X: -4.6689873 Y: 9.076815title: Suppression of adipocyte hypertrophy by polymethoxyflavonoids isolated from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: We previously demonstrated that ethyl acetate extracts of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker (KPE) improve insulin resistance in TSOD mice and showed that its components induce differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The present study was undertaken to examine whether KPE and its isolated twelve components suppress further lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. KPE reduced intracellular triglycerides in mature adipocytes, as did two of its components, 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone. Shrinkage of lipid droplets in mature adipocytes was observed, and mRNA expression levels of adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were up-regulated by these two polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs). Furthermore, the protein expression level of ATGL and the release level of glycerol into the cell culture medium increased. In contrast, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, troglitazone, did not decrease intracellular triglycerides in mature adipocytes, and the mRNA expression level of PPARγ was not up-regulated in mature adipocytes treated with the two active PMFs. Therefore, suppression of lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes is unlikely to be enhanced by transcriptional activation of PPARγ. These results suggest that KPE and its active components enhance lipolysis in mature adipocytes by activation of ATGL and HSL independent of PPARγ transcription, thus preventing adipocyte hypertrophy. On the other hand, the full hydroxylated flavonoid quercetin did not show the suppressive effects of lipid accumulation in mature adipocyte in the same conditions. Consequently, methoxy groups in the flavones are important for the activity.


X: -4.0163035 Y: 8.574195title: Kaempferia parviflora ethanolic extract promoted nitric oxide production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) (Zingiberaceae) have been used in Thai traditional medicine for health promotion and for the treatment of digestive disorders and gastric ulcer. This study investigated effect of KP on endothelial function. Studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) showed that KP dose-dependently increased nitrite concentrations in culture media after 48 h incubation. eNOS mRNA and protein expression were also enhanced. The induction of eNOS mRNA was detected at 4 h and plateau at 48 h while iNOS expression was not observed. These data demonstrate that KP has a great potential for a supplemental use in vascular endothelial health promotion.


X: 1.6383929 Y: 8.129998title: Establishment of a Rapid Micropropagation System for Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of Biological Activities publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: This study aimed to establish a rapid in vitro plant regeneration method from rhizome buds of Kaempferia parviflora to obtain the valuable secondary metabolites with antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. The disinfection effect of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs) on rhizome and effects of plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication and subsequent rooting were investigated. Surface sterilization of rhizome buds with sodium hypochlorite was insufficient to control contamination. However, immersing rhizome buds in 100 mg L−1 AgO NPs for 60 min eliminated contamination without affecting the survival of explants. The number of shoots (12.2) produced per rhizome bud was higher in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 8 µM of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.5 µM of Thidiazuron (TDZ) than other treatments. The highest number of roots (24), with a mean root length of 7.8 cm and the maximum shoot length (9.8 cm), were obtained on medium MS with 2 µM of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). A survival rate of 98% was attained when plantlets of K. parviflora were acclimatized in a growth room. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the chemical profile of K. parviflora leaf extracts. Results showed that several biologically active flavonoids reported in rhizomes were also present in leaf tissues of both in vitro cultured and ex vitro (greenhouse-grown) plantlets of K. parviflora. We found 40 and 36 compounds in in vitro cultured and ex vitro grown leaf samples, respectively. Greenhouse leaves exhibited more potent antioxidant activities than leaves from in vitro cultures. A higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory ability was obtained for greenhouse leaves (1.07 mg/mL). However, leaves from in vitro cultures exhibited stronger butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities. These results suggest that leaves of K. parviflora, as major byproducts of black ginger cultivation, could be used as valuable alternative sources for extracting bioactive compounds.


X: -5.1242437 Y: 7.9876394title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker on sexual activity of male rats and its toxicity publish year: 2006 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker (Krachaidum) has long been used among Thai men for sexual enhancement. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of K. parviflora ethanolic extract on the sexual behavior of male rats and its toxicity. The experiment was divided into three groups of rats given K. parviflora extract at doses of 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg BW for 60 days, whilst a control group received distilled water at 1 ml/day per oral. The results showed that all groups of male rats had significantly higher courtship behavior during the first 10-minute period of observation than in the 2nd and 3rd 10-minute periods, except those receiving the highest dose of K. parviflora. They revealed the same amount of courtship behavior throughout a whole 30-minute period, which was significantly lower than the control group. There was no significant difference between treated and control groups in other sexual behaviors; mount frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), mount latency (ML), or intromission latency (IL). Toxicological study revealed no significant difference of hemoglobin, WBC or differential cell count. All dosages had no effect on kidney and liver function, according to the normal values of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Crea), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Nevertheless, the histopathological study showed a morphological change in the liver. It was concluded that K. parviflora extract at 240 mg/kg BW reduced the time in the first 10 mintues of rat courtship behavior and the use of high and chronic doses of K. parviflora in humans should be considered inadvisable.


X: -3.5564466 Y: 8.419827title: Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Extract as Potential Anti-Acne Ingredient publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (Black ginger) is used widely in medical fields as an anti-microorganism and anti-inflammation. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-acne efficacy of black ginger extract. The results indicate that the methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents, without a significant difference, whereas the n-hexane extract showed the highest total flavonoid content. Nine flavones were detected using UPLC−QTOF−MS, and the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest amount of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) according to HPLC. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Cutibacterium acnes was observed. All the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against C. acnes, revealing MICs in the range of 0.015 to 0.030 mg/mL, whereas the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis with a MIC of 3.84 mg/mL. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity regarding nitric oxide inhibition (IC50 = 12.59 ± 0.35 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract was shown to be safe regarding cell viability at 0.1 mg/mL. The anti-acne efficacy was evaluated on volunteers. The volunteers were treated in two groups: one administered a 0.02% ethyl acetate extract gel-cream (n = 9) and one administered a placebo (n = 9) for 6 weeks. The group treated with the gel-cream containing the extract showed 36.52 and 52.20% decreases in acne severity index (ASI) after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, and 18.19 and 18.54% decreases in erythema, respectively. The results suggest that K. parviflora could be a potent active ingredient in anti-inflammatory and anti-acne products.


X: -3.4158726 Y: 8.439748title: Characterizing Kaempferia parviflora extracellular vesicles, a nanomedicine candidate publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising candidate for nanomedicine delivery due to their bioactive cargos, high biocompatibility to human cells, biodegradability, low cytotoxicity, and potential for large-scale production. However, the research on EVs derived from medicinal plants is very limited. In this study, Kaempferia parviflora extracellular vesicles (KPEVs) were isolated by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and their size, morphology, and surface charge were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The biological properties of KPEVs, including their bioactive compound composition, gastric uptake, cytotoxicity, acid tolerance, and storage stability, were also examined. In addition, KPEVs had an average and uniform size of 200–300 nm and a negative surface charge of 14.7 ± 3.61 mV. Moreover, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, the major bioactive compound of KP, was packaged into KPEVs. Meanwhile, KPEVs were resistant to gastric digestion and stably maintained at −20°C and −80°C for 8 weeks with no freeze-thaw cycle. The lipid hydrolysis during EVs storage at room temperature and 4°C were also demonstrated for the first time. Furthermore, the labeled KPEVs were internalized into adenocarcinoma gastric cells, and the cell viability was reduced in a dose-dependent manner, according to the results of the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium assay. Our study supports the potential application of KPEVs as a vehicle for anticancer or oral drugs.


X: -3.9074044 Y: 8.588423title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora extract on knee osteoarthritis publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is becoming more prevalent worldwide due to increases in the numbers of elderly and obese patients. Currently, pharmaceutical medicines used for the treatment of OA are for symptomatic therapy and therefore new therapeutic agents are needed. Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is a plant growing naturally in Southeast Asia and has various pharmacological effects including an anti-inflammatory effect, but no effect on OA has yet been reported. We therefore conducted a search for the effects KP and the active components of KP extract (KPE) exert on OA as well as its mechanism of action. Results from a study of KPE using the monoiodoacetic acid rat OA model revealed that KPE reduced the pain threshold and severity of osteoarthritic cartilage lesions. The mechanism of action and active components were then investigated using IL-1β-treated human knee-derived chondrocytes. KPE, as well as 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone, which are key constituents of KPE and highly absorbable into the body, reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the main extracellular matrix enzymes that degrade collagen within cartilage. As mentioned above, KPE acted to suppress OA and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone were shown to be involved as part of KPE's mechanism that inhibits MMPs.


X: -4.8855085 Y: 8.503996title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora Extract on Physical Fitness of Soccer Players: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background:
Physical fitness is a fundamental prerequisite for soccer players. Kaempferia parviflora is an herbal plant that has been used in some Asian athletes with the belief that it might prevent fatigue and improve physical fitness. This study aimed to determine the effects of Kaempferia parviflora on the physical fitness of soccer players.

Material and methods:
Sixty soccer players who routinely trained at a sports school participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial and were randomly allocated to the treatment group or the placebo group. The participants in both groups were given either 180 mg of Kaempferia parviflora extract in capsules or a placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Baseline data were collected using the following 6 tests of physical performance: a sit-and-reach test, a hand grip strength test, a back-and-leg strength test, a 40-yard technical test, a 50-metre sprint test, and a cardiorespiratory fitness test. All of the tests were performed every 4 weeks throughout the 12-week study period.

Results:
The study showed that after treatment with Kaempferia parviflora, the right-hand grip strength was significantly increased at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The left-hand grip strength was significantly increased at week 8. However, the back-and-leg strength, the 40-yard technical test, the sit-and-reach test, the 50-metre sprint test, and the cardiorespiratory fitness test results of the treatment group were not significantly different from those of the placebo group.

Conclusions:
Taking Kaempferia parviflora supplements for 12 weeks may significantly enhance some physical fitness components in soccer players.


X: -4.7810245 Y: 9.097919title: Kaempferia parviflora Extract Increases Whole-Body Energy Expenditure in Humans: Roles of Brown Adipose Tissue publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora extract (KP) has been reported to have a preventive effect on obesity in mice, probably by increasing energy expenditure (EE). The aims of the current study were to examine the acute effects of KP ingestion on whole-body EE in humans and to analyze its relation to the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), a site of non-shivering thermogenesis. After an oral ingestion of an ethanol extract of KP, EE increased significantly, showing a maximal increase of 229±69 kJ/d at 60 min, while it did not change after placebo ingestion. To evaluate BAT activity, the subjects underwent fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, and divided into two groups with high- and low-BAT activities. A similar and greater response of EE to KP ingestion was observed in the high-BAT group (351±50 kJ/d at 60 min), but not in the low activity group. Placebo ingestion did not cause any significant EE change in either group. These results indicate that a single oral ingestion of the KP extract can potentially increase whole-body EE probably through the activation of BAT in healthy men, and may be useful as an anti-obesity regimen.


X: -4.0468135 Y: 7.203903title: Discovery of polymethoxyflavones from black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) as potential β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has emerged as a prime target in Alzheimer's disease research because BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the abnormal production of β-amyloid peptides. In the course of exploring natural BACE1 inhibitors, the present study focused on the major polymethoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora: 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF). All polymethoxyflavones exhibited strong BACE1 inhibitory potency, with no significant suppression of α-secretase or other serine protease activities, indicating that they were relatively specific and selective BACE1 inhibitors. Dixon and Lineweaver–Burk plots indicated that they produced non-competitive inhibition of substrate cleavage. An in silico docking study of human BACE1 with polymethoxyflavones demonstrated the binding energy and the interacting residues. Our findings indicated that Kaempferia parviflora could provide a novel therapy for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and provide a scaffold for exploration of more potent natural BACE1 inhibitors.


X: -3.4449275 Y: 8.233125title: Effects of extraction methods on antioxidants and methoxyflavones of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: This research was aimed to determine the effects of extraction methods on antioxidant properties and methoxyflavone contents of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) rhizome extracts. The KP rhizomes were extracted by maceration using ethanol at the concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 95% V/V for 7 days and 95% V/V ethanolic extraction with sonication-assisted extraction (SAE) for 15-45 mins. Antioxidant components (phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) were examined. Methoxyflavones of the KP extracts were identified by a GC-MS technique. It was found that extraction methods affected the antioxidant properties of the extracts. Increasing ethanol concentrations enhanced anthocyanins but not phenolics and flavonoids. Ethanol concentration at 75% V/V exhibited the greatest DPPH while 25% V/V ethanol showed the greatest FRAP values. In this study, 10 methoxyflavones from KP extracts were separated and identified by GC chromatograms. The content of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone increased from 1.1 g/100 mL extract to 48.10 g/100 mL extract as the ethanol concentrations increased from 25% to 95% V/V. SAE for 15-45 mins had little impact on antioxidant properties as well as methoxyflavone contents. In general, SAE enhanced the extraction of KP rhizomes by increasing 5,7-dimethoxyflavone contents.


X: -4.164649 Y: 8.445847title: The ethanolic extract of Kaempferia parviflora reduces ischaemic injury in rat isolated hearts publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The ethanolic extract of Kaempferia parviflora (KPE) has been reported to contain a range of flavonoids and to enhance endothelial synthesis of NO. We investigated the vascular relaxant, antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of KPE.
Vascular function was assessed in rat aortic rings and superoxide generation determined using lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence. Ischaemia and reperfusion were induced in rat isolated, perfused hearts.
KPE caused vasorelaxation (R(max) 102 ± 2%), which was partly inhibited by removal of the endothelium (R(max) 91 ± 1%) or by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA, R(max) 83 ± 3%) or 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ, R(max) 80 ± 2%). In addition KPE caused concentration-dependent inhibition of the contractile response to exogenous Ca(2+). KPE (10(-3)M) also significantly inhibited superoxide radical generation induced by of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (2.3 ± 0.4% of control) to a similar extent to the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (10(-4)M, 1.6 ± 0.5%) or by rat isolated aorta in the presence of NADPH (30.0 ± 6.3% of control) similarly to the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyliodonium (5 × 10(-6)M, 23.1 ± 5.6%). In the presence of oxidant stress generated by pyrogallol endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aortic rings was impaired (ACh R(max) control 99 ± 1%; pyrogallol 44 ± 5%), an effect that was significantly reduced by KPE (10(-4)M, ACh R(max) 82 ± 4%). In addition, KPE was found to attenuate the ventricular dysfunction caused by 20 min global ischaemia and 30 min reperfusion (I/R) in rat isolated hearts (dP/dt IR 1016 ± 242, IR+KPE 2238±233 mm Hg/s).
KPE is an effective vasodilator and antioxidant that is able to prevent myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. We suggest that KPE may be useful as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy in the management of reperfusion injury.


X: -3.7455678 Y: 7.9246078title: Cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cell lines of modified flavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Flavones 1-4 isolated from Kaempferia parviflora were used for structural modification. Sixteen flavonoid derivatives, including four new derivatives, were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cell lines. Flavanones 2a-4a demonstrated higher cytotoxic activity than the parent compounds. Cytotoxicity against KB cell line of oxime 1c was about 7 times higher than the ellipticine standard. Interestingly, oximes 1c and 2c exhibited highly potent cytotoxicity against NCI-H187 cell line with IC(50) values of 0.014 and 0.23 microM, respectively. Oximes 4c and 5c showed strong cytotoxicity against NCI-H187 cell line with IC(50) values of 4.04 and 2.32 microM, respectively.


X: -5.1530156 Y: 8.0824title: Kaempferia parviflora ethanol extract improves self-assessed sexual health in men: a pilot study publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background:
Sexual health positively correlates with overall wellbeing. Existing therapeutics to enhance male sexual health are limited by factors that include responsiveness, adherence and adverse effects. As the population ages, safe and effective interventions that preserve male sexual function are needed. Published research suggests that various preparations of Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family, support cardiovascular health and may ameliorate erectile function.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of KaempMax™, an ethanol extract of the K. parviflora rhizome, on erectile function in healthy middle-aged and older men.

Design, setting, participants and interventions:
We conducted an open-label, one-arm study on 14 generally healthy males aged 50-68 years with self-reported mild erectile dysfunction, who were not using prescription treatments. Participants took 100 mg KaempMax™ daily for 30 days.

Main outcome measures:
Evaluations were conducted at baseline and on the final study assessment. Primary efficacy analyses included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF); secondary efficacy analyses included the Global Assessment Question about erectile function.

Results:
Thirteen participants completed the 30-day study. Supplementation with KaempMax™ resulted in statistically significant improvements in erectile function, intercourse satisfaction and total scores on the IIEF questionnaire. KaempMax™ was well tolerated and exhibited an excellent safety profile.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that KaempMax™ may improve erectile function in healthy middle-aged and older men. While the effects were not as pronounced as what might be seen with prescription medication, most participants found them satisfactory. Additional, longer and placebo-controlled clinical trials will be needed.

Trial registration:
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03389867.


X: -4.309499 Y: 8.219592title: Toxicological evaluation of standardized Kaempferia parviflora extract: Sub-chronic and mutagenicity studies publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP), also known as Krachai-dam in Thailand, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and has been used traditionally to improve blood flow and treat inflammatory, allergic, and gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety profile of a standardized hydroalcoholic KP rhizome extract via mutagenicity and sub-chronic toxicity evaluations using in vitro and in vivo techniques. The in vitro mutagenicity of KP extract was assessed via reverse mutation tests using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. The sub-chronic toxicity profile was evaluated after daily oral administration of KP extract to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. General toxicological parameters were monitored weekly. After the treatment period, blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analyses and certain organs were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analyses.
Reverse mutation tests revealed that KP extract did not induce gene mutations at any of the concentrations tested. In the sub-chronic toxicity test, a few changes were observed, including increased salivation in the animals administered high-dose KP extract (249 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day). No toxicologically relevant changes were observed in the biochemical analysis. Sub-chronic administration of KP extract increased platelet levels in animals administered low-dose KP extract (25 mg/kg bw/day). However, the hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal physiological ranges for the animal species. No toxicological changes were observed in the macroscopic and histopathological analyses performed in this study. These results demonstrate that KP extract is not genotoxic and that 90-day oral administration of the doses tested did not result in toxicity. Therefore, KP extract has a high safety margin for daily use.


X: -4.0066366 Y: 7.8082957title: Ethanolic Rhizome Extract from Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker Induces Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker is a Thai herb containing many flavonoids that have anti-inflammatory,
anti-allergic and antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to demonstrate apoptotic effects of
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker rhizome ethanolic extract on HL-60 cells in vitro. The extract uppressed
HL-60 cell growth and decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptotic cell death was demonstrated by changes in cell morphology, externalization of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, loss in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and activation of caspase 3. Apoptosis induced by K. parviflora Wall. ex. Baker rhizome ethanolic extract was enhanced by treatment with paclitaxel or doxorubicin, and inhibitors of Akt, PI3-K and MEK.


X: -2.6120765 Y: 9.602091title: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Administration of Kaempferia Parviflora Extracts publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Extracts of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) were formulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in order to enhance their transdermal permeability. The KP extracts were entrapped within SLNs by adding them to a melted mixture of oils, surfactants and PEGylating agents and subsequently forming an oil-in-water microemulsion at an elevated temperature. Cooling of this microemulsion resulted in the formation of SLNs. The formulation with the optimum properties was composed of stearyl alcohol as the nanoparticle matrix and Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate (TPGS) as the surfactant. Particle sizes of 82-108 nm were obtained with entrapment efficiencies as high as 87%. The release of the flavonoids from the SLN matrix was measured after suspending them in a Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)/Tween 80 solution and demonstrated biphasic patterns. Permeability studies using a skin model composed of human-derived epidermal keratinocytes were conducted in which a topically applied KP extract-loaded SLN was compared to a KP-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/Tween 80 gel formulation containing KP extract. The amount of total KP flavonoids in the SLNs and gel that had permeated through the skin after 25 hours (95.57 +/- 9.08 and 81.04 +/- 5.82 g, respectively) were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05). In addition, the flux values of three of the flavonoids were greater when incorporated in SLNs.


X: -2.500312 Y: 8.0386title: Simulation and experimentation on parameters influencing microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: In this study, a microwave extractor was successfully developed by simulating the waves and electric fields in a heating chamber. The chamber size and positions of the magnetrons were determined to maximize the heating in the microwave extractor. The results from the COMSOL Multiphysics software were used to construct the microwave extractor. Microwave-assisted solvent extraction was then performed on Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes. The highest total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 258.81 ± 1.01 µg quercetin equivalents per ml sample and 120.69 ± 0.75 µg gallic acid equivalents per ml sample, respectively, were achieved by extraction in methanol solvent at 83 °C within 2.5 min. These values were higher than those obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction for 30 min and Soxhlet extraction for 60 min. In addition, the extraction time of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone using the Soxhlet extractor, which was approximately 1 h, was reduced to 2 min using the microwave extractor. These results demonstrated that microwaves are an outstanding heat source for extracting bioactive compounds and exhibit potential for commercial applications. Computer simulations were performed to provide insights into microwave heating. This information could be used to overcome technical challenges in industrial processes.


X: -3.7695289 Y: 7.8455486title: Structural Modification of 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone from Kaempferia parviflora and Biological Activities publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone, a major compound from Kaempferia parviflora, was used as a starting material for structural modification. Seven flavonoid derivatives have been synthesized from this flavone. Two new oxime derivatives 4 and 6 exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of 36.38 and 25.34 microg/mL, respectively, and against T47D cell line with IC50 values of 41.66 and 22.94 microg/mL, respectively. Compound 7 showed cytotoxicity against HepG2 and T47D cell lines with IC50 values of 21.36 and 25.00 microg/mL, respectively. Compounds 6 and 7 showed cytotoxicity nearly equal to the tamoxifen standard. In addition, oxime 6 exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an IC50 value of 48.98 microg/mL.


X: -4.5468483 Y: 7.9636545title: Screening Neuropharmacological Activities of Kaempferia parviflora (Krachai Dam) in Healthy Adult Male Rats publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Problem statement: Although the global prevalence of psychological disorders is
increasing continually, the efficacies of therapeutic strategies are still very limited. Oxidative stress has
been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and substance possessing antioxidant
activity can alleviate the mentioned conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that Kaempferia
parviflora, a medicinal plant claimed for nerve tonic, also possessed the neuropharmacological
activities which provide the advantage for psychiatric disorders. Approach: Adult male Wistar rats,
weighing 180-220 grams, were orally given the ethanolic extract of K. parviflora at doses of 150, 200
and 250 mg kg-1 BW once daily for 2 weeks. Then, they were determined the neuropharmacological
activities including anxiolytic, anti-depression like behavior and cognitive enhancement after single
dose, 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. Results: K. parviflora possessed anti-depression like behavior and
cognitive enhancement at all treatment duration. Unfortunately, this substance failed to show
anxiolytic like activity. Conclusion: Our results suggested that K. parviflora might be used as a novel
therapeutic strategy for psychiatric disorder and cognitive enhancement. However, further
investigations about precise underlying mechanism are still required.


X: -3.8751028 Y: 8.247747title: Anti-osteoporotic and Antioxidant Activities by Rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: In this report, we investigated the antioxidant (peroxyl radical-scavenging and reducing capacities) and anti-osteoporotic activities of extracts and isolated constituents (1-16) from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker on pre-osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 5 exhibited significant peroxyl radicalscavenging capacity, with TE value of 8.47 ± 0.52 µM, while compound 13 showed significant reducing capacity, with CUPRAC value of 5.66 ± 0.26 µM, at 10.0 µM. In addition, flavonoid compounds 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and terpene compound 15 showed significant inhibition of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in NF-κB ligand-induced osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells, with values ranging from 16.97 ± 1.02 to 64.67 ± 2.76%. These results indicated that K. parviflora could be excellent sources for the antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic traditional medicinal plants.


X: -4.1540256 Y: 8.189title: Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, Tissue Distribution, Excretion, and Metabolite Identification of Methoxyflavones in Kaempferia parviflora Extract in Rats publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is an herbal plant in family of Zingiberaceae. KP mainly contains methoxyflavones especially, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), and 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF). The present study was designed to characterize the pharmacokinetics including bioavailability, distribution, excretion, and identification of metabolites after administration of a KP ethanolic extract. Male rats were orally or intravenously administered 250 mg/kg of a KP extract and blood samples were obtained at selected times to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of PMF, TMF, and DMF. For distribution and excretion studies, the organs, urine, and feces samples were collected at various times after orally administration of larger (750 mg/kg) dose of KP extract. Methoxyflavones in the biological samples were quantified by HPLC-UV, and the metabolites in urine and feces were further identified by using LC-MS/MS. Following oral administration, concentrations of the three methoxyflavones quickly approached their maximum concentration, ranging from 0.55-0.88 μg/mL, within 1-2 h after administration, and then were gradually excreted with half-lives of 3-6 h. The methoxyflavones showed low oral bioavailability of 1-4%. Three methoxyflavones were detected at their highest levels in liver followed by kidney. They were also found in lung, testes, and brain. After absorption, organ distribution and metabolism, the components of KP were mainly eliminated through urine in the forms of demethylated, sulfated and glucuronidated products, and as demethylated metabolites in the feces. The parent compounds were found only 0.79, 1.76, and 3.10% dose recovery in urine and 1.06, 1.77, and 0.96% dose recovery in feces for PMF, TMF, and DMF, respectively. These studies are the first to describe the pharmacokinetics of KP extract to provide the information on blood and tissue levels.


X: -4.422818 Y: 7.908145title: Kaempferia parviflora extract ameliorates the cognitive impairments and the reduction in cell proliferation induced by valproic acid treatment in rats publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is a herbal plant whose rhizomes are used in traditional medicine. Investigations of this plant have shown it to have antidepressant activity and to improve learning and memory in animal models. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether K. parviflora could protect the brain from the impairments in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis which are caused by valproic acid (VPA). Male Sprague Dawley rats (180-200g) were given once daily K. parviflora extract (100mg/kg) via oral gavage for 21 days. Rats received twice daily intraperitoneal injections of valproic acid (300mg/kg) from day 8 to day 21 of the experiment. Spatial memory was tested using the novel object location (NOL) test five days after the end of treatment. Cell proliferation in the sub granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus was quantified by immunohistochemistry and levels of doublecortin (DCX) were determined by Western blotting. Co-treatment of VPA and K. parviflora prevented the cognitive decline and reduction in proliferating cells caused by VPA. Furthermore, co-treatment significantly increased DCX protein levels within the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that K. parviflora is able to prevent the brain from VPA-induced the impairments of spatial memory and proliferating cells within the SGZ.


X: -4.66529 Y: 9.105807title: Polymethoxyflavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora Induce Adipogenesis on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Regulating Transcription Factors at an Early Stage of Differentiation publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: We previously reported that Kaempferia parviflora WALL. ex BAKER (KP) and its ethyl acetate extract (KPE) improve various metabolic disorders in obesity-model mice. However the mechanism is not certain, and, in this study, in order to elucidate the mechanism of the suppressive effect of KP on fat accumulation, we focused on adipocytes, which are closely linked to metabolic diseases. The finding was that KPE and its components, 3,5,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone, strongly induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. The above two polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) also induced adiponectin mRNA levels, and release of adiponectin into the medium. In addition, these PMFs enhanced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), but did not show PPARγ ligand activity. We then investigated the expression of the differentiation-regulator located upstream of PPARγ. Expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and -δ mRNA, a transcriptional regulator of PPARγ, was induced, and expression of GATA-2 mRNA, a down-regulator of adipogenesis, was suppressed by these PMFs. These functions of the KP PMFs that enhance adipogenesis and secretion of adiponectin are, to some extent at least, involved in the mechanisms of anti-metabolic disorders effects.


X: -4.5037146 Y: 8.515303title: Effects of Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes dichloromethane extract on vascular functions in middle-aged male rat publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
In Thai traditional medicine, rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) have been used for treating hypertension and for the promotion of longevity with good health and well being. Ageing is one of the most important risk factors for development of cardiovascular disease. To investigate whether a 6 weeks oral administration of a dichloromethane extract of fresh rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KPD) had any effects on vascular functions, on the accumulation of lipid, as well as on any signs of gross organ toxicity in middle-aged rats.

Materials and methods:
Fresh rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora were first macerated twice with 95% ethanol to remove the dark color before extracting three times with 100% dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the dried Kaempferia parviflora dichloromethane extract (KPD). The rats were orally administered with the KPD at a dosage of 100mg/kg body weight, or with the same volume of the vehicle (tween 80, 0.2g: carboxy-methylcellulose sodium, 0.2g: distilled water 10 ml) once or twice a day for 6 weeks. Vascular functions were studied on isolated thoracic aorta and the mesenteric artery. The vascular eNOS enzyme was measured by Western blot analysis. Blood chemistry was measured by enzymatic methods. Liver cell lipid accumulation was measured using oil red O staining.

Results:
A 6 weeks treatment of KPD once a day had no significant effects on any of the studied parameters. When the KPD was given twice a day, the contractile responses to phenylephrine of the thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery were lower than the vehicle control group, and this effect was abolished by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine or by removal of the vascular endothelium. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine, but not to glyceryl trinitrate, by the thoracic aortic and mesenteric ring precontracted with phenylephrine was higher from the KPD treated rats than those from the vehicle control groups. Western blot analysis showed a higher quantity of thoracic- and mesenteric-eNOS protein obtained from the KPD treated rats. In addition, the body weight, serum glucose and triglycerides levels, visceral and subcutaneous fat, as well as liver lipid accumulation were all significantly decreased in the KPD treated rats compared to those of the vehicle control. No differences were found between the KPD treated-, and the vehicle-control for animal food intake, internal organ weight, serum ALP, SGOT, SGPT, BUN and creatinine levels, serum cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C levels, nor total blood cell counts.

Conclusions:
The chronic oral administration of KPD extract, to middle aged rats, caused a decrease in vascular responsiveness to phenylephrine with an increase in the acetylcholine induced vasorelaxation, due to an increase in nitric oxide production from their blood vessels. The extract also caused a decrease in visceral and subcutaneous fat, fasting serum glucose and triglyceride levels and liver lipid accumulation, with no changes to liver and kidney functions or to total blood cell counts. It is possible that these KPD extracts could be developed as a health product for mid-aged humans to reduce obesity, diabetes type II and cardiovascular disease.


X: -3.1331835 Y: 8.111863title: Direct sunlight and partial shading alter the quality, quantity, biochemical activities of Kaempferia parviflora Wall., ex Baker rhizome essential oil: A high industrially important species publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall., ex Baker is a perennial plant with numerous medicinal properties. Different light intensity is known to produce variable results in crops. Keeping in view the importance of the plant, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of direct and partial sunlight on K. parviflora essential oil yield, chemical profile as well as biological activities. For direct sunlight conditions K. parviflora were planted in an open field and for partial shade (75% sunlight) under a green polyethylene agro shade net during the year 2020. The essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation were chemically profiled by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) which revealed linalool as the major compound in both K. parviflora essential oil under shade cultivation (KPEOSH) and K. parviflora essential oil under direct sunlight cultivation (KPEOS) with significantly higher linalool content in KPEOSH (43.35%). The essential oil yield of KPEOSH (0.92% w/w) was found to be higher than KPEOS (0.76% w/w). The essential oils were analyzed for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cholinesterase, tyrosinase, anti-diabetic, and genotoxicity properties. Both the KPEOSH and KPEOS exhibited superior activities than the standards for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, tyrosinase, and antidiabetic properties. However, both the essential oils possessed inferior antibacterial and weak antifungal properties. Considering the genotoxicity assay, both the essential oils were found to be non-toxic. The essential oils can be analyzed for further pharmaceutical applications considering their higher biological activity as compared with standards. The present investigation suggested that partial shade conditions give higher essential oil yield than open field conditions.


X: -2.7878435 Y: 9.581951title: Novel formulation strategies for enhancing oral delivery of methoxyflavones in Kaempferia parviflora by SMEDDS or complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The Kaempferia parviflora (KP) plant contains several methoxyflavones including 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), and 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF). Ethanolic extracts of KP have shown various pharmacological effects and have been used as an aphrodisiac, a antimicrobial agent and for the treatment of inflammation, and peptic ulcers. Given its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (1-4%), there are limitations to the utilization of KP. Accordingly, self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) and cyclodextrin (CD) complex formulations were developed to improve the oral absorption of methoxyflavones. Polyoxyethylene castor oil (53.3%), propylene glycol (26.6%), and triglyceride of coconut oil (20%) were combined to form KP-SMEDDS. A complex of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) and KP was prepared by lyophilization. The developed formulations were then evaluated for their physicochemical properties, in vitro dissolution tests, permeability through Caco-2 cells, and in vivo oral absorption in rats by using PMF, TMF, and DMF as the markers for quantitation. The results showed that KP-SMEDDS and KP-2-HP-β-CD complex improved the dissolution rate of methoxyflavones in both 0.1N HCl and 0.2M PBS pH 6.8 compared to KP dissolved in a solution of propylene glycol, PEG 400, ethanol, and water. KP-SMEDDS and KP-2-HP-β-CD formulations showed about 10- and 3.5-fold greater P(app) values of methoxyflavones in Caco-2 cells. The oral bioavailability values of KP-SMEDDS formulations were higher than those of KP (25.38, 42.00, and 26.01-fold for PMF, TMF, and DMF, respectively). For the KP-2-HP-β-CD complex, oral bioavailability values were 21.63, 34.20, and 22.90-fold greater than those of KP, respectively. Therefore, these two novel formulations, KP-SMEDDS and KP-2-HP-β-CD, were successfully developed to improve the dissolution rate, drug permeability through Caco-2 cells and oral bioavailability of methoxyflavones in KP.


X: -3.2782743 Y: 7.8559656title: Characterization of phenolic compounds from normal ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall.) using UPLC–DAD–QToF–MS publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Zingiberaceae is the large diverse family comprised of rhizomatous plants with a higher concentration of phenolic compounds. The normal ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall.) belongs to this family and have similar morphological characteristics of rhizome, but their phenolic composition revealed differently. On this study, the phenolic composition of normal ginger (from Ethiopia and Korea) and black gingers (from Korea and Thailand) were profiled using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector, quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QToF–MS). The result revealed that gingerol-related phenolic acid was detected only in normal gingers while, the methoxyflavones were identified exclusively in black gingers. 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione, and diacetoxy-8-gingerdiol were the major constituents among 18 phenolic acids detected from normal gingers, and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone were confirmed as predominant constituents among 13 methoxyflavones from black gingers. The total phenolic content was 434.7 and 698.1 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) in Korean and Ethiopian sample, respectively. The total methoxyflavone concentration was 4388.0 mg/100 g DW and 3940.2 mg/100 g DW in Korean and Thai black ginger sample, respectively. The higher concentration of methoxyflavones is from advanced biosynthetic pathway related to accumulated color of black ginger. In addition, new possible structural fragmentation was proposed for gingerol homologous series as additional pathway under the positive ionization mode, and further rationalized that ferulic acid moiety is the biosynthetic precursor. The result suggested that despite the morphological similarity, normal and black ginger showed distinct biosynthetic difference to synthesis their major secondary metabolites.

Graphical Abstract
Open image in new window


X: -4.310222 Y: 8.345162title: Vasorelaxation and antispasmodic effects of Kaempferia parviflora ethanolic extract in isolated rat organ studies publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The ethanolic extract of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) rhizomes dose-dependently relaxed both aortic rings and ileum precontracted with phenylephrine and acethylcholine, respectively.


X: -4.0139627 Y: 7.6386876title: Antigrowth effects of Kaempferia parviflora extract enriched in anthocyanidins on human ovarian cancer cells through Ca2+-ROS overload and mitochondrial dysfunction publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background
Ovarian cancer is hard to diagnose and its survival rates dramatically decrease according to the stage progression. Anthocyanidins derived from Kaempferia parviflora has been studied for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects in various disease both in vitro and in vivo. However, no studies have evaluated the molecular mechanism of Kaempferia parviflora anthocyanidin fractions in ovarian cancer cells.Objectives
To study the effects of Kaempferia parviflora anthocyanidins on the progression of ovarian cancer, we extracted anthocyanidins from Kaempferia parviflora and analyzed it using HPLC. Then, we determined the change of cell characteristics by treatment of anthocyanidins derived from Kaempferia parviflora.ResultsBased on HPLC analysis, the most abundant anthocyanidins of Kaempferia parviflora was peonidin, followed by cyanidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin. We selected high-grade serous ovarian cancer and clear cell cancer cell lines to investigate the anticancer effects of anthocyanidin extracts. Treatment with anthocyanidin extracts decreased ES-2 and OV-90 cell proliferation and increased late apoptosis with cell cycle arrest at sub G0/G1 phase. In addition, anthocyanidin extracts hampered the mitochondrial membrane permeability in both cell lines. Moreover, the cytosolic calcium accumulation was detected in ES-2 cells, and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species was estimated in OV-90 cells, respectively.Conclusion
Collectively, these results showed the anticancer effects of Kaempferia parviflora anthocyanidin extracts against the progression of ovarian cancer.


X: -3.4017334 Y: 7.764133title: FLAVONOIDS FROM THE RHIZOMES OF BLACK GINGER KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA WALL. EX BAKER, ZINGIBERACEAE publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, Zingiberaeceae has been used in traditional medicine in Vietnam for the treatment of inflammation, abdominal pain, indigestion, menstrual cramps, fatigue. From the n-hexane fraction of the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora, six compounds were isolated and determined as 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7-dimethoxy chrysin (2), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (3), 5-hydroxy-3,4',7-trimethoxyflavone (4), 4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone (5), and 3,4',5,7-tetramethoxyflavone (6). The structures of 1-6 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods (MS, 1D, and 2D NMR)


X: -3.6983502 Y: 8.264365title: Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds from Kaempferia parviflora and Boesenbergia pandurata publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora and Boesenbergia pandurata are perennial herbs in the Zingiberaceae family. The rhizomes of these two plants have been used as food ingredients and in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of several inflammatory-related diseases, such as gout, allergy, apthous ulcer and peptic ulcer. The compounds isolated from the rhizomes of K. parviflora and B. pandurata were, therefore, examined for their inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production. For K. parviflora, compound 5 (5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone) exhibited the highest activity against the NO inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 16.1 μM, followed by 4 (IC50 = 24.5 μM) and 3 (IC50 = 30.6 μM). Regarding the NO inhibitory activity of B. pandurata, compound 2 (panduratin A) displayed the most potent effect with an IC50 value of 5.3 μM, followed by 3 (hydroxypanduratin A, IC50 = 13.3 μM) and 7 (cardamonin, IC50 = 24.7 μM), respectively. The 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (5), panduratin A (2) and hydroxypanduratin A (3), were also tested on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. 5-Hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (5) exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on PGE2 production (IC50 = 16.3 μM), but a mild effect on TNF-α (IC50 > 100 μM). Panduratin A and hydroxypanduratin A showed strong activity against PGE2 with IC50 values of 10.5 and 12.3 μM, respectively, and a moderate effect on TNF-α (IC50 = 60.3 and 57.3 μM, respectively). This study indicated that compound 5 (5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone) is responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of K. parviflora, while 2 (panduratin A) and 3 (hydroxypanduratin A), the prenylated chalcones, are responsible for that of B. pandurata.The present study, therefore, supports the traditional use of K. parviflora and B. pandurata rhizomes for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases through the inhibition of NO, PGE2 and TNF-α release.


X: -4.6344476 Y: 8.484586title: Positive Modulation Effect of 8-Week Consumption of Kaempferia parviflora on Health-Related Physical Fitness and Oxidative Status in Healthy Elderly Volunteers publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Health-related physical fitness declines as the age advances. Oxidative stress is reported to contribute the crucial role on this phenomenon. This condition is also enhanced by antioxidant. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of
Kaempferia parviflora
, a plant reputed for antifatigue, longevity promotion, and antioxidant effects, on health-related quality physical fitness and oxidative status of the healthy elderly volunteers. Total 45 subjects had been randomized to receive placebo or
K. parviflora
extract at doses of 25 or 90 mg once daily for 8 weeks. They were determined baseline data of physical performance using 30 sec chair stand test, hand grip test, 6 min walk test, and tandem test. Serum oxidative stress markers including malondialdehde (MDA) level and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were also assayed. All assessments were performed every 4 weeks throughout the 8-week study period. The results showed that
K. parviflora
increased performance in 30-second chair stand test and 6 min walk test together with the increased all scavenger enzymes activities and the decreased MDA level. Therefore,
K. parviflora
can enhance physical fitness partly via the decreased oxidative stress. In conclusion,
K. parviflora
is the potential health supplement for elderly. However, further study is required.


X: -3.7232933 Y: 8.560086title: Protective Effect of Polymethoxyflavones Isolated from Kaempferia parviflora against TNF-α-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblast Damage publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Similar to other organs, the skin undergoes a natural aging process. Moreover, constant direct exposure to environmental stresses, including ultraviolet irradiation, causes the signs of skin aging to appear rather early. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory responses accelerate skin damage in extrinsic aging. In this study, we aimed to investigate the skin protective effects of polymethoxyflavones found in Kaempferia parviflora against oxidative stress and inflammation-induced damage in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The experimental data identified 5,7,4′ trimethoxyflavone (TMF) as the most potent constituent in preventing TNF-α-induced HDF damage among the tested compounds and it was not only effective in inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production but also in stimulating collagen, type I, and alpha 1 (COLIA1) expression. TMF suppressed TNF-α-stimulated generation of ROS and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in HDFs. TMF also inhibited the pathways regulating fibroblast damage, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In conclusion, TMF may be a potential agent for preventing skin aging and other dermatological disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.


X: -4.176683 Y: 8.401103title: Possible Mechanisms of Vasorelaxation for 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone from Kaempferia parviflora in the Rat Aorta publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The present study investigated the vascular effects of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), on rat isolated aortic rings and its possible mechanisms. DMF (1-100 μM) caused concentration-dependent relaxations in aortic rings precontracted with methoxamine. This effect was significantly reduced by removal of the endothelium, and after pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 300 μM), indomethacin (10 μM) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 μM), but not 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purine-6-amine (SQ22536, 100 μM). Relaxant responses to DMF were significantly inhibited by high KCl (60 mM) in both endothelium-intact and -denuded rings. In addition, the relaxations to DMF were significantly reduced by pretreatment with tetraethylammonium (TEA, 5 mM), glibenclamide (10 μM), 4-aminopyridine (1 mM) or barium chloride (10 μM). Preincubation with DMF (10 and 100 μM) for 30 min significantly inhibited the contractile responses to CaCl(2) in a Ca(2+)-free, high K(+) buffer. The present study demonstrated that DMF causes endothelium-dependent relaxation that is partly mediated by NO-cGMP and cyclooxygenase pathways. Interestingly, DMF-induced responses are mainly due to increasing K(+) efflux, and inhibition of Ca(2+) influx from the extracellular space. The vasodilator effects of DMF provide experimental support for the potential use of KP as a medical plant in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.


X: -4.0387845 Y: 7.607975title: Kaempferia parviflora extract inhibits TNF-α-induced release of MCP-1 in ovarian cancer cells through the suppression of NF-κB signaling publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is an uncommon subtype of epithelial cell ovarian cancers (EOCs) that has poor response to conventional platinum-based therapy. Therefore, finding new potential therapeutic agents is required. Since inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), is strongly expressed in EOCs and associated with the level of tumor grade, disruption of this inflammation pathway may provide another potential target for OCCC treatment. We previously reported that Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. However, the effects of KP on OCCC, especially the aspects related to inflammatory cytokines, have not been elucidated. Our current study demonstrated the effects of KP extract on cytokine production in TNF-α-induced OCCC TOV-21G cell line. This study showed that KP extract inhibited interleukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production at both transcription and translation levels via the suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction. In contrast, KP extract increased the expression of inhibitor kappa B (IκB) protein which may delay NF-κB translocation into the nucleus upon TNF-α activation. Moreover, the suppression of cytokines released from KP treated-TOV-21G reduced the migration of monocyte cell (THP-1). KP extract also exhibited the inhibition of IL-6 and MCP-1 production from THP-1 activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Cells treated with KP extract exhibited a decrease in extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL-1) expression. Suppression of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and inhibition of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) migration support the possibility of using KP for OCCC treatment.


X: -3.9841437 Y: 7.977326title: Demethylation of Polymethoxyflavones by Human Gut Bacterium, Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were biotransformed to various demethylated metabolites in the human intestine by the PMF-metabolizing bacterium, Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1. Because the newly formed metabolites can have different biological activities, the pathways and regioselectivity of PMF bioconversion were investigated. Using an anaerobic in vitro study, 12 PMFs, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (5-OH-7-MF), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (3,5,7-TMF), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (5-OH-3,7-DMF), 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (5,7,4'-TMF), 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (5-OH-7,4'-DMF), 3,5,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (3,5,7,4'-TMF), 5-hydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (5-OH-3,7,4'-TMF), 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5,7,3',4'-TMF), 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (3,5,7,3',4'-PMF), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5-OH-3,7,3',4'-TMF), and 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (5,3'-diOH-3,7,4'-TMF), were converted to chrysin, apigenin, galangin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin after complete demethylation. The time-course monitoring of PMF biotransformations elucidated bioconversion pathways, including the identification of metabolic intermediates. As a robust flavonoid demethylase, regioselectivity of PMF demethylation generally followed the order C-7 > C-4' ≈ C-3' > C-5 > C-3. PMF demethylase in the MRG-PMF1 strain was suggested as a Co-corrinoid methyltransferase system, and this was supported by the experiments utilizing other methyl aryl ether substrates and inhibitors.


X: -4.0288396 Y: 8.747335title: Effects of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker on endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The aim of the present study was to investigate an ethanolic extract of Kaempferia parviflora (KPE) reduces oxidative stress and preserves endothelial function in aortae from diabetic rats.
Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment (55 mg/kg i.v.). Vascular reactivity and superoxide generation were assessed in aortic rings using standard organ bath techniques and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, respectively.
Eight weeks after STZ treatment blood glucose was elevated compared to citrate treated control rats and there was an increased aortic generation of superoxide anion. In aortic rings acetylcholine-induced relaxation was impaired whereas endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside was unaffected. When aortic rings were acutely exposed to KPE (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) there was a significant reduction in the detection of superoxide anion and enhanced relaxation to acetylcholine. Two separate groups of rats (control and diabetic) were orally administered daily with KPE (100 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. KPE treatment reduced superoxide generation and increased the nitrite levels in diabetic aortae, and enhanced acetylcholine-induced relaxation. In the presence of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), the relaxation to acetylcholine in aortic rings of diabetic rats was only partially inhibited, but was totally abolished in aortic rings from the KPE-treated diabetic rats. Indomethacin did not affect relaxation to acetylcholine in aortic rings of any group.
These results suggest that KPE, acutely in vitro or after 4 weeks administration in vivo, reduces oxidant stress, increases NO bioavailability and preserves endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortae from diabetic rats.


X: -3.3033743 Y: 8.330471title: FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF KRACHAI-DUM (Kaempferia parviflora) WINE publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Wine fermentation was conducted with three different preparations of Krachai-Dum using tamarind juice as a base composition. In the first preparation, pieces of sliced Krachai-Dum were fermented with tamarind juice. For the second preparation, Krachai-Dum extracts were mixed with tamarind juice and used for the fermentation process. The third preparation was performed by adding pieces of sliced Krachai-Dum into fermented tamarind wines during aging process. Three types of Krachai-Dum; unpeeled Krachai-Dum slices, peeled Krachai-Dum slices and Krachai-Dum skin were used separately to prepare Krachai-Dum wine. Tamarind juice without Krachai-Dum was used as control. After fermentation, Krachai-Dum wines were kept at 4 º C for aging process. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity were examined in all samples. Total phenolic compounds ranged from 107.00 ± 9.27 to 306.62 ± 6.21 mgGAE/l. Seven flavonoids were detected in all preparations of Krachai-Dum wine except in the control as follows: 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxy flavone, 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′-penta methoxyflavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone. Among these, 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone was the major component found in all samples and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone was detected in lowest amount. The total flavonoid contents ranged from 9.59 to 24.41 mg/100ml wine. The wine using Krachai-Dum skin showed higher flavonoid contents than those using peeled or unpeeled pieces. The highest total flavonoid content (24.41 mg/100ml wine) was found in Krachai-Dum wine prepared by adding Krachai-Dum skin to tamarind wine during the ageing process of 4 months. In vitro, the antioxidant activity of wine samples before and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 months of the ageing process was examined by DPPH and FRAP methods. Antioxidant activity of wine samples by both methods showed similar results that the activities are higher in Krachai-Dum wine prepared by fermented peeled or unpeeled Krachai-Dum with tamarind juice than those prepared by Krachai-Dum extracts. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities in all conditions were in the same direction. The results suggested that the phenolic compounds may play an important role in the antioxidant effect of Krachai-Dum wine. However, the total flavonoid content did not correlate with the antioxidant activity of the sample wines.


X: -2.826453 Y: 9.614318title: Transdermal Permeation of Kaempferia parviflora Methoxyflavones from Isopropyl Myristate-Based Vehicles publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora) rhizomes have long been used in traditional folk medicines and as general health-promoting agents. Several biological activities of K. parviflora, especially its anti-inflammatory effect, are due to its major constituents, methoxyflavones. However, the oral bioavailability of these methoxyflavones has been shown to be low. The aim of this study was to investigate the permeation behaviors of K. parviflora methoxyflavones from isopropyl myristate (IPM)-based vehicles. We studied the effects of ethanol and propylene glycol (PG) as the hydrophilic, solvent-type vehicles as well as fatty acids as the permeation enhancers. A permeation experiment was performed in vitro, using side-by-side diffusion cells through the full thickness of pig ear skin. The solubility and permeation of methoxyflavones were able to be modified by choice and ratio of vehicles. The ethanol/IPM vehicle was shown to be more effective in enhancing the solubility and permeation of methoxyflavones when compared to the PG/IPM vehicle. Regarding an optimal balance between solubility or affinity to vehicle and skin to vehicle partition coefficient, the ethanol/IPM vehicle in the ratio of 1:9 maximized the flux. Among the investigated fatty acids, oleic acid showed the greatest enhancing effect on the permeation of methoxyflavones, indicating that saturated fatty acids are less effective than unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain fatty acids increased diffusion coefficient parameter and shortened the lag time. The number of carbon atoms and double bonds of fatty acids did not show direct relation to the profile of permeation of methoxyflavones.


X: -3.8798697 Y: 8.269989title: Potential antiaggregatory and anticoagulant activity of Kaempferia parviflora extract and its methoxyflavones publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Scientific evidence on the antithrombotic activity of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) remains limited. The present study investigated the antiplatelet aggregation effect and anticoagulant activity of this plant on human blood. Among four tested fractions, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation (percentage of inhibition %I = 95.07% at 0.4 mg/mL and 94.44% at 0.2 mg/mL for ADP and collagen, respectively, p > 0.05 compared with the positive control) and blood coagulation (mean activated partial thromboplastin time - APTT, 43.23 vs. 46.70 s with heparin, p > 0.05). From this extract, 6 known methoxyflavones were isolated: 5-hydroxy-3,7- dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7,4′- trimethoxyflavone (2), 5-hydroxy-3,7,4′- trimethoxyflavone (3), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (4), 3,5,7- trimethoxyflavone (5) and 3,5,7,4′- tetramethoxyflavone (6). Four compounds 1 – 4 were tested for their activities. Compounds 2, and 3 showed a stronger inhibitory effect than compounds 1 and 4 on both agonists used (p < 0.05). For anticoagulant activity, 1, 3 and 4 at 0.4 mg/mL had capacity to extend APTT value (p < 0.05 compared to DMSO 0.1%). Moreover, only 3 possessed a similar anticoagulant effect to the positive control (mean APTT, 45.15 vs. 46.70 s, p > 0.05). No compounds could lengthen prothrombin time and thrombin time parameters. The LC-MS analysis indicated that EA contained the highest content of methoxyflavones (119.85 mg/g, DW) compared to other fractions. Compound 2 (41% of total methoxyflavones) was the most abundant component among 6 isolated compounds. Molecular docking indicated that all 4 tested methoxyflavones were tightly bound to several platelet receptors such as COX-1, P2Y12, GPVI while their interaction with coagulation factors such as ATIII, FIX or VKOR was less efficient. In conclusion, KP is rich in methoxyflavones which are potential antithrombotic agents. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the in vivo activity and mechanism of action of these compounds.


X: -2.3204062 Y: 11.237099title: Green Method for Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Lawsonia inermis Seed Extract and Their Photocatalytic Activity publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: In this study, we have prepared polydispersed gold nanoparticles using the aqueous fraction of Lawsonia inermis seed extract by the ultrasound-assisted method. The effective phytocompounds in the aqueous fraction act as both reducing and stabilizing agents in the production of AuNPs. The colour change from pale yellow to purple which indicates the reduction of Au³⁺ ions to Au⁰ and the gold surface plasmon resonance band appeared at 546 nm. The shape and size of the synthesized nanoparticles were explored by HR-TEM. The green synthesized AuNPs act as a good nanocatalyst in the methyl orange degradation reaction under visible light in the presence of sodium borohydride.


X: -4.11583 Y: 8.607074title: Potent SIRT1 Enzyme-stimulating and Anti-glycation Activities of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The SIRT1 enzyme-stimulating and anti-glycation activities of Kaempferia parviflora extract and its main polymethoxyflavonoids were evaluated in vitro. K. parviflora extract elevated SIRT1 catalytic activity by eight- and 17-fold at 20 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively, compared with vehicle only. Two major polymethoxyflavonoids, 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (4) and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (5), were isolated from this extract and are four- and fivefold more potent than resveratrol, hitherto the strongest known natural SIRT1 activator. In addition, the anti-glycation activity of K. parviflora extract was observed to be seven times more effective than aminoguanidine, a clinical anti-diabetes drug. 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentamethoxyflavone (4) and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (5) showed the strongest anti-glycation activity among the tested polymethoxyflavonoids. Further comparison of the activity of these structurally related polymethoxyflavonoids revealed a possible structure-activity relationship, in particular, for the contribution of methoxy moieties.


X: -3.1933398 Y: 7.986598title: Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Yields and Total Methoxyflavone Contents from Kaempferia parviflora Rhizomes publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The major bioactive components of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) rhizomes, 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), and 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), were chosen as the quantitative and qualitative markers for this plant material. In order to extract bioactive components (total methoxyflavones) from KP rhizomes, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was proposed as part of this study. Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and Box–Behnken design (BBD) were utilized to optimize the effects of UAE on extraction yields and total methoxyflavone contents in KP rhizomes. First, PBD was utilized to determine the effect of five independent variables on total yields and total methoxyflavone contents. The results indicated that the concentration of the extracting solvent (ethanol), the extraction time, and the ratio of solvent to solid were significant independent terms. Subsequently, BBD with three-level factorial experiments was used to optimize the crucial variables. It was discovered that the concentration of ethanol was the most influential variable on yields and total methoxyflavone contents. Optimum conditions for extraction yield were ethanol concentration (54.24% v/v), extraction time (25.25 min), and solvent-to-solid ratio (49.63 mL/g), while optimum conditions for total methoxyflavone content were ethanol concentration (95.00% v/v), extraction time (15.99 min), and solvent-to-solid ratio (50.00 mL/g). The relationship between the experimental and theoretical values was perfect, which proved that the regression models used were correct and that PBD and BBD were used to optimize the conditions in the UAE to obtain the highest yield and total methoxyflavone content in the KP rhizomes.


X: -3.7360213 Y: 8.413948title: The effects of Kaempferia parviflora on anti- internalization activity of Helicobacter pylori to HEp-2 cells publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Helicobacter pylori, an etiological agent of active chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, is now considered to be an invasive enteropathogen. Anti-adhesion and anti-internalization are new strategies for prevention and treatment of bacterial infection including the alternative of medicinal plants. In this study, four parts of Kaempferia parviflora's extracts composing of volatile oil, hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were examined for their antibacterial and anti-internalization activities of H. pylori against HEp-2 cells. All extracts except volatile oil showed significant antibacterial activity and had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32 - 64 μg/ml. The most active extract of ethyl acetate exhibited significant anti-internalization activity which corresponded to dose and time of treatment. Moreover, K. parviflora's ethyl acetate extract could significantly inhibit the invasion of both H. pylori virulent strains (cagA+) and non-virulent strains (cagA-) in HEp-2 cells. Thus, K. parviflora is one of the effective herbs for potential prevention and treatment of H. pylori infection.


X: -3.7827904 Y: 7.6735935title: Anti-Austerity Activity of Thai Medicinal Plants: Chemical Constituents and Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Activities of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Human pancreatic tumor cells have an intrinsic ability to tolerate nutrition starvation and survive in the hypovascular tumor microenvironment, the phenomenon termed as “austerity”. Searching for an agent that inhibits such tolerance to nutrient starvation and kills the pancreatic cancer cells preferentially in nutrient-starvation is a unique anti-austerity strategy in anti-cancer drug discovery. In this strategy, plant extracts and compounds are tested against PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cell line under the conditions of nutrient-deprived medium (NDM) and nutrient-rich medium (DMEM), to discover the compounds that show selective cytotoxicity in NDM. Screening of twenty-five Thai indigenous medicinal plant extracts for their anti-austerity activity against the PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cell line in nutrient deprived medium (NDM) resulted in the identification of four active plants, Derris scandens, Boesenbergia pandurata, Citrus hystrix, and Kaempferia parviflora, with PC50 values 0.5–8.9 µg/mL. K. parviflora extract also inhibited PANC-1 cancer cell colony formation. Phytochemical investigation of K. parviflora extract led to the isolation of fourteen compounds, including two polyoxygenated cyclohexanes (1 and 2), eleven flavonoids (3–13), and β-sitosterol (14). Stereochemical assignment of compound 1 was confirmed through X-ray analysis. All isolated compounds were tested for their preferential cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells. Among them, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (3) displayed the most potent activity with a PC50 value of 0.8 µM. Mechanistically, it was found to induce apoptosis in PANC-1 cell death in NDM as evident by caspase cleavage. It was also found to inhibit PANC-1 cancer cell colony formation in DMEM. Therefore, compound 3 can be considered as a potential lead compound for the anticancer drug development based on the anti-austerity strategy.


X: -4.7670336 Y: 9.105748title: Antiobesity effect of Kaempferia parviflora>7em> accompanied by inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background:
Obesity occurs when energy intake is excessive compared to energy expenditure, resulting in the excessive storage of triglyceride in adipose tissue.

Objective:
The present study aimed to investigate the antiobesity effects of Kaempferia parviflora extracts (PF) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes to demonstrate the lipid mechanisms underlying these effects.

Design:
Mice were fed with a normal diet (AIN93G normal diet), HFD (60% HFD), Met (HFD containing metformin 250 mg/kg b.w.), PF50 (HFD containing PF 50 mg/kg b.w.), and PF100 (HFD containing PF 100 mg/kg b.w.) for 12 weeks.

Results:
Body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, adipose tissue mass, and size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by PF supplementation in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, PF supplementation suppressed the adipogenesis and lipogenesis pathways and activated the lipolysis and thermogenesis pathways in the adipose tissues of HFD-fed mice.

Conclusions:
PF treatment during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells suppressed adipogenesis and lipogenesis and PF treatment after differentiation activated lipolysis and thermogenesis. Thus, we suggest that PF is effective for weight loss by directly affecting the lipid metabolism of adipocytes.


X: -4.755924 Y: 8.991465title: Standardized Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (Zingiberaceae) Extract Inhibits Fat Accumulation and Muscle Atrophy in ob/ob Mice publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Obesity, a metabolic disorder caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, is accompanied with fat accumulation and skeletal muscle atrophy. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, also called black ginger, is known to increase physical fitness performance and improve energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated whether Kaempferia parviflora extract (KPE) alleviates both obesity and muscle atrophy using ob/ob mice. Wild-type C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice were provided with a normal diet ad libitum, and ob/ob mice were orally given KPE at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. KPE significantly decreased body weight, fat volume, and fat weight without affecting appetite. It inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and lipogenic enzymes by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in epididymal fat. In contrast, it markedly increased the muscle fiber size, muscle volume, and muscle mass, resulting in the enhancement of muscle function, such as exercise endurance and grip strength. On the molecular level, it activated the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, a key regulator in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. KPE could be a promising material to alleviate obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and muscle atrophy.


X: -2.754695 Y: 9.486442title: Improved dissolution of Kaemperia pariflora extract for oral administration by preparing solid dispersion via solvent evaporation publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the family Zingiberaceae, has been used in Thai traditional medicines for treating hypertension and promoting longevity with good health and well-being. However, its limited aqueous solubility and low dissolution restrict its bioavailability. The aim of the study was therefore to improve the dissolution rate of Kaempferia parviflora extracted with dichloromethane (KPD) by solid dispersions. Different water-soluble polymers were applied to improve dissolution of KPD. The solid dispersions in different ratios were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Only hydroxypropy methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol grafted copolymer (PVA-co-PEG) could be used to produce homogeneous, powdered solid dispersions. Physical characterization by scanning electron microscopy, hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, in comparison with corresponding physical mixtures, showed the changes in solid state during the formation of solid dispersions. Dissolution of a selected marker, 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), from KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was significantly improved, compared with pure KPD. The dissolution enhancement by solid dispersion was influenced by both type and content of polymers. The stability of KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was also good after 6-month storage in both long-term and accelerated conditions. These results identified the KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions were an effective new approach for pharmaceutical application of Kaempferia parviflora.


X: -3.4328423 Y: 8.397301title: Antioxidant Activity of Fermented Kaempferia parviflora and Inhibitory Action against Tyrosinase and Elastase publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: In this study, we measured the total phenol and flavonoid contents, radical scavenging activity, and tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity of Kaempferia parviflora fermented with various useful microorganisms (BS: Bacillus subtilis, LP: Lactobacillus plantarum, LC: Lactobacillus casei, CU: Candida utilis, Y1: Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CHY1011, Y2: S. cerevisiae strain ZP541) to investigate the potential for future use of K. parviflora as an industrial raw material in health functional foods and cosmetics. The yield of freeze-dried powder of K. parviflora fermented by BS, LP, LC, CU, Y1, and Y2 was 56.41%, 48.28%, 48.75%, 47.12%, 41.32%, and 39.93%, respectively. The total phenol contents were 13.88∼33.29 gallic acid equivalents mg/g, with the highest content being found in the group fermented by BS. The flavonoid contents showed the highest value in the control group (8.55 catechin hydrate (CE) mg/g), but the group fermented by BS had higher total flavonoid content (7.08 CE mg/g) than those of the other groups. The control group and the group fermented by BS had IC 50 values of 0.68 mg/mL and 0.56 mg/mL based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities of 1.14 mg/mL and 1.46 mg/mL, respectively. The FRAP value (1 mg/mL) was highest in the control group (1.13 mM). Evaluation of the tyrosinase inhibition activity revealed values of 29.29 to 47.00% at 5 mg/mL, with the group fermented by CU having the highest value. At the same concentration, elastase inhibition activity was significantly higher, with the group fermented by BS having the highest value. The total phenol content showed a significant correlation with DPPH radical scavenging activity and elastase inhibition activity. Moreover, the total flavonoid content was highly positively correlated with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP. Therefore, fermentation of K. parviflora using various microorganisms increases its antioxidant activity and inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase, so it can be developed for use in functional foods and cosmetics. © 2018, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.


X: -4.836538 Y: 8.056359title: Suppression of benign prostate hyperplasia by Kaempferia parviflora rhizome publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora rhizome is used as a folk medicine in Thailand for the treatment of various symptoms. In the present study, the inhibitory activities of extract from K. parviflora rhizome against 5α-reductase (5αR) were subjected. Furthermore, the effects of the extract from K. parviflorar hizome in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were studied using the model mice.
Preparations of extracts from the rhizomes of K. parviflora, Curcuma zedoaria and Zingiber officinale, and methoxyflavones isolated from K. parviflora was used for 5αR inhibition assay. The effects of K. parviflora extract on growth suppression for the prostates and seminal vesicles were performed based on the Hershberger's method. The K. parviflora extract was administered to castrated mice for 14 days.
K. parviflora extract showed more potent inhibitory activity on 5αR than C. zedoaria and Z. officinale extracts. The active principles were identified as 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone by activity guided fractionation. Furthermore, K. parviflora extract suppressed the weights of prostates and seminal vesicles in BPH model rats by daily administration for 14 days.
These results indicate that K. parviflora extract can be a promising agent for the treatment of BPH.


X: -4.032596 Y: 7.611154title: Kaempferia parviflora Extract Inhibits STAT3 Activation and Interleukin-6 Production in HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) has been reported to have anti-cancer activities. We previously reported its effects against cervical cancer cells and continued to elucidate the effects of KP on inhibiting the production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, as well as its relevant signaling pathways involved in cervical tumorigenesis. We discovered that KP suppressed epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced IL-6 secretion in HeLa cells, and it was associated with a reduced level of Glycoprotein 130 (GP130), phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), and Mcl-1. Our data clearly showed that KP has no effect on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) localization status. However, we found that KP inhibited EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of tyrosine 1045 and tyrosine 1068 of EGF receptor (EGFR) without affecting its expression level. The inhibition of EGFR activation was verified by the observation that KP significantly suppressed a major downstream MAP kinase, ERK1/2. Consistently, KP reduced the expression of Ki-67 protein, which is a cellular marker for proliferation. Moreover, KP potently inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3, Akt, and the expression of Mcl-1 in response to exogenous IL-6 stimulation. These data suggest that KP suppresses EGF-induced production of IL-6 and inhibits its autocrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling critical for maintaining cancer cell progression. We believe that KP may be a potential alternative anti-cancer agent for suppressing cervical tumorigenesis.


X: -3.8116317 Y: 8.572951title: Polymethoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora ameliorate skin aging in primary human dermal fibroblasts and ex vivo human skin publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Skin aging is accompanied by an increase in the number of senescent cells, resulting in various pathological outcomes. These include inflammation, impaired barrier function, and susceptibility to skin disorders such as cancer. Kaempferia parviflora (Thai black ginger), a medicinal plant native to Thailand, has been shown to counteract inflammation, cancer, and senescence. This study demonstrates that polymethoxyflavones (5,7-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone) purified from K. parviflora rhizomes suppressed cellular senescence, reactive oxygen species, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in primary human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, they increased tropocollagen synthesis and alleviated free radical-induced cellular and mitochondrial damage. Moreover, the compounds mitigated chronological aging in a human ex vivo skin model by attenuating senescence and restoring expression of essential components of the extracellular matrix, including collagen type I, fibrillin-1, and hyaluronic acid. Finally, we report that polymethoxyflavones enhanced epidermal thickness and epidermal-dermal stability, while blocking age-related inflammation in skin explants. Our findings support the use of polymethoxyflavones from K. parviflora as natural anti-aging agents, highlighting their potential as active ingredients in cosmeceutical and nutraceutical products.


X: -5.2439995 Y: 8.014651title: Enhancement of aphrodisiac activity in male rats by ethanol extract of Kaempferia parviflora and exercise training publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kaempferia parviflora extract (KD) and exercise training on reproductive function in male rats. Sexually mature males were assigned to four groups: control, KD70 (received 70 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 4 weeks), Ex (exercise training for 4 weeks), Ex + KD70 (exercise training with KD 70 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). At the end of treatment regimes, sexual behaviours including mount latency (ML), mount frequency (MF), ejaculation latency (EL), post-ejaculation latency (PEL), number of mount within 30 min (MF(30)) and number of ejaculation (NEL) were assessed by a video camera, and fertility was tested by natural mating. Results showed that KD had no effect on the weights of reproductive organs, liver, kidneys and levator ani muscle. On the other hand, the weights of epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and levator ani muscle were significantly increased in the Ex and Ex+KD70 groups. ML and EL were shortened in all treatment groups, but PEL was decreased only in KP70 group. Only Ex and Ex + KD70 groups exhibited lower MF and higher NEL whilst MF(30) were not changed in all groups. None of the treatments altered male fertility. It is concluded that KD enhanced sexual motivation whereas exercise training promoted both sexual motivation and performance.


X: -4.771639 Y: 8.590665title: A Functional Drink Containing Kaempferia parviflora Extract Increases Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Flexibility in Adult Volunteers publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Owing to the reputation of Kaempferia parviflora and the crucial role of oxidative stress on the disturbance of physical fitness, the effect of a functional drink containing K. parvilora extract (KP) on the physical fitness of healthy adult volunteers was assessed. Healthy male and female volunteers (19–60 years old) were randomly divided into placebo, KP90, and KP180 groups. All the subjects in KP90 and KP180 were directed to consume a functional drink containing K. parviflora extract at doses of 90 and 180 mg per serving per 80 mL, respectively. Parameters of physical fitness, including cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition, together with changes in lactate, creatinine kinase, and oxidative stress markers were assessed before the intervention, and at 6 and 12 weeks of intervention. The oxidative stress markers, creatine kinase, and lactate were also measured. Subjects who consumed the developed drink had increased VO2 max and improved performance in a timed shuttle run test and 5 min distance run, and exhibited decreased oxidative stress and lactate; therefore, K. parviflora extract can be successfully used for developing a KP drink to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and physical performance by improving oxidative stress and lactate.


X: -4.5393124 Y: 9.1284685title: Efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora in a mouse model of obesity-induced dermatopathy publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Obesity results from excessive energy intake and physical inactivity, and predisposes one to various diseases. One of these reasons is that enlargement of adipocytes raises the lipid metabolic abnormalities that affect various organs. The skin is one such organ, and it has been reported that subcutaneous adipocyte cells secrete various factors and these factors are involved in reduction of dermal collagen fibers and fragility of the skin in obesity. The present study explored the efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) in preventing obesity-induced dermatopathy. We used Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes (TSOD) mice as an obesity model. TSOD mice were fed a standard diet (MF) mixed with either an ethanol extract from KP (KPE), polymethoxyflavonoid-rich extract from KP (PMF), or polymethoxyflavonoid-poor extract from KP (X). We then evaluated the effect of these three KP fractions on aging-like skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. KPE and PMF caused a significant decrease of mouse body weight, and suppressed the increase in the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. In addition, KPE shifted the frequency of subcutaneous adipocyte sizes towards smaller cells possibly via its polypharmacological actions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the stereostructure of the collagenous fibers in the dermis was better retained in the KPE and PMF groups, in that order. These results offer the first evidence that KPE can attenuate obesity-induced dermatopathy more effectively than PMF, suggesting that KPE (or KP) might be a candidate supplement for preventing obesity-related skin disorders.


X: -3.5974584 Y: 7.948841title: ChemInform Abstract: Structures of Two New Phenolic Glycosides, Kaempferiaosides A and B, and Hepatoprotective Constituents from the Rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora. publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Two new phenolic glycosides, kaempferiaosides A and B were isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (Zingiberaceae) together with 24 known compounds. Their structures including absolute stereochemistry were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. Among the isolates, 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone showed higher activity than silybin, a commercial hepatoprotective agent.


X: -4.839616 Y: 8.82936title: Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) Extract Enhances Endurance Capacity by Improving Energy Metabolism and Substrate Utilization in Mice publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) extract (KPE), extracted from KP, a member of the ginger family that grows in Thailand, has a good promotion effect on cellular energy metabolism and therefore has been used to enhance exercise performance and treatment of obesity in previous studies. However, the effect of single-dose administration of KPE on endurance capacity has not been thoroughly studied, and whether the positive effect of KPE on cellular energy metabolism can have a positive effect on exercise capacity in a single dose is unknown. In the present study, we used a mouse model to study the effects of acute KPE administration 1 h before exercise on endurance capacity and the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of our study was to determine whether a single administration of KPE could affect endurance performance in mice and whether the effect was produced through a pro-cellular energy metabolic pathway. We found that a single administration of KPE (62.5 mg/kg·bodyweight) can significantly prolong the exercise time to exhaustion. By measuring the mRNA expression of Hk2, Slc2a4 (Glut4), Mct1, Ldh, Cd36, Cpt1β, Cpt2, Lpl, Pnpla2 (Atgl), Aco, Acadm (Mcad), Hadh, Acacb (Acc2), Mlycd (Mcd), Pparg, Ppargc1a (Pgc-1α), Tfam, Gp, Gs, Pfkm, Pck1 (Pepck), G6pc (G6pase), Cs, and Pfkl in skeletal muscle and liver, we found that acute high-concentration KPE administration significantly changed the soleus muscle gene expression levels (p < 0.05) related to lipid, lactate, and glycogen metabolism and mitochondrial function. In gastrocnemius muscle and liver, glycogen metabolism-related gene expression is significantly changed by a single-dose administration of KPE. These results suggest that KPE has the potential to improve endurance capacity by enhancing energy metabolism and substrate utilization in muscles and liver.


X: -4.8136945 Y: 8.015133title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora extract and its polymethoxyflavonoid components on testosterone production in mouse testis-derived tumour cells publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Low testosterone is associated with late-onset hypogonadism, age-related disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of Kaempferia parviflora extract and two of its components, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone, on testosterone production in mouse testis-derived tumour cells I-10. K. parviflora fractions containing 5,7-dimethoxyflavone elicited testosterone production in these cells, as did nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavonoid found in citrus species, but not K. parviflora, which was used as a comparative control. Furthermore, we found that these compounds enhanced testosterone production via cyclic AMP (cAMP)/cAMP response element binding protein signalling. In particular, the compounds inhibited activation of phosphodiesterase and thereby increased production of cAMP. These findings support the possibility that K. parviflora extract, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, and nobiletin may mitigate age-related disease and hypogonadism by enhancing testosterone production.