X: 7.07927 Y: 12.777367title: The Role of Diallyl Sulfides and Dipropyl Sulfides in the In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Garlic, Allium sativum L., and Leek, Allium porrum L. publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) obtained from fresh bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L., and leek, Allium porrum L. ( Alliaceae), was studied. A. sativum (garlic) EO showed a good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone 14.8 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inhibition zone 21.1 mm), and Escherichia coli (inhibition zone 11.0 mm), whereas the EO of A. porrum (leek) had no antimicrobial activity. The main constituents of the garlic EO were diallyl monosulfide, diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide, and diallyl tetrasulfide. The EO of A. porrum was characterized by the presence of dipropyl disulfide (DPDS), dipropyl trisulfide, and dipropyl tetrasulfide. The antimicrobial activities of the DADS and DPDS were also studied. The results obtained suggest that the presence of the allyl group is fundamental for the antimicrobial activity of these sulfide derivatives when they are present in Allium or in other species (DADS inhibition zone on S. aureus 15.9 mm, P. aeruginosa 21.9 mm, E. coli 11.4 mm). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: 6.147326 Y: 12.788711title: Identity of the immunomodulatory proteins from garlic (Allium sativum) with the major garlic lectins or agglutinins publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum), an important medicinal spice, displays a plethora of biological effects including immunomodulation. Although some immunomodulatory proteins from garlic have been described, their identities are still unknown. The present study was envisaged to isolate immunomodulatory proteins from raw garlic, and examine their effects on certain cells of the immune system (lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils) in relation to mitogenicity and hypersensitivity. Three protein components of approximately 13 kD (QR-1, QR-2, and QR-3 in the ratio 7:28:1) were separated by Q-Sepharose chromatography of 30 kD ultrafiltrate of raw garlic extract. All the 3 proteins exhibited mitogenic activity towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes, murine splenocytes and thymocytes. The mitogenicity of QR-2 was the highest among the three immunomodulatory proteins. QR-1 and QR-2 displayed hemagglutination and mannose-binding activities; QR-3 showed only mannose-binding activity. Immunoreactivity of rabbit anti-QR-1 and anti-QR-2 polyclonal antisera showed specificity for their respective antigens as well as mutual cross-reactivity; QR-3 was better recognized by anti-QR-2 (82%) than by anti-QR-1 (55%). QR-2 induced a 2-fold higher histamine release in vitro from leukocytes of atopic subjects compared to that of non-atopic subjects. In all functional studies, QR-2 was more potent compared to QR-1. Taken together, all these results indicate that the two major proteins QR-2 and QR-1 present in a ratio of 4:1 in raw garlic contribute to garlic's immunomodulatory activity, and their characteristics are markedly similar to the abundant Allium sativum agglutinins (ASA) I and II, respectively.


X: 6.288527 Y: 12.822839title: Effect of Allium Cepa and Allium Sativum on Some Immunological Cells in Rats publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Extracts of some spices have been reported to play a contributory role in enhancing immune function. We evaluated and compared the effect(s) of single and combined oral administration of fresh aqueous onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts at different concentrations on some immunological determinants in rats. CD4 cells of the rats were estimated using Partec flow cytometric technique, while total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts were estimated using the Sysmsex® automated haematology analyzing technique. Our findings revealed that, CD4 and total WBC counts were significantly increased (P≤0.05) in a dose-dependent manner in both onion (250mg/Kg/d: 349±11cell/ul and 2.75±0.15X10(3)cell/l; 500mg/Kg/d: 389±10cells/µl and 3.05±0.05 X10(3)cell/l; 750mg/Kg/d: 600±11cell/µl and 3.25±0.05X10(3)cells/l) and garlic (250mg/Kg/d: 410±10cell/ul and 2.85±0.15X10(3)cell/l; 500mg/Kg/d: 494±32cells/µl and 3.30±0.10 X10(3)cell/l; 750mg/Kg/d: 684±11cell/µl and 3.55±0.05X10(3)cells/l) treated rats when compared to the zero control (200±11cells/µl and 1.55±0.05X10(3)cells/l, respectively). Extract of garlic at 750mg/Kg/d had significantly increased the CD4 cells and total white cell count when compared to other concentrations (P≤0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on these parameters when extracts were combined (250mg/Kg/d: 252±21cell/µl and 1.80±0.10X10(3)cells/l; 500mg/Kg/d: 315±21cells/ul and 2.10±0.10X10(3)cells/l; 750mg/Kg/d: 368±10cells/µl and 2.35±0.05X10(3)cells/l, respectively), the differential WBC count showed a significant increase in the proportion of cell types (lymphocytes, neutophils and monocytes) (P≤0.05). The results from this study revealed the immune boosting capabilities of Allium cepa and Allium sativum, but underscored their synergistic activities.


X: 7.0264883 Y: 11.313497title: Integrated transcriptome catalogue and organ-specific profiling of gene expression in fertile garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Background
Garlic is cultivated and consumed worldwide as a popular condiment and green vegetable with medicinal and neutraceutical properties. Garlic cultivars do not produce seeds, and therefore, this plant has not been the subject of either classical breeding or genetic studies. However, recent achievements in fertility restoration in a number of genotypes have led to flowering and seed production, thus enabling genetic studies and breeding in garlic.ResultsA transcriptome catalogue of fertile garlic was produced from multiplexed gene libraries, using RNA collected from various plant organs, including inflorescences and flowers. Over 32 million 250-bp paired-end reads were assembled into an extensive transcriptome of 240,000 contigs. An abundant transcriptome assembled separately from 102,000 highly expressed contigs was annotated and analyzed for gene ontology and metabolic pathways. Organ-specific analysis showed significant variation of gene expression between plant organs, with the highest number of specific reads in inflorescences and flowers. Analysis of the enriched biological processes and molecular functions revealed characteristic patterns for stress response, flower development and photosynthetic activity. Orthologues of key flowering genes were differentially expressed, not only in reproductive tissues, but also in leaves and bulbs, suggesting their role in flower-signal transduction and the bulbing process. More than 100 variants and isoforms of enzymes involved in organosulfur metabolism were differentially expressed and had organ-specific patterns. In addition to plant genes, viral RNA of at least four garlic viruses was detected, mostly in the roots and cloves, whereas only 1¿4% of the reads were found in the foliage leaves.Conclusions
The de novo transcriptome of fertile garlic represents a new resource for research and breeding of this important crop, as well as for the development of effective molecular markers for useful traits, including fertility and seed production, resistance to pests and neutraceutical characteristics.


X: 6.3920527 Y: 12.591568title: Antiulcer activity of Allium sativum bulb juice in rats publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The effect of raw Allium sativum Linn. bulb juice on gastric and duodenal ulcers was evaluated by using different gastric ulcer methods and cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer model in rats. Allium sativum Linn. bulb juice was administered orally at two different doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Both the doses of garlic juice showed gastric ulcer healing effect in acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcers, produced gastric antisecretory effect in pylorus-ligated rats and also showed gastric cytoprotective effect in ethanol-induced and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. The juice also produced a significant reduction in stress induced gastric ulcers and cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers. The low dose of the juice (250 mg/ kg, p.o.) was more effective compared to the high dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.). It was concluded that juice of Allium sativum Linn. bulb increases healing of gastric ulcers and prevents the development of experimentally induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats.


X: 7.173423 Y: 11.1090975title: Variability and selection parameters for yield and yield-contributing traits in garlic (Allium sativum) publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A study was conducted at Karnal, Haryana during 2005-07 to identify cloves having high bulb yield with large sized cloves, less number of cloves/bulb and other desirable traits. From the mean data, it is suggested that, the garlic advance lines 'G 189' and 'G 324' can be used in breeding programme for yield improvements. High values of heritability, GCV and genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for bolters, weight of 50 cloves, marketable yield, cloves per bulb, clove size index, clove diameter and weight of 20 bulbs, suggesting that these all traits are genetically controlled by additive gene action. The bulb yield was positively and significantly correlated with neck thickness, bulb diameter, bulb size index, cloves/bulb, bolter, total soluble solids, dry matters, days for harvesting and gross yield at genotypic and phenotypic levels, indicating that selection made on the basis of these traits will be helpful in increasing the yield.


X: 6.4626784 Y: 11.71072title: Pb-induced cellular defense system in the root meristematic cells of Allium sativum L publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Electron microscopy (EM) techniques enable identification of the main accumulations of lead (Pb) in cells and cellular organelles and observations of changes in cell ultrastructure. Although there is extensive literature relating to studies on the influence of heavy metals on plants, Pb tolerance strategies of plants have not yet been fully explained. Allium sativum L. is a potential plant for absorption and accumulation of heavy metals. In previous investigations the effects of different concentrations (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) of Pb were investigated in A. sativum, indicating a significant inhibitory effect on shoot and root growth at 10(-3) to 10(-4) M Pb. In the present study, we used EM and cytochemistry to investigate ultrastructural alterations, identify the synthesis and distribution of cysteine-rich proteins induced by Pb and explain the possible mechanisms of the Pb-induced cellular defense system in A. sativum.
After 1 h of Pb treatment, dictyosomes were accompanied by numerous vesicles within cytoplasm. The endoplasm reticulum (ER) with swollen cisternae was arranged along the cell wall after 2 h. Some flattened cisternae were broken up into small closed vesicles and the nuclear envelope was generally more dilated after 4 h. During 24-36 h, phenomena appeared such as high vacuolization of cytoplasm and electron-dense granules in cell walls, vacuoles, cytoplasm and mitochondrial membranes. Other changes included mitochondrial swelling and loss of cristae, and vacuolization of ER and dictyosomes during 48-72 h. In the Pb-treatment groups, silver grains were observed in cell walls and in cytoplasm, suggesting the Gomori-Swift reaction can indirectly evaluate the Pb effects on plant cells.
Cell walls can immobilize some Pb ions. Cysteine-rich proteins in cell walls were confirmed by the Gomori-Swift reaction. The morphological alterations in plasma membrane, dictyosomes and ER reflect the features of detoxification and tolerance under Pb stress. Vacuoles are ultimately one of main storage sites of Pb. Root meristematic cells of A. sativum exposed to lower Pb have a rapid and effective defense system, but with the increased level of Pb in the cytosol, cells were seriously injured.


X: 6.477038 Y: 12.577824title: Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic): A Review publish year: 2017 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Leishmaniasis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa belonging to Leishmania genus. The current drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis possess many disadvantages; therefore, researchers are continuously looking for the more effective and safer drugs. The aim of this study is to review the effectiveness, toxicities, and possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions of different garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds isolated from garlic against Leishmania spp. in a variety of in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reports. All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Allium sativum," "Garlic," "Allicin," "Ajoene," "Leishmania," "in vitro," "in vivo," and "clinical trial," alone or in combination from 5 English databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar) and 3 Persian databases (Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and Magiran) from 1990 to 2014. In summary, garlic with immunomodulatory effects and apoptosis induction contributes to the treatment of leishmaniasis.


X: 6.6479397 Y: 11.7811985title: Influence of Fertilizer Practices on S-Containing Metabolites in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) under Field Conditions publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Cysteine sulfoxides (e.g., alliin) are the characteristic sulfur-containing secondary compounds in garlic, which account for taste and pharmaceutical quality. It was the aim of the present study to investigate the influence of sulfur and nitrogen supply under field conditions on the alliin content and cysteine and glutathione as possible precursors. Sulfur and nitrogen were applied in four different rates, and five samplings were conducted. Sulfur fertilization significantly increased the cysteine, glutathione, and alliin contents of leaves and bulbs, while nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence. Cysteine increased by a factor of 1.3-1.5 in leaves and 1.0-2.0 in bulbs. Glutathione increased significantly in bulbs by a factor of 0.9-1.6 but only at main growth and not at maturity. The alliin concentration in bulbs increased with S fertilization significantly at all harvesting dates and at maturity from 5.1 to 11.2 mg g(-1) of dry weight. High sulfur application in combination with low nitrogen fertilization increased the alliin concentration in garlic significantly during main growth until the beginning of ripening. At the last harvest, 15 kg ha(-1) S resulted in high-quality garlic suitable for consumption and use in plant protection or pharmaceutical industries.


X: 5.847958 Y: 12.191055title: Effect of Raw Crushed Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) on Components of Metabolic Syndrome publish year: 2017 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Metabolic syndrome consists of a group of risk factors characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory conditions. Raw garlic homogenate has been reported to reduce serum lipid levels in animal model; however, no precise studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of raw crushed garlic (Allium sativum L.) on components of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of raw crushed garlic on components of metabolic syndrome. A total of 40 metabolic syndrome patients were randomly selected from the diabetic center of SP Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. They underwent treatment with 100 mg/kg body weight raw crushed garlic 2 times a day with standard diet for 4 weeks; their anthropometric and serum biochemical variables were measured at both the beginning and the end of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20, and Student's paired “t” test was used to compare variables before and after treatment with garlic preparation. Raw crushed garlic significantly reduced components of metabolic syndrome including waist circumference (p < .05), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < .001), triglycerides (p < .01), fasting blood glucose (p < .0001) and significantly increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < .0001). There was no significant difference found in body mass index (p > .05) of patients with metabolic syndrome after consumption of raw crushed garlic for 4 weeks. Raw crushed garlic has beneficial effects on components of metabolic syndrome; therefore, it can be used as an accompanying remedy for prevention and treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome.


X: 6.5036125 Y: 12.360592title: A STUDY ON PHYTOCHEMICALS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC) CLOVES publish year: 2017 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Objective: The present study on garlic cloves (Allium sativum) belongs to family Amaryllidaceae has been focused. This is a natural medicinal plant used for disease preventions against all kinds of internal infections. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals has found plenty of secondary metabolites which are present in garlic cloves. Their functional groups and mineral compositions, the potential of trace elements have been evaluated using FTIR and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES).Methods: The screening of phytochemicals, FTIR and ICPOES. All the methods were performed by standard protocols.Results: The phytochemical screening of plant extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water revealed the presence of steroids, saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and carbohydrates. The results of the methanolic extract of A. sativum analysis showed rich bioactive compounds. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed characteristic peak values from 3500-1000 cm-1 for various functional compounds like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic and organosulfur and aromatic compounds in the garlic methanolic extract. The elements present in the garlic play an important role in the treatment of various diseases described in the traditional medicinal system. The elemental analysis was carried out on garlic methanolic extract using the ICP-OES technique and it showed the order of abundance as K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Al that could enhance the curative process of ill health and the potentially toxic elements were not detected.Conclusion: Thus our data on garlic shows a great importance to understand the pharmacological actions and therapeutic efficacy possessed by majority of active compounds.


X: 6.913205 Y: 12.922823title: Growth and effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on selected beneficial bacteria publish year: 2019 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The growing interest of consumers to the new probiotic product has led the industry to focus on it. But viability of probiotic strain has a big challenge during shelf life of food. Therefore, to know the effect of food additives on survival of probiotic is important. The role of probiotics, garlic and yoghurt on the health of humans is widely known. In this study, we focus on finding answers to the question of whether selected beneficial bacteria will survive in the presence of ground garlic solution or fresh garlic juice and obtaining the growth parameters of that strains. Disk diffusion assays revealed that while Bifidobacterium longum BB536 is the most susceptible (49.37 ± 1.07 mm), Lactobacillus acidophilus 74-2 is the most resistant (no inhibition zone) bacteria to the fresh garlic juice, significantly. However, the strains were not adversely affected in possible usage rates of garlic in some Turkish appetizers. Enumeration assays also confirmed these unexpected findings. The addition of certain quantities of ground garlic or fresh garlic juice that did not show antimicrobial activity for selected probiotic strains are suitable for food matrix, especially yogurt based products.


X: 6.1899137 Y: 12.598742title: Alliin, a Garlic (Allium sativum) Compound, Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used to alleviate a variety of health problems due to its high content of organosulfur compounds and antioxidant activity. The main active component is alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide), a potent antioxidant with cardioprotective and neuroprotective actions. In addition, it helps to decrease serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and uric acid, as well as insulin resistance, and reduces cytokine levels. However its potential anti-inflammatory effect is unknown. We examined the effects of alliin in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by RT-PCR, Western blot, and microarrays analysis of 22,000 genes. Incubation of cells for 24 h with 100 μ mol/L alliin prevented the increase in the expression of proinflammatory genes, IL-6, MCP-1, and Egr-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to 100 ng/mL LPS for 1 h. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which is involved in LPS-induced inflammation in adipocytes, was decreased following alliin treatment. Furthermore, the gene expression profile by microarrays evidentiate an upregulation of genes involved in immune response and downregulation of genes related with cancer. The present results have shown that alliin is able to suppress the LPS inflammatory signals by generating an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile and by modifying adipocyte metabolic profile.


X: 7.075356 Y: 12.858571title: In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes publish year: 2006 keyword: Allium_sativum content: By using an agar dilution assay, the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Allium cepa (onion; AOE) and Allium sativum (garlic; AGE) were evaluated against Malassezia furfur (25 strains), Candida albicans (18 strains), other Candida sp. (12 strains) as well as 35 strains of various dermatophyte species and compared with the activity of a known antifungal drug, ketoconazole (KTZ). All the AOE, AGE and KTZ were found to be able to inhibit growth of all fungi tested in a dose-dependent manner with maximum of 100% at defined concentrations. The results indicate that onion and garlic might be promising in treatment of fungal-associated diseases from important pathogenic genera Candida, Malassezia and the dermatophytes.


X: 6.7660437 Y: 12.081862title: Antioxidant Activities of Domestic Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Stems from Different Areas publish year: 2008 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Antioxidant compounds and activities were investigated for both northern (Uiseong) and southern ecotype (Namhae) domestic garlic stems. The contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and allicin in garlic stems were measured. Antioxidant activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of garlic stems were compared determining lipid peroxidation on the linoleic acid system, electronic donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA). The amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenolic compounds and allicin in northern ecotype were significantly higher, but vitamin C content was lower than those of southern ecotype garlic stems. The allicin contents of garlic stems and garlic bulbs were and , respectively. All antioxidant activities were higher in methanol extracts of garlic stems than in ethanol extracts and were higher with northern ecotype than those with southern ecotype extract. The SOD-like activity of garlic stem extract was higher than that of garlic bulbs while EDA, lipid peroxidation and NDA of garlic stem extracts were lower than those of garlic bulbs. Antioxidant activities of garlic stems were more than 50% of garlic bulbs.


X: 7.1907196 Y: 11.484099title: Cryopreservation of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) publish year: 2002 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The genus Allium comprises about 700 species. Several of them are important vegetables, spices and medicinal plants. The most important crop species are onion and shallot, Allium cepa L., garlic, Allium sativum L., leek, Allium ampeloprasum L. s.l., bunching onion, A. fistulosum L., chives, A. schoenoprasum L., Chinese chives, A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spr., and rakkyo, A. chinense G. Don. Many other species are collected from the wild as spices or vegetables, or they are planted as ornamentals. Vegetative propagation is predominant in some of these species either because no seeds are set (garlic, great-headed garlic, rakkyo) or because of tradition, as in shallots. Seed-sterile hybrids are used as vegetables (top onions, gray shallots) or in the breeding of new ornamentals (as in subgenus Melanocrommyum). In all such cases, vegetative maintenance of genotypes is necessary. Due to continual vegetative propagation, virus occurrence is common in garlic. Meristem culture allows production of virus-free lines and, hence, is able to circumvent this problem as long as the material is kept permanently in vitro. In vitro storage is, therefore, preferable for this vegetatively propagated material.


X: 6.514484 Y: 12.538099title: Comparative analysis of the chemical composition of three spices – Allium sativum L. Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Capsicum frutescens L. commonly consumed in Nigeria publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The beneficial health effects of spices against common chronic systemic diseases have been well documented. Comparative study of the proximate, mineral and phytochemical components of three spices namely garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were investigated. Analysis of the proximate composition revealed that the spices had considerable carbohydrate and crude protein content, but low ash, fibre, moisture and fat except pepper which has high crude fat content. The spices were also characterized by the presence of mineral elements such as calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, copper and zinc which are very important to human nutrition. Phytochemical screening indicated that these spices are also rich in phytonutrients including alkaloid, tannin, carotenoids, saponin and flavonoids. The spices had low concentrations of steroids and cardenolides. Overall, the findings indicate that the spices are good sources of nutrients, mineral elements and phytochemicals which could be exploited as great potentials for drugs and/or nutritional supplements.


X: 6.9016013 Y: 12.978113title: PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Allium sativum (GARLIC) ON SOME SELECTED GRAM POSITIVE ORGANISMS publish year: 2023 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic has been used worldwide for centuries by different societies to fight different types of pathogens. The study was done to evaluate the phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The phytochemical constituents of aqueous Allium sativum extract show the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. The concentrations 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml of aqueous extract of Allium sativum exhibited different zones of inhibition against S. aureus and E. faecalis. The potency of Allium sativum extracts on S. aureus ranging from (16-32) mm diameter zones of inhibition, while that of E. faecalis ranging from (14-30) mm diameter zones of inhibition; however S. aureus was more sensitive than E. faecalis. The zone of inhibition was increase with increasing concentration of extracts; the concentration (200mg/ml) of garlic extract had the highest inhibitory effect about (32mm) zone of inhibition for S. aureus and about (30mm) zone of inhibition for E. faecalis. The MIC of aqueous Allium sativum extracts on S. aureus and E. faecalis is 50mg/ml. The MBC of aqueous Allium sativum extracts on S. aureus is 50mg/ml while that of E. faecalis is 100mg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of aqueous garlic extract indicates that they are suitable for being used as important certain medicines, so garlic is active to serve as anti-bacterial agents against gram positive bacteria.


X: 6.7511535 Y: 12.908452title: Antibacterial Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Staphylococcu aureus: An in vitro Study publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum) has an important dietary and medicinal role for centuries. It is a large annualplant of the Liliaceae family, which grows in most of Africa and in Ethiopia. Ethiopian garlic is used intraditional medicine for infectious disease and some other cases. The present study tested the aqueous extractof garlic in vitro for its antibacterial activity. The extract showed concentration dependent antibacterial activityagainst Staphylococcus aureus. The traditional use of Ethiopian garlic for infectious diseases and forcontrolling fever appears to be justified.


X: 6.698804 Y: 11.328986title: Genotoxic Effects of Avenoxan on Allium cepa L. and Allium sativum L. publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: In the present study, the cytogenetic effects of the herbicide Avenoxan, active substance 2,4-D, were investigated in both Allium cepa L. and Allium sativum L. The roots of the plants were treated with 0,1%, 0,2% and 0,4% concentrations of Avenoxan for 3, 6 and 12 hours. Root tips after having grown to a certain length were stained according to aceto orcein squash procedure. All of the concentrations of Avenoxan used in the present study significantly induced abnormalities such as c-Mito-sis, chromosome stickiness, bridges, laggards, multipolar cells compared to control. Also, Avenoxan significantly de-creased mitotic index. Inhibition of the mitotic index was dependent on the concentration and time of treatment. Similar results were obtained in both Allium cepa L. and Allium sativum L.


X: 7.183241 Y: 11.131273title: Inter specific hybridization in Allium crops: Status and future prospectus publish year: 2021 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Alliumsareessential cropsindaily diet for their flavor and medicinal value, which are highly cross pollinated crops, prone to inbreeding, or continuous selfing, and biennial crop cycles import complexity in the alliums improvement. However, interspecific hybridization aided for the introgression of genes responsible for resistance to pests, diseases and abiotic factors, which can minimize or eliminate the use of plant protection agents. Furthermore, the transfer of novel metabolites and odor molecules into edible Allium species thus could be beneficial to human health. It increases the genetic diversity by gaining new gene reservoirs, and useful in the genetic improvement of alliums. In this scenario, the wild relatives of alliums could be used to introduce resistant genes, as the genus Allium has an untapped gene pool. . among alliums for cross compatibility and desirable trait introgression in this review. As a result, it gives an insight to the breeder to use specific species to increase their genetic base. However, understanding species compatibility is a need for commencing a hybridization program and an important aspect in introgression breeding. We reviewed the attempts at interspecific hybridization


X: 7.0386124 Y: 11.203795title: Variability Of agronomic and quality characteristics of garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been recognized for all over the world as a valuable spice for food as well as for its medicinal value. In order to identify large size bulbs having large clove diameter and high allicin content, 40 diverse genotypes of garlic genotypes were tested at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2012-13 so that the suitable genotype should be identified for cultivation in Punjab state. The observations were recorded for ten agronomic traits and 6 quality parameters. Analysis of variance showed significant difference among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. For all the characters studied, phenotypic coefficients of variability were higher in magnitude than genotypic coefficients of variability. Bulb weight per plant, bulbil size, number of bulbils per umbel, clove weight and total sugars recorded high heritability. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic gain was expressed in numbers of clove per bulb, leaf width, alcohol insoluble solids and allicin content. The genotypes CSRG-1143 and CSRG-1153 have high bulb weight, high bulb and clove diameter, average number of cloves/bulb and moderate allicin content i.e. it can be released as a variety after multi-location testing. The line CSRG-1149 has highest allicin, less number of bulbils per umbel and small bulbil size i.e. it has potential of flowering and seed production under high day length conditions. © Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) 2015.


X: 6.334877 Y: 12.592328title: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of garlic (Allium sativum), a storehouse of diverse phytochemicals: A review of research from the last decade focusing on health and nutritional implications publish year: 2022 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Allium sativum L. (Garlic) is a fragrant herb and tuber-derived spice that is one of the most sought-after botanicals, used as a culinary and ethnomedicine for a variety of diseases around the world. An array of pharmacological attributes such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activities of this species have been established by previous studies. A. sativum houses many sulfur-containing phytochemical compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulfide (DADS), vinyldithiins, ajoenes (E-ajoene, Z-ajoene), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), micronutrient selenium (Se) etc. Organosulfur compounds are correlated with modulations in its antioxidant properties. The garlic compounds have also been recorded as promising immune-boosters or act as potent immunostimulants. A. sativum helps to treat cardiovascular ailments, neoplastic growth, rheumatism, diabetes, intestinal worms, flatulence, colic, dysentery, liver diseases, facial paralysis, tuberculosis, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and several other diseases. The present review aims to comprehensively enumerate the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of A. sativum with notes on its phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, toxicological aspects, and clinical studies from the retrieved literature from the last decade with notes on recent breakthroughs and bottlenecks. Future directions related to garlic research is also discussed.


X: 5.937934 Y: 12.216281title: Review: Cardiovascular effect of garlic (Allium sativum) publish year: 2000 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic has been used for centuries, and even nowadays is part of popular medicine in many cultures. New data have increased the interest in garlic and its role in normalization and treatment of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Recent studies have shown the complex composition of garlic, containing many compounds, that present potential positive effect in the field of health. The aim of the present paper was to review results of some studies that have found a relationship between garlic and cardiovascular diseases. From some of them it can be summarized that garlic can normalize plasma lipid, check lipid peroxidation, stimulate fibrinolytic activity, inhibit platelet aggregation, smooth the thickening and structural changes of artery wall related to aging and atherosclerosis, and decrease blood pressure. However, some other studies do not support these benefits. The positive effects found have promoted many study projects, nevertheless, the extract lability and the lack of result consensus call for a moderate consumption of garlic and garlic extracts. The composition variation due to gathering and aging together with the changes occurring in canning and industrial treatment makes necessary the application of some norms in the production and consumption of this functional food in order to guarantee its use in adequate form and doses.


X: 7.1876483 Y: 11.146311title: Character association and path analysis in garlic (Allium sativum L) for yield and its attributes publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Character association and path analysis in twenty genotypically diverse indigenous genotypes of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) were studied at the Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar during the years 2010 and 2011 for nine important characters. Total bulb yield showed positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic associations with plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo-stem length, bulb weight and number of cloves per bulb, indicating that selection based on these traits will help increasing the yield of garlic. Path coefficient analysis provides an effective means of a critical examination of specific force action to produce a given correlation and measure the relative importance of each factor. In this analysis bulb yield was taken as dependant variable and rest characters were considered as independent variable. Bulb weight showed high positive and direct effect and significant positive correlation with total bulb yield. Therefore, bulb with higher weight should be considered in selection criteria for increasing the total bulb yield and emphasis should be given for selecting the genotypes with higher bulb weight. Overall path analysis indicated that direct effect of bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter and indirect effect of plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo stem length, polar bulb diameter, equatorial bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb and average weight of 50 cloves should be considered simultaneously for amenability of total bulb yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18374 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 45-52 (2013)


X: 7.1169653 Y: 11.439439title: Virus–Free Seed Production of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Status and Prospects publish year: 2017 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a sterile diploid species, which do not flower and
hence forms no seeds. Thus, it is asexually propagated by vegetative means of
cloves, due to vegetative propagation of garlic is lead to infect by the several
viruses, which are together called as garlic viral complex (GVC). The viruses go
on accumulating in planting seed material due to continuous use of same source of
viruses–infected true garlic seed (TGS) propagules year after year namely garlic
cloves. GVC is the most important factor for lower yield of garlic in tropics. Thus,
production of virus–free garlic seed is an important agricultural input to improve
the yield of garlic. In this paper we review status and prospects of research in the
area of virus–free garlic seed production


X: 7.181916 Y: 11.03679title: Isolation and characteristics of eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci from the genome of garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Here we characterized eight novel polymorphic SSR markers, developed from an enriched genomic library of garlic (Allium sativum L.). These SSRs produced a total of 64 alleles across 90 garlic accessions, with an average of 8 alleles per locus. Values for observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity ranged from 0.16 to 0.77 (mean = 0.44) and from 0.22 to 0.86 (mean = 0.65), respectively. Six loci deviated significantly (P < 0.05) from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The averages of gene diversity and PIC values were 0.65 and 0.62, respectively. The mean genetic similarity coefficient was 0.4380, indicating that among garlic accessions existed wide genetic variation. Based on 64 alleles obtained by 8 SSRs, a phenogram was constructed to understand the relationships among the 90 accessions. These newly developed SSRs should prove very useful tools for genotypes identification, assessment of genetic diversity and population structure in garlic.


X: 6.6302133 Y: 12.093002title: Comparative studies of bioactive organosulphur compounds and antioxidant activities in garlic (Allium sativum L.), elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) publish year: 2017 keyword: Allium_sativum content: We evaluated organosulphur compounds in Allium vegetables, including garlic, elephant garlic and onion, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among organosulphur compounds, elephant garlic had considerable γ-glutamyl peptides, and garlic had the highest alliin content. Onion had low level of organosulphur compounds than did elephant garlic and garlic. In addition, antioxidant capacities were evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The results showed that garlic had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by elephant garlic and onion. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activities and organosulphur compounds (R > 0.77). Therefore, our results indicate that there was a close relationship between antioxidant capacity and organosulphur compounds in Allium vegetables.


X: 6.6058884 Y: 12.243311title: A Critical Review on the Nutritional and Medicinal Profiles of Garlic's (Allium sativum L.) Bioactive Compounds publish year: 2022 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The medicinal characteristics of garlic's (Allium sativum L.) dynamically bioac-tive constituents such as alliin, allicin, ajoene, S-allyl-cysteine, S-trityl-L-cysteine, diallyl sulfide, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, have gained a lot of scientific attention from a large number of investigators who have occupied the related pre-clinical and clinical studies, as well as in the industrial sector. The outcomes from basic investigations demonstrated that, depending on the type of food processing, the presence of bioactive compounds in the matrix of garlic have a coherent and direct relation with the appearance/ development of health-promoting effects in the host. Besides, it can be acknowledged that at present spectroscopic and chemometric techniques are powerful tools to detect fraud, prevent criminal activities of fraudsters, and ensure food chain safety, and future studies should lead to further progress, such as portable and hand-held spectroscopy devices for rapid on-site analysis, in this field. There have been also many issues on the effects of processing on garlic's bioactive compounds, potential toxicities, pharmaco-kinetics, and safety profile of these elements that should be studied to validate the health advantages of garlic in humans. In this review, the outcomes of recent experimental and clinical reports are reviewed and metabolism pathway, bioavailability, biological/therapeutically effects, food-related applicability, methods of adulteration detection, potential toxicities, and safety profile of garlic's derived bio-compounds are discussed.


X: 5.889766 Y: 13.03023title: Effect of garlic ( Allium sativum ) on growth factors, some hematological parameters and body compositions in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth factors,some hematological parameters and body compositions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A totalnumber of 360 fish (average weight 20.88±0.25 g) was used. Fish were divided into four groups fed ondiets containing garlic in different levels; 10 g kg-1, 20 g kg-1, 30 g kg-1 diet and the control group dietwas without garlic. The experiment extended for two months. The results showed that, weight gain andgrowth performance of O. mykiss significantly (p<0.05) increased in all groups fed on garlic. There wassignificant decreases of plasma glucose in fish fed on diets containing garlic. Mean values of total plasmaprotein increased significantly in all treatments when compared to control group (p<0.05). Proteincontent and ash contents in fish body were significantly higher in the group fed on diet containing 30 gkg-1 diet of garlic than all other groups. Total lipids content in fish body decreased in treatments and itwas lower in fish fed on 30 g kg-1 diet of garlic. The results of this study show that addition of garlicAllium sativum to fish diet can promote growth and improve fish health.


X: 6.5672493 Y: 12.37894title: Bioactive compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a source of antioxidants and its potential to improve the immune system: a review publish year: 2021 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a type of spice derived from layered tubers, widely used as a source of flavour, taste, and cooking spices. Garlic is a therapeutic ingredient rich in bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The purpose of compiling this review is to provide information about bioactive compounds in garlic as a source of bioactive compounds and their potential to improve the immune system. This review also discussed the various effects of garlic processing on the stability and activity of bioactive compounds and the changes that occur during storage. Garlic contains high levels of organosulfur compounds, micronutrient selenium (Se), and flavonoids. The bioactive compounds in garlic are generally extracted using ethanol as a solvent. Food processing treatments such as boiling, frying, and others can have a positive impact on the organosulfur compounds. Organosulfur levels correlate with changes in antioxidant capacity and activity. The bioactive compounds of garlic can potentially boost the immune system or act as immunostimulants.


X: 6.8092484 Y: 11.593087title: Effect of Sulphur Fertilization on The Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The experiment was conducted for two consecutive rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), BARI, Jamalpur to find out an optimum dose of sulphur for yield maximization of garlic cv. Jamalpur local. There were six levels of sulphur viz., 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 kg/ha. A control treatment was in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The fertilizer package N150P60K120Zn4 B1 kg/ha was applied to each plot as blanket dose. Results revealed that most of the growth and yield parameters increased progressively with increasing rate of sulphur application. Bulb yield increased with successive increase in the level of sulphur up to 45 kg/ha and thereafter decreased. The highest bulb yield (7.05 t/ha in 2005-06 and 7.22 t/ha in 2006- 07) was achieved at 45 kg S/ha and the control treatment receiving no fertilizer had the lowest yield (3.21 t/ha in 2005-06 in and 3.26 t/ha in 2006-07). The yield benefit for 45 kg sulphur per hawas 34.2% in 2005-06 and 40.0% in 2006-07 over no sulphur. Sulphur at 45 kg/ha produced 54.5% and 54.9% higher yield over control treatment in both the years. The optimum and economic dose of sulphur for the yield of garlic were 44.0 and 43.6 kg/ha, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i4.11751 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 36(4): 647-656, December 2011


X: 7.0963764 Y: 11.503884title: Efficient plant regeneration of garlic (Allium Sativum L.) by root-tip culture publish year: 2000 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Root apices from in vitro cultured garlic (Allium sativum) cloves of cvs. ABEN and GT96-1 were used as axenic explants for organogenic callus production and plant regeneration experiments.
Explants cultured in media based on those of Chu and co-workers (N6) or Murashige and Skoog (MS) could induce organogenic
callus after 8 wk culture in darkness. Both media were supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.2–4.5 μM), alone or combined with 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin, 2.3–4.6 μM). Shoots started to grow 3 wk after culturing in the presence of light and the addition to culture media of 4.4 μM N6-benzyladenine. Plants capable of producing microbulbs regenerated 6 wk later. Up to 170 plants g−1 FW callus were obtained when culturing was initiated in MS medium supplemented with 4.6 μM kinetin and 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.


X: 7.2842145 Y: 12.766315title: Antifungal Activity of Onion and Garlic Extract for The Control of Aspergillus niger Isolated from Ghurki Village publish year: 2018 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution and have ability to grow in all sort of environmental conditions. They can colonize a wide variety of substrates and as pathogens responsible for various diseases in humans, plants and animals. It was also noticed various plant species has antimicrobial activities and they used to control fungal growth. In the present
study samples of agricultural soil were collected from Ghurki village near Lahore and inoculated on Potato dextrose agar. Different Aspergillus species and mucor were observed however, only Aspergillus niger were collected, purified and assessed for inhibitory activity of onion and garlic. Both species belong to genus Allium. 250 grams of each peeled Allium species was taken and plant extracts were prepared in distilled water, ethanol (95.5) and acetone (95.5%) separately. The inhibitory effects of biological extracts were recorded at varying temperature, pH and incubation period. It was noticed inhibitory effect decreased with increase of temperature but no significant results seen for varying pH. Furthermore, an increase in antifungal activity was recorded for garlic extract compared to onion with incubation period (1-7 days). It was also concluded that garlic is best antifungal agent that has capability to reduce growth of Aspergillus niger with all three solutions and produce more pronounced effect with Alcoholic extract.


X: 7.1718526 Y: 11.014886title: Classification of Genetic Variation in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Revealed by RAPD publish year: 1997 keyword: Allium_sativum content: RAPD analysis was employed to assess genetic variation in named cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum L.), and to examine the relationships between cultivated garlic varieties and the wild progenitor Allium longicuspis. Twenty-seven accessions were subjected to RAPD analysis using 26 oligonucleotide primers. Of a total of 292 bands, 63 (21%) were polymorphic. Cluster analysis revealed groupings that in part reflected patterns of morphological variation. All bolting forms (including wild and cultivated) grouped separately from the nonbolting cultivars. A. longicuspis and var. ophioscorodon grouped together, indicating close taxonomic affinity. Based upon relative levels of variation within different groups, we suggest potential relationships within the A. sativum/A. longicuspis complex.


X: 7.1439962 Y: 12.781466title: Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on tomato bacterial pathogens publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Bacterial pathogens are a serious problem on tomato plants. Amongst them, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv) and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), causal agents of bacterial speck, bacterial spot and bacterial canker, respectively, affect tomato production under greenhouse and field conditions. In in vitro tests with bacterial strains at a population density of 106 and 108 cfu ml−1, vegetal extracts from cloves of A. sativum and fruits of F. carica at concentrations of 1 and 30%, respectively, showed best effects at 106 cfu ml−1 bacterial concentration. In in vivo tests bacterial strains were tested at 105 cfu ml−1; A. sativum and F. carica extracts reduced disease incidence by 58 and 30%, and disease severity by 68 and 22%, respectively. Moreover, these vegetal extracts resulted in effective disease control of up to 65% (A. sativum) and 38% (F. carica) of that of the standard copper treatment. The antibacterial effects of A. sativum and F. carica extracts are useful for protecting tomato plants against Pst, Xv and Cmm in the greenhouse.


X: -3.290804 Y: 9.535617title: Purification and Characterization of an Angiotensin I-converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptide Derived From Spirulina platensis *: Purification and Characterization of an Angiotensin I-converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptide Derived From Spirulina platensis publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Upon the rennin-angiotensin system, angiotensin I -converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors play critical roles in alleviating and suppressing hypertension. The study was performed to isolate and purify an angiotensin I -converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from papain digests of Spirulina platensis by ultra-filtration, gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified peptide was identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and amino acid sequencing. Furthermore, the inhibition pattern of the peptide was also investigated and the stability was evaluated under simulated gastrointestinal condition. The results demonstrated that the digests with molecular mass ranging from 0 to 3 000 ku had the most potent ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of (1.03 ± 0.04) g/L. An ACE inhibitory peptide with an IC50 value of (0.009 4 ± 0.000 2) g/L which was equivalent to (27.36 ± 0.14) μmol/L was obtained from that fraction of digests, and was identified as Val-Glu-Pro. The Lineweaver-Burk plot and the Dixon plot indicated the ACE inhibitory peptide was a non-competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of (23.59 ± 0.54) μmol/L. In vitro stability assay showed that the peptide could keep its inhibitory activity well after incubation with gastrointestinal proteases including pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin, suggesting the ACE inhibitory peptide from Spirulina platensis be of great prospects as an ingredient of functional foods or pharmaceuticals in prevention and treatment of hypertension.


X: 7.1860614 Y: 12.576235title: In vitro antimicrobial activity of zimmu (Allium sativum L. ‘Allium cepa L.) leaf extract publish year: 2005 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The fungitoxic effect of various medicinal plants belonging to different families was evaluated in vitro on Rhizoctonia solani, the rice sheath blight pathogen. Of the various plant extracts, the leaf extract of zimmu (Allium cepa × Allium sativum) showed the maximum antifungal activity against R. solani and recorded an inhibition zone of 12 mm. The leaf extract of zimmu was also effective in inhibiting the growth of other agronomically important fungal and bacterial pathogens viz., Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Alternaria solani, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The antimicrobial compound was dissoluble in methanol and the methanolic extract showed the absorption maxima at 210 nm and 230 nm. Phenolic compounds were present in greater amounts in methanol extract of zimmu. TLC analysis showed the appearance of two blue spots at Rf = 0.65 and Rf = 0.90. The compounds eluted at Rf = 0.65 and Rf = 0.90 by preparative TLC exhibited strong antifungal activity against R. solani.


X: 7.083702 Y: 11.278994title: Effect of Planting Time on Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Genotypes publish year: 2022 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A field experiment was conducted at the field Laboratory, Horticulture farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh during the dry season (October to April) to evaluate the effect of planting time on the growth and yield of two garlic varieties. The experiment was laid-out with two factors, dates of planting (21 October, 6 November, 21 November and 06 December) and variety (BAU garlic-1 and BAU garlic-2) in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Planting time had significant influence on growth and yield attributes as well as bulb yield of garlic. Plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, leaf and root dry weight, bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb and bulb yield decreased with delay planting. The highest plant height (52.38 cm), leaf length (37.66 cm), number of leaves per plant (7.15), leaf dry weight (1.75 g), bulb diameter (3.89 cm), number of cloves per bulb (22.31), bulb yield per plant (16.42 g) and per hectare (8.13 t ha-1) obtained from 21 October planting. BAU garlic-2 was relatively better than BAU garlic-1 in terms of yield and yield attributes. The interaction effect of planting time and variety showed the highest bulb yield of both varieties from 21 October planting. Early planting of both varieties found better to get maximum yield of garlic.


X: 6.2419534 Y: 11.933927title: The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Lead is a common environmental occupational toxic metal, known to have indirect oxidative effects. Considering the antioxidant properties of garlic, this study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of garlic extracts in terms of normalization of altered hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters, and depletion of inorganic lead burden in blood, kidney and brain tissues. Chronic lead nitrate ingestion showed a significant decline in total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte and monocyte content, while neutrophil content increased in lead nitrate treated group. Pb(NO(3))(2) exposure elicited a significant escalation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and depletion in reduced glutathione content and antioxidant enzymes namely, superoxide dismutase and catalase in kidney and brain. Activities of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase augmented significantly in kidney and brain of lead exposed mice. Lead nitrate treatment decreased protein content while cholesterol and lead burden increased significantly. A decrease in viability of macrophage, phagocytic index, immunoglobulin level and plaque count were the salient features observed in lead exposed animals. However, oral administration of garlic extracts to Pb(NO(3))(2) treated groups attenuated the deranged parameters to some extent. This indicates that garlic can be a protective regimen for lead toxicity.


X: 6.881432 Y: 12.964638title: Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: To evaluate the antibacterial properties of Allium sativum (garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.
The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95% (v/v) ethanol. The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.
Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates. All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts. Except Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp., all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger. The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic (19.45 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 µg/mL against P. aeruginosa.
Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.


X: 5.9160423 Y: 12.213977title: Hypocholesteremic and Antioxidant Effects of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Extract in Rats Fed High Cholesterol Diet publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of garlic extract on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in male albino rats fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD). A group of 24 male albino rats each weighing 125±5.0g, was divided into four groups. Group I was used as negative control and fed on standard diet and orally administered 1 ml distilled water. Group II was used as positive control and fed on high cholesterol diet and orally administered 1ml distilled water. Groups III and IV were fed on high cholesterol diet and orally administered garlic extract (0.2 and 0.4g/kg body weight/day, respectively). Garlic extract significantly increased (p < 0.05) plasma HDL-Cholesterol and decreased plasma TC, LDL-Cholesterol and TG as well as liver TC and TG as compared with positive control (group II). No significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol as well as plasma and liver TG between the rats ingested with high or low dose of garlic extracts. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in plasma and liver TC in rats ingested with a high dose of garlic extract (Group IV) as compared to low dose ingestion. Garlic extract significantly increased (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity, SOD and GSH-Px activities as compared to negative or positive control (group I and group II, respectively). No significant difference was observed in total antioxidant capacity, SOD and GSH-Px activities between the rats ingested with high or low dose of garlic extract. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in plasma malondialdehyde in rats ingested with a high or low dose of garlic extract as compared to negative or positive control rats.


X: 6.746435 Y: 11.939054title: Agronomics and allicin yield of Australian garlic (Allium sativum) publish year: 2001 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Allicin (an allyl thiosulfinate), is the main bioactive compound produced by garlic. It is present in the bulb in the form of alliin, which is converted to allicin when the bulb is cut or crushed. Allicin is thought to have therapeutic activity, particularly in the reduction of elevated plasma cholesterol. Allicin production was measured by HPLC in 200 samples of Australian grown garlic, and from this, alliin levels were calculated in mg/g FW. Almost fifty percent (95 out of 200) of the varieties tested produced greater than 4.5 mg/g (fresh weight) of allicin, suggested to be adequate for pharmaceutical use. The highest recorded level was 9.0 mg/g (by fresh weight). Six samples from our study recorded allicin yields over 7.7 mg/g by fresh weight, the highest previously recorded level, which confirms that Australian grown garlic is one of the most potent sources of allyl thiosulfinates in the world.


X: 6.853052 Y: 11.674774title: Analysis of Selected Physicochemical Parameters of Soils Used for Cultivation of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Assessment of some selected physicochemical parameters in soil samples collected from four agricultural areas of East Gojjam Zone (Debre Markos, Dejen, Bichena and Debre Werk), Ethiopia was studied. The soil characterization was carried out for parameters like moisture content (MC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Na and K in the soil samples were analyzed using flame photometer, Ca and Mg were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer while conventional analytical methods were employed for the determination of the rest of the physicochemical parameters. The results obtained revealed that the concentrations of physicochemical parameters in the soil samples were in the range of; 7.35-11.01% for MC, 6.53-7.64 for pH, 0.09-0.34 mS/cm for EC, 1.25-3.44% for OC, 2.16-5.93% for OM, 30.75-41.83 cmol/kg for CEC, 845-1014 mg/kg for Na, 1980-6065 mg/kg for K, 952–2118 mg/kg for Ca and1751–4288 mg/kg for Mg. pH was found to vary from neutrality to slightly alkaline. The values of EC indicated that all samples of the soils are non-saline. Statistical test of significance using ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the values of physicochemical parameters in the soil samples obtained from all the sampling sites. Correlation analysis was also employed to examine the relationship between the various parameters in the soil samples. The soil studied can be considered as good sources of essential nutrients and this information will help farmers to solve the problems related to soil nutrients, amount of which fertilizers to be used to increase the yield of crops.


X: 6.9218125 Y: 12.980046title: The Effects of Allium sativum Extracts on Biofilm Formation and Activities of Six Pathogenic Bacteria publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Background: Garlic is considered a rich source of many compounds, which shows antimicrobial effects. The ability of microorganisms to adhere to both biotic and abiotic surfaces and to form biofilm is responsible for a number of diseases of chronic nature, demonstrating extremely high resistance to antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms are complex communities of sessile microorganisms, embedded in an extracellular matrix and irreversibly attached to various surfaces.
Objectives: The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Allium sativum extract against the biofilms of six pathogenic bacteria and their free-living forms. The clinical isolates in this study had not been studied in any other studies, especially in regard to biofilm disruption and inhibition of biofilm cell metabolic activity.
Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activities of A. sativum L. extracts (methanol and ethanol extracts) against planktonic forms of bacteria were determined using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were evaluated by a macrobroth dilution technique. The anti-biofilm effects were assessed by microtiter plate method.
Results: The results showed that the A. sativum L. extract discs did not have any zone of inhibition for the tested bacteria. However, The MIC values of A. sativum L. extracts (0.078 - 2.5 mg/mL) confirmed the high ability of these extracts for inhibition of planktonic bacteria. A. sativum L. extracts were efficient to inhibit biofilm structures and the concentration of each extract had a direct relation with the inhibitory effect.
Conclusions: Finally, it can be suggested that the extracts of this plant be applied as antimicrobial agents against these pathogens, particularly in biofilm forms.
Keywords: Biofilms; Garlic; Pathogen; Enterobacteriaceae


X: 7.138401 Y: 11.0016775title: Genetic analysis of a garlic (Allium sativum L.) germplasm collection from Argentina publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Although garlic spreads asexually, it shows a wide diversity for physiologic, morphologic and agronomic characters, due to the accumulation of mutations. Our objective was to examine the genetic diversity of a collection of 43 national and foreign introductions using fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (fAFLP) markers for characterizing previously phenotypical. 351 bands were obtained, of those 251 were polymorphic. The obtained genotypes were analyzed by means of the program Structure v2.2 according to a mixture model of frequencies correlated by allelic population. Twenty simulations of 55,000 steps defaulting from two to eight different genetic populations were carried out. The solutions with more likelihood were obtained by conforming five groups of clones. Most of the individuals showed compound genotypes for portions of two or more populations and duplications were identified. If the phenotypical classifications are correct, the phenotype can respond to different genetic origins, including individuals genetically atypical in a uniformly phenotypical population. Some clones were isolated after multiple selections on populations of garlic, what is not surprising, is that some are more genetically related than others. The genetic relationships found in the collection of garlic belong together with the classification of the ecophysiological groups, although not in a definitive way, additional analysis being necessary. The conservation of the genetic diversity is of vital importance because it guarantees a broader background with which to practice artificial selection assuring the success of future programs of improvement.


X: 6.880113 Y: 12.355678title: Comparison of distillation and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the isolation of sensitive aroma compounds from garlic (Allium sativum) publish year: 2006 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A comparative study of traditional simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), microwave assisted hydrodistillation extraction (MWHD) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) is presented, for the extraction of essential oils from fresh garlic (Allium sativum) cloves. Each method is evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil. The highly reactive sulfur molecules of the garlic volatile fraction show variable response to the different isolation methods. The application of ultrasound for the extraction of the essential oil is considered to cause a lesser damage of thermal-sensitive molecules, thus, providing a better approach of the compounds primarily responsible for the characteristic odor and taste of freshly chopped garlic. All heat-involving isolation procedures have been shown to differentiate the volatile-fraction profile as analyzed by GC-MS. Especially when grouping the compounds into cyclic and acyclic, the percentage concentrations drop from 77.4% to 8.7% for the acyclic while that of the cyclic compounds increase from 4.7% to 70.8%. The observed fact may be attributed to the effect of the heat applied, which changes from harsh thermal treatment (SDE) to short time thermal (MWHD) and room-temperature isolation (USE). The use of USE proves to be crucial in order to provide reliable insight into garlic's chemistry.


X: 5.800962 Y: 12.020187title: In vitro Antidiabetic Evaluation of Allium sativum L publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Aqueous extracts of Allium sativum Linn. roots were studied at concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 40g plant extract/L by an in vitro model to assess their effect on glucose diffusion in intestine. Allium sativum reduced glucose movement across the dialysis membrane up to 54% as compared to the control. In increasing concentration order, maximum inhibition was offered by 20, 40 g/L Allium sativum. Data analyses in terms of integrated areas under curves (AUCs) by trapezoidal rule revealed a decline in AUC glucose by plant extracts. Extracts having 10, 20, 40 g/L Allium sativum concentrations significantly prevented glucose transfer but 5 g/L Allium sativum did not show any significant change in AUC glucose . The antidiabetic effects of Allium sativum were found to be concentration-dependent. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether in vitro protocols can represent therapeutic potential by limiting postprandial glucose absorptions and for improving glycemic control in diabetic subjects. Results demonstrated the efficacy of Allium sativum from a new perspective that seem to act differently but synergistically to regulate glucose-homeostasis., Ext. 3313.


X: 6.1967154 Y: 12.6262045title: Systemic Production of IFN- α by Garlic ( Allium Sativum ) in Humans publish year: 2007 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The effect of foods on the production of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is currently unknown. Garlic (Allium sativum) used as a folk medicine is reported to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production. We investigated the systemic increase of NO due to the ingestion of garlic on the plasma IFN-alpha level in normal volunteers. Normal volunteers (10 groups, 10 in each group) ate 2 g fresh garlic, and plasma NO and IFN-alpha levels were determined after 2 and 4 h. The participants were also asked to eat garlic for various periods of time, and plasma NO and IFN-alpha were similarly assayed. Ingestion of 2 g fresh, but not boiled, garlic was found to increase the basal plasma level of NO from 2.7 +/- 0.1 microM to 8.76 +/- 0.21 microM at 2 and 4 h, respectively. The basal plasma IFN-alpha level increased from 9.51 +/- 0.26 nM to 46.3 +/- 1.2 nM in normal volunteers (n = 10) at the same time. The chronic eating of garlic was found to maintain IFN-alpha at high levels for at least 7 days. The exposure of neutrophils to garlic in vivo or in vitro, which also stimulated synthesis of NO in these cells, was found to stimulate IFN-alpha synthesis as measured by the stimulation of IFN-alpha mRNA synthesis. Thus, consumption of garlic resulted in stimulated synthesis of NO and, in turn, IFN-alpha in humans, which could be beneficial in viral or proliferative diseases.


X: 6.6555033 Y: 11.967106title: Organosulfur and phenolic content of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) and onion ( Allium cepa L.) and its relationship with antioxidant activity publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic and onion have a role in decreasing risks of chronic diseases due to their antioxidant activity. These biological effects have been attributed in part to organosulfur and flavonoid compounds present in Alliums. The aims of this work were to determine the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and thiosulfinates in garlic and onion cultivars from different origins, their phenolic profile and to evaluate their respective antioxidant activity and the relation of these compounds with the antioxidant capacity. Phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity variability was found among different cultivars. Phenol content was highly associated with the antioxidant activity in onion. While, organosulfur compounds were highly associated with the antioxidant activity in garlic. The variability found in phenol and thiosulfinate content, and antioxidant activity between and within garlic and onion cultivars, would facilitate the selection of cultivars with therapeutic benefits.


X: 6.0396657 Y: 12.679728title: The nutritional applications of garlic ( Allium sativum ) as natural feed additives in animals publish year: 2021 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic ( Allium sativum ) is an essential vegetable that has been widely utilized as seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies. Garlic contains several characteristic organosulfur compounds, such as diallyl sulfide, allicin (diallyl thiosulphate), γ-glutamylcysteine, and S-allyl cysteine (alliin) and ajoene, which garlic has beneficial effects on inflammation, oxidative stress markers, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and endothelial function in vitro or in animal model. These bioactive molecules are also playing pivotal role in livestock and fisheries production apart from its application in humans. Supplementation of animal feed with garlic and its related products is consistent with the modern agricultural concept of organic animal husbandry. This review compiles the information describing the effects of feeding garlic and its extracts on selected performance parameters in animals (chicken, rabbits, ruminants, pigs and fish). This review may provide reference for scientists and entrepreneurs to investigate the applications of feeds added with garlic and allicin by-products for the improvement of animal husbandry and aquatic production.


X: 7.0857086 Y: 12.769525title: Broad-spectrum activity of the volatile phytoanticipin allicin in extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.) against plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and Oomycetes publish year: 2004 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The volatile antimicrobial substance allicin is produced in garlic after cellular decompartmentalisation when the tissues are damaged and the substrate alliin mixes with the enzyme alliin-lyase (E.C.4.4.1.4). The effectiveness of garlic extract against a range of plant pathogenic organisms was tested in vitro and in planta in diseased tissues. Allicin in garlic extracts was quantified spectrophotometrically and a rapid bioassay was developed for routine use. The in vitro activity of allicin against a prototrophic E. coli isolate was compared with that of the conventional antibiotics ampicillin and kanamycin.Activity in vitro was shown against the plant pathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, P.s. pv. phaseolicola, P.s. pv. tomato, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the fungi Alternaria brassisicola, Botrytis cinerea, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Magnaporthe grisea, and the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans.Disease reduction in planta was shown for Magnaporthe grisea-infected rice, Hyaloperonospora parasitica-infected Arabidopsis thaliana and Phytophthora infestans-infected potato tubers. Significantly, the active principle was effective in reducing P. infestans spore germination in vitro and disease in blighted tubers via the vapour phase (fumigation) as well as by direct application at the inoculation site.In Arabidopsis the reduction in disease was apparently due to a direct action against the pathogen since no accumulation of salicylic acid (a marker for systemic acquired resistance, or SAR) was observed after application.The potential for developing preparations of garlic for use as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for organic food production is discussed.


X: 7.167747 Y: 11.110271title: Diversity evaluation of morphological traits and allicin content in garlic (Allium sativum L.) from China publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: China has a long history in garlic cultivation and is the biggest country of garlic production in the world. 375 accessions of garlic from 23 provinces and areas in China has been collected and preserved in national germplasm repository for vegetatively propagated vegetables in Beijing since 2002. However, the genetic background and diversity of garlic from China has not been well characterized. In this study, 212 of 375 accessions of garlic were evaluated based on 29 morphological traits and allicin content. Cluster, principal compound, principal ordinates, Shannon diversity index and Pearson correlation analysis were used. The results showed that the garlic clones from China had a widely diversity among all traits. Principal component analysis showed the cumulative proportion of the first eight components explained 71.35 % of total morphological variation in all accessions. Germplasm cluster analysis whether based on 29 morphological traits or bulb yield-related traits could distinguish all germplasm. All accessions were divided into two groups with bolting and non-bolting respectively, or into five subgroups with different traits based on 29 morphological traits. Principal coordinate analysis based on eight bulb related traits divided all accessions into 6 groups. Yield among the accessions ranged from 1.60 to 16.78 t/ha, and three accessions yielded above 15 t/ha. Pearson analysis suggested bulb yield was significantly positively correlated with bulb weight (r = 0.99), bulb diameter (r = 0.73), bulb height (r = 0.53), clove number (r = 0.52), leaf width (r = 0.52). Allicin content ranged from 0.81 to 3.01 %. Pseudostem diameter was found to be significantly positively correlated with allicin content but with the low correlation coefficient (r = 0.23). The result will obviously be helpful for breeder and researchers to comprehensively understand the genetic background of the collection and more easily select the target accessions, especially those with high yield and allicin content.


X: 7.1238084 Y: 11.192862title: Characteristics of chemical components in genetic resources of garlic Allium sativum collected from all over the world publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: garlic research about bio-morphology.


X: 7.2266293 Y: 12.724365title: Garlic essential oil and its major component as fumigants for controlling Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in chambers filled with stored grain publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: In this study, the fumigant activity of garlic essential oil and its major components, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide,
and diallyl sulfide, against the stored-product insect, Tribolium castaneum, were investigated. Results from the space fumigation revealed that garlic essential oil and diallyl trisulfide had strong
fumigant activities against the adult insect. In glass chambers (10cm in diameter×125cm in height) filled with 10, 20,
30, 40, and 50% volume of rough rice, the fumigant activity of diallyl trisulfide was more potent than that of garlic essential
oil. At the concentration of 8μl/l and 50% filling ratio, to obtain 100% mortality, exposure time of only 4days was needed
for diallyl trisulfide, but a longer exposure time (6–7days) was required for garlic essential oil. Meanwhile, the fumigant
effects on the germination rate of kernels exposure were ascertained. Results proved that there were no side effects for these
substances on germination rate of kernels exposed 6months after fumigation. In addition, the fumigant effect on F1 progeny production in rough rice was also evaluated for garlic essential oil and diallyl trisulfide. The results showed that
progeny production was totally suppressed at 4μl/l of these two substances, either at 10 or 50% filling ratio. The results
may provide valuable advances for future fumigant development and possible utility as a fumigant especially as a seed protectant
in warehouses filled with grain.

KeywordsGarlic essential oil-Diallyl trisulfide-Fumigant activity-
Tribolium castaneum
-Germination rate-Progeny production


X: 7.1838746 Y: 12.918802title: Effect of Allium sativum and Allium cepa oils on different stages of Boophilus annulatus publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The study is aimed to investigate the acaricidal effect of Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium cepa (onion) oils on different stages of Boophilus annulatus hard tick. Engorged B. annulatus females were collected from naturally infected cattle. A number of engorged ticks were incubated at 28 °C and 85 % relative humidity to lay eggs, which were incubated to obtain larvae that were used in the study. The used garlic and onion oils were prepared by steam distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography. These oils were dissolved in ethanol, methanol alcohols, and, partially, in water. The oils were tested in different concentrations; 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 %. These concentrations were applied on adult ticks by adult immersion test; on larvae by larval immersion technique and on eggs. The 20, 10, and 5 % of garlic oil dilutions in ethanol and methanol killed all adult ticks and larvae within 24 h. Similar results were obtained for 10 and 20 % garlic oil dissolved in water. The effect of 10 % aqueous solution of garlic oil on embryonated eggs was clear as its addition to these eggs led to their in ability to hatch, deformity in shape, and change in color. The 10 and 20 % onion oil in ethanol and methanol alcohols killed 76-86 % of the adult ticks within 72 h post-application. While, all larvae died within 24 h postsubjected to these two concentrations. These concentrations (10 and 20 %) of onion oil in water killed 56-80 % of the treated ticks. Moreover, 10 % aqueous solution of onion oil prevented hatching of embyonated eggs. We concluded that garlic and onion oils have acaricidal effect on all stages of B. annulatus at concentrations higher than 5 %. Only garlic oil could kill 100 % of adult ticks at concentrations from 5 % in alcohols.


X: -2.1391132 Y: 9.382102title: HAIR GROWTH STIMULATING EFFECT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: In this particular Study Hydro-alcoholic extract of Liquorice was evaluated for its use in Alopecia, where the extracts were compared with the activity of Marketed drug Minoxidil and the tests were carried out on Female Albino Rat. The Results were very much encouraging as 2% Hydro-alcoholic extract has shown a better hair growth than that of the marketed drug Minoxidil. The Extract was also subjected topreliminaryPhytochemical Evaluations whereby it has shown the presence of Coumarines, Saponins, Phytosterols and Flavonoids along with Carbohydrates, Starch and Fixed Oils. TLC of the extract using Pre Coated Silica gel GF Plate while detected under UV have shown 1 Spot (Rf:0.67) with Ethyl acetate as Mobile Phase, 1 Spot (Rf:0.44) with Benzene: Toluene (4:6) as Mobile Phase and 1 Spot (Rf:0.96) with Benzene: Chloroform (3:7) as Mobile Phase.


X: 6.1097584 Y: 12.37321title: Influence of Garlic (Allium sativum) on the Pharmacokinetics of Docetaxel publish year: 2006 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The herbal supplement garlic (Allium sativum) is commonly used by cancer patients. Preclinical studies have shown that allicin, a major component of garlic, may affect cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity. This study examines the influence of garlic supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel, a CYP3A4 substrate.
Women with metastatic breast cancer were treated with docetaxel (30 mg/m(2)) given weekly for 3 of 4 weeks. Three days after the initial dose of docetaxel, patients received 600 mg of garlic twice daily for 12 consecutive days. Docetaxel pharmacokinetics were assessed during the first three administrations.
In 10 evaluable patients, the mean baseline clearance of docetaxel was 30.8 L/h/m(2) [95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 16.7-44.9]. Coadministration of garlic reduced mean clearance of docetaxel to 23.7 L/h/m(2) (95% CI, 15.5-31.8) and 20.0 L/h/m(2) (95% CI, 13.3-26.7) on days 8 and 15, respectively (P = 0.17). Additional pharmacokinetic variables of docetaxel, including peak concentration (P = 0.79), area under the curve (P = 0.36), volume of distribution (P = 0.84), and half-life (P = 0.36), were also not statistically significantly different. The mean area under the curve ratio between day 15 and day 1 was 3.74 in three individuals with the CYP3A5*1A/*1A genotype (all African American) compared with 1.02 in six individuals with the CYP3A5*3C/*3C genotype (all Caucasian).
This study indicates that garlic does not significantly affect the disposition of docetaxel. However, it cannot be excluded that garlic decreases the clearance of docetaxel in patients carrying a CYP3A5*1A allele.


X: 7.01582 Y: 12.90522title: Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Allium sativum Cloves from China and Taşköprü, Turkey publish year: 2018 keyword: Allium_sativum content: In this study, antimicrobial activities of two different samples of Allium sativum L. from Turkey (TR) (Taşköprü, Kastamonu, Turkey) and China (CN) were determined. A broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (17 bacteria) including species of Bacillus , Enterobacter , Enterococcus , Escherichia , Klebsiella , Listeria , Pseudomonas , Salmonella , and Staphylococcus were used for testing antibacterial activity. In addition, antifungal activity against Candida albicans was also investigated. Antimicrobial activity was tested by using 3 different processes (chopping, freezing, and slicing by the disk diffusion method). The results showed that TR garlic presented more antimicrobial activity than CN garlic. Mechanism of activity of CN garlic could be proposed to be different from that of TR garlic.


X: 7.1893864 Y: 12.64174title: Effects of Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Essential Oils on the Aspergillus versicolor Growth and Sterigmatocystin Production publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: In the present study the effects of individual and combined essential oils (EOs) extracted from onion ( Allium
cepa L.) bulb and garlic ( Allium sativum L.) clove on the growth of Aspergillus versicolor and sterigmatocystin (STC) production were investigated. The EOs obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty one compounds were identified in onion EO. The major components were: dimethyl‐trisulfide (16.64%), methyl‐propyl‐trisulfide (14.21%), dietil‐1,2,4‐tritiolan ( 3R,5S‐ , 3S,5S‐ and 3R,5R‐ isomers) (13.71%), methyl‐(1‐propenyl)‐disulfide (13.14%), and methyl‐(1‐propenyl)‐trisulfide (13.02%). The major components of garlic EO were diallyl‐trisulfide (33.55%), and diallyl‐disulfide (28.05%). The mycelial growth and the STC production were recorded after 7, 14, and 21 d of the A. versicolor growth in Yeast extract sucrose (YES) broth containing different EOs concentrations. Compared to the garlic EO, the onion EO showed a stronger inhibitory effect on the A. versicolor mycelial growth and STC production. After a 21‐d incubation of fungi 0.05 and 0.11 μg/mL of onion EO and 0.11 μg/mL of garlic EO completely inhibited the A. versicolor mycelial growth and mycotoxins biosynthesis. The combination of EOs of onion (75%) and garlic (25%) had a synergistic effect on growth inhibition of A. versicolor and STC production.
Practical Application: A substitution of synthetic preservatives with natural antimicrobial compounds in food safety to control fungal contamination and mycotoxin production.


X: 6.8047147 Y: 12.444482title: Methods of Isolation of Active Substances from Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Its Impact on the Composition and Biological Properties of Garlic Extracts publish year: 2022 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is widely used in the human diet and in scientific research due to its biological properties. Various factors, e.g., temperature, pressure, extraction method, type of solvent, size, and territorial origin of garlic, affect the amount and type of bioactive compounds obtained from garlic extracts. In turn, the content of bioactive compounds correlates with the biological activity of the extracts. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge of the methods and effectiveness of isolation of active substances from garlic and their impact on the garlic extract composition and, consequently, biological properties. According to the literature, extracts obtained using water as a solvent are mainly responsible for antimicrobial properties, which is related to, inter alia, the high content of allicin. The use of alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol, is associated with the outstanding antioxidant power of extracts resulting from the presence of phenolic compounds. In turn, due to the presence of diallyl disulfide and disulfide trisulfide, garlic oil has anticancer potential. Acetone is the most effective organic solvent; however, it is not suitable for immediate consumption.


X: 6.6219707 Y: 12.624818title: Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a potential unique therapeutic food rich in organosulfur and flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID-19 publish year: 2020 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current major health crisis in the world. A successful strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is the improvement of nutritional pattern. Garlic is one of the most efficient natural antibiotics against the wide spectrum of viruses and bacteria. Organosulfur (e.g., allicin and alliin) and flavonoid (e.g., quercetin) compounds are responsible for immunomodulatory effects of this healthy spice. The viral replication process is accelerated with the main structural protease of SARS-CoV-2. The formation of hydrogen bonds between this serine-type protease and garlic bioactives in the active site regions inhibits the COVID-19 outbreak. The daily dietary intake of garlic and its derived-products as an adjuvant therapy may improve side effects and toxicity of the main therapeutic drugs with reducing the used dose.


X: 7.2437167 Y: 11.199106title: Character association and path analysis in garlic (Allium sativum L) for yield and its attributes publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Character association and path analysis in twenty genotypically diverse indigenous genotypes of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) were studied at the Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar during the years 2010 and 2011 for nine important characters. Total bulb yield showed positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic associations with plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo-stem length, bulb weight and number of cloves per bulb, indicating that selection based on these traits will help increasing the yield of garlic. Path coefficient analysis provides an effective means of a critical examination of specific force action to produce a given correlation and measure the relative importance of each factor. In this analysis bulb yield was taken as dependant variable and rest characters were considered as independent variable. Bulb weight showed high positive and direct effect and significant positive correlation with total bulb yield. Therefore, bulb with higher weight should be considered in selection criteria for increasing the total bulb yield and emphasis should be given for selecting the genotypes with higher bulb weight. Overall path analysis indicated that direct effect of bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter and indirect effect of plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo stem length, polar bulb diameter, equatorial bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb and average weight of 50 cloves should be considered simultaneously for amenability of total bulb yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18374 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 45-52 (2013)


X: 6.8144374 Y: 13.005855title: Antibacterial effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on dental plaque bacteria publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Background: Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, exhibits antibacterial effects against a wide range of bacteria.
Aim: The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of garlic extract against human dental plaque microbiota.
Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activities of four different concentrations of garlic extract (5%, 10%, 20%, and 100%) were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and lactobacillus spp. using the disk diffusion method. Papers soaked in 0.2% concentration chlorhexidine gluconate and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test at a 5% significance level.
Results: All bacterial strains were inhibited by all test materials. The inhibition zones of the different concentrations of garlic extract were not significantly different for S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. For P. aeruginosa and lactobacillus spp. the inhibition zones of 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations were not significantly different from one another, but they were significantly more than that of the 100% extract.
Conclusion: The 5%, 10%, 20%, and 100% concentrations of garlic extract had similar effects, so further studies seem to be indicated on the usefulness of the 5% extract.