X: 0.6056086 Y: 13.36937title: Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques publish year: 2003 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric extracts were obtained from two lots of raw material (M and S) using various techniques: hydrodistillation, low pressure solvent extraction, Soxhlet, and supercritical extraction using carbon dioxide and cosolvents. The solvents and cosolvents tested were ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and their mixture in equal proportions. The composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and UV. The largest yield (27%, weight) was obtained in the Soxhlet extraction (turmeric (S), ethanol = 1:100); the lowest yield was detected in the hydrodistillation process (2.1%). For the supercritical extraction, the best cosolvent was a mixture of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. Sixty percent of the light fraction of the extracts consisted of ar-turmerone, (Z)-gamma-atlantone, and (E)-gamma-atlantone, except for the Soxhlet extracts (1:100, ethanol), for which only ar-turmeronol and (Z)-alpha-atlantone were detected. The maximum amount of curcuminoids (8.43%) was obtained using Soxhlet extraction (ethanol/isopropyl alcohol). The Soxhlet and low pressure extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities.


X: 1.4299897 Y: 13.801716title: Effects of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence: Effects of Curcuma longa on Skin Health publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a commonly used spice throughout the world, has been shown to exhibit antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-neoplastic properties. Growing evidence shows that an active component of turmeric, curcumin, may be used medically to treat a variety of dermatologic diseases. This systematic review was conducted to examine the evidence for the use of both topical and ingested turmeric/curcumin to modulate skin health and function. The PubMed and Embase databases were systematically searched for clinical studies involving humans that examined the relationship between products containing turmeric, curcumin, and skin health. A total of 234 articles were uncovered, and a total of 18 studies met inclusion criteria. Nine studies evaluated the effects of ingestion, eight studies evaluated the effects of topical, and one study evaluated the effects of both ingested and topical application of turmeric/curcumin. Skin conditions examined include acne, alopecia, atopic dermatitis, facial photoaging, oral lichen planus, pruritus, psoriasis, radiodermatitis, and vitiligo. Ten studies noted statistically significant improvement in skin disease severity in the turmeric/curcumin treatment groups compared with control groups. Overall, there is early evidence that turmeric/curcumin products and supplements, both oral and topical, may provide therapeutic benefits for skin health. However, currently published studies are limited and further studies will be essential to better evaluate efficacy and the mechanisms involved.


X: 1.7772306 Y: 13.633887title: Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcuminoids, Turmerones, and Aqueous Extract of Curcuma longa publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa is widely known for its anti-inflammatory activity in traditional system of medicine for centuries and has been scientifically validated extensively. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of curcuminoids and oil-free aqueous extract (COFAE) of C. longa and compare it with that of curcuminoids and turmerones (volatile oil), the bioactive components of C. longa that are proven for the anti-inflammatory potential. The activity against inflammation was evaluated in xylene-induced ear edema, cotton pellet granuloma models in albino Swiss mice and albino Wistar rats, respectively. The results showed that COFAE of C. longa at three dose levels significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited inflammation in both models, as evidenced by reduction in ear weight and decrease in wet as well as dry weights of cotton pellets, when compared to the vehicle control. The COFAE of C. longa showed considerable anti-inflammatory effects against acute and chronic inflammation and the effects were comparable to those of curcuminoids and turmerones.


X: 2.672907 Y: 13.717151title: The Effect of Curcuma longa (Tumeric) on Overall Performance of Broiler Chickens publish year: 2003 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The effect of Curcuma longa (tumeric) feed additive on overall performance of broiler chickens was investigated. The implication of different diet inclusion levels (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) of tumeric on body weight gain, feed conversion, carcass analysis, lymphoid organ weight index and blood cell count of broilers were tested comparing to untreated control birds. It had been found that the higher body weight gain (1344.5 g) was observed in birds fed diet contained tumeric at level of 0.5% followed by birds received o.25% (1329.8), 1% (1306) and control (1268.2). Moreover, the feed conversion of birds received 0.5% tumeric in their diets were the best (2.08) as compared to controls (2.47) and other treated groups (2.27 and 2.31). Regarding carcass analysis, the protein percent of breast and thigh muscles of birds in different treated and control groups were found nearly the same. The lower fat percentage (1.0%) were recorded in carcasses of birds received 1.0% tumeric followed by 0.5, control and 0.25%. On the other hand, the higher bursa and thymus weight indices were detected in birds received diet containing 0.5% tumeric, while the higher spleen weight index was observed in birds received feed contained 1.0% tumeric. The results of organo-leptic test revealed that tumeric did not induce any abnormal flavor, color or smell. The higher levels of tumeric inclusion (0.5 and 1.0%) increased both erythrocytic and total leukocytic count. It could be concluded that the use of tumeric as feed additive at level of 0.5% enhance overall performance of broiler chickens and cost effectiveness study should be conducted.


X: 1.3488806 Y: 13.606956title: Biological Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) -An Overview publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Now-a-days, economic and medicinal importance of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) is an established fact, besides further research methodology is practiced to reach the extreme and extensive value of its diverse pharmacological and other uses. It has been appreciably used in traditional medicine as a household remedy for various diseases. Its anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-oxidant properties if exploited efficiently may benefit the mankind in colorful ways. It has a low toxic effect on body hence large doses can be given without any fear of toxicity that reflects its broad therapeutic index. This plant has benefited us of its various medicinal values besides other utilities.


X: 1.4687549 Y: 13.766937title: Miquel J, Bernd A, Sempere JM, Diaz-Alperi J, Ramirez AThe curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 34: 37-46 publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: In agreement with the predictions of the oxygen-stress theory of aging and age-related degenerative diseases, diet supplementation with a number of phenolic or thiolic antioxidants has been able to increase the life span of laboratory animals, protect against senescent immune decline and preserve the respiratory function of aged mitochondria. In addition to the above, more recent data reviewed here suggest that the polyphenolic compound curcumin and related non-toxic antioxidants from the rhizome of the spice plant Curcuma longa have a favorable effect on experimental mouse tumorigenesis as well as on inflammatory processes such as psoriasis and ethanol-caused hepatic injury. Our own research has focused on the effects of diet supplementation with an antioxidant-rich hydroalcoholic extract of the curcuma rhizome on key risk factors of atherogenesis and related cardiovascular disease. Our reviewed data show that, in human healthy subjects, the daily intake of 200 mg of the above extract results in a decrease in total blood lipid peroxides as well as in HDL and LDL-lipid peroxidation. This anti-atherogenic effect was accompanied by a curcuma antioxidant-induced normalization of the plasma levels of fibrinogen and of the apo B/apo A ratio, that may also decrease the cardiovascular risk. The reviewed literature indicates that curcumin and related plant co-antioxidants are powerful anti-inflammatory agents. Further, since they potentiate the anti-atherogenic effect of alpha-tocopherol, more extensive clinical testing of their probable usefulness in cardiovascular risk reduction seems justified.


X: 1.4212221 Y: 13.735133title: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Chemical Components and Their Effective Clinical Applications publish year: 2021 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is widely utilized as a spice, food colorant, and preservative in India, China, and SouthEast Asia. With containing potential turmeric extracts and compounds, it has been utilized in traditional medicine for various diseases counting diabetes, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, hysteria, indigestion, skin disease, inflammation, anorexia, hepatic disorders, cough, and sinusitis, etc. So far, a large number of work has been conducted to find and prove biological activities and pharmacological applications of turmeric and its extracts in both animals and humans. In particular, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a characteristic component with major yellow bioactive turmeric feature, has been found to possess numerous biological actions. Nonetheless, the polyphenol compound in curcumin has been limited for human disease treatments even though adequate studies are utilized in animal trials. Plenty of ongoing studies are also contributing significantly to this promising molecule that to the forefront of human therapeutics as well as its activities in health benefits. Thus, curcumin and some turmeric extracts are considered as non-toxic and highly promising compounds with a lot of potentially biological functions based on an appropriately used dose. It is expected that curcumin and some turmeric extracts can be explored in novel medical applications in the future to effectively against or treat various diseases. Here, we hope that it is likely a good and right approach for using and encouraging this product, and its chemical components and effective clinical applications will be briefly summarized in disease treatments. Cite this: Vo TS, Vo TTBC, Vo TTTN, Lai TNH. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Chemical components and Their Effective Clinical Applications. JOTCSA. 2021;8(3):883-98.


X: 2.6074708 Y: 13.591866title: Anticoccidial Activity of Curcuma longa L. in Broilers publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Comparative efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) crude powder and salinomycin sodium on the occurrence of coccidiosis and growth performance of broiler was evaluated. A total of 90, day-old chicks were randomly divided into six groups. From first day onward, ration was supplemented with 1, 2 and 3 % turmeric powder in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively, group 1 received salinomycin sodium @ 12 g 50 kg-1 feed while groups 5 and 6 were kept as infected un-medicated and uninfected un-medicated controls. First five groups were infected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts @ 1,00,000/chick at the age of 20 days. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were investigated throughout the experimental period, and bloody diarrhea and oocysts excretions were investigated at the first and the second week after infection. Maximum coccidiostatic effect was observed with turmeric (3%) showing mild bloody diarrhea as compared to other infected groups receiving turmeric containing rations. This effect was comparable with a standard coccidiostat i.e., salinomycin sodium. Similarly, the weight gain in the groups treated with salinomycin sodium (2280g) and 3% turmeric (2293g) were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of infected control group (1955g). In the groups treated with ration supplemented with 3% turmeric powder and salinomycin sodium, the peak excretion of oocysts was delayed about 1 or 2 days relative to the control infected group. Concentration-dependent coccidiostatic effect of turmeric suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible maximum safe levels of turmeric with least toxic effects to be used as coccidiostat.


X: 1.5602682 Y: 13.883717title: An evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from Curcuma longa. L publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This study was aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activity of turmeric oil.
Chemical analysis of turmeric oil was done by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activities in vitro was done by six different methods and in vivo antioxidant activity was determined by measuring superoxide generation from macrophages treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) as well as determining antioxidant level after feeding the oil orally for one month. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied in mice using carrageenan, dextran, and formalin. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by using acetic acid-induced writhing movement in mice.
The main constituent of essential oil of turmeric was found to be ar-turmerone (61.79%), curlone (12.48%), and ar-curcumene (6.11%). Turmeric oil was found to have in vitro antioxidant activity and IC(50) for scavenging superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation were 135 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, and 400 μg/ml, respectively. The ferric-reducing activity for 50 μg of turmeric essential oil was found to be 5 mM. Intraperitoneal administration of oil was found to inhibit PMA-induced superoxide radicals elicited by macrophages. Oral administration of turmeric oil for one month to mice significantly increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione reductase enzyme levels in blood and glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in liver. Turmeric oil showed significant reduction in paw thickness in carrageenan, dextran-induced acute inflammation, and formalin-induced chronic inflammation. The drug produced significant antinociceptive activity (P < 0.001) at all doses studied.
These results demonstrated that turmeric oil has potential health benefits as it can scavenge the free radicals and produce significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.


X: 1.7681984 Y: 13.367126title: Immunomodulatory potential of Curcuma longa: A review publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Medicinal plants having immunomodulatory properties provide an alternative potential to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of diseases especially in relation to host defense mechanism. Curcumin one of major curcu-minoids of Curcuma longa, reportedly possess several pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory activities. Curcumin blocks inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX), lipooxy-genase (LOX), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Curcumin suppresses the proliferation of a wide variety of tumour cells, including breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma through cell cycle arrest. It induced apoptosis by downregulation of antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL). Curcumin modulates immune system by suppressing T-cells, proliferating number of B-cells and reducing proliferation of immature B-cell lymphoma cells. Curcumin treatment inhibited the production of cytokines (IL-8, MIP-1α, MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α) and dimerisation of TLR's. Immunoregulatory activity of curcumin is by inhibiting phosphorylation of IKKβ which ultimately leads to suppression of NF-κB (transcriptional activator protein). This activity of curcumin has renewed scientific interest in its potential to prevent and treat the diseases such as arthritis, allergy, asthma & cancer.


X: 1.6512699 Y: 13.470952title: Curcumin, an Active Constiuent of the Ancient Medicinal Herb Curcuma Longa L.: Some Uses and the Establishment and Biological Basis of Medical Efficacy. publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The root extract, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), is a constituent of the ancient herbal medicine Jiawei-Xiaoyao-san that has been used for dyspepsia, stress, and mood disorders. Curcumin engenders a diverse profile of biological actions that result in changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell-death pathways. Combined with its historical use in medical practice and its safety profile, curcumin has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in cancer, aging, endocrine, immunological, gastrointestinal, and cardiac diseases. In addition, data in animal models and in humans have also begun to be collected in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. A compelling new body of literature is also mounting to support the efficacy of curcumin in stress and mood disorders. Current understanding of the biological basis for antidepressant-relevant biochemical and behavioral changes shows convergence with some mechanisms known for standard antidepressants. In addition, the mechanisms of the antidepressant-like pharmacology of curcumin also appear to overlap with those of other disease states. Thus, ancient wisdom might be built into this interesting and newly-appreciated natural molecule. Although curcumin is a primary ingredient in anti-aging pills, cosmetic creams, eye treatments, diet products, etc, a key hurdle to the development of curcumin for disease treatment and prevention is overcoming its low oral bioavailability. Although multiple approaches to this problem are being examined, a solution to the bioavailability issue will be needed to ensure appropriate tissue exposures of curcumin in clinical investigation. Progress in this regard is underway.


X: 1.2938935 Y: 12.7720785title: A Simple and Efficient Separation of the Curcumins, the Antiprotozoal Constituents of Curcuma longa publish year: 2000 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: A simple and efficient method for the separation of the three phenolic diketones, curcumin 1, demethoxycurcumin 2, and bis-demethoxycurcumin 3, isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa has been developed. The method is of general applicability for the separation of compounds containing acidic and chelating groups and is amenable to large scale separations. The curcumins 1-3 show moderate activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50: 3.5, 4.2 and 3.0 micrograms/ml) and Leishmania major (IC50: 7.8, 14.1 and 21.5 micrograms/ml) respectively.


X: 1.1774307 Y: 13.041412title: Biological activity of curcuminoids isolated from Curcuma longa publish year: 2008 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcumin is the most important fraction of turmeric which is responsible for its biological activity. In this study, isolation and biological ssessment of turmeric and curcumin have been discussed against standard bacterial and mycobacterial strains such as E.coli, S.aureus, E.feacalis, P.aeuroginosa, M.smegmatis, M.simiae, M.kansasii, M. terrae, M.szulgai and the fungi Candida albicans. The antioxidant activity of curcumin and turmeric were also determined by the CUPRAC method.

Curcumin, turmeric, Curcuma longa, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, CUPRAC method


X: 0.8989395 Y: 13.113963title: Identification and characterization of multiple curcumin synthases from the herb Curcuma longa publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuminoids are pharmaceutically important compounds isolated from the herb Curcuma longa. Two additional type III polyketide synthases, named CURS2 and CURS3, that are capable of curcuminoid synthesis were identified and characterized. In vitro analysis revealed that CURS2 preferred feruloyl-CoA as a starter substrate and CURS3 preferred both feruloyl-CoA and p-coumaroyl-CoA. These results suggested that CURS2 synthesizes curcumin or demethoxycurcumin and CURS3 synthesizes curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin. The availability of the substrates and the expression levels of the three different enzymes capable of curcuminoid synthesis with different substrate specificities might influence the composition of curcuminoids in the turmeric and in different cultivars.


X: 1.4167333 Y: 13.684103title: Curcuma longa: A review of therapeutic effects in traditional and modern medical references publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric with scientific name of Curcuma longa is a perennial and herbaceous plant from family Zingiberaceae that grows in East Asia, such as China, and India. Ample evidence from previous studies indicates that C. longa is effective on many diseases including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. It also has hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system protective effects, and may stimulate immune system. Because C. longa contains antioxidant compounds such as curcumin, zingibran, alpha and beta-Turmerin, arabinose, fructose, glucose, starch and desmetoxicurcumin. The therapeutic effects that have already been confirmed in with animal and human studies can be attributed to these compounds. Therefore, the effective compounds of C. longa on the above diseases should be investigated in clinical trials. This may help to produce effective and strong drugs to treat these diseases. This article was aimed to summarize and present the therapeutic effects of Curcuma longa in traditional and modern medical references.


X: 0.7881847 Y: 13.657625title: Antioxidant Properties of Popular Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Varieties from Bangladesh publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: We investigated the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different forms (local names: mura and chora ) of turmeric (Curcuma longa) from the Khulna and Chittagong divisions of Bangladesh for their antioxidant properties and polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, and ascorbic acid contents. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values. The ethanolic extract of Chittagong’s mura contained the highest concentrations of polyphenols (16.07%), flavonoids (9.66%), and ascorbic acid (0.09 mg/100 g) and chora resulted in high yields (17.39%). The ethanolic extract of Khulna’s mura showed a higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity with the lowest 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) (1.08 μ g/mL), while Khulna’s chora had the highest FRAP value ( 4204.46±74.48 μ M Fe [II] per 100 g). Overall, the ethanolic extract had higher antioxidant properties than those in the aqueous extract. However, the tannin concentration was lower in the ethanolic extract. We conclude that the turmeric varieties investigated in this study are useful sources of natural antioxidants, which confer significant protection against free radical damage.


X: 1.0933304 Y: 12.926178title: Nutritional Composition of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its Antimicrobial Properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The studies on the nutritional composition of turmeric and its antimicrobial properties; proximate, vitamin, mineral and phytochemical compositions of the turmeric were determined using standard methods. The results of the analysis shows that it contains 8.92 % moisture content, 2.85 % ash, 9.42 % crude protein, 4.60 % crude fibre, and 6.85 % fat. The methanolic extract of the plant exhibited significant inhibitory actions against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus and Penicillium at a final concentration of 20 mg/ml. The zone of inhibition exhibited by the plant extracts against the tested organisms ranged between 7.0 - 20.0 mm. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the standards, Ampicilin and Fungabacter ranges between 15.0 - 28.0 mm and 13.0 - 30.0 mm respectively. The plant extract compared favourably with the standard antibiotic used. The phytochemical results show that the plant contains 0.45 % saponin, 1.08 % tannin, 0.40 % flavenoid, 0.08 % phenol and 0.03 % sterol.


X: 1.3605641 Y: 13.495834title: A review on selected pharmacological activities of Curcuma longa L publish year: 2022 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Spices have long been a part of human diets and commerce. Since the birth of human civilization, medicinal plants have yielded a wealth of information on treating and preventing illness. Still, the growing understanding of the connection between nutrition and health in the food business has increased its relevance and piqued researchers’ interest in deciphering the mechanisms of the action of spices and the plethora of beneficial properties attributed to them. Turmeric is one of the most important spices due to its active bio-chemical activities. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hypo-glycemic qualities and the ability to promote wound healing and reduce sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation have been revealed in curcumin. Several human disorders, including fibrosis, lupus nephritis, acne, cancer, diabetes, and irritable bowel syndrome, have been tested in clinics. Consequently, an herb used solely in the kitchen is now used in the clinic. New technologies are being tried in the drug development process to increase the bioavailability of curcumin, such as additives, micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and phospholipid complexes. Curcuminoids and other compounds associated with turmeric were examined to learn more about their biological effects and potential applications. Curcumin (diferuloyl-methane), a flavonoid, and many volatile oils, including turmerone, atlan-tone, and zingiberone, are the active ingredients in turmeric. Inhibiting carcinogenesis at three stages: tumor promotion, angiogenesis, and tumor development, curcumin’s capacity Turmeric’s medical and pharmacological advantages in illness prevention and therapy are the subject of this study. The present study deals with the importance of extensive pharmacological activities of turmeric and its role in the medical industry in creating novel medicines to treat various diseases.


X: 1.6190846 Y: 12.792438title: Toxicity Studies on Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa publish year: 1992 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Acute (24 h) and chronic (90 days) oral toxicity studies on the ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa were carried out in mice. Acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0, and 3 g/kg body weight while the chronic dosage was 100 mg/kg/day as the extract. All external morphological, hematological, and spermatogenic changes, in addition to body weight and vital organ weights were recorded. During this investigation no significant mortality as compared to the controls was observed. The weight gain in the A. galanga treated animals was significant as in the control group while the C. longa-treated animals gained no significant weight after chronic treatment. C. longa treatment induced significant changes in heart and lungs weights upon chronic treatment. Hematological studies revealed a significant rise in the RBC level of A. galanga-treated animals and a significant fall in the WBC and RBC levels of the C. longa-treated animals as compared to the controls. The gain in weights of sexual organs and increased sperm motility and sperm counts were observed in both groups of extract-treated male mice, however, these changes were highly significant in the A. galanga-treated group. Both extracts failed to show any spermatotoxic effects.


X: 1.5621756 Y: 13.503716title: Antidepressant activity of aqueous extracts of Curcuma longa in mice publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a well-known indigenous herbal medicine. The aqueous extracts, when administered orally to the mice from 140 to 560 mg/kg for 14 days, were able to elicit dose-dependent relation of immobility reduction in the tail suspension test and the forced swimming test in mice. The effects of the extracts at the dose of 560 mg/kg were more potent than that of reference antidepressant fluoxetine. The extracts, at the dose of 140 mg/kg or above for 14 days, significantly inhibited the monoamine oxidize A (MAO) activity in mouse whole brain at a dose-dependent manner, however, oral administration of the extract only at a dose of 560 mg/kg produced observable MAO B inhibitory activity in animal brain. Fluoxetine showed only a tendency to inhibit MAO A and B activity in animal brain in the study. Neither the extracts of C. longa nor fluoxetine, at the doses tested, produced significant effects on locomotor activity. These results demonstrated that C. longa had specifically antidepressant effects in vivo. The activity of C. longa in antidepression may mediated in part through MAO A inhibition in mouse brain.


X: 1.5178529 Y: 13.44715title: Antiplatelet property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived ar-turmerone publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The antiplatelet activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived materials were measured using a platelet aggregometer and compared with those of aspirin as antiplatelet agent. The active constituent from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. was isolated and characterized as ar-turmerone by various spectral analyses. At 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, ar-turmerone was effective in inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by collagen (IC50, 14.4 microM) and arachidonic acid (IC50, 43.6 microM). However, ar-turmerone had no effect on platelet activating factor or thrombin induced platelet aggregation. In comparison, ar-turmerone was significantly more potent platelet inhibitor than aspirin against platelet aggregation induced by collagen. These results suggested that ar-turmerone could be useful as a lead compound for inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by collagen and arachidonic acid.


X: 0.61014575 Y: 13.181943title: Genetic resources of Curcuma: Diversity, characterization and utilization publish year: 2005 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The genus Curcuma (family Zingiberaceae) comprising over 80 species of rhizomatous herbs, is endowed with widespread adaptation from sea level to altitude as high as 2000 m in the Western Ghats and Himalayas. Having originated in the Indo-Malayan region, the genus is widely distributed in the tropics of Asia to Africa and Australia. Curcuma species exhibit inter-and intra-specific variation for the biologically active principles coupled with morpho-logical variation with respect to the above-ground vegetative and floral characters as well as the below-ground rhizome features besides for curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil. Curcuma is gaining importance world over as a potential source of new drug(s) to combat a variety of ailments as the species contain molecules credited with anti-inflammatory, hypocholestraemic, choleratic, antimicrobial, insect repellent, antirheumatic, antifibrotic, antivenomous, antiviral, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic as well as anticancerous properties. Turmeric oil is also used in aromatherapy and in the perfume industry. Though the traditional Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine and Chinese medicine long ago recognized the medicinal property of turmeric in its crude form, the last few decades have witnessed extensive research interests in the bio-logical activity and pharmacological actions of Curcuma, especially the cultivated species. Tur-meric powder obtained from rhizomes of Curcuma longa or related species is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material, in religious applications as well as a household remedy for bilary and hepatic disorders, anorexia, diabetic wounds, rheumatism and sinusitis in India, China and South-East Asia and in folk medicine. Cucuminoids, the bio-logically active principles from Curcuma, promise a potential role in the control of rheuma-tism, carcinogenesis and oxidative stress-related pathogenesis. Curcuma longa L. syn. Curcuma domestica Val., common turmeric, is the most economically valuable member of the genus having over 150,000 hectares under its cultivation in India. In addition to Curcuma longa, the other economically important species of the genus are C. aromatica, used in medi-cine and toiletry articles, C. kwangsiensis, C. ochrorhiza, C. pierreana, C. zedoaria, C. caesia etc. used in folk medicines of the South-East Asian nations; C. alismatifolia, C. roscoeana etc. with floricultural importance; Curcuma amada used as medicine, and in a variety of culinary preparations, pickles and salads, and C. zedoaria, C. malabarica, C. pseudomontana, C. montana, C. decipiens, C. angustifolia, C. rubescens, C. haritha, C. caulina etc. all used in arrowroot manufacturing. Crop improvement work has been attempted mainly in C. longa and to a little extent in C. amada. At present there are about 20 improved varieties of C. longa in India and one in C. amada, evolved through germplasm/clonal selection, mutation breeding or open-pollinated progeny (true turmeric seedlings) selection. Though work on morphol-ogical characterization of Curcuma species has been attempted, its molecular characterization is in a nascent stage except for some genetic fidelity studies of micropropagated plants and isozyme-based characterization. The genus has also been examined from the biochemical pro-filing and anatomical characterization angle. This article is intended to provide an overview of biological diversity in the genus Curcuma from a utilitarian and bio-prospection viewpoint.


X: 0.53862286 Y: 13.097295title: SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION OF CURCUMINS AND ESSENTIAL OIL FROM THE RHIZOMES OF TUMERIC (Curcuma Longa L) publish year: 2000 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The rhizomes of tumeric (Curcuma Longa L) are one of the most important natural sources of yellow color. The chemical compounds responsible for this property are the so-called curcuminoids. The curcuminoids are constituted by three different pigments (curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bis-desmethoxycurcumin). These pigments are largely used in the food industry as substitutes of synthetic dyes like tartrazin. The rhizomes of tumeric were submitted to extraction with supercritical CO2 and supercritical CO2 using ethanol as co-solvent in order to obtain an extract with a high content of curcuminoids8. Extraction experiments have been carried out in a supercritical extraction pilot plant at pressures between 25 and 30 MPa and temperatures of 313 and 318 K. The influence of raw material previous-treatment (drying) and the addition of ethanol as co-solvent on the supercritical extraction process have been evaluated by analyzing the mass transfer kinetics and the content of curcuminoids in the extracts during the course of extraction. A mathematical model has been applied to describe the mass transfer kinetics. The mass transfer inside the solid matrix was described by a liner first order desorption model, while that in the gas phase was described by a convective mass transfer model. Experimental results showed that the concentration profile of curcuminoids during the


X: 1.4790308 Y: 13.170393title: Curcuma longa and Curcuma mangga leaves exhibit functional food property publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Although leaves of Curcuma mangga and Curcuma longa are used in food preparations, the bioactive components in it are not known. In this study, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer activities of leave extracts and its isolates were investigated using established bioassay procedures in our laboratory. The leaf extracts of both plants gave similar bioassay and chromatographic profiles. The methanolic and water extracts of C. mangga (CMM and CMW) and C. longa (CLM and CLW), at 100 μg/mL, inhibited lipid peroxidation (LPO) by 78%, 63%, 81% and 43%, cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 by 55%, 33%, 43% and 24% and COX-2 by 65%, 55%, 77% and 69%, respectively. At same concentration, CMM, CMW, CLM and CLW showed growth inhibition of human tumour cell lines by 0-46%. Therefore, a bioassay-guided isolation of water and methanolic extracts of C. longa was carried out and afforded nine isolates. At 25 μg/mL, these compounds inhibited LPO by 11-87%, COX-1 and -2 enzymes by 0-35% and 0-82% and growth of human tumour cells by 0-36%, respectively.


X: 0.6014553 Y: 13.366844title: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) products: What quality differences exist? publish year: 2019 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Background Curcuma longa L. (root and rhizome), commonly known as turmeric, is a plant of high medicinal and economic value globally, including within the EU where it is mainly used as a spice and food supplement. Its key active ingredients have been studied extensively, but concerns remain about the composition and thus the quality of extracts and products on the market. Recently, problems of adulteration with other Curcuma species and general poor quality have been detected within crude turmeric powders and final products. This study aimed to investigate the chemical variation of turmeric finished products available in the UK and identify the quality of turmeric products obtained from specific stages of the supply chain, with a focus on quality differences in the UK. 1H-NMR spectroscopy metabolomics coupled to Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and HPTLC methods were used for the phytochemical and metabolomics investigation of 72 turmeric samples, including crude powders, intermediate products from different manufacturing stages and commercial products obtained from health food stores and the Internet. A significant variation in the chemical composition of turmeric finished products, especially in the ones containing turmeric extracts, was found. Several products were found to contain only curcumin or curcuminoids, while the other active ingredients and marker compounds of C. longa were lacking. Products obtained from different stages of the Pukka value chain presented similar chemical composition, with the intermediate products (S57-59) showing the highest amount of active ingredients. Consequently, the manufacturing practices involved in the production of turmeric food supplements are critical stages to obtain high-quality final products. Often the focus has been only on the primary material, its natural variation and forms of production. This study highlights the importance of developing well-controlled integrated systems for the quality assurance of dietary supplements throughout the supply chain from seed to final product.


X: 1.5822548 Y: 13.551131title: A review on selected pharmacological activities of Curcuma longa L publish year: 2022 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Spices have long been a part of human diets and commerce. Since the birth of human civilization, medicinal plants have yielded a wealth of information on treating and preventing illness. Still, the growing understanding of the connection between nutrition and health in the food business has increased its relevance and piqued researchers’ interest in deciphering the mechanisms of the action of spices and the plethora of beneficial properties attributed to them. Turmeric is one of the most important spices due to its active bio-chemical activities. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hypo-glycemic qualities and the ability to promote wound healing and reduce sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation have been revealed in curcumin. Several human disorders, including fibrosis, lupus nephritis, acne, cancer, diabetes, and irritable bowel syndrome, have been tested in clinics. Consequently, an herb used solely in the kitchen is now used in the clinic. New technologies are being tried in the drug development process to increase the bioavailability of curcumin, such as additives, micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and phospholipid complexes. Curcuminoids and other compounds associated with turmeric were examined to learn more about their biological effects and potential applications. Curcumin (diferuloyl-methane), a flavonoid, and many volatile oils, including turmerone, atlan-tone, and zingiberone, are the active ingredients in turmeric. Inhibiting carcinogenesis at three stages: tumor promotion, angiogenesis, and tumor development, curcumin’s capacity Turmeric’s medical and pharmacological advantages in illness prevention and therapy are the subject of this study. The present study deals with the importance of extensive pharmacological activities of turmeric and its role in the medical industry in creating novel medicines to treat various diseases.


X: 1.1067411 Y: 13.6169195title: Toxicity prediction of compounds from turmeric (Curcuma longa L) publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric belongs to the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Currently, cheminformatics approaches are not employed in any of the spices to study the medicinal properties traditionally attributed to them. The aim of this study is to find the most efficacious molecule which does not have any toxic effects. In the present study, toxicity of 200 chemical compounds from turmeric were predicted (includes bacterial mutagenicity, rodent carcinogenicity and human hepatotoxicity). The study shows out of 200 compounds, 184 compounds were predicted as toxigenic, 136 compounds are mutagenic, 153 compounds are carcinogenic and 64 compounds are hepatotoxic. To cross validate our results, we have chosen the popular curcumin and found that curcumin and its derivatives may cause dose dependent hepatotoxicity. The results of these studies indicate that, in contrast to curcumin, few other compounds in turmeric which are non-mutagenic, non-carcinogenic, non-hepatotoxic, and do not have any side-effects. Hence, the cost-effective approach presented in this paper could be used to filter toxic compounds from the drug discovery lifecycle.


X: 1.1011239 Y: 12.620759title: Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa rhizome extract on pathogenic bacteria publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa rhizome extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) bacteria. Essential oil was found to be most active and its activity was compared to standard antibiotics gentamycin, ampicillin, doxycycline and erythromycin in these strains. Only the clinical isolate of S. aureus showed more sensitivity towards essential oil fraction than the standard strain. The use of essential oil from turmeric as a potential antiseptic in prevention and treatment of antibacterial infections has been suggested.


X: 1.1778452 Y: 14.12227title: Hypoglycemic Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. Rhizomes) on Genetically Diabetic KK-Ay Mice publish year: 2005 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The turmeric (Curcuma longa L. rhizomes) EtOH extract significantly suppressed an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-A(y) mice. In an in vitro evaluation, the extract stimulated human adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and showed human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligand-binding activity in a GAL4-PPAR-gamma chimera assay. The main constituents of the extract were identified as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and ar-turmerone, which had also PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity. These results indicate that turmeric is a promising ingredient of functional food for the prevention and/or amelioration of type 2 diabetes and that curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and ar-turmerone mainly contribute to the effects via PPAR-gamma activation.


X: 0.8196088 Y: 12.912028title: Optimization of the extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa rhizomes publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The aim of this work was to study the effect of dynamic maceration factors upon the curcumin content of Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae, extracts and to determine the optimum set of parameters for the extraction of curcumin using a 2 5 full factorial design and the response surface methodology. Under the established conditions, the content of soluble solids and curcumin in the extracts ranged from 0.8 to 3.4%, and from 0.1 to 1.8%, respectively. The most inﬂuential variable observed for the extraction was the ethanolic strength of the solvent. The optimized condition involves an extraction time of 12 h, agitation speed of 30 rpm, drug to solvent ratio of 1/6, extraction temperature of 80 ºC and the solvent with ethanolic strength of 70%. The data reported herein are useful for further developments of curcuma
phytopharmaceutical intermediate products with optimized characteristics.


X: 1.8707172 Y: 13.955243title: Reflections about Osteoarthritis and Curcuma longa publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory degenerative process that affects joints such as the hands, hips, shoulders, feet, spine, and especially knees in millions of people worldwide. Some authors have shown that Curcuma longa components may exhibit benefic effects in the treatment of degenerative diseases as OA. This plant belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and it is popularly known as turmeric or saffron. This review intended to perform a retrospective search to identify studies involving humans and animal models. This review was based on articles linking OA and C. longa. Databases as Medline, Science Direct, and Lilacs were consulted and a retrospective search was carried out in order to identify studies involving humans and animal models. The curcuminoids from C. longa exhibit actions at different locations in the pathogenesis of OA once it may play an important role as anti-inflammatory, down-regulating enzymes as phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenases, and reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha-and interleukins such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8. They also act as inducer of apoptosis in synoviocytes, decreasing the inflammation process and may also reduce the synthesis of reactive oxygen species. For these reasons, new pharmaceutical technology and pharmacological studies should be proposed to determine the dose, the best delivery vehicle, pharmaceutical formulation and route of administration of this plant so its use as an adjunct in the treatment of OA may become a reality in clinical practice.


X: 0.5574719 Y: 13.390013title: Comparative study of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fresh and dry rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The phytoconstituents of essential oil and ethanol oleoresin of fresh and dry rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) were analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituents were aromatic-turmerone (24.4%), alpha-turmerone (20.5%) and beta-turmerone (11.1%) in fresh rhizome and aromatic-turmerone (21.4%), alpha-santalene (7.2%) and aromatic-curcumene (6.6%) in dry rhizome oil. Whereas, in oleoresins, the major components were alpha-turmerone (53.4%), beta-turmerone (18.1%) and aromatic-turmerone (6.2%) in fresh and aromatic-turmerone (9.6%), alpha-santalene (7.8%) and alpha-turmerone (6.5%) in dry rhizome. Results showed that alpha-turmerone, a major component in fresh rhizomes is only minor one in dry rhizomes. Also, the content of beta-turmerone in dry rhizomes is less than a half amount found in fresh rhizomes. The antioxidant properties have been assessed by various lipid peroxidation assays as well as DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating methods. The essential oil and ethanol oleoresin of fresh rhizomes have higher antioxidant properties as compared dry ones.


X: 1.0445483 Y: 13.375906title: Qualitative and quantitative profile of curcumin from ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric, derived from the plant Curcuma longa, is a gold-colored spice commonly used in the Indian subcontinent, not only for health care but also for the preservation of food and as a yellow dye for textiles. Curcumin, which gives the yellow color to turmeric, was first isolated almost two centuries ago, and its structure as diferuloylmethane was determined in 1910. Since the time of Ayurveda (1900 B.C) numerous therapeutic activities have been assigned to turmeric for a wide variety of diseases and conditions, including those of the skin, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders. Extensive research within the last half century has proven that most of these activities, once associated with turmeric, are due to curcumin. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and other chronic illnesses. Curcumin can be considered an ideal "Spice for Life". Curcumin is the most important fraction of turmeric which is responsible for its biological activity. In the present work we have investigated the qualitative and quantitative determination of curcumin in the ethanolic extract of C.longa. Qualitative estimation was carried out by thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The total phenolic content of the ethanolic extract of C.longa was found to be 11.24 as mg GAE/g. The simultaneous determination of the pharmacologically important active curcuminoids viz. curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin in Curcuma longa was carried out by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques. HPLC separation was performed on a Cyber Lab C-18 column (250 x 4.0 mm, 5μ) using acetonitrile and 0.1 % orthophosphoric acid solution in water in the ratio 60 : 40 (v/v) at flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection of curcuminoids were performed at 425 nm. INTRODUCTION The turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant, a perennial herb belonging to the ginger family, is cultivated extensively in south and southeast tropical Asia. The rhizome of this plant is also referred to as the "root" and is the most useful part of the plant for culinary and medicinal purposes. Turmeric is a spice of golden color that is used in cooking in the Indian subcontinent. Because of its color and taste, turmeric was named "Indian saffron" in Europe. Today, India is the primary exporter of turmeric (known as Haldi in India). Although its ability to preserve food through its antioxidant mechanism, to give color to food, and to add taste to the food is well known, its health promoting effects are less well recognized or appreciated. It was once considered a cure for jaundice, an appetite suppressant, and a digestive. In Indian and Chinese medicines, turmeric was used as anti-inflammatory agents to treat gas, colic, toothaches, chest pains, and menstrual difficulties. This spice was also used to help with stomach and liver problems, to heal wounds and lighten scars, and as a cosmetic 1 . The most active component of turmeric is Curcumin, which makes up 2 to 5% of the spice. The characteristic yellow color of turmeric is due to the curcuminoids, first isolated by Vogel in 1842.Curcumin is an orange–yellow crystalline powder practically insoluble in water. The structure of curcumin (C 21 H 20 O 6) was first described in 1910 by Lampe and Milobedeska and shown to bediferuloylmethane 2 . Turmeric contains a wide variety of phytochemicals including curcumin, demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, zingiberene, curcum -enol, curcumol, eugenol, tetrahydrocurcumin, triethylcurcumin, turmerin, turmerones, and turmer -onols 3 . Curcumin is the phytochemical that gives a yellow color to turmeric and is now recognized as being responsible for most of the therapeutic effects. Curcumin is hydrophobic in nature and freely soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, ethanol, and oils. It has an absorption maxima around 420 nm 4 .


X: 0.7010524 Y: 13.669371title: Quality and antioxidant properties of bread containing turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated in South Korea publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder was used to substitute 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of wheat flour for making
turmeric wheat breads. Proximate composition, physical quality, functional components (curcumin
and total phenols) and antioxidant properties of breads containing turmeric were analysed and compared
with those of wheat bread. Hardness, crumb colour a and b values, curcumin content and total phenolic
contents of breads significantly increased with the addition of turmeric powder. Water activity, specific
volume and crumb colour L value of breads decreased with the addition of turmeric powder. Breads containing
turmeric powder also showed good antioxidant activity as tested by the b-carotene-linoleate
bleaching assay. A 4% substitution of wheat flour with turmeric powder showed acceptable sensory
scores which were comparable to wheat bread. Breads containing turmeric powder can thus be developed
as a health-promoting functional food.


X: 1.1574019 Y: 14.162907title: Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes leads to the overproduction of free radicals and evidence is increasing that these contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Among the spices, turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) is used as a flavouring and colouring agent in the indian diet every day and is known to possess anti‐oxidant properties. The present study was designed to examine the effect of curcumin, a yellow pigment of turmeric, on renal function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats.
Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats. Four weeks after STZ injection, rats were divided into four groups, namely control rats, diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with curcumin (15 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Renal function was assessed by creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance and urine albumin excretion. Oxidative stress was measured by renal malonaldehyde, reduced glutathione and the anti‐oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase.
Streptozotocin‐injected rats showed significant increases in blood glucose, polyuria and a decrease in bodyweight compared with age‐matched control rats. After 6 weeks, diabetic rats also exhibited renal dysfunction, as evidenced by reduced creatinine and urea clearance and proteinuria, along with a marked increase in oxidative stress, as determined by lipid peroxidation and activities of key anti‐oxidant enzymes. Chronic treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated both renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats.
These results provide confirmatory evidence of oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy and point towards the possible anti‐oxidative mechanism being responsible for the nephroprotective action of curcumin.


X: 1.1079123 Y: 12.7687title: Antimicrobial Activity and Antioxidant Effect of Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma zedoaria publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: We investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. and total polyphenol contents of Curcuma longa. Curcuma aromatica. and Curcuma zedoaria. In antimicrobial activity assays of solvent extracts, ethanol extract showed the highest activity compared with other extracts. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of C. longa showed higher than those of C. aromatica, and C. zedoaria. Antimicrobial substance in ethanol extract of C. longa was maintained after heating at for 30 min and not affected by changes in pH. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of solvent extracts were high in the order of ethanol, ethylacetate, ether, water, and hexane fractions, C. longa showed greater DPPH free radical scavenging activity than those of the C. aromatica, and C. zedoaria. Total polyphenol content of C. longa and C. aromatica exhibited were similar levels, whereas C. zedoaria was slightly lower concentration.


X: 1.1195244 Y: 12.844718title: Interaction of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with beneficial microbes: a review publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric, is a rhizomatous herb of the family Zingiberaceae. It is mostly used as a spice, a coloring agent and broadly used in traditional medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani, etc., Turmeric rhizomes interact with a large numbers of rhizosphere-associated microbial species, and some enter the plant tissue and act as endophytes. Both rhizospheric and endophytic species are directly or indirectly involved in growth promotion and disease management in plants and also play an important role in the modulation of morphological growth, secondary metabolite production, curcumin content, antioxidant properties, etc. The present review focuses on the rhizobacterial and endophytic bacterial and fungal populations associated with the turmeric.


X: 1.4367818 Y: 13.625655title: Antidotal or protective effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and its active ingredient, curcumin, against natural and chemical toxicities: A review publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous perennial herb that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae, native to South Asia and is commonly known as turmeric. It is used as herbal remedy due to the prevalent belief that the plant has medical properties. C. longa possesses different effects such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and gastroprotective activities. The recent studies have shown that C. longa and curcumin, its important active ingredient, have protective effects against toxic agents. In this review article, we collected in vitro and animal studies which are related to protective effects of turmeric and its active ingredient against natural and chemical toxic agents.


X: 1.1900866 Y: 12.59513title: Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga publish year: 2005 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga exhibited excellent (100%) phytotoxic activity against Lemma minor. These extracts were also found to possess good antifungal activities against Trichophyton longifusus (65% and 60%, respectively), while in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay were found to be toxic with LD50 of 33 and 109 mincrog/ml, respectively. These extracts were found quite inert in antibacterial bioassay, while the extract from C. longa, tested for insecticidal activity, was also found to be devoid of any activity.


X: 1.0563738 Y: 14.192846title: Turmerin, the antioxidant protein from turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibits antihyperglycaemic effects Turmerin, the antioxidant protein from turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibits antihyperglycaemic effects publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: 2012): Turmerin, the antioxidant protein from turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibits antihyperglycaemic effects, A wide range of proteinaceous inhibitors are present in plants to protect themselves from hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, turmerin, a water-soluble peptide in turmeric rhizomes, was evaluated for its inhibitory potential against glucosidase and its antioxidant (AO) capacity. Turmerin inhibited -amylase and -glucosidase activities with IC 50 values 31 and 192 mg mL À1 , respectively. Under the experimental conditions, those values for a standard glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, were 81 and 296 mg mL À1 , respectively. The AO capacity of turmerin was evaluated using in vitro assay systems. Turmerin showed good DPPH (IC 50 ¼ 29 mg mL À1) and superoxide (IC 50 ¼ 48 mg mL À1) and moderate ABTS (IC 50 ¼ 83 mg mL À1) radical scavenging and Fe(II) chelation (IC 50 ¼ 101 mg mL À1) capacities. The inhibitory potential showed by turmerin against enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, as well as its moderate AO capacity, could rationalise the traditional usage of turmeric rhizome preparations against diabetes.


X: 1.4469268 Y: 13.856841title: Curcuma longa as medicinal herb in the treatment of diabet-IC complications publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) of ginger family (Zingiberaceae) belongs to the group of oldest cultivated spice plants in the south-east Asian countries. For many years rhizome of this plant has been used also as a safe and active drug for the treatment of various chronic diseases, especially of diabetes mellitus (DM). The active substance of turmeric - curcumin (diferuloylmethane), possesses multiple therapeutic properties. In recent years, many detailed research (tests in vitro and in vivo) along with clinical trials have revealed its very valuable biological activities related to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cancer preventive properties, which are presented in numerous publications (1-6). At the molecular level it has been stated that curcumin inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis creation and apoptosis. Currently, great attention has been focused on curcumin as a blocker of TNF-s, which are the principal mediators of most inflammation-related disturbances (7). The main cause of blocking the broadly extended pharmacological and clinical investigations of curcumin is its extremely low solubility in water and in organ fluids. This feature consequently limits its systemic bioavailability and makes use of curcumin as a therapeutic remedy (to date) difficult. The primary aim of presently conducted research is to achieve increased solubilization and bioavailability of this promising nontoxic agent.


X: 1.7529813 Y: 13.287005title: Evaluation of in vitro anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory activities of compounds isolated from Curcuma longa publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The rhizome of Curcuma longa (CL) has been commonly used in Asia as a potential candidate for the treatment of different diseases, including inflammatory disorders and cancers. The present study evaluated the anti-proliferative activities of the isolated compounds (three curcuminoids and two turmerones) from CL, using human cancer cell lines HepG2, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The immunomodulatory activities of turmerones (alpha and aromatic) isolated from CL were also examined using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Our results showed that the curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) and alpha-turmerone significantly inhibited proliferation of cancer cells in dose-dependent manner. The IC(50) values of these compounds in cancer cells ranged from 11.0 to 41.8 microg/ml. alpha-Turmerone induced MDA-MB-231 cells to undergo apoptosis, which was confirmed by annexin-V and propidium iodide staining, and DNA fragmentation assay. The caspase cascade was activated as shown by a significant decrease of procaspases-3, -8 and -9 in alpha-turmerone treated cells. Both alpha-turmerone and aromatic-turmerone showed stimulatory effects on PBMC proliferation and cytokine production. The anti-proliferative effect of alpha-turmerone and immunomodulatory activities of ar-turmerone was shown for the first time. The findings revealed the potential use of CL crude extract (containing curcuminoids and volatile oil including turmerones) as chemopreventive agent.


X: 2.6437697 Y: 13.716229title: Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This study was planned to investigate the effect of different levels of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the overall performance of broiler chicks. Four experimental rations designated as A, B, C and D having 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% Turmeric (Curcuma longa) was fed to 160 broiler chicks, randomly distributed into 16 replicate, so as to have 4 replicate per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Average weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, breast weight, thigh weight, mortality and economics were used as a criteria of response. Organ weight including heart, liver and gizzard was also recorded. The mean body weight gain per chick was 646, 547, 734 and 592 g (P


X: 0.59884715 Y: 12.9959345title: Variation of bioactive components in Curcuma longa in Thailand publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) is a popular medicinal herb of Thailand as a spice and a colouring agent. Medicinal uses of the rhizome arise from volatile oil as a carminative and for antifungal activity, and yellow curcuminoids for anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In Thailand, C. longa is mainly used in forms of capsules/tablets of turmeric powder for herbal medicine, while its extract is popularly used in herbal cosmetics. Thus quality assessment of this plant needs to be controlled for the limits of volatile oil and total curcuminoids contents. This study was undertaken to evaluate the contents of essential oil and total curcuminoids in dried powder of C. longa rhizome collected from 13 locations from North, Northeast, Central and South Thailand during January to April 2005. The highest content (8.20 ± 1.66% v/w) of essential oil was found in samples from the North where the climate is cool, while the lowest oil content (7.00 ± 0.00% v/w) was found in samples from the South where it rains all year. In contrast, the highest total curcuminoids content (8.99 ± 0.83% w/w) was found in the southern samples while the lowest content (4.80 ± 1.83% w/w) was found in the northern samples. The total curcuminoids in all samples was found in the limit of 3.07 ± 0.09 to 9.58 ± 0.20% dry weight. The average of volatile oil content was found to be 7.77 ± 1.20% w/w, while the average of total curcuminoids content was found to be 6.24 ± 1.95% w/w. This information will be useful as a guidance for standardization of C. longa powder and the extracts, and finding sources of good quality of C. longa in Thailand.


X: 1.2705684 Y: 12.670032title: Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa L. against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus publish year: 2005 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been emerging worldwide as one of the most important hospital and community pathogens. Therefore, new agents are needed to treat MRSA associated infections. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of Curcuma longa L. (C. longa) against MRSA. The ethyl acetate extract of C. longa demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than the methanol extract or water extract. Since the ethyl acetate extract was more active than the other extracts, the study examined whether the ethyl acetate extract could restore the antibacterial activity of beta-lactams and alter the MRSA invasion of human mucosal fibroblasts (HMFs). In the checkerboard test, the ethyl acetate extract of C. longa markedly lowered the MICs of ampicillin and oxacillin against MRSA. In the bacterial invasion assay, MRSA intracellular invasion was significantly decreased in the presence of 0.125-2 mg/mL of C. longa extract compared with the control group. These results suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of C. longa may have antibacterial activity and the potential to restore the effectiveness of beta-lactams against MRSA, and inhibit the MRSA invasion of HMFs.


X: 1.6763152 Y: 13.275413title: The effects of Curcuma longa and curcumin on reproductive systems publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Objective:
Curcuma longa (C. longa) was used in some countries such as China and India for various medicinal purposes. Curcumin, the active component of C. longa, is commonly used as a coloring agent in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. C. longa and curcumin have been known to act as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagen, and anti-carcinogenic agents. Th e attempt of the present review was to give an effort on a detailed literature survey concentrated on the protective effects of C. longa and curcumin on the reproductive organs activity.

Methods:
The databases such as, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Iran- Medex, were considered. The search terms were "testis" or "ovary" and "Curcuma longa", "curcumin", "antioxidant effect", "anti-inflammatory effect" and "anti-cancer effect".

Results:
C. longa and curcumin inhibited the production of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and increased the caspases (3, 8 and 9) activities in HL-60 prostate cancer. Furthermore, C. longa and curcumin suppressed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 (STAT) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in ovarian cancer cell line.

Conclusion:
C. longa and curcumin might decrease the risk of cancer and other malignant diseases in the reproductive system. C. longa and curcumin have a protective effect on the reproductive organs activity such as, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects in normal cells but showed pro-apoptotic effects in the malignant cells. Therefore, different effects of C. longa and curcumin are dependent on the doses and the type of cells used in various models studied.


X: 0.6551106 Y: 13.133903title: Microwave assisted extraction of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa publish year: 2007 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: A novel microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique was investigated for selective and rapid extraction of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa (turmeric) into organic solvents. The degree of extraction and purity of curcuminoids were dependent upon the selected solvent and exposure time to microwaves. The extraction process was optimized using acetone at 20% power level (PL) giving 60% extraction of curcuminoids with 75% purity within 1 min. The dielectric heating of cellular matrix resulted in vaporization of volatile components, increasing internal pressure of the cell leading to remarkable swelling and finally rupturing of the cells. The degradation of cellulosic cell wall at higher temperature when subjected to microwave also increased permeability of solvents into the bio-matrix.


X: 1.1927086 Y: 12.684598title: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Curcuma longa rhizome extract against Staphylococcus aureus publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of different fractions obtained from rhizome of Curcuma longa was investigated against standard strain and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The clinical isolates were found more sensitive for different fractions, than the standard strain of S. aureus. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that test pathogen treated with C. longa extract showed morphological deformity, with partial lack of the cytoplasmic membrane, which leads to cell disruption The ability of rhizome of C. longa extracts to inhibit the growth of test pathogen is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.


X: 1.7687436 Y: 13.713039title: Experimental and clinical reports on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa and curcumin, an updated and comprehensive review publish year: 2021 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (C. longa) or turmeric is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine, especially for treating inflammatory conditions C. longa and its main constituent, curcumin (CUR), showed various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant and anti-microbial properties. The updated knowledge of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of C. longa and CUR is provided in this review article. Pharmacological effects of C. longa, and CUR, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, were searched using various databases and appropriate keywords until September 2020. Various studies showed anti-inflammatory effects of C. longa and CUR, including decreased white blood cell, neutrophil, and eosinophil numbers, and its protective effects on serum levels of inflammatory mediators such as phospholipase A2 and total protein in different inflammatory disorders. The antioxidant effects of C. longa and CUR were also reported in several studies. The plant extracts and CUR decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels but increased thiol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in oxidative stress conditions. Treatment with C. longa and CUR also improved immunoglobulin E (Ig)E, pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 4 (IL)-4, transforming growth factor-beta, IL-17, interferon-gamma levels, and type 1/type 2 helper cells (Th1)/(Th2) ratio in conditions with disturbance in the immune system. Therefore C. longa and CUR showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, indicating a potential therapeutic effect of the plant and its constituent, CUR, for treating of inflammatory, oxidative, and immune dysregulation disorders.


X: 0.5622182 Y: 12.700575title: Curcuma longa L. Rhizome Essential Oil from Extraction to Its Agri-Food Applications. A Review publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. rhizome essential oil is a valuable product in pharmaceutical industry due to its wide beneficial health effects. Novel applications in the agri-food industry where more sustainable extraction processes are required currently and safer substances are claimed for the consumer are being investigated. This review provides information regarding the conventional and recent extraction methods of C. longa rhizome oil, their characteristics and suitability to be applied at the industrial scale. In addition, variations in the chemical composition of C. longa rhizome and leaf essential oils regarding intrinsic and extrinsic factors and extraction methods are also analysed in order to select the most proper to obtain the most efficient activity. Finally, the potential applications of C. longa rhizome oil in the agri-food industry, such as antimicrobial, weedicide and a food preservative agent, are included. Regarding the data, C. longa rhizome essential oil may play a special role in the agri-food industry; however, further research to determine the application threshold so as not to damage crops or affect the organoleptic properties of food products, as well as efficient encapsulation techniques, are necessary for its implementation in global agriculture.


X: 1.6137718 Y: 13.1642065title: Recent progress on curcumin-based therapeutics: a patent review (2012-2016). Part I: Curcumin publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Introduction: curcumin is the main bioactive component contained in Curcuma Longa, largely employed in traditional medicine. Recently, beneficial properties, useful for prevention and treatment of several disorders, have been discovered for this compound. Peculiar structural feature is an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system essential for establishing contacts with critical cysteine residues of several targets. This distinctive mechanism of action imparts to the molecule the ability to affect a large number of targets, accounting for its pleiotropic behaviour and definition of “privileged structure”.
Areas covered: The objective of the review is an examination of the recent developments in the field of the anti-cancer applications of curcumin, together with formulation issues, considering the patent literature in the years 2012-2016.
Expert opinion: The wide therapeutic efficacy of curcumin is related to synergistic interactions with several biological targets, along with the modulation of several signaling pathways. This peculiar behaviour cold be useful in the treatment of multifactorial diseases such as cancer. Combination of curcumin with a first line antineoplastic drug proved to be a valuable strategy to obtain an amplified response with minimized side effects. Innovative curcumin formulations based on the nanotechnology approach allowed improving both bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.


X: 1.7467263 Y: 14.060398title: Anti-Arthritic Effects and Toxicity of the Essential Oils of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) rhizomes contain two classes of secondary metabolites, curcuminoids and the less well-studied essential oils. Having previously identified potent anti-arthritic effects of the curcuminoids in turmeric extracts in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), studies were undertaken to determine whether the turmeric essential oils (TEO) were also joint protective using the same experimental model. Crude or refined TEO extracts dramatically inhibited joint swelling (90-100% inhibition) in female rats with streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis when extracts were administered via intraperitoneal injection to maximize uniform delivery. However, this anti-arthritic effect was accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. Oral administration of a 20-fold higher dose TEO was nontoxic, but only mildly joint-protective (20% inhibition). These results do not support the isolated use of TEO for arthritis treatment but, instead, identify potential safety concerns in vertebrates exposed to TEO.


X: 0.68902475 Y: 12.765953title: Essential oil composition of Curcuma longa L. cv. Roma from the plains of northern India publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Plants of Curcuma longa L. cv. Roma were grown in the agroclimatic conditions of the north Indian plains at Lucknow. The rhizomes and leaves, on hydrodistillation, each gave 2.2% of oils, which were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The rhizome oil contained 84 constituents, comprising 100% of the oil, of which the major ones were 1,8-cineole (11.2%), α-turmerone (11.1%), β-caryophyllene (9.8%), ar-turmerone (7.3%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (7.1%). The leaf oil contained 83 components, comprising 97.4% of the total oil, of which the main constituents were terpipolene (26.4%), 1,8-cineole (9.5%), α-phellandrene (8%) and terpinen-4-ol (7.4%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: 0.71398485 Y: 12.657745title: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Leaf Essential Oils of Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma angustifolia publish year: 2022 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma species are widely used as a food additive and also in various medicinal purposes. The plant is a rich source of essential oil and is predominantly extracted from the rhizomes. On the other hand, the leaves of the plants are usually considered as an agrowaste. The valorization of these Curcuma leaf wastes into essential oils is becoming accepted globally. In the present study, we aim to extract essential oils from the leaves of Curcuma longa (LEO), C. aromatica (REO), and C. anguistifolia (NEO). The chemical composition of these essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS. Free radical scavenging properties were evaluated against the radical sources, including DPPH, ABTS, and hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the disc diffusion method and Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica) bacteria. Results identified the compounds α-phellandrene, 2-carene, and eucalyptol as predominant in LEO. The REO was predominated by camphor, 2-bornanone, and curdione. The main components detected in NEO were eucalyptol, curzerenone, α-lemenone, longiverbenone, and α-curcumene. Antioxidant properties were higher in the LEO with IC50 values of 8.62 ± 0.18, 9.21 ± 0.29, and 4.35 ± 0.16 µg/mL, against DPPH, ABTS, and hydrogen peroxide radicals. The cytotoxic activity was also evident against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells; the LEO was found to be the most active against these two cell lines (IC50 values of 40.74 ± 2.19 and 45.17 ± 2.36 µg/mL). Likewise, the results indicated a higher antibacterial activity for Curcuma longa essential oil with respective IC50 values (20.6 ± 0.3, 22.2 ± 0.3, 20.4 ± 0.2, and 17.6 ± 0.2 mm). Hence, the present study confirms the possible utility of leaf agrowastes of different Curcuma spp. as a possible source of essential oils with pharmacological potential.


X: 1.2079568 Y: 13.768386title: LIPID PEROXIDE INDUCED DNA DAMAGE PROTECTION BY BGS-HARIDRIN : A GLYCOPROTEIN FROM TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The objective of the present study is preventing oxidative DNA damage induced by Fenton Reactants. By using Standard antioxidant Butylated Hydroxy Anisole, Curcumin, Alpha tocopherol BGS-Haridrin. The sheared DNA was used in submarine agarose gel electrophoresis where DNA damage was induced by using Fenton reactants (Ferrous sulphate: Ascorbic acid). The cytotoxicity study was also done using Tryphan blue to show that the antioxidant itself is not toxic by using lymphocytes isolated from human blood. The submarine gel electrophoresis bands were visualized in Transilluminator where, it was confirmed that, Fenton reactant induced DNA damaged was successfully prevented by BHA (400μM), Curcumin (400μM) and BGS-Haridrin (0.1μM). In cell cytotoxicity studies, Curcumin, alpha-tocopherol and BGS-Haridrin inhibits the cell damage 64%, 68% and 77% respectively. The results confirms that, BGS-Haridrin extract can prevent the Fenton reactant induced DNA damage and is nontoxic to cells.


X: 1.6348407 Y: 12.921996title: Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa and their inhibitory activities on influenza A neuraminidases publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses and the threat of pandemics highlight the need for new and effective antiviral agents. In this study, we describe the isolation of 3 new (1–3) and 10 known (4−13) curcuminoids from a methanol extract of Curcuma longa L. All compounds had strong inhibitory effects on the neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2, as noncompetitive inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 6.18 ± 0.64 to 40.17 ± 0.79 μg/ml and 3.77 ± 0.75 to 31.82 ± 1.33 μg/ml, respectively. Compounds 4, 5, and 13 also exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the neuraminidases from novel influenza H1N1 (WT) and oseltamivir-resistant novel H1N1 (H274Y mutant) expressed in 293T cells. Our results suggest that the curcuminoids from C. longa may be potential supplemental molecules in the prevention and treatment of disease by influenza viruses.


X: 1.3451098 Y: 13.846779title: Early human safety study of turmeric oil (Curcuma longa oil) administered orally in healthy volunteers publish year: 2003 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric extract and turmeric oil have shown chemoprotective effect against chemically-induced malignancies in experimental animals. They can reverse precancerous changes in oral submucous fibrosis in humans. The use of turmeric or Curcuma longa Linn as a spice and household remedy has been known to be safe for centuries. In view of the long term administration required for cancer prevention a Phase I clinical trial of turmeric oil (TO) was designed to study the safety and tolerance of TO in volunteers for a period of 3 months.
Nine healthy volunteers between 20 and 33 years of age were tested for haemoglobin, blood counts, liver and kidney functions, bleeding and clotting time and serum electrolytes initially and at 1 and 3 months of treatment. They were administered 0.6 ml of TO three times a day for 1 month and 1 ml in 3 divided doses for 2 months. The acute tolerability study on Day 1 was conducted in a Clinical Pharmacology daycare Unit. Blood pressure and pulse were recorded frequently on Day 1 and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and fortnightly till 12 weeks. Volunteers were daily supervised for TO intake as well as for any side effects throughout the study period.
Nine volunteers were enrolled for the study. One discontinued on 3rd day for allergic skin rashes which, on discontinuation of TO, gradually disappeared by two weeks. Another discontinued on 7th day for intercurrent fever requiring antibiotic treatment. Seven volunteers completed the study. There was no effect of TO, in two doses, on pulse and blood pressure and no side effects in acute tolerability study on Day 1. There was no effect of TO intake on weight, blood pressure, symptoms and signs upto 12 weeks. There was no clinical, haematological, renal or hepatic-toxicity of TO at 1 month and 3 months. Serum lipids did not show significant change except in one volunteer (reversible).
In view of the potential for reversing oral submucous fibrosis, a precancerous condition for oral cancer, TO, can be recommended directly for a Phase II trial in patients.


X: 1.233609 Y: 13.903348title: An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen publish year: 2000 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: As pointed out by Pilgeram (1993), 'no disease in the history of mankind exacts a greater toll in morbidity than heart or blood vessel disease.' However, the physiopathological mechanisms responsible for this disease are not fully understood. Dating back to 1846, Von Rokitansky was the first to propose that the accumulation of a fibrous substance on the endothelial wall of arteries is the fundamental cause of coronary heart disease (Von Rokitansky, 1846), and at about the same time Anitschow (1933) showed that diets high in cholesterol and fat result in the formation of atheromatous plaques. According to Pilgeram (1993), this was the origin of the two current concepts of atherogenesis: one based on the formation of fibrous tissue, the other on the accumulation of cholesterol. He concludes that the two mechanisms may act in synergy and that the probable atherogenic role of the fiber-forming blood protein fibrinogen may help in the conceptual integration of the above mechanisms. His own data showed an age-related increase in the plasma levels of fibrinogen which was more striking in atherosclerotic subjects, Strong support for the concept that plasma fibrinogen is a major coronary risk factor nad been also provided by Stone and Thorp (1985). They showed that in men aged 40-69 years, who were initially free from overt coronary heart disease, there was a significant positive correlation between initial plasma fibrinogen levels and the subsequent incidence of heart attacks. Specifically, in men with high cholesterol or high systolic blood pressure values the frequency of heart attacks was, respectively six and 12 times greater in those with high plasma fibrinogen levels than in those with low fibrinogen levels. Moreover, these authors state: 'In multivariate models plasma fibrinogen was a highly significant and independent explanatory variable, at least as important as serum cholesterol, blood presure or cigarette; smoking. These results suggest that high plasma fibrinogen levels ale an important corollary risk factor and should be included in profiles used to identify those at high risk of heart attacks.'


X: 0.72373366 Y: 13.362907title: Qualitative phytochemical screening of rhizomes of Curcuma longa linn publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric is a spice derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that send out shoot as well as roots. The bright yellow colour of the turmeric comes mainly from fat soluble; polyphenolic pigments known as Curcuminoids. Plants shows medicinal properties as it contain phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical constituents are non nutritive plant chemical that have disease preventive properties. The rhizomes of Curcuma longa was extracted in Acetone, Methanol, Ethanol and Chloroform solvents giving 16.10, 15.42, 25.75 and 15.50% yields.


X: 1.6449302 Y: 13.938623title: Protective Effects of Turmeric Extracts Against CCl 4 -Induced Liver Injury in Rats publish year: 2019 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Background: This study highlights the effect of turmeric extracts on CCl4-induced liver injury by follow up the hematological and biochemical parameter in treated rat group.


X: 1.7762247 Y: 13.395498title: Immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide extract isolated from Curcuma longa publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Several curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids isolated from Curcuma longa (CL) have been shown to have many pharmacological activities. In the present study, the immunomodulatory activities of the polar fractions of CL hot water extracts were investigated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Our results showed that the high polarity fraction of the hot water extract exhibited stimulatory effects on PBMC proliferation as shown in [methyl-(3)H]-thymidine incorporation assay. In an attempt to isolate the active components responsible for the activities, further partition with ethyl acetate, n-butanol and ethanol, progressively were performed. The cytokine productions (TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-1alpha, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, etc.) have been modulated by a polysaccharide-enriched fraction as shown in ELISA and cytokine protein array. The proportion of CD14 positive stained PBMC was increased by such fraction. The composition of monosaccharide of the active fraction has been determined by GC-MS and gel permeation chromatography. The immunostimulatory effects of C. longa polysaccharides on PBMC were shown for the first time. The findings revealed the potential use of C. longa crude extract (containing curcuminoids and polysaccharides) as an adjuvant supplement for cancer patients, whose immune activities were suppressed during chemotherapies.


X: 1.2927995 Y: 14.131278title: Hypolipidemic action of curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats publish year: 1997 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were maintained on 0.5% curcumin containing diet for 8 weeks. Blood cholesterol was lowered significantly by dietary curcumin in these diabetic animals. Cholesterol decrease was exclusively from LDL-VLDL fraction. Significant decrease in blood triglyceride and phospholipids was also brought about by dietary curcumin in diabetic rats. In a parallel study, wherein diabetic animals were maintained on a high cholesterol diet, the extents of hypercholesterolemia and phospholipidemia were still higher compared to those maintained on control diet. Curcumin exhibited lowering of cholesterol and phospholipid in these animals also. Liver cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid contents were elevated under diabetic conditions. Dietary curcumin showed a distinct tendency to counter these changes in lipid fractions of liver. This effect of curcumin was also seen in diabetic animals maintained on high cholesterol diet. Dietary curcumin also showed significant countering of renal cholesterol and triglycerides elevated in diabetic rats.
In order to understand the mechanism of hypocholesterolemic action of dietary curcumin, activities of hepatic cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase and HMG CoA reductase were measured. Hepatic cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase activity was markedly higher in curcumin fed diabetic animals suggesting a higher rate of cholesterol catabolism. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 169-175, 1997)


X: 1.1739459 Y: 12.747613title: Antifungal activity, main active components and mechanism of Curcuma longa extract against Fusarium graminearum publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa possesses powerful antifungal activity, as demonstrated in many studies. In this study, the antifungal spectrum of Curcuma longa alcohol extract was determined, and the resulting EC50 values (mg/mL) of its extract on eleven fungi, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium tricinctum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Rhizopus oryzae, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum higginsianum, were 0.1088, 0.1742, 0.1888, 0.2547, 0.3135, 0.3825, 0.4229, 1.2086, 4.5176, 3.8833 and 5.0183, respectively. Among them, F. graminearum was selected to determine the inhibitory effects of the compounds (including curdione, isocurcumenol, curcumenol, curzerene, β-elemene, curcumin, germacrone and curcumol) derived from Curcuma longa. In addition, the antifungal activities of curdione, curcumenol, curzerene, curcumol and isocurcumenol and the synergies of the complexes of curdione and seven other chemicals were investigated. Differential proteomics of F. graminearum was also compared, and at least 2021 reproducible protein spots were identified. Among these spots, 46 were classified as differentially expressed proteins, and these proteins are involved in energy metabolism, tRNA synthesis and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, several fungal physiological differences were also analysed. The antifungal effect included fungal cell membrane disruption and inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, respiration, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and NADH oxidase.


X: 0.7691441 Y: 13.3575title: Use of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to identify diarylheptanoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizome publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: LC-ESI-MS/MS coupled to DAD analysis was used as an on-line tool for identification of diarylheptanoids in fresh turmeric rhizome extracts. Based on their mass spectra, from both negative and positive mode LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, and supported by their DAD spectra, 19 diarylheptanoids were identified. Among these 19 compounds, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin were identified by comparing their chromatographic and spectral data with those of authentic standard compounds. The other diarylheptanoid compounds were identified or tentatively identified based on comparison to the three curcuminoids and each other. Twelve of the identified diarylheptanoids have not been previously reported from turmeric and six of these are new compounds.


X: 0.6224634 Y: 13.378553title: The nanotech potential of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in food technology: A review publish year: 2019 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: New trends in food are emerging in response to consumer awareness of the relationship between food and health, which has triggered the need to generate new alternatives that meet the expectations of the market. Revolutionary fields such as nanotechnology have been used for the encapsulation of nutritional ingredients and have great potential for the management of food additives derived from fruits and plant species. Turmeric, a spice that has been used as a dyeing agent, is recognized for its properties in Ayurveda medicine. This article aims to provide an overview of the characteristics of turmeric as an ingredient for the food industry, including its properties as a coloring agent, antioxidant, and functional ingredient. This article also highlights the potential of nanotechnology to enhance these properties of turmeric and increase the possibilities for the application of its components, such as cellulose and starch, in the development of nanostructures for food development.


X: 0.84050447 Y: 13.203403title: High performance thin laye chromatographic method for quantitative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma longa germplasm publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Phytochemical investigation of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa leads to the isolation of pharmacologically active curcuminoids viz Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. These were isolated from turmeric rhizomes by soxhlet extraction followed by column chromatography, crystallisation and identified by spectroscopic studies. The purity of the curcuminoids was analysed by HPTLC method. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60GF254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of chloroform: methanol (48:2, v/v). This system was found to give compact spots for curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin (RF value of 0.66 ± 0.02, 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.02), respectively. Densitometric analysis of curcuminoids was carried out in the absorption-reflection detection mode at 425 nm. Seven different germplasm of turmeric were analysed to detect the percentage of these three curcuminoids.


X: 1.3170067 Y: 13.200599title: Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizome publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa is an important dietary plant which possess several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, anticancer and anti clotting etc. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile of Curcuma longa and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. In HPLC chromatogram of Curcuma longa rhizome extract 15 phenolic compounds were identified namely Digalloyl-hexoside, Caffeic acid hexoside, Curdione, Coumaric, Caffeic acid, Sinapic acid, Qurecetin-3-D-galactoside, Casuarinin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Curcuminol, Demethoxycurcumin, and Isorhamnetin, Valoneic acid bilactone, Curcumin, Curcumin-O-glucuronide respectively. The ethanolic extract displayed an IC50 value of 37.1±0.3 µg/ml against alpha glucosidase. The IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 27.2 ± 1.1 μg/mL. It is concluded that ethanolic extract of Curcuma long is rich source of curcumin and contain several important phenolics. The in vitro antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effect of the plant justifies its popular use in traditional medicine.