respectively. In addition, K (21,378.84 mg/kg), P (6009.37 mg/kg), Mg (1056.15 mg/kg), Na (532.78 ppm) and Ca (363.61 ppm) were reported such as the major minerals in garlic bulbs. Also, technological properties such as diameter of whole garlic, mass, segment number of whole garlic, length of whole garlic, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, projected area, volume, bulk density, segment density, porosity, terminal velocity and hardness were established. The mean mass, mass weight of 1000 garlic segment, length of segment, diameter of whole garlic, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, projected area, volume, bulk density, porosity and hardness of segments were measured as 32.81 g, 2383.8 g, 27.24 mm, 46.51 mm, 15.15 mm, 0.559, 4.54 cm2, 2245.64 mm3, 478.75 kg/m3, 54.16% and 13.78 N, respectively. Also, static and dynamic coefficient of friction for garlic segments were established on a galvanized sheet, an iron sheet and plywood. These values for static and dynamic coefficient were found as 0.416–0.352; 0.472–0.406 and 0.541–0.481, respectively. The physical properties of equipment used must be know for planting, harvesting, transportation, storage and other processing.


X: 6.4465175 Y: 12.369722title: Garlic (Allium sativum L) and Its beneficial properties for health: A Review publish year: 2020 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Generally, chefs use garlic as an ingredient that enhances the sensory qualities of foods. However, recent studies have
shown that garlic contains Sulphur compounds, which provide a health benefit. This review identifies and describes those
constituents in garlic responsible for their anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and in some cases anti-cancer
properties. Also, this review reports the chemical and nutritional contents of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and shows its health
benefits for humans. A large variability and diversity in the nutritional content of garlic was found in the literature, including
functional properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and immunological), and many health benefit components,
such as antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiatherogenic, anticarcinogenic, antitumor, antiaggregant, fibrinolytic,
immunomodulatory, and antianemic. Allicin and ajoene were identified among some of the compounds in garlic which
are beneficial for human health. Quantity varies depending on bulb maturity and harvest location, and values range
between approximately 1mg/g and 9mg/g for allicin and 0.12 mg/g to 0.22 mg/g of garlic oil macerate for ajoene


X: 7.1486297 Y: 11.101913title: Male gametogenesis and sterility in garlic (Allium sativum L.): Barriers on the way to fertilization and seed production publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Commercial cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum) do not produce flowers and seed; hence, information on microgametogenesis and genetic knowledge of this important crop is unavailable. Recently, physiological studies enabled flowering and fertility restoration in garlic bolting genotypes by environmental manipulations, thus broadening of the genetic variation and facilitating genetic studies. The present report provides first detailed description of the development of male gametophytes in 11 garlic genotypes varying in their fertility traits. Morphological and anatomical studies revealed completely fertile genotypes, as well as variation in anther and pollen development and disruption of the male organs and gametes at different developmental stages. Three types of plant sterility were observed, including complete sterility, male sterility and environmentally induced male sterility. The ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA of the studied genotypes proved to be strongly conservative and thus did not correspond with the phenotypic expression of fertility or sterility in garlic. On the other hand, two-dimensional protein separation maps revealed significant differences between fertile and sterile genotypes, as well as between developmental stages of microsporogenesis. Further research is needed to investigate the internal mechanisms and environmental component of garlic sterility, as well as the possible molecular markers of these traits.


X: 6.2142344 Y: 12.247949title: Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Brief Review of Its Antigenotoxic Effects publish year: 2019 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Traditional Medicine/Complementary and Alternative Medicine is a practice that incorporates medicine based on plants, animals, and minerals for diagnosing, treating, and preventing certain diseases, including chronic degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Different factors generate its continued acceptance, highlighting its diversity, easy access, low cost, and the presence of relatively few adverse effects and, importantly, a high possibility of discovering antigenotoxic agents. In this regard, it is known that the use of different antigenotoxic agents is an efficient alternative to preventing human cancer and that, in general, these can act by means of a combination of various mechanisms of action and against one or various mutagens and/or carcinogens. Therefore, it is relevant to confirm its usefulness, efficacy, and its spectrum of action through different assays. With this in mind, the present manuscript has as its objective the compilation of different investigations carried out with garlic that have demonstrated its genoprotective capacity, and that have been evaluated by means of five of the most outstanding tests (Ames test, sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus, and comet assay). Thus, we intend to provide information and bibliographic support to investigators in order for them to broaden their studies on the antigenotoxic spectrum of action of this perennial plant.


X: 6.5796185 Y: 12.034073title: Antioxidant Activity of Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2008 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The antioxidant activities of hot water and ethanol extracts from fresh, steamed and black garlic were compared. The levels of phenolic compounds of extracts from fresh, steamed and black garlic were 0.81∼0.99 mg/100 g and their contents were not significantly different. The contents of flavonoids in ethanol extracts, 0.96±0.05∼1.06±0.09 mg/100 g, was higher than hot water extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in ethanol extract. Although the highest level was 69.40±0.13% in concentration of 10 mg/mL from black garlic ethanol extract, ethanol extracts showed 50.55±1.40% in concentration of 15 mg/mL. Reducing power was significantly higher in black garlic extract and higher in the order of black garlic> fresh garlic> steamed garlic in ethanol extract. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was higher in ethanol extract, showing over 60% in concentration of 5 mg/mL. In oil emulsion, TBA value was significantly lower in hot water extracts from black garlic, however ethanol extracts were not significantly different. TBA value of ethanol extract were 1.49±0.08∼2.11±0.16 MA mg/kg and 1.33±0.18∼1.62±0.19 MA mg/kg from steamed and black garlic, respectively. Antioxidant activity to the linoleic acid was 72.71±2.17∼88.74±3.70% in 1-day storage, but its level was increased at 4-day storage to 86.67±3.76∼92.50±0.87%.