X: -0.8156803 Y: 3.430627title: The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, involves Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Ethnopharmacological relevance
The dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. (Compositae) has been prescribed in folk medicine for the management of various inflammatory conditions such as rheumatic diseases, gastritis and hepatitis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial properties of this herb remain elusive.
Aim of the study: In this study, we investigated the anti-gastritis activities of Al-EE (an ethanolic extract of the herb) and explored the mechanism of action.

Materials and methods
An ethanolic extract of the Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. (Compositae) rhizome, Al-EE, was prepared with ethanol (95%) and quality controlled using HPLC analysis. To determine the in vivo effects of this extract, we utilised a HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis rat model. In vitro assays were carried out using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell model. MTT assays were used to examine cell viability, while Griess assays were carried out to measure nitric oxide (NO) production. Messenger RNA expression was examined by real-time PCR. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was examined using ELISA assays. To examine protein expression and enzymatic activities, we employed western blot analysis. Nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB activity was determined by Luciferase reporter assays.

Results
The content of atractylenolide (AT)-1 and AT-2 in Al-EE was 0.45% and 5.07% (w/w), respectively (Supplementary Fig. 1). Al-EE treatment suppressed the production of NO and PGE2, reduced the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while also reducing the protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, Al-EE inhibited the nuclear protein levels of NF-κB (p65) and NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene activity in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Critically, intra-gastric injection of Al-EE (25 mg/kg) attenuated HCl/EtOH-induced gastric damage in SD rats, while the phosphorylation of Akt and IκBα was suppressed by Al-EE in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion
In summary, Al-EE has significant anti-gastritis effects in vivo and in vitro, which can be associated with the inhibition of the Akt/IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway. This mechanistic finding provides a pharmacological basis for the use of the A. lancea rhizome in the clinical treatment of various inflammatory conditions.


X: 1.3292146 Y: 4.315244title: Drought stress modifies the community structure of root-associated microbes that improve Atractylodes lancea growth and medicinal compound accumulation publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea is an important medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine, its rhizome is rich of volatile secondary metabolites with medicinal values and is largely demanded in modern markets. Currently, supply of high-yield, high-quality A. lancea is mainly achieved via cultivation. Certain soil microbes can benefit plant growth, secondary metabolism and induce resistance to environmental stresses. Hence, studies on the effects of soil microbe communities and isolates microorganisms on A. lancea is extremely meaningful for future application of microbes on cultivation. Here we investigated the effects of the inoculation with an entire soil microbial community on the growth, resistance to drought, and accumulation of major medicinal compounds (hinesol, β-eudesmol, atractylon and atractylodin) of A. lancea . We analyzed the interaction between A. lancea and the soil microbes at the phylum and genus levels under drought stress of different severities (inflicted by 0%, 10% and 25% PEG6000 treatments). Our results showed that inoculation with soil microbes promoted the growth, root biomass yield, medicinal compound accumulation, and rendered drought-resistant traits of A. lancea , including relatively high root:shoot ratio and high root water content under drought. Moreover, our results suggested drought stress was more powerful than the selectivity of A. lancea in shaping the root-associated microbial communities; also, the fungal communities had a stronger role than the bacterial communities in protecting A. lancea from drought. Specific microbial clades that might have a role in protecting A. lancea from drought stress were identified: at the genus level, the rhizospheric bacteria Bacillus , Dylla and Actinomadura , and rhizospheric fungi Chaetomium , Acrophialophora , Trichoderma and Thielava , the root endophytic bacteria Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia , Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium , Dylla and Actinomadura , and the root endophytic fungus Fusarium were closely associated with A. lancea under drought stress. Additionally, we acquired several endophytic Paenibacillus , Paraburkholderia and Fusarium strains and verified they had differential promoting effects on the medicinal compound accumulation in A. lancea root. This study reports the interaction between A. lancea and soil microbe communities under drought stress, and provides insights for improving the outcomes in A. lancea farming via applying microbe inoculation.


X: -0.9665549 Y: 3.2987466title: Selective fraction of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. and its growth inhibitory effect on human gastric cancer cells publish year: 2013 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacological effect of fraction of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (A. lancea) extract. In this study, we isolated different polarity fractions, including petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and the remaining H2O fractions from the water extract of A. lancea. The antigastric cancer properties of the different fractions in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were evaluated. Apoptotic cells were treated with PE fraction and stained with Hoechst 33342 and 5,5,6,6-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide. The cell cycle was analyzed via flow cytometry. The main compounds of PE fraction were determined by HPLC-ESI-MS. Results of this study showed that the PE fraction of A. lancea inhibited the growth of BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The morphological and mitochondrial transmembrane potential changes suggested that the cells showed preliminary apoptosis characteristics after treatment with the three different polarities. The main compounds of PE fraction include two sesquiterpene compounds: eudesm-4(15),7-diene-9α,11-diol and eudesm-4(15)-ene-7a,11-diol; three sesquiterpene lactone compounds: atractylenolid I, atractylenolid III and 3-β-acetyl-atractylenolid III and one polyacetylenic compound: 4,6,12-tetradecatriene-8,10-diyne-1,3,14-triol.


X: 0.16064048 Y: 4.0861936title: Identification of the Crude Drug Atractylodes Rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome (So-jutsu) Using Chloroplast TrnK Sequence as a Molecular Marker. publish year: 2000 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Novel methods for molecular authentication of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs (Jutsu) were established based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing of chloroplast trnK. Two regions inside the chloroplast trnK were selected as molecular markers for identification and discrimination of Atractylodes Rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome (So-jutsu). The Region 1 fragment (260 bp) amplified from So-jutsu and Wa-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. japonica) gave 2 bands of 180 bp and 80 bp on agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with a restriction endonuclease HinfI, whereas the fragment amplified from Kara-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. ovata) remained undigested, which allowed unambiguous identification of Kara-byaku-jutsu. By direct sequencing of Region 2 (436 bp) and comparison of the nucleotide sequence data sets we could not only discriminate Byaku-jutsu and So-jutsu but also identify the original plant species of each crude drug specimen. A simple and reliable protocol for rapid preparation of DNA suitable for PCR from as little as 1 mg of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs was also described.


X: -0.11746912 Y: 2.723401title: Eight new eudesmane- and eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Phytochemical and pharmacological study on the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea led to the identification of twenty-one compounds: six new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids (1-6), two new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids (7, 8), and thirteen known compounds (9-21). These new compounds were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses with experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) for the configurational assignments. Notably, this study was the first report on the isolation of two eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids (7, 8) from the genus Atractylodes. Compounds 5, 7, and 16 showed potent hepatoprotective activities against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)-induced HepG2 cell injury at a concentration of 10μM (bicyclol as the positive drug).


X: 0.37289667 Y: 3.4926267title: Identification and quantification of sesquiterpenes and polyacetylenes in Atractylodes lancea from various geographical origins using GC-MS analysis publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A convenient and sensitive GC-MS method was developed to identify thirteen sesquiterpenes and polyacetylenes (e.g. caryophyllene, γ-elemene, α-caryophyllene, β-selinene, isoledene, germacrene B, elixene, atractylone, hinesol, β-eudesmol, atrctylodin, atractylenolide II and acetylatractylodinol) in Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., Asteraceae. Among those compounds, four major components including atractylone, hinesol, β-eudesmol and atrctylodin were quantified with standards; contents of other components were estimated by using calibration curve of hinesol. In this study, we presented that the concentrations of those thirteen components varied drastically in A. lancea samples from different producing areas. Among those components, atractylenolide II and acetylatractylodinol were identified by GC-MS for the first time. A hierarchical clustering analysis based on relative peak areas of those thirteen components in total ion current (TIC) profiles was used to characterize A. lancea samples from different producing areas. Further clustering analysis showed that a simplified method with only four major bioactive components could be used to serve the same aim.


X: 0.12014338 Y: 3.8647914title: Chemical characterization of rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis identified by ITS sequences of nrDNA publish year: 2006 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A comparison was made with regard to interspecific and geographical characteristics of nine pharmacologically active components in dried rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea, A. chinensis, and the hybrids between them, which were identified by sequence data of internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA. The chemical constituents of the nine components were determined. Principal component analysis using the contents data of these nine constituents revealed that A. lancea differs chemically from A. chinensis. The hybrids possessed chemical variations within the limits observed in both the species. The relationships between these chemical variations and geographical localities were numerically analyzed by the Mahalanobis-Taguchi method, and this analysis enabled the classification of individuals from the localities into four groups.


X: -1.2585024 Y: 3.1801426title: Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of capsule formulation of the standardized extract of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background and Aim
Atractylodes lancea (AL) has been demonstrated in a series of studies to be a potential candidate for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of the capsule formulation of the standardized AL extract in healthy Thai participants.

Experimental Procedure
Forty-eight healthy Thai participants who fulfilled the inclusion and had none of the exclusion criteria were allocated to two study groups. The group 1 participants were randomized to receive a single oral dose of 1,000 mg of AL or placebo (20:4 participants). The group 2 participants were randomized to receive daily oral doses of 1,000 mg AL or placebo daily for 21 days (20:4 participants). Safety and tolerability of the two AL regimens were monitored. Blood samples were collected for measurement of atractylodin concentrations by HPLC and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using model-dependent and model-independent analysis.

Results and Conclusion
The AL extract was well tolerated in both groups. Atractylodin was rapidly absorbed but with low systemic exposure and residence time. There was no difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of atractylodin following a single or multiple dosing, suggesting the absence of accumulation and dose-dependency in human plasma after continuous dosing for 21 days. The information on human pharmacokinetics of AL, when given as capsule formulation of the standardized extract, would assist in further dose optimization in cholangiocarcinoma patients with the defined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship.


X: 1.3762854 Y: 4.4495044title: Microbial diversity and community structure changes in the rhizosphere soils of Atractylodes lancea from different planting years publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea is a type of typical traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) herb that is economically important in China. The traditional planting method of A. lancea is to plant in situ continuously for many years, which often leads to impediments for its growth and development and soil-borne diseases. The root-associated microbiome is believed to play an important role in plant resistance and the quality of products from the plant. This study aims to reveal detailed changes in the populations of rhizosphere microorganisms, and providing theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of soil-borne diseases in A. lancea. A high-throughput sequencing approach was utilized to illustrate changes in the microbial community from different planting years. Results and conclusions: The results show that the diversity and composition of the root-associated microbiome was significantly impacted by the consecutive monoculture of A. lancea. At the level of the comparisons of the phyla, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota declined significantly. In contrast, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Mortierellomycota distinctly increased. Comparisons at the genus level indicated that Sphingomonas, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Pedobacter, and Tausonia decreased significantly, whereas Mortierella, Cylindrocarpon, Dactylonectria, and Mucor distinctly increased. In conclusion, this study helps to develop an understanding of the impediments involved in the consecutive monoculture of A. lancea.


X: 0.6595498 Y: 3.31995title: Differentiation of essential oils in Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes rhizome is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb that comprises complex several species whose essential oils are the primary pharmacologically active component. Essential oils of Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana were extracted by hydrodistillation, and the yield was determined. The average yield of essential oil obtained from A. lancea (2.91%) was higher than that from A. koreana (2.42%). The volatile components of the essential oils were then identified by a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method that demonstrated good precision. The method showed clear differences in the numbers and contents of volatile components between the two species. 41 and 45 volatile components were identified in A. lancea and A. koreana, respectively. Atractylon (48.68%) was the primary volatile component in A. lancea, while eudesma-4(14)-en-11-ol (11.81%) was major in A. koreana. However, the most significant difference between A. lancea and A. koreana was the major component of atractylon and atractydin. Principal component analysis was utilized to reveal the correlation between volatile components and species, and the analysis was used to successfully discriminate between A. lancea and A. koreana samples. These results suggest that different species of Atractylodes rhizome may yield essential oils that differ significantly in content and composition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: -0.84277534 Y: 2.5700443title: Characterization of pectic polysaccharides having intestinal immune system modulating activity from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC publish year: 2001 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Two acidic polysaccharides (ALR-a and ALR-b, former names ALR-5IIb-2-2 and 5IIc-3-1, respectively; although ALR-5IIb-2-2 and 5IIc-3-1 were used as their abbreviations in a previous paper (Planta Med., 64 (1998) 714), here the polysaccharides have been abbreviated to ALR-a and ALR-b, respectively, in order to avoid complexity) have been purified from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. as intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharides (Planta Med., 64 (1998) 714). Endo-α-d-(1→4)-polygalacturonase digestion of ALR-b gave large proportions of a fragment (PG-1) eluted in the void volume, and the lowest-molecular-weight fraction (PG-3) in addition to a small proportion of intermediate fraction (PG-2). Component sugar and methylation analyses using base-catalyzed β-elimination indicated that PG-1 consisted of a rhamnogalacturonan core with side chains rich in neutral sugars and that PG-3 mainly contained (1→4)-linked galacturono-oligosaccharides. PG-2 comprised characteristic component sugars such as 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl, apiose (Api) and aceric acid (AceA), but PG-2 lacked some glycosidic linkages compared with those of the typical rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). PG-2 showed potent intestinal immune system modulating activity, but PG-1 and galacturono-oligosaccharides in PG-3 had no activity.Further gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography of ALR-a gave a potent intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharide (ALR-a-Bb). Component sugar and methylation analyses indicated that ALR-a-Bb also comprised unusual component sugars characteristic in RG-II as well as PG-2 derived from ALR-b.ALR-a-Bb or PG-2 from ALR-b little affected directly the proliferation of bone marrow cells. PG-2 from ALR-b expressed similar significant intestinal immune system modulating activity to RG-II (GL-RI) isolated from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, but RG-II obtained from a pharmacologically active pectin (bupleuran 2IIb) of Bupleurum falcatum L. had no activity.


X: 0.5402371 Y: 3.50946title: Back Cover: Comparative analysis in different organs and tissue‐specific metabolite profiling of Atractylodes lancea from four regions by GC–MS and laser microdissection publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100924 The cover picture shows a schematic diagram for analytical techniques used in determination of quantifying the volatile oils in rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. Gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer was applied to identify and quantify the volatile oils in rhizomes of A. lancea(lower left and right panels). Laser microdissection combined with GC‐MS to determine the volatile oils in different tissues of in rhizomes of A. lancea(lower middle). There are four main volatile oils in rhizomes of A. lancea, as shown in the ball stick model, which are hinesol, β‐eudesmol, atractylon and atractylodin, respectively. These methods and data provide a foundation for further evaluation and utilization of A. lancea.


X: -0.697585 Y: 3.2034657title: Atractylodes lancea rhizome water extract reduces triptolide-induced toxicity and enhances anti-inflammatory effects publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The present study was designed to explore the influence of water extracts of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes on the toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of triptolide (TP). A water extract was prepared from A. lancea rhizomes and co-administered with TP in C57BL/6 mice. The toxicity was assayed by determining serum biochemical parameters and visceral indexes and by liver histopathological analysis. The hepatic CYP3A expression levels were detected using Western blotting and RT-PCR methods. The data showed that the water extract of A. lancea rhizomes reduced triptolide-induced toxicity, probably by inducing the hepatic expression of CYP3A. The anti-inflammatory effects of TP were evaluated in mice using a xylene-induced ear edema test. By comparing ear edema inhibition rates, we found that the water extract could also increase the anti-inflammatory effects of TP. In conclusion, our results suggested that the water extract of A. lancea rhizomes, used in combination with TP, has a potential in reducing TP-induced toxicity and enhancing its anti-inflammatory effects.


X: 0.3085938 Y: 4.0270715title: S6 Table publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Primers used for SSR analysis in Atractylodes lancea.
(XLS)


X: -0.16991414 Y: 2.6133056title: ChemInform Abstract: New Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from Atractylodes lancea Fermented by Marine Fungus. publish year: 2015 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The diversity of natural compounds is extensive but not unlimited. Fermentation of rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea by marine fungus (Cladosporium cladosporioides) enhanced the diversity of natural compounds. From the fermented rhizomes of A. lancea, two new spirovetivane-type sesquiterpenoids, 2-oxo-12-hydroxy-hinesol (1) and 2-oxo-15-hydroxy-hinesol (2); a new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid atractylol A (3); and three new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, 14-hydroxy-isopterocarpolone (4), 3α-hydroxy-pterocarpol (5), and (11R)-2, 11, 12-trihydroxy-β-selinene (6), were isolated along with known sesquiterpenoids (7–10). The structures of these compounds were established using NMR, MS, and IR methods. These compounds (1–6) were not observed in A. lancea extracts by TLC and HPLC analysis, suggesting that these compounds were generated during the fermentation process.


X: 0.4891129 Y: 3.6733005title: Authenticating the geographic origins of Atractylodes lancea rhizome chemotypes in China through metabolite marker identification publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Introduction
Atractylodes lancea is widely distributed in East Asia, ranging from Amur to south-central China. The rhizome of A. lancea is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, however, the quality of products varies across different regions with different geochemical characteristics.

Method
This study aimed to identify the chemotypes of A. lancea from different areas and screen for chemical markers by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a targeted metabolomics approach based on GC–MS/MS.

Results
The A. lancea distributed in Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, and a region west of Henan province was classified as the Hubei Chemotype (HBA). HBA is characterized by high content of β-eudesmol and hinesol with lower levels of atractylodin and atractylon. In contrast, the Maoshan Chemotype (MA) from Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and other northern regions, exhibited high levels of atractylodin and atractylon. A total of 15 categories of VOCs metabolites were detected and identified, revealing significant differences in the profiles of terpenoid, heterocyclic compound, ester, and ketone among different areas. Multivariate statistics indicated that 6 compounds and 455 metabolites could serve as candidate markers for differentiating A. lancea obtained from the southern, northern, and Maoshan areas.

Discussion
This comprehensive analysis provides a chemical fingerprint of selected A. lancea. Our results highlight the potential of metabolite profiling combined with chemometrics for authenticating the geographical origin of A. lancea.


X: -0.57659614 Y: 8.67268title: Seven herbs against the stored product insect: Toxicity evidence and the active sesquiterpenes from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: In this work, the essential oils (EO) were extracted from seven typical Chinese herbs, and their repellent and contact toxicities against Tribolium castaneum adults (red flour beetles) were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the above EOs presented the various levels of repellent and contact toxicities. The EOs extracted from A. lancea and A argyi of the Compositae (Asteraceae) family presented obvious repellent effects (Repellency Percentage > 90% at 3.15 nL/cm² after 4 h exposure) and strong contact toxicity with LD50 values of 5.78 and 3.09 μg/adult respectively. Based on literature researches and screening results, the EO from A. lancea was analyzed by GC-MS and chosen for further identification of bioactive components. Altogether 59 chemical components were identified and 17 of them were recognized as sesquiterpene compounds, accounting for 57.8% of the total weight of the EO. From the identified sesquiterpenes, three individual compounds (β-eudesmol, hinesol, valencene) were selected for the laboratory bioassays of the toxicity against red flour beetles. It was found that all the three compounds expressed some repellent effects. Although β-eudesmol (31.2%) and hinesol (5.1%) were identified as main constituents and had been considered to be symbolic characteristics of high medicinal value, valencene (0.3%) showed strong repellent property which could be comparable to that of DEET (N, N‑diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide), a powerful commercial pesticides, and it had best toxicity with LD50 values of 3.25 (μg/adult) in the contact test. This work may provide toxicity evidence of seven common herbs against red flour beetles, add the information for the development and comprehensive utilization of A. lancea, and will contribute to the application of grain preservation.


X: 0.92985344 Y: 4.251363title: Comparative Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Atractylodes lancea in Response to Endophytic Fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 Reveals Regulation in Plant MetabolismData_Sheet_1.docx publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The fungal endophyte Gilmaniella sp. AL12 can establish a beneficial association with the medicinal herb Atractylodes lancea, and improve plant growth and sesquiterpenoids accumulation, which is termed "double promotion." Our previous studies have uncovered the underling primary mechanism based on some physiological evidences. However, a global understanding of gene or protein expression regulation in primary and secondary metabolism and related regulatory processes is still lacking. In this study, we employed transcriptomics and proteomics of Gilmaniella sp. AL12-inoculated and Gilmaniella sp. AL12-free plants to study the impact of endophyte inoculation at the transcriptional and translational levels. The results showed that plant genes involved in plant immunity and signaling were suppressed, similar to the plant response caused by some endophytic fungi and biotroph pathogen. The downregulated plant immunity may contribute to plant-endophyte beneficial interaction. Additionally, genes and proteins related to primary metabolism (carbon fixation, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism) tended to be upregulated after Gilmaniella sp. AL12 inoculation, which was consistent with our previous physiological evidences. And, Gilmaniella sp. AL12 upregulated genes involved in terpene skeleton biosynthesis, and upregulated genes annotated as β-farnesene synthase and β-caryophyllene synthase. Based on the above results, we proposed that endophyte-plant associations may improve production (biomass and sesquiterpenoids accumulation) by increasing the source (photosynthesis), expanding the sink (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle), and enhancing the metabolic flux (sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis pathway) in A. lancea. And, this study will help to further clarify plant-endophyte interactions.


X: 0.5300489 Y: 4.0789404title: Transcriptomics analysis investigates sesquiterpenoids accumulation pattern in different tissues of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. plantlet publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea: (Thunb.) DC. is an endangered traditional Chinese medicinal herb with broad pharmacological activity, reflected by an abundance of sesquiterpenoids. However, the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenoids is largely unknown due to a lack of genetic information. To understand sesquiterpenoid distribution in A. lancea, tissue-specific sesquiterpenoids accumulation patterns during different growth periods of plantlets were analyzed via gas chromatography (n = 3). Transcriptomic analyses were furthermore performed via RNA-Seq in an attempt to reveal the molecular mechanism regulating sesquiterpenoids formation in leaves, stems and roots. 85,170 unigenes with an average sequence length of 768 bp were acquired. Via analysis of differentially expressed genes, 857 unigenes were identified to be involved in sesquiterpenoids formation. Consequently, a putative sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic pathway was proposed, including mevalonate, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate, sesquiterpene synthase, cytochrome P450, and the peroxisome pathway. Moreover, the relationship between gene expression and sesquiterpenoid production in different growth periods of leaves, stems, and roots was analyzed based on Quantitative Real-Time PCR (n = 3) and gas chromatography data. In this study, the sesquiterpenoid distribution in different tissues of sterile tissue culture plantlets of A. lancea was systematically investigated via metabolite quantitative and transcriptomics analysis. This study provides a central theoretical basis for the manipulation of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in A. lancea.


X: -0.86992973 Y: 2.6012027title: Structure of oligosaccharide side chains of an intestinal immune system modulating arabinogalactan isolated from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC publish year: 2004 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: An intestinal immune system modulating arabino-3,6-galactan (ALR-5IIa-1-1) has been found in rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. [Planta Medica 1998, 64, 714-719; Carbohydr. Polyms. 2001, 46, 147-156], however other arabino-3,6-galactans from Larix and Acacia failed to express the modulating activity. Degradation of the galactosyl side chains in Araf-side chain-trimmed ALR-5IIa-1-1 (AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1) with an endo-beta-D-(1-->6)-galactanase remarkably decreased the activity of AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1. Structural analysis indicated that the major endo-beta-D-(1-->6)-galactanase-digestable side chains in ALR-5IIa-1-1 are composed of beta-D-(1-->6)-galactopyranosyl oligosaccharides having d.p. 1-8. Because degradation of the beta-D-(1-->3)-galactan backbone in AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1 also significantly reduced its activity, some of these galactosyl side chains attached to beta-D-(1-->3)-galactan backbone are suggested to be responsible for expression of the activity of ALR-5IIa-1-1.


X: 0.05728386 Y: 4.0924296title: DNA authentication of So-jutsu (Atractylodes lancea rhizome) and Byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes rhizome) obtained in the market based on the nucleotide sequence of the 18S–5.8S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region publish year: 2006 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1) region between 18S and 5.8S rDNA was amplified from 25 crude drug specimens of So-jutsu (Atractylodes lancea rhizome) and 11 specimens of Byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes rhizome) obtained in the Chinese market. Based on the comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the PCR products with those determined in five Atractylodes species, we were able to identify the plant origins of these crude drugs. Of the 25 specimens of So-jutsu analyzed, 20 were identified to be derived from either A. chinensis, A. lancea or the interspecific hybrid between these two species, whereas five specimens were identified to be derived from A. japonica, i.e. Byaku-jutsu. In contrast, all of the specimens of Byaku-jutsu analyzed were derived from either A. ovata or A. japonica. A PCR-based method was established for the rapid identification and/or discrimination of So-jutsu and Byaku-jutsu without sequencing.


X: 0.43321556 Y: 3.9730463title: Induction and metabolomic analysis of hairy roots of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea is an important source of traditional Chinese medicines. Sesquiterpenoids are the key active compounds in A. lancea, and their presence determines the quality of the material. Hairy hoot (HR) culture is a potential method to produce medicinally active compounds industrially; however, the induction and metabolic profiling of A. lancea HR have not been reported. We found that optimal induction of A. lancea HR was achieved by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain C58C1 using the young leaves of tissue culture seedlings in the rooting stage as explants. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analyses of the chemical compositions of HR and normal root (NR) led to the annotation of 1046 metabolites. Over 200 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified, with 41 found to be up-regulated in HR relative to NR and 179 down-regulated in HR. Specifically, atractylodin levels were higher in HR, while the levels of β-eudesmol and hinesol were higher in NR. Metabolic pathway analyses showed a significant difference in metabolites of the shikimate acid pathway between HR and NR. Five A. lancea compounds are potential biomarkers for evaluation of HR and NR quality. This study provides an important reference for the application of HR for the production of medicinally active compounds.

Key points
• We established an efficient protocol for the induction of HR in A. lancea
• HR was found to have a significantly higher amount of atractylodin than did NRs
• Metabolic pathway analyses showed a significant difference in metabolites of the shikimate acid pathway between HR and NR


X: -1.3672807 Y: 3.3389413title: Anticancer Activity of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC in a Hamster Model and Application of PET-CT for Early Detection and Monitoring Progression of Cholangiocarcinoma publish year: 2015 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)-induced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an important cancer in the Great Mekong region, particularly in Thailand. Limitations of treatment options and the lack of an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of CCA are major concerns for the control of this type of cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate anti-CCA activity of the ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., and the applicability of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) as a tool for detection and monitoring the progression of CCA in Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)/dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced CCA hamsters. Male Syrian hamsters were used for toxicity tests and anti-CCA activity evaluation. Development of CCA was induced by initial feeding of 50 metacercariae of OV, followed by drinking water containing 12.5 ppm of DMN in hamsters. The ethanolic extract of A. lancea (Thunb.) DC. was administered orally for 30 days. PET-CT was performed every 4 weeks after initiation of CCA using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Results from the present study suggest that the ethanolic extract of A. lancea (Thunb.) DC. rhizome exhibited promising anti-CCA activity and safety profile in the OV/DMN-induced hamster model. To successfully apply PET-CT as a tool for early detection of tumor development and progression, modification of radiolabeling approach is required to improve its specificity for CCA cells.


X: -0.5984441 Y: 3.3528512title: Regulative effects of essential oil from Atractylodes lancea on delayed gastric emptying in stress-induced rats publish year: 2008 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Gastric motor dysfunction induced by psychological stress results in many symptoms of functional dyspepsia (FD). There are a number of herbal medicines that are reported to improve gastrointestinal motor. However, the mechanisms of considerable herbal medicines are not explicit. In the present study, the effects of an essential oil (EO) extracted from Atractylodes lancea on delayed gastric emptying, gastrointestinal hormone and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) abnormalities induced by restraint stress in rats were investigated and the mechanism of the EO is also explored. Oral administration of EO for 7 days did not affect normal gastric emptying, but accelerated delayed gastric emptying induced by restraint stress in rats. The EO significantly increased the levels of motilin (MTL) and gastrin (GAS) and decreased the levels of somatostatin (SS) and CRF. The EO did not modify gastric emptying in vagotomized rats that underwent restraint stress, but antagonized delayed gastric emptying induced by intracisternal injection of CRF. These results suggest that the regulative effects of the EO on delayed gastric emptying are preformed mainly via inhibition of the release of central CRF and activation of vagal pathway, which are also involved in the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as MTL, GAS and SS.


X: 0.7388634 Y: 3.2420814title: Identification of Crepenynic Acid in the Seed Oil of Atractylodes lancea and A. macrocephala publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes rhizome is widely used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Although the chemical composition of the root has been studied in detail, the oil content and fatty acid composition of the seeds of Atractylodes species have not been reported. Fatty acyl composition of seeds from Atractylodes lancea and A. macrocephala was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of fatty acid methyl esters and 3-pyridylcarbinol esters. The predominant fatty acid in the seeds of both species was linolenic acid, but the unusual acetylenic fatty acid, crepenynic acid (cis-9-octadecen-12-ynoic acid), was also observed at levels of 18% in A. lancea and 13–15% in A. macrocephala. Fatty acid content was 24% for the samples of A. lancea and 16–17% for samples from A. macrocephala. sn-1,3 regioselective lipase digestion of seed lipids revealed that crepenynic acid was absent from the sn-2 position of the seed triacylglycerol. Crepenynic acid was also found in the seed oil of Jurinea mollis at 24% and was not present in the sn-2 position of the TAG. A contrasting distribution of crepenynic acid was found in the oil of Crepis rubra, suggesting differences in crepenynic acid synthesis or TAG assembly between these species.


X: 0.58792454 Y: 3.75092title: Regionalization of Chinese Material Medical Quality Based on Maximum Entropy Model: A case study of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes is an East-Asiatic endemic genera that distributed in China, Japan and Russian Far Eastern. As an important resource of medicinal plant, atractylodes has long been used as herbal medicine. To example the significant features in its trueborn quality and geographical distribution, we explored the relationships between medicine quality and habitat suitability in two classifications–lower atractylodin content than the standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010) and the other has higher content. We found that the atractylodin content is negatively related to the habitat suitability for atractylodes with lower atractylodin, while the atractylodin content is positively related to the habitat suitability for those with higher atractylodin. By analyzing the distribution of atractylodeswith lower atractylodin content than the standard of Pharmacopeia, we discovered that the main ecological factors that could inhibit the accumulation of atractylodin were soil type (39.7%), soil clay content (26.7%), mean temperature in December (22.3%), Cation-exchange capacity (6%), etc. And these ecological factors promoted the accumulation of atractylodin for the atractylodes with higher atractylodin. By integrating the two classifications, we finally predicted the distribution of atractylodin content in China.Our results realized the query of atractylodes quality in arbitrary coordinates, and satisfied the actually cultivation demands of “Planting area based on atractylodin quality”.


X: 0.5257794 Y: 3.629049title: Atractylodes spp.: In Vitro Culture and the Evaluation of Micropropagated Plants for Sesquiterpenes and Acetylenic Compounds publish year: 2011 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The genus Atractylodes belongs to the family Asteraceae and comprises eight species of perennial herbs distributed in East Asia (Willis 1973): A. japonica Koidz. ex Kitam. in Japan, Korea, and China; A. koreana Kitam. (A. lancea var. simplicifolia Kitam.) (Noda 1981) in Korea and China; A. lancea DC., A. chinensis Koidz. (A. lancea DC. var. chinensis Kitam.), A. ovata DC. (A. macrocephala Koidz.) and a few other species in China (Beijing Institute of Botany 1975; Gotoh et al. 1988). They grow wild, and some of them are cultivated in these countries as medicinal plants. Figure 1 shows A. lancea at the flowering stage. Flowers of Atractylodes are mostly (Institute of Materia Medica 1979) or entirely (Beijing Institute of Botany 1975) unisexual, and interspecific hybridization occurs (Yoshioka et al. 1976; Yasue 1981; Gotoh et al. 1988; Song and Zheng 1989).

Fig. 1Flowering plant of Atractylodes lancea


X: -2.7263207 Y: 5.912267title: The antitumor effect of hinesol, extract from Atractylodes lancea ( Thunb. ) DC. by proliferation, inhibition, and apoptosis induction via MEK/ERK and NF‐κB pathway in non–small cell lung cancer cell lines A549 and NCI‐H1299 publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Lung cancer (especially, non–small cell lung cancer [NSCLC]) is one of the most malignant cancers in the world. Hinesol is the major component of the essential oil of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC and possesses the most promising anticancer function. However, the effects and molecular mechanism of hinesol on antiproliferation in NSCLC cells has not been well understood. In this study, we found that hinesol effectively inhibited the A549 and NCI‐H1299 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay. In addition, hinesol induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry in A549 cells. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that hinesol decreased phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, IκBα, and p65 inhibited the expressions of Bcl‐2, cyclin D1 and upregulated the expression of Bax. Based on these results, hinesol might be a potential drug candidate of anti‐NSCLC for therapy. We evaluated the antitumor effect molecular mechanism of hinesol in the A549 and NCI‐H1299 cells. We demonstrated that hinesol effectively inhibited cell growth, arrested cell cycle at the G1/G0 phase, and induced apoptosis via downregulating the ERK and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐kB) pathway.


X: 1.4670527 Y: 4.5785627title: Consequences of antagonistic interactions between endophytic fungus and bacterium on plant growth and defense responses in Atractylodes lancea: Endophytic interactions in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2013 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Many studies have examined pair-wise interactions between plants and endophytes, while overlooking the interplays among multiple endosymbionts and their combined impacts on hosts. In this study, Atractylodes lancea plantlets were inoculated with endophytic fungus Acremonium strictum AL16, or endophytic bacterium Acinetobacter sp., or both, to investigate the impacts of the three-way symbiosis on the host. Our results showed that defense-related responses of the co-inoculated plantlets were delayed and weakened relative to plantlets with single inoculants, but no detrimental effects on phyto-physiology (growth, photosynthesis) were observed after combined inoculations. Quantitative PCR analysis verified a decrease in AL16 colonization density within plants after co-inoculation with the endobacteria. An in vitro assay was then performed to elucidate the suppressed plant defense responses and reduced fungal colonization by dual inoculation. The data showed that the presence of Acinetobacter sp. reduced AL16 colony diameter and spore germination rate without negatively affecting fungal morphology. Additionally, direct hyphal attachment of the bacterium to AL16 in vitro was visualized by scanning electronic microscopy. Therefore, we propose that a balanced and compatible symbiosis might require constraints conferred by the antagonistic endophyte Acinetobacter sp. on the fungus AL16 in the tripartite endophytic bacterium-fungus-plant system.


X: 1.4237442 Y: 4.347304title: Soil microbe inoculation alters the bacterial communities and promotes root growth of Atractylodes lancea under heat stress publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Purpose
Atractylodes lancea is a medicinal plant widely used in treating rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, night blindness, and influenza. Microbes greatly impact plant growth and metabolism. However, the microbiome associated with A. lancea remains unclear. Hence, we aimed at assessing the effect of soil microbe inoculation on A. lancea under heat stress from multiple perspectives, including regulation of growth, valuable secondary metabolites, root endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial communities.

Methods
A. lancea was inoculated with soil microbes, then grown under normal/high temperature. Biomass, chlorophyll contents, production of major medicinal compounds, physiochemical properties of the soil, and in the composition of root bacterial communities of A. lancea were investigated.

Results
Soil microbe inoculation promoted root sink strength, accumulation of medicinal compounds, and attenuated damage caused by heat stress. A. lancea showed preference for the endophytic bacterial genera Rhodococcus, Ralstonia, Dongia Paenibacillus and Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia post-inoculation, the latter four genera playing important roles in protection from heat stress, with abundance of the latter two specifically positively correlated to medicinal compound production. A. lancea enriched the bacterial genera Saccharimonadales, Novosphingobium and excluded Chitinophaga in its rhizosphere post-inoculation.

Conclusions
Soil microbes characteristically promoted A. lancea growth, improved heat stress tolerance, and promoted root medicinal compound accumulation. A. lancea selectively enriched particular endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial communities post-inoculation, possibly due to unique aromatic root exudates. The selected bacteria potentially synergistically improved soil available nutrients and uptake by root. Bacterial species selected by A. lancea root have the potential to serve as biological fertilizers for A. lancea farming.


X: 0.07429504 Y: 4.1008043title: Identification of Medicinal Atractylodes Based on ITS Sequences of nrDNA publish year: 2006 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Dried rhizomes of five species of Atractylodes (A. japonica, A. macrocephala, A. lancea, A. chinensis, and A. koreana), Compositae, have been used as crude drugs mainly for the treatment of stomach disorders and for their diuretic properties in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicines. The identification of the botanical origins of these crude drugs is generally difficult from their morphological and chemical features only. In this study, for identification with more reliable, nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of five species of medicinal Atractylodes were sequenced. As a result, specific ITS genotypes were recognized by each species. The four species (A. japonica, A. macrocephala, A. lancea, and A. chinensis) prescribed in Chinese and Japanese Pharmacopoeias as botanical origins of crude Atractylodes drugs could be distinguished by their ITS sequences because they had difference genotypes on the ITS sequences. However, the genotype of A. koreana was the same as that of A. chinensis. Additionally, hybrids between A. lancea and A. chinensis were also recognized as nucleotide additives on their ITS sequences. In this study, several morphological characteristics were researched by their genotype, too. As this result, the hybrids recognized from the genetic analysis had intermediate morphological characteristics between A. lancea and A. chinensis. It was also recognized that A. lancea and A. chinensis except for their hybrids were significant differences. It is therefore suggested that ITS sequences of nrDNA would be useful for the identification of the crude drugs derived from Atractylodes species and their interspecific hybridizations.


X: -0.30342975 Y: 2.8397996title: A new cytotoxic prenylated dihydrobenzofuran derivative and other chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC publish year: 2008 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A new prenylated dihydrobenzofuran derivative (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC (Asteraceae), along with ten known compounds, including atractylenolide II (2), phi-taraxasteryl acetate (3), taraxerol acetate (4), beta-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), beta-eudesmol (7), atractylenolide III (8), atractylenolide IV (9), daucosterol (10), and stigmasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11). The structure of the new compound (1) was elucidated as trans-2-hydroxyisoxypropyl-3-hydroxy-7-isopentene-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylic acid by the combination of 1D, 2D NMR analysis and mass spectrometry, and it was the first reported 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran derivative having a carboxyl residue at C-5 and an isopentene moiety at C-7 contemporaneously. In addition, compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines HCT-116 and MKN-45.


X: 1.4023296 Y: 4.598896title: Interactions of two endophytic fungi colonizing Atractylodes lancea and effects on the host’s essential oils publish year: 2013 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: We investigated interactions between endophytic fungi infecting the same host; Gilmaniella sp. AL12 and Cunninghamella sp. AL4 are endophytes of Atractylodes lancea (Asteraceae). We studied the effect on the host’s essential oils of the single inoculation of one fungus and the mixed inoculation of both. We also observed the effects of these inoculations on endophytic fungal colonization and distribution. Single inoculation included two groups: single inoculation of AL12 (AL12 group), and single inoculation of AL4 (AL4 group). Mixed inoculation included three groups: AL4 inoculation first, followed by AL12 (AL4/AL12), simultaneous inoculation of AL4 and AL12 (AL4_VS_AL12), and AL12 inoculation first, followed by AL4 (AL12/AL4). The control (CK) did not include any fungi. AL4 was observed to prefer to colonize rhizomes, and AL12 to colonize blades of plants. The isolation rate of each fungus in the mixed inoculation group was lower than in the single inoculation group; this may have been due to niche competition. When we inoculated AL12 first and then AL4, the isolation rate of AL4 in stems, leaves, and roots decreased. Similarly, when we inoculated AL4 first and then AL12, the isolation rate of AL12 decreased in the stems and leaves. However, in the roots it appeared that the invasion of AL4 changed the volatile oil levels and that this helped the colonization of AL12; the colonization rate of AL12 following single inoculation was slightly lower than in the AL12/AL4 group and the AL4_VS_AL12 group. This may illustrate that these endophytes have a long history of mutual colonization of roots, and thus have synergies with each other. We used tissue staining to observe inoculated plant tissue. No hyphae were observed intruding into plant cells, and the hyphae of the two fungi were not observed intertwining; meaning that there was no physical interaction between them. However, we found hyphae colonizing the interspaces of leaf tissues and between root cortical cells. These hyphae were single bend fold and unbranched. These mycelia exhibited adaptive morphology compared with those in in vitro pure culture. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed us to more clearly observe endophytic colonization between root cortical cells. Gas chromatography showed that both single and mixed inoculation significantly increased levels of atractylone and atractylodin in the essential oils of A. lancea. In particular, the relative percentage of atractylodin in groups AL12/AL4 and AL4/AL12 was twice as much as in the control group, and the relative percentage of atractylone in AL4_VS_AL12 was more than three times that of the control. The gas chromatograph of the host’s essential oil was more complex following mixed inoculation than it was in the control.


X: -1.3283517 Y: 3.200519title: Preclinical studies of toxicity and anti-cholangiocarcinoma activity of the standardized capsule formulation of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the adenocarcinoma of the biliary duct, is commonly reported in Asia, with the highest incidence in northeastern Thailand. Chemotherapy of CCA has been limited by the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs. A series of previous in vitro and in vivo studies support further research and development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) as a potential candidate for treating CCA as a crude ethanolic extract. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity and anti-CCA activity of the CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control) capsule formulation of the ethanolic rhizome extract of AL (CMC-AL) in animals.

Methods
Major steps included acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity testing in Wistar rats and anti-CCA activity in a CCA-xenografted nude mouse model. The safety of CMC-AL was determined based on the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) according to the OECD guideline. The anti-CCA activity of CMC-AL in nude mice was evaluated after transplantation of CL-6 cells to evaluate inhibitory effects on tumor size progression and metastasis and survival time prolongation. Safety assessments included hematology, biochemistry parameters and histopathological examination. Lung metastasis was investigated using VEGF ELISA kit.

Results
All evaluations confirmed satisfactory pharmaceutical properties of oral formulation and safety profile of the CMC-AL with no overt toxicity up to the MTD and NOAEL of 5,000 and 3,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. CMC-AL exhibited potent anti-CCA efficacy with regard to inhibitory activity on tumor progression and lung metastasis.

Conclusions
CMC-AL is safe and should be further investigated in a clinical trial as a potential therapy for CCA patients.


X: -0.79570806 Y: 2.5873291title: Structural characterization of intestinal immune system modulating new arabino-3,6-galactan from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC publish year: 2001 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Intestinal immune system modulating arabino-3,6-galactan (ALR-5IIa-1-1) has been purified from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. In order to characterize the structure of ALR-5IIa-1-1 sequential enzymic digestion using exo-α-l-arabinofuranosidase and exo-β-d-(1→3)-galactanase was employed. After ALR-5IIa-1-1 was digested with the arabinofuranosidase to give AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1, the galactanase digestion cleaved only 10% and 23% of 3-linked and 3,6-branched Gal in AF-ALR-5Iia-1-1, respectively, and gave small amounts of intermediate size (AF-GN-2) and shorter oligosaccharide (AF-GN-3) fractions in addition to a large amount of the galactanase-resistant fraction (AF-GN-1). When AF-GN-1 was re-digested gradually with the arabinofuranosidase and galactanase, it released trace amounts of oligosaccharides in addition to a large amount of the enzyme-resistant fraction. When the final enzyme-resistant fraction from AF-GN-1 was digested simultaneously with both arabinofuranosidase and galactanase, the resistant fraction was significantly degraded into two long fragments (AF3-GN3-1 and 2). Mixture of digestion products from the first galactanase digestion of AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1 showed decreased intestinal immune system modulating activity which was correspond to about 30% of the activity of ALR-5IIa-1-1, but the galactanase resistant fraction (AF-GN-1) still had significant activity. Although the second gradual enzymic digestion of AF-GN-1 caused little decrease in activity, the resulting fragments (AF3-GN3-1 and 2) from the final enzymic digestion lost most of the activity.


X: 0.77824694 Y: 4.28537title: Effect of drought on photosynthesis, total antioxidant capacity, bioactive component accumulation, and the transcriptome of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC, a medicinal herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, often faces severe drought stress during its growth. Until now, there has been no research on the effect of drought stress on the quality formation of A. lancea . Therefore, the present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress on A. lancea through physical and chemical analysis, and to reveal the related molecular mechanisms via transcriptome analysis.

Results
The photosynthesis was markedly inhibited under drought stress. There were alterations to photosynthetic parameters (Pn, Gs, Ci) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, NPQ), and the chlorophyll content decreased. Twenty genes encoding important regulatory enzymes in light and dark reactions, including the Rubisco gene of the Calvin cycle, were significantly downregulated. After exposure to drought stress for more than 4 days, the activities of four antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD CAT and APX) began to decrease and continued to decrease with longer stress exposure. Meanwhile, most of the genes encoding antioxidative enzymes were downregulated significantly. The downregulation of 21 genes related to the respiratory electron transport chain indicated that the blocked electron transfer accelerated excessive ROS . The MDA content was significantly elevated. The above data showed that 15 days of drought stress caused serious oxidative damage to A. lancea . Drought stress not only reduced the size and dry weight of A. lancea , but also lowered the amount of total volatile oil and the content of the main bioactive components. The total volatile oil and atractylodin content decreased slightly, whereas the content of atractylon and β-eudesmol decreased significantly. Moreover, ten significantly downregulated genes encoding sesquiterpene synthase were mainly expressed in rhizomes.

Conclusions
After exposed to drought stress, the process of assimilation was affected by the destruction of photosynthesis; stress tolerance was impaired because of the inhibition of the antioxidative enzyme system; and bioactive component biosynthesis was hindered by the downregulation of sesquiterpene synthase-related gene expression. All these had negative impacts on the quality formation of A. lancea under drought stress.


X: 0.7545582 Y: 4.385033title: Endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens induced sesquiterpenoid accumulation mediated by gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz plantlets publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes macrocephala is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, its main bioactive components were sesquiterpenoids. An endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B isolated from the stem of Atractylodes lancea was found to enhance sesquiterpenoid content by 20–74% in the root of A. macrocephala. However, the mechanism of endophytes inducing secondary metabolites biosynthesis in A. macrocephala is unknown. To elucidate the signaling mechanism and molecular basis of ALEB7B induced-sesquiterpenoid accumulation in A. macrocephala, the signaling involved in this process and the activity of key enzymes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) were detected. The results showed that gibberellic acid (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signals cooperatively contributed to the bacterium inducing sesquiterpenoid accumulation. The bacterium, JA and GA signals can increase the activities of both HMGR and DXR. By comparing the results of endophytic bacterium interactions with A. lancea, we found that ALEB7B can enhance the sesquiterpenoids content in A. macrocephala and A. lancea; however, the responsive signaling pathways induced by ALEB7B in A. macrocephala and A. lancea were different. In conclusion, endophytes may enhance sesquiterpenoid production in A. macrocephala plants by modulating the GA and JA signaling pathways.


X: -0.8150182 Y: 2.6283016title: Acidic Polysaccharides from Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea as Protective Principle in Candida-Infected Mice publish year: 2001 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Prophylactic effects upon imunnosuppressed mice lethally infected by Candida albicans were examined in fractions prepared from a constituent herb of Juzen-taiho-to (TJ-48, Si-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang), rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. The oral administration of water extract obtained from a residue after MeOH extraction of rhizomes significantly prolonged the survival period of the infected mice at a dose of 140 mg/kg/day compared with control mice, while the MeOH extract did not. In the crude polysaccharide fraction (F-2) obtained by EtOH precipitation of the water extract, a significant life-prolonging effect was observed by the administration of 70 mg/kg/day. F-2 was further fractionated, and the resulting strongly acidic polysaccharide fraction, F-2-2, had a protective effect at a dose of 17.5 mg/kg/day. This fraction mainly consisted of acidic pectic polysaccharides containing about 80% galacturonic acid. The protective activity of F-2-2 was lost by periodate oxidation, but not by protease digestion, suggesting that the polysaccharide component of F-2-2 plays a major role in the protective activity against Candida-infected mice.


X: 0.50058895 Y: 3.4675026title: Geographic Differentiation of Essential Oil from Rhizome of Cultivated Atractylodes lancea by Using GC-MS and Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (RAL) is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) that has been applied in clinical settings for thousands of years. In the past two decades, cultivated RAL has gradually replaced wild RAL and become mainstream in clinical practice. The quality of CHM is significantly influenced by its geographical origin. To date, limited studies have compared the composition of cultivated RAL from different geographical origins. As essential oil is the primary active component of RAL, a strategy combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemical pattern recognition was first applied to compare the essential oil of RAL (RALO) from different regions in China. Total ion chromatography (TIC) revealed that RALO from different origins had a similar composition; however, the relative content of the main compounds varied significantly. In addition, 26 samples obtained from various regions were divided into three categories by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Combined with the geographical location and chemical composition analysis, the producing regions of RAL were classified into three areas. The main compounds of RALO vary depending on the production areas. Furthermore, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were significant differences in six compounds, including modephene, caryophyllene, γ-elemene, atractylon, hinesol, and atractylodin, between the three areas. Hinesol, atractylon, and β-eudesmol were selected as the potential markers for distinguishing different areas by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). In conclusion, by combining GC-MS with chemical pattern recognition analysis, this research has identified the chemical variations across various producing areas and developed an effective method for geographic origin tracking of cultivated RAL based on essential oils.


X: -0.8304044 Y: 3.4657516title: Treatment of Spleen-Deficiency Syndrome With Atractyloside A From Bran-Processed Atractylodes lancea by Protection of the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of spleen-deficiency syndrome (SDS). Bran-processed Atractylodes lancea (BAL) has been found to be more effective than unprocessed AL. However, the compound in BAL active against SDS remains unclear. The pharmacological efficacy of BAL and its mechanism of action against SDS were investigated by HPLC-ELSD. Candidate compound AA (atractyloside A) in AL and BAL extracts was identified by HPLC-MS analysis. AA was tested in a rat model of SDS in which body weight, gastric residual rate, and intestinal propulsion were measured, and motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), and c-Kit were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Potential targets and associated pathways were identified based on network pharmacology analysis. mRNA expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR and protein expression levels were measured by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. AA increased body weight, intestinal propulsion, MTL, GAS, and c-Kit levels, while decreasing gastric residual volume and intestinal tissue damage, as same as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen levels. Seventy-one potential pharmacologic targets were identified. Analysis of protein interaction, Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, and docking and molecular interactions highlighted MAPK signaling as the potential signal transduction pathway. Validation experiments indicated that treatment with AA increased MTL, GAS, ZO-1, and OCLN levels, while reducing AQP1, AQP3, and FGF2 levels. In addition, phosphorylation of p38 and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) expression were inhibited. AA improved gastrointestinal function by protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. The results have clinical implications for the therapy of SDS.


X: 0.880799 Y: 4.268912title: The primary mechanism of endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 promotion of plant growth and sesquiterpenoid accumulation in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea is a traditional Chinese herb, and its quality depends on the main active compounds sesquiterpenoids. In recent years, guaranteeing the quality and yield of A. lancea has become problematic. Our previous results have shown that the endophytic fungus AL12 (Gilmaniella sp.) promotes plant growth and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis of A. lancea. However, little has been done to uncover the mechanism of this “double-promotion”. In this study, plant biomass and sesquiterpenoid content were analyzed to verify this “double-promotion” effect of AL12 on A. lancea. Physiological tests (such as root viability, element content, rubisco content, and some phytohormones levels) were performed to try to identify the mechanism of improved plant growth. The results showed that growth promotion effect induced by AL12 on A. lancea may depend on increased nutrient content, improved photosynthesis and enhanced cytokinin signaling. Secondary metabolite biosynthesis consumes substance and energy during plant growth. Transcript analysis indicated that AL12 stimulates sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis through the MVA pathway. Physiological tests (such as sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis precursors and organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle) were performed to try to identify the mechanism of improved sesquiterpenoid accumulation. The results showed that AL12 improves the primary metabolism of A. lancea including photosynthesis, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle, thus providing sufficient carbon and energy for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. To summarize, this work uncover the primary mechanism of AL12 promotion of plant growth and sesquiterpenoid accumulation in A. lancea. This study provides a theoretical basis for obtaining higher yield and quality medicinal plants and also provides a framework to understand plant–endophyte interactions.


X: 1.3476102 Y: 4.164289title: Volatiles released by endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens promoting the growth and volatile oil accumulation in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea is a well-known, but endangered, Chinese medicinal plant whose volatile oils are its main active components. As the volatile oil content in cultivated A. lancea is much lower than that in the wild herb, the application of microbes or related elicitors to promote growth and volatile oil accumulation in the cultivated herb is an important area of research. This study demonstrates that the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B isolated from the geo-authentic A. lancea can release several nitrogenous volatiles, such as formamide and N,N-dimethyl-formamide, which significantly promote the growth of non-infected A. lancea. Moreover, the main bacterial volatile benzaldehyde significantly promotes volatile oil accumulation in non-infected A. lancea via activating plant defense responses. Notably, the bacterial nitrogenous volatiles cannot be detected in the A. lancea - P. fluorescens symbiont while the benzaldehyde can be detected, indicating the nitrogenous volatiles or their precursors may have been consumed by the host plant. This study firstly demonstrates that the interaction between plant and endophytic bacterium is not limited to the commonly known physical contact, extending the ecological functions of endophyte in the phytosphere and deepening the understandings about the symbiotic interaction.


X: 1.5322019 Y: 4.5285707title: Effects of intercropping of peanut with the medicinal plant Atractylodes lancea on soil microecology and peanut yield in subtropical China publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Diverse intercropping is an effective way to control crop disease and improve productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intercropping peanut (Arachis
hypogaea L.) with the medicinal plant Atractylodes lancea on peanut yield and on the microbial community in the soil. A. lancea was intercropped with peanut in an upland that had been monocropped with peanut for 10 years in subtropical China. The results showed that all the intercropping treatments increased the peanut pod yield. Intercropping of peanut with A. lancea effectively reduced the accumulation of soil phenolic allelochemicals and increased soil urease and invertase activities. Compared with addition of fertilizer, the row spacing between peanut and A. lancea was a more important factor influencing the soil microbial community. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles showed that Gram-negative (G−) bacteria were significantly affected by changes in the intercropping pattern. Especially in the rhizosphere region, which is nutrient-rich and has diverse substrate composition, the G− bacterial population increase by 31.2–79.9 % in intercropping treatments. Soil G− bacteria (as indicated by PLFA, including cy17:0, 18:1ω7, and 16:1ω9) were significantly promoted in the intercropping treatments. The increase in the G− bacterial population and the decrease of phenolic allelochemicals resulted in the promotion of peanut growth and increased peanut yield in the intercropping treatments. Our results provide details on the mechanisms by which intercropping of peanut with A. lancea can improve the soil environment.


X: -0.71568865 Y: 8.529558title: Fumigant toxicity of Ailanthus altissima Swingle, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. and Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth extracts on three major stored-grain insects publish year: 2010 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The fumigant toxicity of three plant extracts from Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) bark, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Asterales:Asteraceae) rhizome and Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) whole plant against Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Liposcelis paeta Pearman (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) adults were investigated immediately. All the plant extracts had potent fumigant activities against O. surinamensis and S. oryzae adults with O. surinamensis adults much more susceptible than S. oryzae adults (P


X: 1.466957 Y: 4.4575825title: Insights into the impacts of autotoxic allelochemicals from rhizosphere of Atractylodes lancea on soil microenvironments publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea suffers from continuous cropping obstacles that have become a major constraint in its cultivation, but there is still little information on the autotoxic allelochemicals and their interaction with soil microorganisms. In this study, we firstly identified the autotoxic allelochemicals from rhizosphere of A. lancea and determined their autotoxicity. Third-year continuous A. lancea cropping soils, i.e., rhizospheric soil and bulk soil, compared with control soil and one-year natural fallow soil were used to determine soil biochemical properties and microbial community. Eight allelochemicals from A. lancea roots were detected and exhibited significant autotoxicity effects on seed germination and seedling growth of A. lancea with the highest content of dibutyl phthalate in rhizospheric soil and lowest IC50 value of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol inhibiting seed germination. The contents of soil nutrients and organic matter, pH value, and enzyme activity were altered between different soils, and the parameters of fallow soil were close to those of the unplanted soil. The PCoA analysis indicated that the community composition of both bacteria and fungi were differed significantly among the soil samples. Continuous cropping decreased OTUs numbers of bacterial and fungal communities, and natural fallow restored them. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Actinobacteria decreased, and that of Acidobacteria and Ascomycota increased after three years cultivation. The LEfSe analysis identified 115 and 49 biomarkers for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. The results suggested that natural fallow restored the structure of soil microbial community. Overall, our results revealed that autotoxic allelochemicals caused the variations of soil microenvironments and resulted in replantation problem of A. lancea, and natural fallow alleviated the soil deterioration by remodeling the rhizospheric microbial community and restoring soil biochemical properties. These findings provide important insights and clues for solving the continuous cropping problems and guiding the management of sustainable farmland.


X: 0.58645076 Y: 4.2368374title: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two squalene synthase genes in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Main conclusion
Two squalene synthase genes AlSQS1 and AlSQS2 were isolated from
Atractylodes lancea
and functionally characterized using in vitro enzymatic reactions.
AbstractAtractylodes lancea is a traditional herb used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, gastric disorders, and influenza. Its major active ingredients include sesquiterpenoids and triterpenes. Squalene synthase (SQS; EC 2.5.1.21) catalyzes the first enzymatic step in the central isoprenoid pathway towards sterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate two SQSs from A. lancea using cloning and in vitro enzymatic characterization. Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the AlSQSs exhibited high homology with other plant SQSs. Furthermore, AlSQS1 was observed to be localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas AlSQS2 was localized in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, AlSQS1 and AlSQS2 were successfully expressed as glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli Transetta (DE3). Approximately 68 kDa recombinant proteins were obtained using GST-tag affinity chromatography and Western blot analysis. Results of the in vitro enzymatic reactions established that both AlSQS1 and AlSQS2 were functional, which verifies their catalytic ability in converting two farnesyl pyrophosphates to squalene. The expression patterns of AlSQS and selected terpenoid genes were also investigated in two A. lancea chemotypes using available RNA sequencing data. AlSQS1 and AlSQS2, which showed relatively similar expression in the three tissues, were more highly expressed in the stems than in the leaves and rhizomes. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was used as an elicitor to analyze the expression profiles of AlSQSs. The results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the gene expression of AlSQS1 and AlSQS2 plummeted at lowest value at 12 h and reached its peak at 24 h. This study is the first report on the cloning, characterization, and expression of SQSs in A. lancea. Therefore, our findings contribute novel insights that may be useful for future studies regarding terpenoid biosynthesis in A. lancea.


X: -1.3705868 Y: 3.257466title: Apoptotic and Anti-metastatic Effects of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. in a Hamster Model of Cholangiocarcinoma publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Objectives:
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive tumor with a greater risk of distant metastasis. The promising anti-CCA activity and safety profile of Atractylodes lancea (AL) have previously been reported in a series of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The present study investigated the effect of AL extract on apoptosis and metastasis signaling pathways in the Opisthorchis viverrini/dimethylnitrosamine (OV/DMN)-induced CCA hamster model.

Materials and methods:
Hamster liver tissues were obtained from the four groups (n = 5 per group), i.e., (i) 5-FU treated CCA (40 µg/mL); (ii) CCA; (iii) AL-treated CCA (5,000 mg/kg), and (iv) normal hamsters. Total RNA was isolated, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related and metastasis-related genes were determined by qRT-PCR analysis.

Results:
The expression levels of p16, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Apaf-1, p53 and Eef1a1 were downregulated, while that of the remaining genes were upregulated in CCA hamsters compared with normal hamsters. AL treatment increased the expression of p16, caspase-9, caspase-3, Apaf-1, p53 and E-cadherin and decreased the expression of cyclin D1, cdk4, Bax, Akt/PKB, Bcl-2, Mfge-8, Lass4, S100A6, TGF-β, Smad-2, Smad-3, Smad-4, MMP-9, and N-cadherin. The expression of Eef1a1 was unchanged.

Conclusion:
The anti-CCA activity of AL in OV/DMN-induced CCA hamsters could be due to the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and activation of the apoptosis pathway, resulting in cancer cell death. The activation of the apoptosis pathway mainly involved the intrinsic pathway (activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 through p53 and Mfge-8 modulation and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes Akt and Bcl-2). In addition, AL could also inhibit the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, MMP-9 and N-cadherin to suppress tumor metastasis.


X: 1.1294961 Y: 4.301731title: Jasmonic acid is involved in the signaling pathway for fungal endophyte-induced volatile oil accumulation of Atractylodes lancea plantlets publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Jasmonic acid (JA) is a well-characterized signaling molecule in plant defense responses. However, its relationships with other signal molecules in secondary metabolite production induced by endophytic fungus are largely unknown. Atractylodes lancea (Asteraceae) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that produces antimicrobial volatiles oils. We incubated plantlets of A. lancea with the fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12. to research how JA interacted with other signal molecules in volatile oil production.
Fungal inoculation increased JA generation and volatile oil accumulation. To investigate whether JA is required for volatile oil production, plantlets were treated with JA inhibitors ibuprofen (IBU) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. The inhibitors suppressed both JA and volatile oil production, but fungal inoculation could still induce volatile oils. Plantlets were further treated with the nitric oxide (NO)-specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO), the H2O2 inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and catalase (CAT), and the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis inhibitors paclobutrazol and 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid. With fungal inoculation, IBU did not inhibit NO production, and JA generation was significantly suppressed by cPTIO, showing that JA may act as a downstream signal of the NO pathway. Exogenous H2O2 could reverse the inhibitory effects of cPTIO on JA generation, indicating that NO mediates JA induction by the fungus through H2O2-dependent pathways. With fungal inoculation, the H2O2 scavenger DPI/CAT could inhibit JA generation, but IBU could not inhibit H2O2 production, implying that H2O2 directly mediated JA generation. Finally, JA generation was enhanced when SA production was suppressed, and vice versa.
Jasmonic acid acts as a downstream signaling molecule in NO- and H2O2-mediated volatile oil accumulation induced by endophytic fungus and has a complementary interaction with the SA signaling pathway.


X: -2.6983352 Y: 6.023611title: Hinesol, a compound isolated from the essential oils of Atractylodes lancea rhizome, inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells publish year: 2015 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Hinesol is a unique sesquiterpenoid isolated from the Chinese traditional medicine, Atractylodes lancea rhizome. In a previous study, we screened various natural products in human leukemia HL-60 cells and identified an essential oil fraction from A. lancea rhizome that exhibited apoptosis-inducing activity in these cells; hinesol was subsequently shown to be the compound responsible for this apoptosis-inducing activity. In this study, we describe the cytotoxic effects and molecular mechanisms of hinesol in HL-60 cells. The antitumor effect of hinesol was associated with apoptosis. When HL-60 cells were treated with hinesol, characteristic features of apoptosis, such as nuclear fragmentation and DNA fragmentation, were observed. These growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of hinesol in leukemia cells were much stronger than those of β-eudesmol, another compound isolated from the essential oil fraction. Furthermore, hinesol induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p38, prior to the onset of apoptosis. These results suggested that hinesol induced apoptosis through the JNK signaling pathway in HL-60 cells. Therefore, hinesol may represent a novel medicinal drug having indications in the treatment of various cancers, including leukemia.


X: -0.75264543 Y: 3.1218536title: Advances in studies on chemical compositions of Atractylodes lancea and their biological activities publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: This article mainly summarises the results of the chemical compositions and its pharmacological activities of Atractylodes Radix. The chemistry components isolated from Atractylodes Radix are mainly sesquiterpenoids, enediynes, triterpenoids, aromatic glycosides, and etc. Pharmacological results showed that Atractylodes Radix has inhibition of gastric acid secretion, promoting gastroin-testinal movement and gastric emptying hpyerglycemic antibacterial anti-inflammatory cardiovascular protection and nervous system activity etc.This article hopefully to provide a reference for further research development and utilization of Atractylodes Radix.


X: 0.24673428 Y: 4.820762title: Molecular Systematics of Genus Atractylodes (Compositae, Cardueae): Evidence from Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and trnL-F Sequences publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: To determine the evolutionary relationships among all members of the genus Atractylodes (Compositae, Cardueae), we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses of one nuclear DNA (nrDNA) region (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) and one chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) region (intergenic spacer region of trnL-F). In ITS and ITS + trnL-F trees, all members of Atractylodes form a monophyletic clade. Atractylodes is a sister group of the Carlina and Atractylis branch. Atractylodes species were distributed among three clades: (1) A. carlinoides (located in the lowest base of the Atractylodes phylogenetic tree), (2) A. macrocephala, and (3) the A. lancea complex, including A. japonica, A. coreana, A. lancea, A. lancea subsp. luotianensis, and A. chinensis. The taxonomic controversy over the classification of species of Atractylodes is mainly concentrated in the A. lancea complex. In base on molecular results, the intraspecific division of Atractylodes lancea is not supported, and A. coreana should be treated as a synonym A. chinensis.


X: -0.47147876 Y: 7.0991635title: Conservation Tillage in Medicinal Plant Cultivation in China: What, Why, and How publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Ecological cultivation is a promising regime for medicinal plant production. For a long time, unreasonable farming methods have threatened soil health and medicinal agriculture and restricted the sustainable development of ecological agriculture for medicinal plants. However, there is a lack of comprehensive discourse and discussion about the pros and cons of different tillage regimes. Here, the research trend and application prospects of no-tillage (NT) are comprehensively reviewed, and the ecological benefits, challenges, and opportunities of the NT system in ecological agriculture of medicinal plants are scrutinized, aiming to call for an about-face in the sustainable conservation and utilization of both phytomedicine resources and agricultural/ecological resources. An exhaustive literature search in PubMed, Bing, Scopus, and CNKI was performed to outline the research trend in conservation tillage and medicinal plants during the recent four decades. The application of NT has a long history and can reduce tillage frequency and intensity and protect soil from erosion and deterioration. NT is often combined with organic mulch to significantly reduce soil disturbance. NT and stover mulching have the advantages of saving manpower and resources and improving soil quality, crop yield, and quality. The ecological and economic benefits of NT in long-term medicinal plant cultivation could be prominent. In developing medicinal plant cultivation, competing with food crops should be avoided as much as possible, and the impact on the production of major grain crops should be minimized. Therefore, the full utilization of soil resources in forests, mountains, and wasteland is advocated, and sustainable soil utilization is the core issue in the process of land reclamation. NT and stover mulching not only inherit the traditional concept of “natural farming”, conform to the basic laws of ecology, as well as the growth characteristics of medicinal plants, but also protect the ecological environment of the production area. It would become the core strategy of ecological agriculture for medicinal plants. Our summary and discussions would help propose countermeasures to popularize NT and organic mulch, promote relevant research and scientific allocation of resources, and adapt to local conditions to achieve precise management and harmonize conservation and production of medicinal plants.


X: 1.5124454 Y: 4.6187387title: Consequences of antagonistic interactions between endophytic fungus and bacterium on plant growth and defense responses in Atractylodes lancea: Endophytic interactions in Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2013 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Many studies have examined pair-wise interactions between plants and endophytes, while overlooking the interplays among multiple endosymbionts and their combined impacts on hosts. In this study, Atractylodes lancea plantlets were inoculated with endophytic fungus Acremonium strictum AL16, or endophytic bacterium Acinetobacter sp., or both, to investigate the impacts of the three-way symbiosis on the host. Our results showed that defense-related responses of the co-inoculated plantlets were delayed and weakened relative to plantlets with single inoculants, but no detrimental effects on phyto-physiology (growth, photosynthesis) were observed after combined inoculations. Quantitative PCR analysis verified a decrease in AL16 colonization density within plants after co-inoculation with the endobacteria. An in vitro assay was then performed to elucidate the suppressed plant defense responses and reduced fungal colonization by dual inoculation. The data showed that the presence of Acinetobacter sp. reduced AL16 colony diameter and spore germination rate without negatively affecting fungal morphology. Additionally, direct hyphal attachment of the bacterium to AL16 in vitro was visualized by scanning electronic microscopy. Therefore, we propose that a balanced and compatible symbiosis might require constraints conferred by the antagonistic endophyte Acinetobacter sp. on the fungus AL16 in the tripartite endophytic bacterium-fungus-plant system.


X: 1.108167 Y: 4.34914title: Comparison of the effects of fungal endophyte Gilmaniella sp. and its elicitor on Atractylodes lancea plantlets publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The effects of the endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. and its elicitor on the defense and metabolic responses of host plants Atractylodes lancea were investigated, in order to understand how to utilize endophytic fungi and their elicitor resources better. The results showed that the promotion effect of the fungus on the growth of host plantlets was much better than that of its elicitor. Both fungus and elicitor enhanced defense-related enzyme activities. In fungus-inoculated groups, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyphenol oxidase activities increased slowly, and reached a maximum level during the later stages, whereas peroxidase activity peaked in the first few days. Additionally, the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were significantly higher than those of the control plants. In elicitor-treated groups, however, most of the enzymes were activated during the early stage, and their highest levels were generally lower than those of the fungus-inoculated groups. Compared with the elicitor, fungal infection improved the photosynthetic rate of the host, and increased carbohydrate levels as well as chlorophyll content in host leaves. The total content of the four main components of volatile oil was also increased in elicitor-treated groups, but there was no particular pattern in this increase. Meanwhile, in the fungus-inoculated groups, the content of atractylone significantly increased with time, while the content of β-eudesmol decreased. These results indicated that fungal elicitor could substantially improve the total content of volatile oil, while the fungus could more effectively enhance the quality of herbal medicines.


X: 0.045259815 Y: 4.0632396title: Rapid identification of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. and hybrids with MLPA-qPCR based on nuclear genome publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes macrocephala and A. lancea are traditional medicinal herbs with a long history in the treatment of diseases. Although A. macrocephala and A. lancea have similar chemical components, their efficacies are different. Confusion of A. macrocephala and A. lancea is one of the hidden dangers of drug safety. Besides, the hybrids of A. macrocephala and A. lancea were bred and sold for bigger rhizomes, grow faster and cheaper prices. which is harmful to correct breeding and market regulation of medicinal materials. In order to correctly identify A. macrocephala, A. lancea and their hybrids, a molecular method combining multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and Real-time Quantitative PCR had been established in this study. Highly species-specific MLPA probes were designed based on ITS2 region within nuclear genome without cross-reaction, and three species could be distinguished according to the melting curve within 3 hours. This study suggests that MLPA-qPCR is an accurate, feasible and high-throughput method for the identification of A. macrocephala, A. lancea and hybrids, and provides a reference for identification of species and even hybrids.


X: -1.2515389 Y: 3.1791246title: Immunomodulatory Effects of Atractylodes Lancea in Healthy Volunteers with Dosage Prediction for Cholangiocarcinoma Therapy: a modelling approach publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background A recent study on the immunomodulatory activity of Atractylodes Lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) in healthy Thai subjects revealed that a once daily dose of 1,000 mg AL administered for 21 days significantly inhibited the production of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, while stimulating the production of immune cells. There is however, no reported maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and suggested phase 2A dosage regimens in the literature.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of Atractylodes Lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) in healthy subjects, and to recommend optimal dose regimens for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) based on toxicity criteria.
Methods: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, combined with the toxicological approach and the immunomodulatory effect, was used for a dose-finding. The safety and efficacy of each AL regimen were evaluated based on the previous study. At least, a daily OD dose of 1,000 mg AL significantly suppressed the production of all proinflammatory cytokines while significantly increasing the number of peripheral immune cells.
Results: The developed PBPK model well predicted clinical observed data. No significant differences in SII index values were found, but a difference in the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio was found on day 4. The dosage regimens for phase 2A are BID doses of 1,000 or 2,000 mg or OD doses of 2,000 mg. Preliminary results in phase 2A revealed that a once-daily dose of 2,000 mg had a significantly higher median overall survival, progression-free survival, disease control rate, and inhibition of increased tumor size without toxicities compared with a once-daily dose of 1,000 mg and standard supportive care.
Conclusion: A PBPK model, in conjunction with a toxicological approach, could assist in finding the potential dosage regimens for a clinical study, including herbal medicine.


X: 0.9600618 Y: 3.6769388title: [Antimicrobial activity of volatile oil from Atractylodes lancea against three species of endophytic fungi and seven species of exogenous fungi] publish year: 2009 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: In order to investigate the inhibitory effects of host plants secondary metabolites on the growth of endophytic and exogenous fungi, the volatile oil from medicinal plant Atractylodes lancea was extracted with organic solvent extraction method, and its antimicrobial activity against three species of endophytic and seven species of exogenous fungi was determined by paper disc assay and spread-plate. The volatile oil had inhibitory effects on the growth of test endophytic fungi. It had strong antimicrobial activity against Rhodotorula glutinis and Saprolegnia, but weak activity against Rhizopus and Absidia. It suppressed the sporulation of Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, but no effects on the growth of Phytophthora. Under the stress of high concentration volatile oil, the hyphal branches of test endophytic fungi increased, the distance between the branches became shorter, and the growth of aerial hyphae was inhibited. The test endophytic fungi had remarkable ability to metabolize and transform the volatile oil, and decreased the contents of its main ingredients. All the results showed that the volatile oil extracted from A. lancea had inhibitory effects on the growth of endophytic fungi, but the fungi could adapt to the volatile oil via metabolizing and decomposing it.


X: -0.26419392 Y: 3.347569title: Bioassay for total serum bioactivity of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The study aimed to establish a bioassay for total bioactivity of Atractylodes lancea (AL) in human serum samples. Inhibition of bacterial growth (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The calibration curve (0, 0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 2.56, and 50 ng/μl) was linear with correlation coefficients >0.990. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.66 mg/ml using 20-ml serum sample. The developed bioassay method meets the standard of the bioanalytical method for determination of serum bioactivity of AL.