X: -1.6652683 Y: 6.122175title: Determination of Lotus Leaf Alkaloids by Solid Phase Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Lotus (nelumbo) is a traditional Chinese medical herb, and alkaloids are responsible for its pharmaceutical activities. Therefore, a rapid, validated method to determine alkaloids in lotus leaves is useful for its quality control. The goal of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for the identification and quantitation of the bioactive alkaloids of extracts from lotus leaf and classification of lotus germplasm based on alkaloid concentrations. Solid-phase extraction was used prior to high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection at 272 nm and tandem electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for analysis. Nuciferine and O-nornuciferine were the dominant compounds in lotus used for seed production and some used for flower production. However, anonaine, roemerine, and N-nornuciferine were abundant only in some lotus flowers. All the lotuses were classified into four groups by principal component analysis of alkaloid content: 10 flower and three seed lotuses characterized by high nuciferine and O-nornuciferine content; 12 flower lotuses with high N-nornuciferine, roemerine, and anonaine content; two flower lotuses with a relatively high content of all five alkaloids; and cultivars with a low alkaloid content and without dominant alkaloids.


X: -1.6858224 Y: 6.813033title: Methods of Extraction: Maceration, Percolation and Decoction publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Today, natural medicines not only provide the primary health-care needs for themajority of the population in developing countries but have attracted more and moreattention in developed countries due to soaring health-care costs and universalfinancial austerity. In the USA, approximately 49% of the population has tried naturalmedicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases [1]. Chemicals known to havemedicinal benefits are considered to be “active ingredients” or “active principles” ofnatural medicines. Natural products have provided the primary sources for new drugdevelopment


X: -1.9968175 Y: 6.533062title: Bioactive Phytochemicals: Drug Discovery to Product Development publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Natural bioactive compounds from medicinal plants are inexplicably diverse in chemical structure and biological properties. The unmet therapeutic requirements for various diseases serve as a guide for researchers to study natural compounds. These studies are intended to isolate, identify the structural characterization and eventually discover the pharmacological activity of natural compounds from their plant sources with the goal of treating specific diseases.

Bioactive Phytochemicals: Drug Discovery to Product Development explores the scope and approaches of drug discovery from natural products. Chapters in the book cover information about the cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants, the methods and high throughput techniques for isolation and characterization of bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacological screening for activity, formulation and quality control. Information about the regulations specified for natural medicinal products in different region of the world is also presented, followed by a concluding chapter devoted to the role of natural herbal products for treatment of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammation and neurological disorders. Each chapter concludes with a general reference section, which is a bibliographic guide to more advanced texts. The contributing authors for this volume are drawn from a rich blend of experts in various areas of herbal medicine which encompass herbal drug discovery to product development.

The concise and organized layout along with a broad coverage of phytochemistry and drug discovery makes this book a suitable reference for students of medicinal chemistry, researchers, and industry professionals interested in herbal product development.


X: -1.2468507 Y: 6.568796title: An Overview of Plants with Acaricidal and Anthelmintic Properties publish year: 2017 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions provide a favourable environment for parasitic population of livestock in Pakistan. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and gastrointestinal nematodes pose most serious threats to livestock industry. Stackholders rely on synthetic drugs to control these parasites. Emergence of drug resistance in these parasites; however, has provoked interest in alternate of synthetic drugs. Testing of plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine for their antiparasitic activity employing standard procedures has been reported to be promising. Plants have been most frequently used for deworming purposes followed by as acaricides and insecticides; whereas, reports as to their antiprotozoal use are relatively less. Use of plants as antiparasitics is more frequent in developing countries having low accessability to the modern parasite control practices. Likewise, validation studies on the use of plants as antiparasitics have been more frequently carried out in the developing countries compared with those having livestock farming as commercial enterprise. This article presents an overview of the plants having acaricidal and anthelmintic activity, limitations as to the application of phytotherpay to control parasites and future prospects of the use of plants as antiparasitics.


X: -1.652367 Y: 7.1193705title: The Extraction of Natural Products using Ultrasound or Microwaves publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Over the centuries mankind has benefited from the natural materials that occur in plants. In earlier times the whole plant or an extract was used in cooking or as a medicine but nowadays the active constituents of plant extracts provide targets for the synthetic chemist. In this review we will explore the advantages that accrue from the incorporation of either ultrasound or microwaves in the extraction process. The two techniques offer different approaches in that ultrasound is generally used to improve conventional solvent extraction whereas microwaves are known for their ability to remove constituents via heating without solvents.


X: -1.8445708 Y: 6.651719title: An Overview of Methods of Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Natural Medicinal Plant Products in Improved Traditional Medicine Research publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Herbal plants are very important in traditional community use and enrich our plant biodiversity and conservation. Natural products are vital substances of traditional knowledge systems in complementary and alternative medicine, nutraceutical, food supplements, and pharmaceutical bioactive metabolites of new chemical entities. Bioactive secondary metabolites from herbal plants of different forms are main sources and provide major opportunities for drug active pharmaceuticals due to the diverse flora and fauna biodiversity that produces the necessary available chemical diversity. There has been an increasing popularity in phytochemical research within the high through put (HTS) screening programs in search of lead. Phytochemicals of herbal extracts for traditional uses contain various types of bioactive metabolites of pharmaceutical and pharmacotherapeutic nature, and many phytomedicines for different therapeutic areas have been derived from herbal products. This paper is aimed at giving an insight into the extraction, isolation, and characterization of the rich medicinal plant biodiversity of potential pharmaceutical importance and the major drawbacks and challenges in the extraction, isolation, and characterization of phytochemicals in plant extracts. Phytochemicals in medicinal plants have been studied with more emphasis on the extraction process which is a vital stage in the analysis of bioactive compounds in medicinal plant research. The advantages and disadvantages of the different extraction methods is important to discuss following the regulatory guidelines and different pharmacopoeia. The analysis of bioactive molecules in herbal products involves the applications of various phytochemical screening methods, and the use of chromatographic techniques such as TLC and HPLC, including in some cases the non-chromatographic methods like Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), immunoassay. This paper has been motivated by the challenges faced by most pharmacy students in data mining of information on phytochemical screening and testing of biological activities in projects related to herbal plants research. This write up is also geared towards providing students with information on the preclinical drug discovery process towards the formulation of an improved traditional medicine/ phytomedicine.


X: -1.6280223 Y: 6.7300963title: Development of a Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Atropine and Scopolamine From solanaceae family Plants Followed by a QuEChERS Clean-Up Procedure publish year: 2016 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: In this work, a novel method based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), the QuEChERS dispersive solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for determination of atropine and scopolamine in plant samples from Datura and Brugmansia genera, which belong to the Solanaceae family. The experimental conditions for MAE, such as temperature, time of extraction and volume of the extracting solvent, as well as extract purification procedure parameters were optimized by the Doehlert uniform shell design and the response surface methodology. For quantitative analysis and validation, a standard addition calibration method was used in order to reduce the matrix effect. The limits of detection ranged from 3.0 to 3.4 µg g−1 of dry matter and the linearity of the calibration dependence was suitable for analysis of plant extracts. The repeatability and intermediate precision for both analytes was found to be acceptable (<15%). The developed method was successfully applied to samples of leaves and seeds of Datura and Brugmansia.Short Abstract:A novel method based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), the QuEChERS dispersive solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for determination of atropine and scopolamine in plant samples from Datura and Brugmansia genera (Solanaceae family). The experimental conditions for MAE and QuEChERS extract purification procedure parameters were optimized by the Doehlert uniform shell design and the response surface methodology. For quantitative analysis and validation, a standard addition calibration method was used in order to reduce the matrix effect.


X: -0.7345693 Y: 6.9803042title: ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PLANTS publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Economic importance of plants includes the study of the
relationship between people (individuals and cultures) and plants. It
intersects many fields including established disciplines such as
agronomy, anthropology, archaeology, chemistry, economics,
ethnobotany, ethnology, forestry, genetic resources, geography, geology,
horticulture, medicine, microbiology, nutrition, pharmacognosy, and
pharmacology. This link between botany and anthropology explores the
ways humans use plants for food, medicines, and commerce.
This Book offers a systematic approach to the wide variety of
published materials on the use of plants. Economic plants are defined as
being useful either directly, as in food, or indirectly, as products we use
or that enhance the environment. Plants are essential to life on earth; they
produce the oxygen we breathe through photosynthesis and provide
much of the food we eat. Some species provide medicines and promote
healing, others are used for insect control or to conserve water. Plants
with dense root systems prevent soil erosion and those with brightly
colored flowers attract pollinators. Plants have been used to control body
functions and fertility, to poison, and to make clothing, paper, and
rubber. The guide includes references to materials on food plants, fiber
plants, dye plants, edible plants, medicinal plants, oilseed plants, as well
as plants used in ceremonies, cultivated for commercial purposes, or
used as shelter.


X: -0.67170334 Y: 8.627021title: Chemical composition of an insecticidal hydroalcoholic extract from tea leaves against green peach aphid publish year: 2018 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The development of botanical insecticides for pest control in agriculture is an important challenge nowadays. The plant extract derived from tea leaves was evaluated for its insecticidal activity toward green peach aphid. Evaluation of the efficacy of different concentrations of tea extract formulation [250, 350, 450, 550, 1000 ppm plant extract + 5 vol% polysorbate 20 + 10% (v/v) oil] on green peach aphid with two methods, leaf-dipping and leaf-spraying methods, was performed. The chemical compounds of hydroalcoholic extract of tea were determined by GC–MS analysis and FTIR. The results of GC–MS showed that caffeine may be an insecticidal active component. Creaming and phase separation of the prepared emulsion was investigated as the quality control factors. After 10 days, no phase separation and no color change were observed. The results indicated that LC50 of tea extract formulation contact toxicity was 357.72 ppm for 48-h exposure. The increased concentration of plant extract formulation led to increased green peach aphid mortality percent. The results of laboratory bioassay have shown that tea leaf extract could be considered as a potential source for the development of a botanical insecticide for controlling aphid.


X: 0.16646138 Y: 6.678341title: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants): A logical and phylogenetic classification publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: All recent phylogenetic classifications of flowering plants are never field-oriented and thus the teacher and the taught find them difficult to understand and practise. Therefore a new student-friendly, yet phylogenetic system is proposed here. Since the spectacular diversification and related dominance of the flowering plants are primarily due to the flowers, especially to the petals, the apetalous taxa are grouped separate emerging parallel to the petaliferous taxa. In the present system, the Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms) are divided to two classes Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonous plants) and Liliopsida Monocotyledonous plants). At the base of Magnoliopsida are the primitive subclasses Magnoliidae and apetalous Hamamelidae. The Caryophyllidae evolved from the latter subclass while the former gave rise to the subclasses Malvidae, Rutidae, Rosidae, and Ebenidae. The highly evolved subclasses, Lamiidae and Asteridae are derived from Ebenidae. The Liliopsida contain five subclasses with Alismatidae at the base from which evolved Cyperidae and Arecidae on one side and Zingiberidae and Liliidae on the other side. The evolutionary strategies and phylogeny of all these classes are also explained.


X: -1.9091516 Y: 6.6148677title: Comprehensive insight into the extract optimization, phytochemical profiling, and biological evaluation of the medicinal plant Nothapodytes foetida publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Nothapodytes foetida is an endemic medicinal plant belonging to the family Icacinaceae from the deciduous forests of the Western Ghats. The extract yield, nutritional and phytochemical composition, metabolite profiling of N. foetida leaf extract has been analysed, along with the assessment of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer potentialities. The effect of different extracting solvents and techniques was optimized to obtain maximum extract yield, and ultrasonication-assisted extraction with aqueous methanol as the solvent was chosen. Appreciable amounts of total phenolics (67.59 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoids (24.75 mg QCE/g DW), and total tannins (55.67 mg GAE/g DW) were detected. FT-IR spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, amino acids, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds and amines in the extract. Further, GC-MS analysis detected the presence of 33 volatile compounds that comprised of viminalol, α, β-amyrins, β, γ-sitosterol, 9-methoxy-camptothecin, lupeols, and various di and tri terpenes in significant quantities. ¹H NMR spectra revealed well-resolved signals for flavonoids, amino acids (trp, his, tyr, phe, ala, ile, gly, gln, thr, val) and organic acids. LC-MS analysis of the methanolic N. foetida extract depicted a higher polyphenolic content followed by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Additionally, the aqueous methanolic extract of N. foetida exhibited significant in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activity and anti-cancer activity. The overall results of this work ascertain the potency of N. foetida in nutraceutical and biomedical applications.


X: -0.76876664 Y: 8.425656title: Bacterial contamination of cockroaches in different wards of hospital, restaurant and home publish year: 2023 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Cockroaches are very capable of mechanically transmitting harmful microorganisms, which is seen to be a severe hazard to the general public's health. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of cockroach bacterial contamination in various locations throughout Babylon. 300 cockroaches were caught from different wards of the hospital, restaurants, and houses. Using PBS buffer, the external surface of the cockroaches was washed to collect bacteria. Standard phenotypic methods were used to identify and classify bacteria. Afterward, the bacterial resistance to different antibiotics was investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. The 200 (66.6 %) American cockroaches including 56 (18.7 %) Blattella germanica and 44 (14.6 %) Blatta orientalis were identified. Noteworthy, 96.6 % of cockroaches were infected with different bacteria. Bacillus strains, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNs), and Escherichia coli were the most frequent among the isolated bacteria. On average, the highest antibiotic resistance was detected to cefotaxime, ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin. On the other hand, the isolated bacteria showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and chloramphenicol. high antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from different wards of the hospital and the high potential of transmission of these bacteria by cockroaches is a serious warning for the health of society.


X: -3.8692553 Y: 12.683129title: Establishment of an effective TLC bioautographic method for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra phosphoglucose isomerase inhibition by phosphoenolpyruvate publish year: 2016 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A bioautographic assay based on thin layer chromatography was developed for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) detecting as a known but rarely studied inhibitor of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). The protocol with NADP(+)/NBT/PMS (β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/nitrotetrazolium blue chloride/phenazine methosulfate) staining was capable of detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra PGI inhibition using PEP. According to this method, visibly brighter spots (zones) against purple background are observed in the area of inhibition of the above-mentioned enzyme activity. The detection limit for PEP as an inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra PGI was 226 μg per spot/zone. Noteworthy is that we are the first authors to have successfully used a bioautographic assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra PGI inhibition by PEP.


X: -1.7547885 Y: 7.1364574title: Drying Kinetics and Optimization of Quercetrin Extraction from Melastoma malabathricum Leaves publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The leaves of Melastoma malabathricum were dried and ultrasonicated to produce high quality extract. The optimum drying temperature was 50 oC to obtain the highest yield, total phenolics and flavonoids, especially quercetrin content with antiradical capacity. Midilli model could explain the drying kinetics satisfactory (R²>0.99). The effective diffusivity of moisture was ranged 2.16‐10.22 x 10‐11 m²/s and activation energy was 49.81 kJ/mol. The dried leaves were extracted using 70 % ethanol for 15 min in the optimized parameters; particle size (440 µm), ratio of solid‐to‐solvent (1:21 mg/mL), ultrasonic amplitude (68 %) of ultrasound assisted system. The quadratic model was used to predict the yield (13.4 %) and quercetrin content (10.31 mg/g) in the extract satisfactory (p<0.001).


X: -1.680836 Y: 7.1636415title: Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Products: A Review publish year: 2023 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Most agricultural by-products are not recycled or fully utilized. Most of them end up in waste and cause economic, social and environmental problems. Today, much of the byproducts are considered waste, although they can be appropriately recycled to produce new value-added products. By-products have great potential to create, for example, food additives. Many of these byproducts are a source of valuable compounds such as proteins, lipids, starches, trace elements, bioactive compounds and dietary fiber. A wide variety of extraction methods are currently available, but several factors must be considered to determine which of these methods can efficiently and environmentally produce high-value-added products from by-products. The article examines, summarizes and compares various extraction methods, as well as products that are currently obtained using specific methods.


X: 0.09598844 Y: 6.642486title: A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Phyla (Verbenaceae) publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyla Lour. is provided. Phyla is a small genus in Verbenaceae, placed in the tribe Lantancae and represented by five species and three varieties. Four species are found only in the Americas, and one. P. nodiflora (L.) Greene, is found worldwide in tropical and temperate areas. Detailed morphological descriptions are given for each taxon, as well as a key for their identification, illustrations, synonymy, distribution, selected specimens, and discussion about the relationships among closely related taxa. Cryptocalyx nepetifolia Benth. is lectotypified, and one new combination is proposed, P. nodiflora var. minor (Hook.) N. O'Leary & Mulgura.


X: 0.32018754 Y: 7.0995126title: Impact of mating systems of sequence polymorphism in flowering plants publish year: 2006 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A fundamental challenge in population genetics and molecular evolution is to understand the forces shaping the patterns of genetic diversity within and among species. Among them, mating systems are thought to have important influences on molecular diversity and genome evolution. Selfing is expected to reduce effective population size, Ne, and effective recombination rates, directly leading to reduced polymorphism and increased linkage disequilibrium compared with outcrossing. Increased isolation between populations also results directly from selfing or indirectly from evolutionary changes, such as small flowers and low pollen output, leading to greater differentiation of molecular markers than under outcrossing. The lower effective recombination rate increases the likelihood of hitch-hiking, further reducing within-deme diversity of selfers and thus increasing their genetic differentiation. There are also indirect effects on molecular evolutionary processes. Low Ne reduces the efficacy of selection; in selfers, selection should thus be less efficient in removing deleterious mutations. The rarity of heterozygous sites in selfers leads to infrequent action of biased conversion towards GC, which tends to increase sequences' GC content in the most highly recombining genome regions of outcrossers. To test these predictions in plants, we used a newly developed sequence polymorphism database to investigate the effects of mating system differences on sequence polymorphism and genome evolution in a wide set of plant species. We also took into account other life-history traits, including life form (whether annual or perennial herbs, and woody perennial) and the modes of pollination and seed dispersal, which are known to affect enzyme and DNA marker polymorphism. We show that among various life-history traits, mating systems have the greatest influence on patterns of polymorphism.


X: -2.2106667 Y: 6.3728633title: Plant-Derived Natural Products in Cancer Research: Extraction, Mechanism of Action, and Drug Formulation publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally and considered as a major challenge for the public health system. The high toxicity and the lack of selectivity of conventional anticancer therapies make the search for alternative treatments a priority. In this review, we describe the main plant-derived natural products used as anticancer agents. Natural sources, extraction methods, anticancer mechanisms, clinical studies, and pharmaceutical formulation are discussed in this review. Studies covered by this review should provide a solid foundation for researchers and physicians to enhance basic and clinical research on developing alternative anticancer therapies.


X: -1.5831345 Y: 7.1657457title: NutraceuticalBookomega3chapter publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Nutraceuticals claim physiological benefits, i.e., why they are called
alternatives to pharmaceuticals. They are formulated from active
components isolated either from plant sources (phytocomplexes) like
herbs or from animal origin like fish, which, when concentrated and
dispensed in an appropriate pharmaceutical form could prevent or treat
certain pathological conditions. Further, nutraceutical may cover a wide
spectrum of commodities such as isolated nutrients, botanicals, dietary
supplements, functional foods, and health supplements. The
nutraceutical market is going to upsurge in the coming years due to the requirement of the public, which transformed from a "want" for
preventive health into a "need" in the current scenario. Thus, it integrates
into the economic growth strategy of any country.
Additionally, end-users, peculiarly those who belong to higher
socio-economic and upper-middle-class sections, perceive nutraceuticals
as a proactive medicine to repress the pre-clinical health conditions.
Therefore, they could be a potential toolkit to be used 'beyond the diet
but before the drugs' to impede or cure the emerging infectious and non�infectious diseases. There is enormous demand for nutraceutical-type
products by the general public in the current market due to their natural
origin, minimal adverse effects, and their wide availability over the
counter in supermarkets, pharmacies, or health product retailers.
Henceforth, safe and biologically available nutraceuticals may work as
pharmaceutical products for the treatment of many diseases and also
improve the physiological functions of the body.


X: -1.684691 Y: 7.337869title: The effect of extraction conditions using ultrasonic and maceration methods on the extraction rate of phenolic compounds and the extraction efficiency of jujube fruit (Ziziphus spp.) publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Background: Plants are among the most important sources of phenolic compounds, which also include natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of extraction by ultrasonic bath and maceration on the extraction of phenolic compounds from jujube fruit using water and 80% ethanol solvents. Methods: In the ultrasonic bath method, water and 80% ethanol solvents were used in three time levels of 15, 30 and 60 minutes and two temperature levels of 50 and 70 °C. In the maceration method, water and 80% ethanol solvents and their combinations were used and the content of phenolic compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the extraction efficiency of the extracts were determined. Results: Based on the results of ultrasonic bath extraction method, 80% ethanol solvent, 60 minutes and 50 °C extracted the highest content of phenolic compounds (86.33 mg GAE/100 g of dry sample) from the fruit and the extraction efficiency of its extract was 95.66%. In the maceration extraction method, 80% ethanol solvent extracted the highest content of phenolic compounds (61.40 mg GAE/100 g of dry sample) and the extraction efficiency of the extract was 77%. Conclusion: According to the results of both methods, the content of extraction of bioactive compounds based on the type of solvent, temperature and time were significantly different and 80% ethanol solvent was the best solvent for the extraction of compounds. Ultrasonic extraction had a significant effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds of jujube fruit.


X: -1.9218299 Y: 6.9150453title: Various Analytical Techniques for the Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds: A Descriptive Review publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds that can be found in a wide range of plants, including vegetables, fruits, and leaves. This vast set of phenolic plant elements can be split into numerous classes based on their diverse structures, including Flavanones, Flavanols, Flavonols, Flavones, Isoflavones, and Anthocyanins. Interestingly, they possess various applications such as natural dyes, medicinal uses, and food sources. Flavonoids have been shown to have anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties in clinical studies. They also have cardio-protective and neuroprotective effects. In addition, they are responsible for the presence of different colors and flavors in various fruits, flowers, and food sources. Multiple spectroscopic techniques, including Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, are being used to identify the structure of flavonoids. UV-Vis spectroscopy data can be used to estimate the position, type, and number of substituents present in a conjugated system. IR spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the type of functional groups and aromatic ring substitutions. The structure of Flavonoids, their type, number of protons, and carbons can be determined by NMR spectroscopy. The current review was based on searches of the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for literature reviews. The purpose of this review article is to demonstrate the structure, function, and different extraction methods of flavonoids. It also summarizes the isolation and analytical identification techniques for flavonoids.


X: -0.96972084 Y: 8.813795title: Current prevention and potential treatment options for dengue infection publish year: 2019 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Currently, treatments for dengue infection are only symptomatic as no antiviral agents nor vaccines are available to combat this virus. Despite challenges faced by researchers, many efforts are ongoing to reduce cases of dengue infection either by targeting the vector or the virus. Vector population is monitored and reduced by using mechanical, chemical and biological controls. Chemical control is achieved either by using synthetic or natural insecticides where the latter is more preferable. In biological control, bacteria, fungi and larvivorous fish are utilised to reduce the vector population. Moreover, genes of mosquitoes are also explored to produce progenies which are sterile with low survival ability. Vaccines are among the most effective ways to prevent viral infection. Various approaches have been used and are still being explored towards producing vaccines for dengue. These include live attenuated, inactivated, recombinant subunit, nucleic acid and virus-like particles vaccines. The aim is to produce a vaccine which can target all the four serotypes of the virus. Monoclonal antibodies are widely researched on to equip the host defense mechanism against the dengue virus. Deeper understanding of the virus replication cycle warrants the development of antiviral agents which target viral proteins vital for the replication process. Bioactive compounds are also utilised in the development of antiviral agents. The importance of surveillance and supportive therapy are also discussed.


X: -0.9636644 Y: 6.848857title: Prospecção Tecnológica sobre a Utilização do Stryphnodendron Adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Barbatimão) publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: O Stryphnodendron adstringens (MART.) Coville é uma planta medicinal, popularmente conhecida como barbatimão e amplamente valorizada por suas propriedades medicinais devido à alta quantidade de taninos, assim como, de outros constituintes químicos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma prospecção tecnológica sobre a utilização do Stryphnodendron adstringens(MART.)Coville (barbatimão). As buscas de patentes foram realizadas nos bancos de dados do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI), European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Tradmark Office (USPTO) e World Intelectual Property Organization (WIPO). Foram analisadas 18 patentes, das quais 88,8% eram pertencentes à seção A Classificação Internacional de Patentes (IPC), referente às necessidades humanas. Os anos de 2003, 2006 e 2010 apresentaram o maior número de registros. O Brasil revelou-se como o maior detentor de depósitos de patentes com 94,45% dos documentos. A partir do mapeamento tecnológico realizado neste estudo, foi possível observar que a presente espécie se apresenta como um favorável seguimento de mercado, principalmente, do ponto de vista farmacológico.


X: -0.82592934 Y: 8.693451title: Identifikasi Jenis Bahan Aktif dan Penggunaan Insektisida Antinyamuk serta Kerentanan Vektor DBD terhadap Organofosfat pada Tiga Kota Endemis DBD di Provinsi Banten publish year: 2016 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The increasing cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in various places leads to increased efforts to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito populations using anti-mosquito insecticide. The use of insecticides continuously, the absence of insecticide rotation and errors in the application has been lead to insecticide resistance of dengue vector. The purpose of this study is (1) to identify active ingredients of insecticide; (2) used of anti-mosquito insecticide that has been used by households and programs, (3) as well as knowing the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to organophosphate insecticides (Malathion 0,8% and Temephos 0.02 ppm). Descriptive research with cross sectional approach conducted in three highest endemic cities in Banten province: Cilegon City, Serang City, and South Tangerang City. Identification of anti-mosquito insecticide has been done by interview, and identifying health centers and Health Service reports. The results showed that most respondents have been using anti-mosquito insecticide applied daily at night. Respondents prefer to use repellent which can be applied by swab. Based on the active ingredient, D-alethrin is a type of active ingredients which mentioned most often, followed by Pralethrin and Diethyltoluamide (DEET). Insecticides used by the program are Malathion and Pirimiphos-methyl, rotated by Cypermethrin. Susceptibility test results showed that Aedes aegypti is not susceptible to Malathion 0,8 % and Temephos 0.02 ppm


X: -1.4140863 Y: 5.982764title: The Diversity of Stemona Stilbenoids As a Result of Storage and Fungal Infection publish year: 2012 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: In relation to their biogenetic origin, 68 Stemona stilbenoids have been grouped into four structural types and are listed in order of increasing substitution pattern. Besides different hydroxylations and methoxylations, the rare C-methylations of the aromatic rings represent a typical chemical feature of these compounds. The formation of phenylbenzofurans constitutes another important chemical character separating Stemona species into two groups consistent with morphological and DNA data. Fungal infection leads to an increasing accumulation of stilbenes, dihydrostilbenes, and phenylbenzofurans with unsubstituted A-rings, suggesting the ecological role of these compounds as phytoalexins. Further oxygenations and methylations of both rings are interpreted as a result of aging or the drying processes. Bioautographic tests on TLC plates and germ-tube inhibition assays in microwells against four different fungi exhibited antifungal activities for almost all stilbenoids tested. Some derivatives also showed effects against yeasts and bacteria. Further activities may also be seen as dormancy-inducing factors of Stemona species occurring in periodically dry habitats. A leucotriene biosynthesis inhibition assay using 15 stilbenoids showed interesting structure-activity relationships, with more potent effects of some compounds than the commercial 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton being observed. Potential neuroprotective activities have been reported for three dihydrostilbene glucosides against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.


X: -1.3202323 Y: 6.76733title: EFEITO DOS MÉTODOS DE SECAGEM E EXTRAÇÃO SOBRE A ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE DA BETERRABA publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A beterraba é uma raiz tuberosa de cor vermelho-arroxeada em virtude da presença de betalaínas, as quais são ótimos antioxidantes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os métodos de secagem (liofilização e secagem em forno) e de extração (refluxo e ultrassom) sobre a bioatividade da beterraba. Utilizaram-se os métodos DPPH e ABTS para determinar a atividade antioxidante e o teor de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos totais para determinar os compostos bioativos. Além disso, o teor de minerais, umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios e fibras da beterraba também foram determinados. A extração realizada com auxílio de ultrassom resultou em melhores valores de atividade antioxidante e compostos bioativos. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para as amostras secas em liofilizador.


X: -0.24839382 Y: 6.8060174title: Plant Diversity in Khao Khong Kha Forest Monastery, Khon Buri District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province : ความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวัดป่าเขาคงคา อำเภอครบุรี จังหวัดนครราชสีมา publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Plant diversity in Khao Khong Kha Forest Monastery, Khon Buri District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province was studied in this research. Eighteen of tree plots (20x20 m) and understory plant plots (5x5 m) were sampled together with natural trail surveying. The study revealed that 38 families 83 genera 98 species of trees were found. The dominant species of tree were Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume, Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre, and Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen, respectively. The highest important value index was Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre, Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume, and Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen, respectively. Tree diversity index was 3.6656. Evenness index was 0.7995. Diversity value was 39.0785. Moreover, there were 61 families 137 genera 145 species of understory plants. The dominant species of understory were Scindapus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott, Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henrard, and Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. ex Baker, respectively.
The highest important value index was Scindapus officinalis (Roxb.), Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre, and Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henrard, respectively. Understory plant diversity index was 3.9968, Evenness index was 0.8031 and Diversity value was 54.4228. The most diverse families were Fabaceae (30 species), Rubiaceae (13 species), and Malvaceae (10 species), respectively. This information used for making conservation and sustainable utilization plan, and also developing as local learning center.
การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการศึกษาความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวัดป่าเขาคงคา อำเภอ ครบุรี จังหวัดนครราชสีมา ด้วยการสุ่มวางแปลงตัวอย่าง จำนวน 18 แปลง ขนาด 20x20 เมตร เพื่อสำรวจไม้ต้น และขนาด 5x5 เมตร เพื่อสำรวจไม้พื้นล่างร่วมกับการสำรวจตามเส้นทางศึกษาธรรมชาติ ผลการศึกษาพบว่ามีไม้ต้น จำนวน 38 วงศ์ 83 สกุล 98 ชนิด โดยไม้ต้นชนิดที่พบมากที่สุด ได้แก่ ติ้วเกลี้ยง (Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume) รองลงมา คือ เสี้ยวป่า (Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre) และแดง (Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen) ตามลำดับ ส่วนไม้ต้นชนิดที่มีค่าดัชนีความสำคัญสูงที่สุด คือ เสี้ยวป่า ติ้วเกลี้ยง และแดง ตามลำดับ ค่าดัชนีความหลากหลายของไม้ต้น มีค่าเท่ากับ 3.6656 ค่าความสม่ำเสมอในการกระจายตัว มีค่าเท่ากับ 0.7995 ค่าความหลากหลาย มีค่าเท่ากับ 39.0785 นอกจากนั้นพบว่า
มีไม้พื้นล่าง จำนวน 61 วงศ์ 137 สกุล 145 ชนิด ไม้พื้นล่างชนิดที่พบมากที่สุด ได้แก่ พลูช้าง (Scindapus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott) รองลงมา คือ หญ้าใบไผ่ (Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henrard) และมะแปบป่า (Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. ex Baker) ตามลำดับ ไม้พื้นล่างชนิดที่มีค่าดัชนีความสำคัญสูงที่สุด คือ พลูช้าง เสี้ยวป่า และหญ้าใบไผ่ ตามลำดับ ค่าดัชนีความหลากหลายของไม้พื้นล่าง
มีค่าเท่ากับ 3.9968 ค่าความสม่ำเสมอในการกระจายตัว มีค่าเท่ากับ 0.8031 ค่าความหลากหลาย มีค่าเท่ากับ 54.4228 วงศ์ของพรรณพืชที่พบมากที่สุด คือ วงศ์ถั่ว (Fabaceae) จำนวน 30 ชนิด รองลงมา คือ วงศ์เข็ม (Rubiaceae) จำนวน 13 ชนิด และวงศ์ชบา (Malvaceae) จำนวน 10 ชนิด ซึ่งข้อมูลจากงานวิจัยนี้ใช้วางแนวทางการอนุรักษ์และการใช้ประโยชน์อย่างยั่งยืน รวมทั้งการพัฒนาพื้นที่เป็นแหล่งเรียนรู้ในชุมชน


X: -2.421405 Y: 7.457719title: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz extract, a novel neuraminidase inhibitor of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 publish year: 2020 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: The leaves and stems of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (Fabaceae family) have been traditionally used in Thailand for detoxification and to treat pesticide poisoning in humans. To uncover novel uses of L.strychnifolium, the possible antiviral properties against avian influenza virus A, strain H5N1, were explored in this study. The ethanolic extracts of L.strychnifolium leaves and stems showed good inhibitory activities against H5N1 neuraminidase. Such activities have not been previously reported for this plant. Aqueous extracts did not show any inhibition. Thereafter, the anti-neuraminidase activities of ethanolic extracts were evaluated using fluorometric determination via a MUNANA-based enzyme inhibition assay. Ethanolic extracts of both stems and leaves showed good inhibitory activities against neuraminidase from Influenza A H5N1 with IC50 values of 55.3 and 70.0 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, anti-bacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of L.strychnifolium leaves and stems were tested using the disc diffusion method. All extracts showed broad antibacterial activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. Phytochemical constituents of all extracts were identified through Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and revealed some compounds such as Methyl-p-hydrozybenzoate; Mome inositol; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Tetradecanamide; (Z)-9-Octadecanamide; 1,2,3,-Benzenetriol; Methylparaben; 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Ethyl hexadecanoate; Phytol; (Z)-9-Octadecanoic acid, and Octadecanoic acid. This is the first report of neuraminidase inhibitor against Influenza A H5N1 and antibacterial activities derived from L.strychnifolium extracts. The authors suggest that this plant is an alternative source for treatment against influenza viruses and potential antibiotic agent.


X: 0.03217951 Y: 7.196721title: Analysis of genetic diversity evaluation of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz in Thailand using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers publish year: 2018 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz, a Leguminosae-Caesalpiniodeae species, is colloquially known in Thai as Ya Nang Daeng. In Thai traditional medicine, the leaves, stems and roots have been used to relieve fever and alcohol toxication. The stem has also been used for anti-HIV-1 integrase, anti-allergy and anti-cancer treatment. Confusion over herbal drugs has arisen from the homonymity and morphological characteristics, which present many similarities within its family. Thus, germplasm collection and genetic diversity analysis are prerequisites for a breeding program. In this study, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker was used to identify and elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among 98 accessions of Ya Nang Daeng throughout Thailand. Thirteen AFLP primer combinations generated 379 bands, of which 359 were polymorphic. The value of the similarity coefficient varied from 0.52 to 0.93, with a mean of 0.73. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the unweighted major clusters at a cut-off genetic mean (UPGMA) clustering method. The phylogenetic tree derived from the AFLP data showed that the Ya Nang Daeng accessions could be divided into two clusters. Cluster 1 could be further classified into five subgroups, while a similarity coefficient of 0.23 could be used to separate an outgroup from Ya Nang Daeng. The result of principal coordinate analysis and morphological grouping corresponded to the UPGMA clustering. This study showed that the AFLP technique is a useful tool for estimating DNA polymorphism of the genetic diversity and differentiation of related plants. This genetic information will provide useful information for a breeding program in the future.


X: -2.123058 Y: 10.058409title: Formulation Development and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium Topical Patches for Their Anti-inflammatory Potential publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Topical drug delivery systems are interesting and popular dosage forms for formulation development. Thai herbs are used in alternative medicine to treat patients suffering from severe illnesses. They have significant economic and cultural value in Thailand. This work prepared Thai herbal topical patches of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium stem extracts using pectin and Eudragit® NM 30D, and glycerin as a plasticizer. Astilbin was selected as a chemical marker in L. strychnifolium stem extracts. The L. strychnifolium stem extracts showed a statistically significant decrease in nitrate accumulation. The various properties of Thai herbal topical patches were not significantly different from blank patches. However, the trends of the properties depended on the amount of Eudragit® NM 30D. All ingredients were homogeneously mixed in Thai herbal topical patches and showed a smooth and compact film. The astilbin content was found in a range of 52.72-63.36 μg/cm2. The in vitro release of astilbin depended on the amount of Eudragit® NM 30D. The kinetics of astilbin release were fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The astilbin showed low permeation; thus, polyethylene glycol 400 was used as a permeation enhancer. Polyethylene glycol 400 could increase the permeation rates of astilbin and the cumulative amount of astilbin in pig skin. This would be suitable for preparing the Thai herbal topical patches and could be developed for pharmaceutical and herbal products.


X: -1.7812954 Y: 7.2089896title: HPLC Quantification of Chemical Markers from Lysiphyllum strychnifolium publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (W. G. Craib) A. Schmitz (syn. Bauhinia strychnifolia), Fabaceae, vernacularly known in Thai as “Ya-Nang-Daeng,” has been traditionally used for detoxification and longevity. A high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four bioactive components, gallic acid, trilobatin, yanangdaengin, and astilbin, as chemical markers for leaves and stems of this medicinal plant, was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase C-18 column using a gradient system of 0.5% acetic acid and methanol with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The validated method showed good sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The effect of solvent polarity on the yield of bioactive compounds was also studied. The gallic acid, trilobatin, and yanangdaengin contents of L. strychnifolium leaves as well as astilbin from its stems collected from different localities were analyzed. Chromatographic fingerprinting between each population indicated a homogeneity of L. strychnifolium in Thailand.
Graphical Asbtract


X: -1.8199553 Y: 7.1890855title: HPLC Quantification of Chemical Markers from Lysiphyllum strychnifolium publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (W. G. Craib) A. Schmitz (syn. Bauhinia strychnifolia), Fabaceae, vernacularly known in Thai as “Ya-Nang-Daeng,” has been traditionally used for detoxification and longevity. A high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four bioactive components, gallic acid, trilobatin, yanangdaengin, and astilbin, as chemical markers for leaves and stems of this medicinal plant, was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase C-18 column using a gradient system of 0.5% acetic acid and methanol with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The validated method showed good sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The effect of solvent polarity on the yield of bioactive compounds was also studied. The gallic acid, trilobatin, and yanangdaengin contents of L. strychnifolium leaves as well as astilbin from its stems collected from different localities were analyzed. Chromatographic fingerprinting between each population indicated a homogeneity of L. strychnifolium in Thailand.
Graphical Asbtract


X: -3.0557606 Y: 7.439527title: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz Extracts Moderate the Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: In Vivo Study to Clinical Propose publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Citation: Kuendee, N.; Naladta, A.; Kulsirirat, T.; Yimsoo, T.; Yingmema, W.; Pansuksan, K.; Sathirakul, K.; Sukprasert, S. Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz Extracts Moderate the Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: In Vivo Study to Clinical Propose. Abstract: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS) has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb by folk healers in Thailand with rare evidence-based support. Hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs450) are well known as the drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze all drugs and toxicants. In this study, we investigated the mRNA levels of six clinically important CYPs450, i.e., CYP1A2, 3A2, 2C11, 2D1, 2D2, and 2E1, in rats given LS extracts. Seventy Wistar rats were randomized into seven groups (n = 10). Each group was given LS stem ethanol (SE) and leaf water (LW) extracts orally at doses of 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg.bw) for twenty-eight consecutive days. After treatment, the expression of CYPs450 genes was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that SE and LW, which contained quercetin and gallic acid, promoted the upregulation of all CYPs450. Almost all CYPs450 genes were downregulated in all male LW-treated rats but upregulated in female-treated groups, suggesting that CYP gene expressions in LS-treated rats were influenced by gender. Moderate and high doses of the LS extracts had a tendency to induce six CYP450s' transcription levels in both rat genders. CYP2E1 gene showed a unique expression level in male rats receiving SE at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.bw, whereas a low dose of 300 mg/kg.bw was found in the LW-treated female group. As a result, our findings suggest that different doses of LS extracts can moderate the varying mRNA expression of clinically relevant CYP genes. In this study, we provide information about CYP induction and inhibition in vivo, which could be a desirable condition for furthering the practical use of LS extracts in humans.


X: -2.0413322 Y: 7.224072title: α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium and Their Constituents publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: The crude ethanolic extracts of different parts (root, stem, leaves and flower) of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Since all extracts showed good inhibitory activity, active constituents were isolated. Thirteen known compounds, including three dihydroflavanones, three dihydrochalcones, two stilbenes, flavan-3-ol, flavonol, cyclitol, phenolic ethyl ester and phenolic acid were isolated, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Phloretin 4’-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucoside from the leaves extract showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.0162 ± 0.0014 mM) and potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 19.26 ± 0.95 μM), each more potent than the positive controls. The compounds were investigated for their structure–activity relationship (SAR) in both activities. The number and position of hydroxy groups seemed to play a crucial role in increasing α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.


X: -1.9762384 Y: 7.1803317title: Yanangdaengin, a dihydrochalcone glucoside galloyl ester as active antioxidative agent from leaves of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (syn. Bauhinia strychnifolia) publish year: 2020 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Objective
To isolate and identify the major bioactive components from the leaves of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, an indigenous herb used in traditional Thai medicine for detoxification, longevity, and some other health related issues.

Methods
Comparative HPLC analyses of the crude extracts from three provenances were carried out for an overview of characteristic compound profiles. Isolation of the major compounds was undertaken with chromatographic methods. Chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry. DPPH scavenging assay was carried out to determine the free radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds.

Results
Yanangdaengin (3), a dihydrochalcone glucoside galloyl ester, has been isolated together with its corresponding dihydrochalcone glucoside trilobatin (2) as major compounds from the leaves of L. strychnifolium. Additionally, gallic acid (1) was co-chromatographically identified. Free radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds were determined. Compound 3 exhibited higher free radical scavenging activities in comparison to Trolox and quercetin.

Conclusion
The isolated compounds could be used as chemical markers for quality assessment. The present work could promote the quality control and herbal medicinal product development of this plant.


X: -3.6595097 Y: 10.398558title: Antidiabetic potential of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz compounds in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and molecular docking-based approaches publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Background
Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz, a traditional Thai medicinal plant, is mainly composed of polyphenols and flavonoids and exhibits several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. However, the mechanism by which pure compounds from L. strychnifolium inhibit glucose catalysis in the small intestine and their effect on the glucose transporter remain unknown.

Methods
The objectives of this research were to examine the effect of 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone-3- O -𝛼-L-rhamnopyranoside (compound 1) and 3,5,7,3’,5’-pentahydroxy-flavanonol-3- O -𝛼-L-rhamnopyranoside (compound 2) on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, as well as glucose transporters, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), using Caco-2 cells as a model of human intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, the binding affinity and interaction patterns of compounds against two receptor proteins (SGLT1 and GLUT2) were determined for the first time utilizing a molecular docking approach.

Results
In the α-amylase inhibition assay, a concentration-dependent inhibitory response was observed against the enzyme. The results indicated that compound 1 inhibited α-amylase activity in a manner similar to that of acarbose (which exhibit IC 50 values of 3.32 ± 0.30 µg/mL and 2.86 ± 0.10 µg/mL, respectively) in addition to a moderate inhibitory effect for compound 2 (IC 50 = 10.15 ± 0.53 µg/mL). Interestingly, compounds 1 and 2 significantly inhibited α-glucosidase and exhibited better inhibition than that of acarbose, with IC 50 values of 5.35 ± 1.66 µg/mL, 510.15 ± 1.46 µg/mL, and 736.93 ± 7.02 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, α-glucosidase activity in the supernatant of the Caco-2 cell monolayer was observed. In comparison to acarbose, compounds 1 and 2 inhibited α-glucosidase activity more effectively in Caco-2 cells without cytotoxicity at a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. Furthermore, the glucose uptake pathways mediated by SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5- were downregulated in Caco-2 cells treated with compounds 1 and 2. Additionally, molecular modeling studies revealed that compounds 1 and 2 presented high binding activity with SGLT1 and GLUT2.

Conclusion
In summary, our present study was the first to perform molecular docking with compounds present in L. strychnifolium extracts. Our findings indicated that compounds 1 and 2 reduced glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells by decreasing the expression of glucose transporter genes and inhibiting the binding sites of SGLT1 and GLUT2. Therefore, compounds 1 and 2 may be used as functional foods in dietary therapy for postprandial hyperglycemia modulation of type 2 diabetes.


X: -2.1022182 Y: 10.179906title: Fabrication and Characterization of Buccal Film Loaded Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System containing Lysiphyllum strychnifolium Stem Extracts publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium has long been used as a popular herbal medicinal plant for treating fever and alcohol intoxication. This study aimed to prepare buccal film for L. strychnifolium stem extracts. These extracts were less soluble in water and were therefore loaded in self-emulsifying systems before being mixed into the film. Astilbin was selected as a chemical marker in L. strychnifolium stem extracts. Firstly, the L. strychnifolium stem extracts were entrapped in the self-emulsifying systems which were designed and optimized based on 32 factorial design. The optimal formulation was 0.60 g of surfactant-co-surfactant mixture (Tween® 80 and polyethylene glycol 400 in the ratio of 7.5:1) and 0.40 g of caprylic/capric triglyceride. Secondly, the optimal self-emulsifying system was loaded in the polymeric film which consisted of polyvinyl alcohol blended with poloxamer 407 using glycerin as a plasticizer. The properties of the prepared buccal film were unchanged, and the film showed an amorphous state, indicating all ingredients might be completely dissolved in the film. The buccal film could be placed in direct contact with the mouth without oral mucosal irritation, and showed a smooth and homogeneous surface with a rough and compact cross-sectional morphology. Astilbin content in the buccal film was 61.39 ± 11.45 µg/cm2. Astilbin was released from the buccal film while the permeation rate was low. The release mechanism was both swelling and diffusion, and followed anomalous or non-Fickian transfer. The permeability coefficient of the cumulative amount of astilbin permeated from buccal film was 1.0192 ± 0.1395 ×10-3 cm/h. Thus, the buccal film can be prepared by using a self-emulsifying system for herbal applications and shows potential as a safe and convenient form of oral drug administration.


X: -2.8340046 Y: 6.616593title: The estrogenic effect of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz water extracts in MCF-7 cells publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Background
Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS) has been used to stimulate breast milk production in women after giving birth in the Northeast of Thailand. However, very little information is known about its estrogenic effect. The present study investigated the estrogenic effect of LS leaves water extracts compared with quercetin, one of the major compounds in LS, in MCF7 human breast cancer cells

Methods
The effect of LS leaves water extracts and quercetin on cell proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells, MCF-7, was studied by MTT assay at a concentration range of 0 to 500 µg/ml. The expression of estrogen-dependent genes, the pS2, ERα, ERβ and Bcl-xL, were also examined by real time RT-PCR, and the expression of ERα protein was detected by Western blotting.

Results
The quercetin content in LS water extract was 285.67 ± 0.11 ug/g. The expression levels of the pS2 and Bcl-xL genes in MCF-7 cells were found to be upregulated by LS leaves water extract (20 µg/ml) and 17β-estradiol (E2) (10− 5 M) compared with the untreated control. The ERα gene expression was found to be upregulated by quercetin (0.16 µg/ml) and E2 (10− 5 M) compared with the untreated control. In addition, quercetin (0.16 µg/ml) and LS extract (0.8, 4, 20 µg/ml) decreased the phosphorylation of ERα at Ser167 (pERα (ser167)) and LS extract (20 µg/ml) decreased ERα, but there was no significant effect on the ERα at Ser118 (pERα (ser 118)) protein expression.

Conclusions
This study provided evidence for the potential estrogenic activities of LS leaves water extract. Since LS extract induced pS2 gene transcription, it was confirmed that the extract could affect the transcription of estrogen responsive genes causing estrogenic effects. The results also showed that quercetin, one of the LS compounds, upregulated ERα gene expression at 24-hour treatment.


X: -2.0590413 Y: 10.334198title: Microencapsulation of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium extract using pectin as a carrier matrix and its characterization publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS, Fabaceae) is one of the folklore medicines in Thailand. The previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological activities and high polyphenolic substances possessed by this plant. However, the suitable encapsulation of LS extract has not been discovered. This study aimed to develop LS microcapsules using spray-drying technique with pectin as a carrier. Moreover, the powder analysis and characterization were also conducted. The effects of inlet temperatures (80, 100, and 120°C) and carrier concentrations (1, 5, and 10 %w/v) on the encapsulation yield (EY), encapsulation efficiency (EE), total phenolic content (TPC), and main markers (trilobatin and yanangdaengin) of LS microcapsules were studied. Finally, the characterization was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results indicated that S2 microcapsule formulation, pectin to extract ratio 10:1 (w/w) at inlet temperature of 100°C, was chosen as the optimal condition because of the positive tendency to acquire higher EE as pectin level was increased. On the contrary, the level of TPC and markers was reduced due to the more addition of pectin. The FTIR, XRD, and DSC results suggested that the well-encapsulated microcapsules were obtained for S2 formulation and SEM represented the semi-spherical structure of its microstructures. The development of LS microcapsules with the proximity to gain the advantageous powder analysis and characteristic has been achieved. Therefore, this approach could be used for the subsequent manufacturing of LS extract.


X: -1.939918 Y: 7.306313title: Microwave-assisted extraction and content determination of astilbin in Lysiphyllum strychnifolium stems publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Abstract Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz. (in Thai name, Ya nang daeng) has been traditionally used to treat fever, alcohol intoxication, cancer, allergies, and blood toxins. It can be used as a health-promoting herbal tea and contains hydroalcoholic extracts. The purpose of the present study was to develop a microwave-assisted extraction method for astilbin in L. strychnifolium stems. HPLC was used to determine astilbin content. Three extraction conditions were optimized: types of solvent, microwave power levels, and the number of extraction cycles. Water:methanol (40:60) was the best solvent for astilbin extraction from L. strychnifolium stems using 450 watts and six microwave-assisted extraction cycles. This technique offers important advantages over conventional methods, such as shorter extraction times, substantial energy savings, and a reduced environmental burden.


X: -2.8382246 Y: 6.5848875title: The estrogenic effect of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz water extracts in MCF-7 cells publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Background
Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS) has been used to stimulate breast milk production in women after giving birth in the Northeast of Thailand. However, very little information is known about its estrogenic effect. The present study investigated the estrogenic effect of LS leaves water extracts compared with quercetin, one of the major compounds in LS, in MCF7 human breast cancer cells

Methods
The effect of LS leaves water extracts and quercetin on cell proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells, MCF-7, was studied by MTT assay at a concentration range of 0 to 500 µg/ml. The expression of estrogen-dependent genes, the pS2, ERα, ERβ and Bcl-xL, were also examined by real time RT-PCR, and the expression of ERα protein was detected by Western blotting.

Results
The quercetin content in LS water extract was 285.67 ± 0.11 ug/g. The expression levels of the pS2 and Bcl-xL genes in MCF-7 cells were found to be upregulated by LS leaves water extract (20 µg/ml) and 17β-estradiol (E2) (10− 5 M) compared with the untreated control. The ERα gene expression was found to be upregulated by quercetin (0.16 µg/ml) and E2 (10− 5 M) compared with the untreated control. In addition, quercetin (0.16 µg/ml) and LS extract (0.8, 4, 20 µg/ml) decreased the phosphorylation of ERα at Ser167 (pERα (ser167)) and LS extract (20 µg/ml) decreased ERα, but there was no significant effect on the ERα at Ser118 (pERα (ser 118)) protein expression.

Conclusions
This study provided evidence for the potential estrogenic activities of LS leaves water extract. Since LS extract induced pS2 gene transcription, it was confirmed that the extract could affect the transcription of estrogen responsive genes causing estrogenic effects. The results also showed that quercetin, one of the LS compounds, upregulated ERα gene expression at 24-hour treatment.


X: -3.1035197 Y: 7.4038715title: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz Extracts Moderate the Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: In Vivo Study to Clinical Propose publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Citation: Kuendee, N.; Naladta, A.; Kulsirirat, T.; Yimsoo, T.; Yingmema, W.; Pansuksan, K.; Sathirakul, K.; Sukprasert, S. Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz Extracts Moderate the Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: In Vivo Study to Clinical Propose. Abstract: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS) has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb by folk healers in Thailand with rare evidence-based support. Hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs450) are well known as the drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze all drugs and toxicants. In this study, we investigated the mRNA levels of six clinically important CYPs450, i.e., CYP1A2, 3A2, 2C11, 2D1, 2D2, and 2E1, in rats given LS extracts. Seventy Wistar rats were randomized into seven groups (n = 10). Each group was given LS stem ethanol (SE) and leaf water (LW) extracts orally at doses of 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg.bw) for twenty-eight consecutive days. After treatment, the expression of CYPs450 genes was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that SE and LW, which contained quercetin and gallic acid, promoted the upregulation of all CYPs450. Almost all CYPs450 genes were downregulated in all male LW-treated rats but upregulated in female-treated groups, suggesting that CYP gene expressions in LS-treated rats were influenced by gender. Moderate and high doses of the LS extracts had a tendency to induce six CYP450s' transcription levels in both rat genders. CYP2E1 gene showed a unique expression level in male rats receiving SE at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.bw, whereas a low dose of 300 mg/kg.bw was found in the LW-treated female group. As a result, our findings suggest that different doses of LS extracts can moderate the varying mRNA expression of clinically relevant CYP genes. In this study, we provide information about CYP induction and inhibition in vivo, which could be a desirable condition for furthering the practical use of LS extracts in humans.


X: -2.0953221 Y: 10.161658title: Herbal transdermal patches made from optimized polyvinyl alcohol blended film: Herbal extraction process, film properties, and in vitro study publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Herbal transdermal patches were prepared by incorporating Lysiphyllum strychnifolium stem extract into optimized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blended film as a matrix layer for controlled drug release. A microwave-assisted technique was used for extracting L. strychnifolium stems. The optimum extraction conditions predicted by the Design-Expert® program were 80% of ethanol solvent, 800 W power, 20 s extraction time, and one extraction cycle. The prediction was accurate with a low percentage error. The total phenolics and total flavonoids of the herbal extract were 515.48 ± 43.08 and 59.78 ± 2.11 mg CE/g extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the herbal extract was 1.85 ± 0.12 and 0.533 ± 0.056 μg/ml from DPPH and FRAP assay, respectively. Nitric oxide scavenging assay of the herbal extract gave an IC50 of 114.42 ± 22.39 μg/mL. The blank optimized PVA blended film and herbal transdermal patches had desirable properties and compatible, homogeneous, smooth, and compact blended ingredients. The herbal transdermal patches could control the release and skin permeation behavior of astilbin from the matrix layer. The kinetics of the release and permeation behavior of astilbin were fitted to the Korsmeyer–Peppas and zero-order model, respectively. Thus, the transdermal patches containing L. strychnifolium extract are suitable for use in herbal medicine applications.


X: -2.1700568 Y: 10.441434title: Maltodextrin/pectin microparticles by spray drying as carrier for nutraceutical extracts publish year: 2011 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: a b s t r a c t Functional extracts from Fadogia ancylantha, Melissa officinalis and Tussilago farfara posses excellent anti-oxidant and good antimicrobial properties. The unprocessed extracts occur as sticky and low-water-sol-uble materials with penetrating smell. The loading onto maltodextrins matrix, widely used by food and cosmetic industries, is often unsatisfying. The industrial products are not always enough stable to pre-serve the functional properties of natural compounds, also giving practical difficulties for the manufac-turing. This paper reports on the plant extracts encapsulation by spray-drying in a maltodextrin/apple-pectin based matrix. Physicochemical and technological characteristics, organoleptic and antioxidant properties of the resulting powders, were examined and compared to both unprocessed extracts and industrial products. The selected carrier and process conditions led to stable and handling microencap-sulated powder forms with improved water dissolution rate. The made up powder also masked the extracts unpleasant smell making them suitable for successive manufacturing to produce functional com-ponents for foods or nutraceuticals purposes.


X: -2.0780115 Y: 10.101574title: Formulation Development and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium Topical Patches for Their Anti-inflammatory Potential publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Topical drug delivery systems are interesting and popular dosage forms for formulation development. Thai herbs are used in alternative medicine to treat patients suffering from severe illnesses. They have significant economic and cultural value in Thailand. This work prepared Thai herbal topical patches of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium stem extracts using pectin and Eudragit® NM 30D, and glycerin as a plasticizer. Astilbin was selected as a chemical marker in L. strychnifolium stem extracts. The L. strychnifolium stem extracts showed a statistically significant decrease in nitrate accumulation. The various properties of Thai herbal topical patches were not significantly different from blank patches. However, the trends of the properties depended on the amount of Eudragit® NM 30D. All ingredients were homogeneously mixed in Thai herbal topical patches and showed a smooth and compact film. The astilbin content was found in a range of 52.72-63.36 μg/cm2. The in vitro release of astilbin depended on the amount of Eudragit® NM 30D. The kinetics of astilbin release were fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The astilbin showed low permeation; thus, polyethylene glycol 400 was used as a permeation enhancer. Polyethylene glycol 400 could increase the permeation rates of astilbin and the cumulative amount of astilbin in pig skin. This would be suitable for preparing the Thai herbal topical patches and could be developed for pharmaceutical and herbal products.


X: -2.2163124 Y: 7.498415title: The Importance of Flavonoids and Phytochemicals of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activities publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: In this mini-review article, we have mentioned the key roles of some of the most important herbal plants medicines containing flavonoids and phytochemicals with antiviral activities. All relevant information was searched for terms of influenza, phytochemicals, SARS, SARS-Cov-2, flavonoids, and traditional medicinal plants uses from reliable databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The most important medicinal herbs which contain flavonoids with antiviral activities are Limonium densiflorum, Oroxylum indicum, Tribulus terrestris L., Paulownia tomentosa Steud., Allophylus africanus, Houttuynia cordata, Moslea Herba, Mosla scabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, Berries, Genus Psoralea, Sophora tonkinensis, Trollius chinensis, Tilia cordata, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Seabuckthorn), Paulownia tomentosa steud, and C. swietenia. Phytochemicals are chemicals of plant origin produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism. The most important medicinal plants which contain phytochemicals with antiviral activities are Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.), Forsythia suspense, Ligustrum lucidum, Radix Paeoniae Alba (Bai Shao), Banlangen (Radix Isatidis), Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, Phellinus baumii, Mesona chinensis, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Isatis indigotica, Pelargonium sidoides, Entada Africana Guill., Pomegranate (Punica granatum), Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Lychee fruit extract, Lycoris radiate, Cistus incanus, Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (Chinese quince), Geranium sanguineum L., and Tea polyphenols. Natural products from traditional herbal medicines, especially traditional Chinese and Persian medicines, have been found to exert antiviral impacts against influenza and human coronaviruses. The natural plant-derived compounds that have been used for treating various diseases are flavonoids and phytochemicals.


X: -1.9236149 Y: 7.2410135title: Yanangdaengin, a dihydrochalcone glucoside galloyl ester as active antioxidative agent from leaves of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (syn. Bauhinia strychnifolia) publish year: 2020 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Objective
To isolate and identify the major bioactive components from the leaves of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, an indigenous herb used in traditional Thai medicine for detoxification, longevity, and some other health related issues.

Methods
Comparative HPLC analyses of the crude extracts from three provenances were carried out for an overview of characteristic compound profiles. Isolation of the major compounds was undertaken with chromatographic methods. Chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry. DPPH scavenging assay was carried out to determine the free radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds.

Results
Yanangdaengin (3), a dihydrochalcone glucoside galloyl ester, has been isolated together with its corresponding dihydrochalcone glucoside trilobatin (2) as major compounds from the leaves of L. strychnifolium. Additionally, gallic acid (1) was co-chromatographically identified. Free radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds were determined. Compound 3 exhibited higher free radical scavenging activities in comparison to Trolox and quercetin.

Conclusion
The isolated compounds could be used as chemical markers for quality assessment. The present work could promote the quality control and herbal medicinal product development of this plant.


X: -0.65627193 Y: 6.973016title: Ethnobotany of Hmong ethnic groups in Bolikhamxay province, central Laos PDR publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Results from an ethnobotany study of Hmong ethnic groups in Bolikhamxay Province, Laos PDR between 2021 and 2023 identify plant uses for 133 species, 104 genera, and 50 families. The research focuses on specific plant uses. Quantitative analyses are applied with Use Value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR). Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard's Similarity Index (JI) is calculated for the similarity of the edible plant used in three areas as follows: cultivated, from the forest, and in the market. The most important plant species are Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. with a UV of 3.45 followed by Calamus viminalis Willd. (2.85) and Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe (2.83). The highest FL value for 23 plant species with 100% FL. The highest consensus within ailment categories is for urinary system symptoms, neurological symptoms and oral syndrome (IAR=1.00). The JI varies between 0.1013 and 0.2981; the highest JI is for pairs cultivated and in the market. UPGMA cluster analysis indicates that the plants are collected from isolated forests with low similarity to other areas. Considering the numerous useful plants that have been documented, along with the identification of culturally and historically significant species, as well as their distribution and conservation status, it becomes evident that forest conservation is crucial for preserving the livelihoods and associated ethnobotanical knowledge of the local and indigenous people in Bolikhamxay Province.


X: -1.7534835 Y: 7.262476title: Quality control of the traditional herbs and herbal products: a review publish year: 2020 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Background
Herbal medicinal material and product need is increasing, and with this increase in the need, it is very much an essential requirement to maintain the quality of them.

Main body
The quality of the herbals is altered by various physical, chemical, and geographical aspects which contribute to the quality of these materials. Apart from that, adulteration is also an increasing concern when it comes to herbal material quality. Various chemical and phytochemical test, analytical techniques, and hyphenated analytical techniques are used for determining the quality aspects of the herbal materials in the herbal pharmaceuticals.

Conclusion
These techniques can be used as quality control tool in assessing the quality of herbal materials and herbal pharmaceuticals.


X: -1.7571344 Y: 7.5528865title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Herbal Therapy: Pertinent Issues Relating to Toxicity and Standardization of Phytopharmaceuticals publish year: 2021 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a virulent viral disease that has now become a public health emergency of global significance and still without an approved treatment regimen or cure. In the absence of curative drugs and with vaccines development still in progress, alternative approaches to stem the tide of the pandemic are being considered. The potential of a phytotherapeutic approach in the management of the dreaded disease has gained attention, especially in developing countries, with several claims of the development of anti-COVID-19 herbal formulations. This is a plausible approach especially with the increasing acceptance of herbal medicine in both alternative and orthodox medical practices worldwide. Also, the established efficacy of herbal remedies in the treatment of numerous viral diseases including those caused by coronaviruses, as well as diseases with symptoms associated with COVID-19, presents a valid case for serious consideration of herbal medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. However, there are legitimate concerns and daunting challenges with the use of herbs and herbal products. These include issues of quality control, unethical production practice, inadequate information on the composition, use and mechanisms, weak regulatory policies, herb-drug interactions and adverse reactions, and the tendency for abuse. This review discusses the feasibility of intervention with herbal medicine in the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to take proactive measures to protect public health by improving the quality and safety of herbal medicine deployed to combat the disease.
Graphical abstract


X: 0.020735297 Y: 6.765586title: Three new combinations in the genus Phanera (Fabaceae: Cercidoideae) including the lectotypification of Bauhinia strychnifolia publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Three new combinations in the genus Phanera are here proposed for the species originally placed in Bauhinia s. l., in which we also designate a lectotype for the name Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib.


X: -0.18598223 Y: 6.7568974title: Vascular Plants in Petrified Forest Park, Ban Tak District, Tak Province. พืชมีท่อลำเลียงในวนอุทยานไม้กลายเป็นหิน อำเภอบ้านตาก จังหวัดตาก publish year: 2019 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Plant diversity in Petrified Forest Park, Ban Tak District, Tak Province was studied. Forty plots of 20x20 meters, 5x5 meters and additional survey were used for studying tree and understory species, respectively. The study showed the diversity of trees was 43 families 77 genera 87 species. The most diverse families were Fabaceae with 10 species, Rubiaceae with 9 species, Anacardiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Phyllanthaceae with 4 species for each family. The highest important value index was Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume, Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W.Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C.Nielsen) and Shorea siamensis Miq., respectively. The diversity of understory plants was 63 families 183 genera 235 species. The most diverse families were Fabaceae with 32 species, Apocynaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae with 14 species per each, and Acanthaceae with 11 species. The species diversity index, evenness value, and species diversity value of tree were 3.1301, 0.7009, and 22.8755; which of understory plant were 3.9855, 0.7289, and 53.8126, respectively. The forest type of studied area is dry dipterocarp forest with Cycas siamensis Miq. and Selaginella sp. High diversity of plants may be conserved for keeping on the species richness and permanently usefulness.
การศึกษาความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวนอุทยานไม้กลายเป็นหิน อำเภอบ้านตาก จังหวัดตาก ด้วยการวางแปลงตัวอย่างแบบสี่เหลี่ยมขนาด 20x20 เมตร เพื่อสำรวจไม้ต้น และขนาด 5x5 เมตร เพื่อสำรวจไม้พื้นล่าง จำนวน 40 แปลง ร่วมกับการสำรวจทั่วทั้งพื้นที่ พบไม้ต้น จำนวน 43 วงศ์ 77 สกุล 87 ชนิด วงศ์ที่พบมากที่สุด คือ Fabaceae จำนวน 10 ชนิด รองลงมา คือ วงศ์ Rubiaceae จำนวน 9 ชนิด วงศ์ Anacardiaceae Dipterocarpaceae และ Phyllanthaceae จำนวนวงศ์ละ 4 ชนิด ไม้ต้นที่มีค่าดัชนีความสาคัญทางนิเวศวิทยาสูงสุด คือ เต็ง (Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume) รองลงมา คือ แดง (Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W.Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C.Nielsen) และ รั ง (Shorea siamensis Miq.) พบไม้พื้นล่ าง จำนวน 63 วงศ์ 183 สกุล 235 ชนิด วงศ์ที่พบมากที่สุด คือ Fabaceae จำนวน 32 ชนิ ด รองลงมา คือ วงศ์ Apocynaceae Malvaceae Poaceae จำนวน วงศ์ละ 14 ชนิด และวงศ์ Acanthaceae จำนวน 11 ชนิด การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลไม้ต้นและไม้ พื้นล่าง พบว่า ค่าดัชนีความหลากหลายของชนิดพันธุ์มีค่าเท่ากั บ 3.1301 และ 3.9855 ค่าความสม่ำเสมอในการกระจายตั ว มีค่าเท่ากั บ 0.7009 และ 0.7289 และค่าความ หลากหลาย มีค่าเท่ากั บ 22.8755 และ 53.8126 ตามลำดั บ สภาพเป็นป่าเต็งรังที่มีปรงป่าและตีนตุ๊กแกกระจายปกคลุมพื้นล่าง ทั่วทั้งพื้นที่พื้นที่ป่ามีความหลากหลายของพรรณไม้สูงและควรค่าแก่การอนุรักษ์อย่างยั่งยืน


X: -0.8033017 Y: 7.045806title: Ethnobotany of Phu Thai Ethnic Group in Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand publish year: 2018 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: The present study aimed to study the diversity of plants used by Phu Thai ethnic groups in Nakhon Phanom province, and to find out the correlation between genders, age, and indigenous knowledge of the Phu Thai groups. The data were analyzed by using independent-samples t-test, one way ANOVA, cultural importance index (CI), informant consensus factor (ICF), and fidelity level (FL %). The results showed that there were 329 plant species from 89 families used in the daily life by the Phu Thai.The largest number of plant species were from Fabaceae (42 species, 12.77 %), followed by Zingiberaceae (20 species, 6.07 %), and Poaceae (15 species, 4.56 %). One hundred and ninety nine species were edible and used for consumption, 176 species for medicine, 56 species for cultural purposes, and 79 for other uses. The highest informant consensus factor (ICF) of medicinal plants were calculated for injuries (ICF = 0.961) indicating the highest degree of agreement among the informants knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat disorders in this category. The highest fidelity level (FL %) values were calculated for Crinum asiaticum L. var. asiaticum (93.62%), showing the conformity of knowledge regarding use of this plant to heal ankle sprains and postpartum women. The CI values were calculated for Oryza sativa L. (CI = 2.74), followed by Saccharum officinarum L. (CI = 2.64), and Cocos nucifera L. (CI = 2.57), respectively. The most frequently used parts of the plant were leaves (82 species; 21.20 %) followed by fruits (70 species; 17.99 %), and stems (46 species; 11.85 %). Tree was the most common plant habit (77 species; 26.50 %), followed by the herb (72 species; 22.90 %), and climber (34 species; 9.20 %). The plants were gathered from cultivated fields more than from the forest. The ethnobotanical knowledge listed by males and females did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The older informants had significantly more knowledge of medicinal plant uses than younger informants (p < 0.05). The Phu Thai ethnic group used Oryza sativa L. to make glutinous fermented liquors called "U". It contains a variety of plants such as Alpinia galangal (L.) Willd., Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh., Albizia myriophylla Benth., Paederia linearis Hook. f. var. linearis, Saccharum officinarum L., Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr., and Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze.


X: 0.033519343 Y: 6.772387title: Phanera mekongensis (Fabaceae: Cercidoideae), a new species from Thailand as supported by morphological and molecular evidence publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Phanera mekongensis , a new species from Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary, Northeastern Thailand, is described and illustrated. The morphological description of the new species is provided and discussed in comparison with closely related species. The molecular data from nuclear and chloroplast markers show that the new taxon is robustly positioned in a well-supported Phanera clade that includes the type species of the genus, P. coccinea .


X: 0.48630652 Y: 12.915644title: Maximizing Curcuminoid Extraction from Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Rhizomes via Environmentally Friendly Microwave-Assisted Extraction Technique Using Full Factorial Design publish year: 2024 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Curcuma aromatica Salisb. contains a high content of curcuminoids, which can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of C. aromatica rhizomes in castor oil to maximize curcuminoid content using a simple and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted extraction method. A 3² full factorial design was employed, with two factors—microwave power and time—varying between 600-800 W and 30-90 s, respectively. Five responses were monitored, including extraction yield, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and total curcuminoid contents. The results demonstrated that increasing microwave power and time led to an increase in all five responses. The optimal condition, which simultaneously maximized extraction yield and total curcuminoid content, was achieved at a microwave power of 800 W for 90 s. This condition resulted in an extraction yield of 71.020%, bisdemethoxycurcumin content of 0.036%, demethoxycurcumin content of 0.210%, curcumin content of 0.080%, and total curcuminoid content of 0.326%. The computer program accurately predicted the results with a percentage error of less than 2%. Stability data revealed that the total curcuminoid content remained stable with a percentage remaining above 90% when stored at 4°C, 30°C±75%RH, and 40°C±75%RH for three months. In summary, this study successfully applied a full factorial design to maximize curcuminoid extraction from C. aromatica rhizomes using an environmentally friendly microwave-assisted extraction method for cosmetic purposes.


X: -0.63442314 Y: 6.926567title: Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Appamaraka S, Saensouk S, Saensouk P, Junsongduang A, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4617-4635. Don Pu Ta Forest (in Thailand) is a vital conservation area with significant natural resources that are intertwined with the way of life, traditions, beliefs, and culture of the local community. This ecosystem fosters interdependence among its components. The local healers rely on the medicinal plants found in the Don Pu Ta Forest to provide healthcare to the people in their community. This research aimed to investigate the plant diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge, and medicinal plant utilization in the Don Pu Ta Forest, specifically within the Kaloeng Ethnic Group of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving three indigenous healers and 220 local residents between January 2016 and November 2017. The interviews focused on plant usage, local names, utilized plant parts, methods of use, and medicinal properties. We also conducted vegetation analysis to assess the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Don Pu Ta Forest. The findings revealed that the Don Pu Ta Forest of the Kaloeng Ethnic Group in Sakon Nakhon Province contained medicinal plants from 28 families and 44 species. The biodiversity index (H') was calculated as 3.34, the Evenness Index (E) as 0.88, and the highest importance value index (IVI) as 25.26. Interviews with folk medicine healers identified the use of medicinal plants for treating 29 different symptoms. Notably, Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Wright & Arn., Rhodamnia dumetorum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) at 100%. The results of this study imply that ancestral wisdom's role in shaping the Kaloeng group's medicinal traditions, advocating for their integration with contemporary healthcare. In summary, the study offers valuable insights into the diversity, importance, and ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Don Pu Ta Forest, emphasizing possibilities for conservation, sustainable practices, and further exploration of these resources for healthcare benefits.


X: -0.6234093 Y: 6.961699title: Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Appamaraka S, Saensouk S, Saensouk P, Junsongduang A, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4617-4635. Don Pu Ta Forest (in Thailand) is a vital conservation area with significant natural resources that are intertwined with the way of life, traditions, beliefs, and culture of the local community. This ecosystem fosters interdependence among its components. The local healers rely on the medicinal plants found in the Don Pu Ta Forest to provide healthcare to the people in their community. This research aimed to investigate the plant diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge, and medicinal plant utilization in the Don Pu Ta Forest, specifically within the Kaloeng Ethnic Group of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving three indigenous healers and 220 local residents between January 2016 and November 2017. The interviews focused on plant usage, local names, utilized plant parts, methods of use, and medicinal properties. We also conducted vegetation analysis to assess the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Don Pu Ta Forest. The findings revealed that the Don Pu Ta Forest of the Kaloeng Ethnic Group in Sakon Nakhon Province contained medicinal plants from 28 families and 44 species. The biodiversity index (H') was calculated as 3.34, the Evenness Index (E) as 0.88, and the highest importance value index (IVI) as 25.26. Interviews with folk medicine healers identified the use of medicinal plants for treating 29 different symptoms. Notably, Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Wright & Arn., Rhodamnia dumetorum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) at 100%. The results of this study imply that ancestral wisdom's role in shaping the Kaloeng group's medicinal traditions, advocating for their integration with contemporary healthcare. In summary, the study offers valuable insights into the diversity, importance, and ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Don Pu Ta Forest, emphasizing possibilities for conservation, sustainable practices, and further exploration of these resources for healthcare benefits.


X: -2.3664577 Y: 7.57886title: A systemic review on medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents against avian influenza and further confirmation through in-silico analysis publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Background:
Avian influenza or more commonly known as bird flu is a widespread infectious disease in poultry. This review aims to accumulate information of different natural plant sources that can aid in combating this disease. Influenza virus (IV) is known for its ability to mutate and infect different species (including humans) and cause fatal consequences.

Methods:
Total 33 plants and 4 natural compounds were identified and documented. Molecular docking was performed against the target viral protein neuraminidase (NA), with some plant based natural compounds and compared their results with standard drugs Oseltamivir and Zanamivir to obtain novel drug targets for influenza in chickens.

Results:
It was seen that most extracts exhibit their action by interacting with viral hemagglutinin or neuraminidase and inhibit viral entry or release from the host cell. Some plants also interacted with the viral RNA replication or by reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Ethanol was mostly used for extraction. Among all the plants Theobroma cacao, Capparis Sinaica Veil, Androgarphis paniculate, Thallasodendron cillatum, Sinularia candidula, Larcifomes officinalis, Lenzites betulina, Datronia molis, Trametes gibbose exhibited their activity with least concentration (below 10 μg/ml). The dockings results showed that some natural compounds (5,7- dimethoxyflavone, Aloe emodin, Anthocyanins, Quercetin, Hemanthamine, Lyocrine, Terpenoid EA showed satisfactory binding affinity and binding specificity with viral neuraminidase compared to the synthetic drugs.

Conclusion:
This review clusters up to date information of effective herbal plants to bolster future influenza treatment research in chickens. The in-silico analysis also suggests some potential targets for future drug development but these require more clinical analysis.


X: -3.6116483 Y: 10.484914title: Inhibition of α-glucosidase by trilobatin and its mechanism: Kinetics, interaction mechanism and molecular docking publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: α-Glucosidase is related to the increase in postprandial blood glucose in vivo. Inhibition of α-glucosidase is supposed to be an effective approach to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Trilobatin, a member of the dihydrochalcone family, shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. In this study, the inhibitory activity and mechanism of trilobatin on α-glucosidase were investigated using multispectroscopic and molecular docking techniques. The kinetic analysis showed that trilobatin reversibly inhibited α-glucosidase in a noncompetitive-type manner and the value of IC50 was 0.24 ± 0.02 mM. The analysis of fluorescence spectra demonstrated that the formation of the trilobatin-α-glucosidase complex was driven mainly by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, resulting in the conformational changes of α-glucosidase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) measurements suggested that the interaction could change the micro-environment and conformation of α-glucosidase affected by trilobatin. Molecular docking analysis determined the exact binding sites of trilobatin on α-glucosidase. These results indicated that trilobatin is a strong α-glucosidase inhibitor, thus it could be conducive to ameliorate T2DM.