X: -2.004852 Y: 8.545102title: Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer with a methacrylate derivative monomer for the isolation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate as an active compound from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga rhizome is traditionally used as a treatment for various diseases. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), which constitutes up to 31.77% of the total essential oil, is the main/marker compound. EPMC is responsible for various pharmacological activities of Kaempferia galanga rhizome. According to the existing research, the isolation yield of EPMC is still meager, namely 0.50–2.50%; thus, a new EPMC isolation method is needed to produce better results. In this study, after determining the association constant and obtaining the Jobs plot between methacrylate derivative monomers and EPMC, a molecularly imprinted polymer for solid phase extraction (MI-SPE) was synthesized through bulk polymerization with EPMC as a template, methacrylic acid as a monomer, TRIM/EDGMA as a crosslinker in a ratio of 1 : 4 : 20 (MIP1) or 1 : 7 : 20 (MIP2). BPO was used as an initiator and n-hexane was used as a porogen. The synthesis of the NIP was also conducted using the same ratio but without the template. The MIPs were then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements, and their analytical performance was evaluated through adsorption capacity and selectivity. The results indicate that MIP2 exhibits better analytical performance with an adsorption capacity value of 0.0813 mg g⁻¹. The selectivity of MIP2 was tested using EPMC analog compounds, namely ethyl cinnamic (EC), cinnamaldehyde (CD), and kaempferol (KF), with imprinting factor (IF) values of 17.436, 1.539, and 0.06, respectively. Lastly, MIP2 was applied to the SPE cartridge for the isolation of EPMC from Kaempferia galanga rhizome extract, and showed a percentage recovery of 82.40% for the ethanol extract, 68.05% for the ethyl acetate extract, and 65.27% for the n-hexane extract. MI-SPE 2 gives high purity results for the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, with purities of 97.00%, 97.63%, and 99.59%, respectively. These results indicate that the MI-SPE technique shows great potential as a new method for isolating EPMCs with high yield and purity.


X: -2.178034 Y: 8.199223title: Biotransformation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. using Aspergillus niger publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Studies were carried out on the extraction of the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L. using steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After purification, the major compound of the K. galanga L. extract, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) was identified by NMR and MS spectrometry. Biotransformation of EPMC using Aspergillus niger afforded ethyl p-hydroxycinnamate in 24% yield.


X: -2.0242474 Y: 10.24307title: Development and characterization of essential oils incorporated carrageenan based edible film for packaging of chicken patties publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to develop an antimicrobial edible film coated with essential oils for packaging application with characterization of its physicochemical properties. Livestock products especially meat products need special packaging system for protection. The most well-known packaging materials are polyethylene or co-polymer-based materials which have led to serious ecological problems due to their non-biodegradability and non-renewable nature. There has been a growing interest for edible films in recent years trying to reduce the amount of wastes, capable of protecting the food once the primary packaging is open, and because of public concerns about environmental protection. Various kinds of antimicrobial substances can also be incorporated into edible films to improve their functionality, as these substances could limit or prevent microbial growth on food surface.

Design/methodology/approach
– Biopolymers such as carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose and their various combinations were tried to develop an edible film. The levels of antimicrobial substances such as oregano and thyme essential oils were standardized on the basis of their minimal inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli , Salmonella pullorum , Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes . Standardized edible film coated with standardized concentration of essential oil was examined for different physicochemical properties and compared with edible film without essential oil.

Findings
– In total, 1.5 per cent (w/v) solution of carrageenan was found best suited biopolymer for edible film formation on the basis of thickness, transparency and elongation ability. Combined concentration of oregano (0.02 per cent) and thyme (0.03 per cent) essential oils were found to be best suited for coating the edible film as antimicrobial application.

Research limitations/implications
– Future research may benefit from the present attempt in evaluating the potency of easily available agricultural by produces for preparation of economically viable edible film incorporated with various natural biopreservatives in combination for the enhancement of shelf life.

Originality/value
– Antimicrobial packaging for enhancing the quality and shelf life of stored meat products offers great scope for further research in this field. Moreover, the literature pertaining to the application of edible films containing biopreservative for chicken meat products is very limited.


X: -2.0635812 Y: 8.659306title: Antimicrobial activity of garlic and Kaempferia galanga on Aspergillus sp. growth isolated from sardine fish Pedetan publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: ‘Pedetan’ is a traditional food made from lemuru in Bali. The existence of climate change causes changes in the quantity of fish in the waters of the Bali strait. However, the quality of the ‘pedetan’ must be improved.. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of garlic and Kaempferia galanga in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus sp. which can contaminate the sardine fish Pedetan. The study was conducted by experimental method by isolating Aspergillus sp. from Pedetan and testing the inhibitory power of garlic and Kaempferia galanga and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Aspergillus sp. The results showed that the extract of garlic and Kaempferia galanga can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus sp. Garlic extract can inhibit A. flavus with inhibition zone diameter of 20.65 mm and Kaempferia galanga extract can inhibit the inhibition zone diameter of 23.75 mm. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for garlic extract was 0.4% with inhibition zone diameter of 1.0 mm and Kaempferia galanga with inhibition zone diameter of 1.2 mm. Garlic extract and Kaempferia galanga at 0.5% concentration can inhibit 100% of the conidia Aspergillus sp. Garlic extract and Kaempferia galanga can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus sp. because they contains bioactive compounds that are antimicrobial.


X: -3.0551722 Y: 8.383204title: Isopanduratin A from Kaempferia pandurata as an active antibacterial agent against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: An antibacterial compound active against Streptococcus mutans was isolated from Kaempferia pandurata and identified as isopanduratin A using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isopanduratin A was 4 mg/l which was much lower than that of some other natural anticariogenic agents such as sanguinarine (12 mg/l), green tea extract and carvacrol (125 mg/l), thymol (250 mg/l) and isoeugenol and eucalyptol (500 mg/l). The bactericidal test showed that isopanduratin A completely inactivated S. mutans at 20 mg/l in 1 min. Significant inhibitory activity of isopanduratin A was also observed against S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis and S. salivarius with an MIC of 4 mg/l. Damage to the cell membrane and cell wall of S. mutans by isopanduratin A was shown using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results suggest that isopanduratin A could be employed as a potential antibacterial agent for preventing dental caries.


X: -1.4634324 Y: 8.655062title: Chemical Variation and Potential of Kaempferia Oils as Larvicide Against Aedes aegypti publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The essential oil constituents of the Kaempferia species, specifically K. angustiflora, K. marginata and the three varieties of K. galanga, i.e., K. galanga 1, K. galanga 2 and K. galanga 3 from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpene hydrocarbons and cinnamate derivatives were identified as the phytochemical markers of these Kaempferia species. The chemical variation of these oils was investigated using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Cinnamate derivatives were found to be the main components in the three varieties of K. galanga, whereas K. marginata and K. angustiflora consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Comparing the chemical variation between Kaempferia species in this research and other areas in previous reports revealed similar constituents in different quantities. Additionally, the three varieties of K. galanga showed significant larvicidal activity, with LC50 values ranging from 49.03 to 53.48 μg/ml. Based on partial least squares (PLS) regression, δ-3-carene, E-ethyl cinnamate, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, γ-cadinene and n-pentadecane are the dominant compounds and contributed positively to the larvicidal activity.


X: -2.8465633 Y: 9.043488title: Phytochemical evaluation and screening of Anti-arthritic activity of Alpinia galanga (Linn.) publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Extracts of the Zingiberaceae family A. galanga was evaluated for anti arthritic activity. The petroleum ether, chloroform, alcoholic extracts of the A. galanga rhizomes in the presence of chemically active compounds by standard methods and evaluated for their antiarthritic activity by using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) induced rat model. The results showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins and tannins. Application of all the three extracts exhibited statistically significant edema inhibition when compared with the arthritic control group. The results obtained suggest that A. galanga rhizomes extract is endowed with effective anti-arthritic activity. These findings seem to justify the use of the plant in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of inflammation, including arthritic conditions.


X: -1.5901285 Y: 9.450371title: Antibacterial Activity of Kaempferia Galanga L. Hard Candy Against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Growth publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia Galanga L.) is a spice plant that has a high volatile content with active compounds of ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (23.65%) and ethyl cinnamate (5.98%). These two compounds have been reported to have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, which are two types of bacteria that can cause sore throat. The application of aromatic ginger essential oil on hard candy can potentially reduce inflammation in the throat. This study aims to determine the effect of aromatic ginger essential oil concentration on hard candy in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and to determine their acceptance by the panelists. This research was conducted with 6 treatments of variations in the concentration of aromatic ginger essential oil, including 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. The results showed that the higher the concentration of aromatic ginger essential oil on hard candy would further increase the inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The highest inhibitory activity and the highest panelist acceptance was 1% essential oil concentration with 3.29% moisture content, 0.12% ash content, and 7.13% reducing sugar. The use of aromatic ginger essential oil on hard candy as a flavoring and well as inhibiting the growth of strep throat-causing bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) has the potential to be developed.

Keywords: Antibacterial, hard candy, aromatic ginger, essential oil, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus


X: -2.9782097 Y: 8.259288title: Hexane Extract of Kaempferia galanga L. Suppresses Melanogenesis via p38, JNK and Akt publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L . is one of the plants in Zingiberaceae family. It is used by people in many regions of Asia and Africa for relieving toothache, abdominal pain, muscular swelling and rheumatism. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme for melanogenesis, and hyperpigmentation is associated with abnomal accumulation of melanin pigment. This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of melanogenesis by hexane extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (HKG) in B16F10 melanoma cells. Cell-free tyrosinase, melanin contents, intracellular tyrosinase activity and western blot analysis were performed to elucidate the effects on anti-melanogenesis. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and determined the concentration of 12.5, 25 ㎍/ml. HKG significantly inhibited to activities of intracellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in the absence or presence of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) with dose-dependent manner. And HKG inhibited the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), regardless of the presence or absence of α-MSH. HKG also down–regulated phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, and up–regulated phosphorylation of Akt. These effects were not related to its cytotoxicity action. These results indicate that HKG has the potential to be a useful therapeutic agent for treating hyperpigmentation disorders and as a beneficial additive in whitening agents in cosmetics industry.


X: -2.4423344 Y: 9.378795title: Physicochemical character of nanoencapsulated Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) dreg extracts publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Miliaria or sweat prick is conditions where sweat is trapped behind the skin that cannot evaporate due to the body’s sweat glands are inhibited. This is resulting in skin inflammation and rash. Treatment with methyl salicylate powder can cause skin irritation especially in infants and children. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) has a small effect on skin irritation so that it can be used as a remedy of sweat prick to substitute methyl salicylate powder. The research was aim to produce nanoencapsulation from waste of residual distillation of Kencur and characterized its physicochemical properties as first study to make powder drugs. The dregs is macerated 6 hours with ethanol and allowed to stand for 24 hours so that the solvent can bind to the compound present in the Kencur dregs. The viscoused extract is capsulated by maltodextrin and formed as nanoencapsulate by spray dryer. The size of encapsulated powder is measured by PSA and the presence of functional groups as active sites is analyzed by FTIR. Nanoencapsulation of Kencur dregs was successfully made and produced a yellowish white powder with 65.8% w/w rendemen. The results of the PSA analysis show that the powder is 227.4 nm averages and about 70% of the nanoencapsulate particle density is below average. The particle with the size of 181.7 nm is the most often detected particles by the PSA detector. The Kencur dregs nanoencapsulation produce a porous nanomaterial with type 1 Langmuir isotherm adsorption-desorption, the micropore size of 1.68 nm and the average pore volume of 1.04 µL/g. Analysis with FT-IR resulted in several functional groups indicated as ethyl p-metoxycinnamate such as C=C aromatics, CH3, and C-O.


X: -2.7120814 Y: 8.53532title: Kaempferia Sp. Extracts as UV Protecting and Antioxidant Agents in Sunscreen publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The ethanolic rhizome extracts of Kaempferia species (K. angustiflora, K. elegans, K. galanga-1, K. galanga-2, K. galanga-3, K. marginata, K. parviflora, K. pulchra, and K. rotunda) were evaluated for their UV protective and antioxidant properties. The effective extracts K. elegans, K. galanga-1, and K. parviflora were further isolated and 18 pure compounds were obtained. Flavokawain B (1), a chalcone found in K. elegans, exhibited the most effective UVA and UVB protection, and were more potent than commercial sunscreens. Compound 1 demonstrated the highest antioxidant activities in ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays.

Abbreviations
ABTS: 2,2´-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl); FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; UV: Ultraviolet; UVA: Ultraviolet A; UVB: Ultraviolet B


X: -0.51278347 Y: 7.8596525title: Galangal Growth and Productivity Related to Light Transmission in Single-Strata, Multistrata and ‘No-Over-Canopy’ Systems publish year: 2005 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a promising medicinal and aromatic oil-yielding herb grown in the subcanopy of multistrata production systems in the tropics. The effects of differing light transmission levels on its growth, yield, quality and nutrient dynamics under a solitary canopy, six multistrata canopies and ‘no-over-canopy’ were evaluated in a randomized-block experiment. Coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) provided the solitary canopy while coconut+dicot trees (Vateria indica, Ailanthus triphysa or Grevillea robusta grown in two planting geometries-single row and double row) represented the multistrata environment. Stand leaf area index (LAI) and subcanopy photosynthetic photon flux density were measured when the palms were 17 to 18 years of age and other trees, 3 to 4 years old. Understorey photosynthetic photon flux density was controlled by tree species and stand LAI. Ailanthus-based treatments consistently registered lower photon flux densities. Mean daily subcanopy photon flux density (50 cm above ground) ranged from 95 to 646 µmoles s m, as against 968 µmoles s m in the open. Presence or absence of over-canopy, however, seemed to have little effect on galangal rhizome yield; as yield responses under ‘no-over-canopy,’ single-strata and multistrata systems were similar. Likewise, rhizome quality did not exhibit any remarkable trends with respect to canopy structure. However, ‘subcanopy’ foliar P and K concentrations were significantly greater than that of ‘no-over-canopy.’ Soil fertility assessment suggests that galangal cultivation modestly depressed site N, while K levels recuperated.


X: -1.5351274 Y: 8.626854title: Essential oils of leaves and rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga Linn. leaf and rhizome oils, obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). One hundred and eight components were identified in the leaf oil. The major components were linoleoyl chloride (21.42%), caryophyllene oxide (11.75%), cubenol (9.66%) and caryophyllene (5.60%). Eighty one components were identified in rhizome oil with the main components being 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl),-ethyl ester (63.36%), ethyl cinnamate (6.31%), 4-cyclooctene-1-methanol (4.61%), caryophyllene oxide (4.37%) and limonene (3.22%). The compositions of both oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively.


X: -3.5656517 Y: 9.6861725title: Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Compounds Contained in Kaempferia Galanga L. to Lipoxygenase (LOX) for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Inflammation is a self-protective response to start the healing process. An anti-inflammatory target worth developing are lipoxygenase inhibitors, which have been studied for several diseases, including severe respiratory disease. This research had the goals of estimating the activity of 21 compounds from K. galanga to inhibit the lipoxygenase (LOX) and estimating the bond stability of the ligand-LOX complex. Based on the compound’s affinity for LOX, the compounds in K. galanga were selected by utilizing the PLANTS docking software, with zileuton as the reference ligand. The GROMACS application was used to simulate the molecular dynamics of the LOX-ligand complex at 310 K. Based on the chemPLP score, most of the 21 K. galanga compounds showed a higher affinity towards 5-LOX compared to zileuton. δ-3-carene had the best affinity for 5-LOX. In the simulation of molecular dynamics until 20 ns, the RMSD of δ-3-carene and 5-LOX was not more than 0.03 nm or 0.3 Å, indicating that the whole system showed decent stability and had ‑1.67392 x 106 kcal/mol as the average potential energy. The results showed that K. galanga contains active components of 5-LOX inhibitors that could be developed.


X: -2.1787362 Y: 8.380969title: Comparison of esterification and transesterification method in synthesis of octyl p-methoxycinnamate (OPMC) from kaempferia galanga L. rhizome publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Octyl p-methoxycinnamate (OPMC) is a cinnamic acid derivative that is often used for sunscreens in cosmetics. OPMC can be synthesized from ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) as main contain in kaempferia galanga L. rhizome. The purpose of this study is to compare the synthesize of OPMC from natural EPMC by esterification and transesterification method. The first step is the extraction of EPMC from kaempferia galanga L. rhizome by maceration method (29,76%). In the esterification method, EPMC was hydrolysis into 4-methoxycinnamic acid (4-MCA) (72%) then reacted with octanol in different reaction time ((2,3,4,5,6 h). In the transesterification method, EPMC directly reacted with octanol in different reaction time (2,3,4,5,6 h). The OPMC synthesis results were identified with TLC, FTIR spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identification results show that OPMC can be synthesized by both of method with optimum reaction time for esterification method is 3 hours and for transesterification method is 5 hours.


X: -1.5087926 Y: 8.824572title: Antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from roots and rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L., Alpinia galanga L. and Alpinia calcarata Roscoe. against Rhizoctonia solani. publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Rhizoctonia solani can infect plants belonging to > 32 families and 188 genera. This pathogen also
causes major yield loss worldwide in many crops like: rice, green gram, cowpea, gram and groundnut, soybean, maize, jowar, wheat and bajra etc. Essential oils are natural, volatile complex terpenoid compounds characterized by a strong and specific odour. These secondary metabolites are formed by aromatic plants and are obtained by hydro-distillation technique. The essential oils were isolated from roots and rhizomes of three plants belonging to family Zingiberaceae. In vitro experiments using essential oils isolated from these plants were found effective against Rhizoctonia solani. The root oil of Alpinia galanga, showed best antifungal efficacy at 500 ppm in inhibiting 40% growth and development in different stages of life cycle of R. solani. However, among all three essential oils tested, the A. galanga root oil was found most effective than rhizome oils from Kaempferia galanga and A.galanga. Results suggested the possible exploitation of these oils as potential fungal control agents of botanical source. Fungicidal formulations can be prepared using these oils for agricultural applications.


X: 1.3778749 Y: 7.8523755title: Sucrose, benzylaminopurine and photoperiod effects on in vitro culture of Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is a monocotyledonous plant of the Zingiberaceae family, commonly utilized for medicinal purposes. This study evaluates the effect of different concentrations of sucrose, benzylaminopurine (BA) and photoperiod on in vitro propagation of K. galanga. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 mg L BA and 30 g L sucrose, and a photoperiod with 4 h of light induced the highest shoot proliferation (7.4 ± 1.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of roots/shoot (31.3 ± 3.2). On the contrary, the maximum shoot height (4.7 ± 0.7 cm) and the highest number of leaves/shoot (4.7 ± 0.2) were obtained from cultures using MS medium supplemented with 30 g L sucrose but without BA, and exposed to 16 h of light. Hence MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L BA and 30 g L sucrose, and incubated under a 4 h light/20 h dark photoperiod was chosen as the optimal protocol for mass multiplication of K. galanga. This in-vitro technique can facilitate the production of a large number of uniform plants of K. galanga, irrespective of the seasonal factor, and could be used as a tool for conservation of the species.


X: -1.8532617 Y: 8.904501title: Antidandruff potential of kaempheria galanga ethanolic extracts for hair cream formulation publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The evaluation of Kaempferia galanga, Citrus hystrix and Cinnamomum zeylanicum ethanolic extracts on antifungal activities and zone of inhibition were conducted. The yield for K. galanga, C. hystrix and C. zeylanicum were 0.4, 0.7 and 0.43 % of raw dried samples respectively. All the extracts demonstrated 5 mg/mL MIC with C. zeylanicum, K. galanga and C. hystrix average holozones diameter of 14.5 + 3.8, 12.0 + 1.8 and 12.0 + 0.8 mm after 3 days of incubation respectively with no effect on negative control. On the other hand, Zinc Pyrithione being more potent than imidazaole as a positive control with inhibition of 32.8 + 2.2 and 21.8 + 3.4 respectively. Based on the findings, the anti-fungal hair cream containing K. galanga ethanolic extract was formulated into oil-in-water cream and the physicochemical properties were evaluated. The cream demonstrated desirable characteristic with no separation between oil and water after vigorously shaken at 14,600 rpm for half an hour. Furthermore the viscosity and pH were 543.7 + 19.2 and 5.46 + 0.01 respectively. In conclusion, K galanga ethanolic extract has a potential to be used as an anti-fungal oil in water cream formulation.


X: -2.334044 Y: 8.503535title: Kaempferia galanga L.: Progresses in Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Ethnomedicinal Uses publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: K. galanga is an aromatic medicinal herb. It is locally to India and distributed in China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. K. galanga is a Traditional Chinese Herb Medicine (TCHM), which has been applied to treat cold, dry cough, toothaches, rheumatism, hypertension and so on. In addition, it has been used widely as spices since its highly aromas. The aim of this review is to compile and update the current progresses of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of K. galanga . All the data on K. galanga were based on different classical literary works, multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. The results showed that ninety-seven compounds have been identified from rhizome of K. galanga , including terpenoids, phenolics, cyclic dipeptides, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, fatty acids and esters. Modern pharmacology studies revealed that extracts or secondary metabolites of the herb possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumorous, anti-bacterial, and anti-angiogenesis effects, which were closely related to its abundant ethnomedicinal uses. In conclusion, although previous research works have provided various information of K. galanga , more in-depth studies are still necessary to systemically evaluate phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity and quality control of this herb.


X: -2.8472576 Y: 8.848412title: In vitro Anti-inflammatory Properties in Various Extracts (Ethanol, Chloroform and Aqueous) of Kaempferia galanga Linn Rhizome publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Introduction: Kaempferia galanga is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae: ginger family. It is treated as a folk traditional herb. Anti Inflammatory property refers to the ability of a substance to reduce inflammation or any of its 5 cardinal signs. Aim: To assess and compare in vitro the anti-inflammatory properties of various extracts (ethanol, chloroform and aqueous) of Kaempferia galanga L Rhizome. Materials and Methods: Protein Denaturation Inhibition was carried out in vitro and statistical analysis was done using ONE WAY -ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Tests. The test was done in triplicates. Results: Chloroform extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome has the best anti-inflammatory potential followed by Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of the rhizome. Conclusion: With further in vivo and clinical research, the chloroform, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Kaempferia galanga can be recommended as a novel, innovative and potent anti-inflammatory drug in the market as it’s natural and doesn’t have side effects.


X: -1.189993 Y: 8.179772title: Determination of Trace Elements in Kaempferia galangal L. and Soil by ICP-AES publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: With the trend of global economic integration, strengthening economic and trade exchanges between different countries, the economic value of products of designations of origin increased. Fourteen trace elements of soil and plants samples were determined by ICP-AES. The accuracy of method was between 0.76% and 8.46%, and the precision was 0.15%~8.1%, and the detection limits of elements determined was between 0.0011~0.076μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between content of trace elements in soil and in plants. The elements can be a fingerprinting marker of products of designations of origin.


X: -2.6878457 Y: 8.374868title: HPLC analysis and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The aim of the present investigation was to assess the in vitro antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, haemolytic activity, phytochemical screening and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of hydroethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves. To determine the antioxidant potential of the extract, DPPH radical scavenging, β- carotene linoleic acid, metal chelating and anti-Lipid peroxidation activities were performed. To analyze the effect of extract on human erythrocytes hemolytic assay was carried out. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed to detect the presence of phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, phytosterols and tannins. Extract was also tested for the antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method. The test organisms used were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Extract showed antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 732μg/mL for β carotene linoleic acid assay, 531μg/mL for anti-Lipid peroxidation assay and 635μg/mL for metal chelating assay respectively. Extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones of 19 mm, 14 mm and 12 mm diameter against K. pneumonia, P. aeroginosa and S. aureus. Whereas, hydroethanolic extract showed no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. Further, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) analysis resulted in the identification of functional groups. HPLC analysis detected the presence of Genistein, Ferulic acid, Coumaric acid and Butein. Thus, it was concluded that K. galanga extract has good antioxidant property and in future the bioactive compound with antioxidant nature in the extract could be isolated and used as a remedy for free radical associated human diseases.


X: -2.2509122 Y: 5.104328title: Assessment of antimalarial activity of crude extract of Chan-Ta-Lee-La and Pra-Sa-Chan-Dang formulations and their plant ingredients for new drug candidates of malaria treatment: In vitro and in vivo experiments publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance have become a significant problem worldwide. The search for natural products to develop novel antimalarial drugs is challenging. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antimalarial and toxicological effects of Chan-Ta-Lee-La (CTLL) and Pra-Sa-Chan-Dang (PSCD) formulations and their plant ingredients. The crude extracts of CTLL and PSCD formulations and their plant ingredients were evaluated for in vitro antimalarial activity using Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and toxicity to Vero and HepG2 cells using the tetrazolium salt method. An extract from the CTLL and PSCD formulations exhibiting the highest selectivity index value was selected for further investigation using Peter’s 4-day suppressive test, curative test, prophylactic test, and acute oral toxicity in mice. The phytochemical constituents were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that ethanolic extracts of CTLL and PSCD formulations possessed high antimalarial activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 4.88, and 4.19 g/mL, respectively) with low cytotoxicity. Ethanolic extracts of the CTLL and PSCD formulations demonstrated a significant dose-dependent decrease in parasitemia in mice. The ethanolic CTLL extract showed the greatest suppressive effect after 4 days of suppressive (89.80%) and curative (35.94%) testing at a dose of 600 mg/kg. Moreover, ethanolic PSCD extract showed the highest suppressive effect in the prophylactic test (65.82%) at a dose of 600 mg/kg. There was no acute toxicity in mice treated with ethanolic CTLL and PSCD extracts at 2,000 mg/kg bodyweight. GC-MS analysis revealed that the most abundant compounds in the ethanolic CTLL extract were linderol, isoborneol, eudesmol, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, whereas ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate was the most commonly found compound in the ethanolic PSCD extract, followed by 3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, flamenol, oleic acid amide, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. In conclusions, ethanolic CTLL and PSCD extracts exhibited high antimalarial efficacy in vitro . The ethanolic CTLL extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg exhibited the highest antimalarial activity in the 4-day suppressive and curative tests, whereas the ethanolic PSCD extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg showed the highest antimalarial activity in the prophylactic test.


X: -0.19917728 Y: 7.5653267title: ISSR analysis reveals low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation in Kaempferia galanga L. in South India populations publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is an important medicinal herb used in many ayurvedic drug preparations. We investigated the genetic diversity and structure of 4 populations of K. galanga collected from South India using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A low level genetic diversity was noticed among the populations (PPB = 44.45%; h = 0.1517 and I = 0.2309). Average diversity within population was also low (PPB = 23.29%; h = 0.1003; I = 0.1439) and the highest genetic diversity was observed in Shimoga population (PPB = 27.27%; h = 0.112; I = 0.1625). Nei's differentiation coefficients (GST) was found to be high (0.3942) and the gene flow (Nm) was low (0.7683), confirming the high population genetic differentiation. The unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering demonstrated similar results. Based on the overall low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation among K. galanga populations in South India, a conservation strategy is proposed.


X: -2.9950695 Y: 8.348295title: Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Phyto-Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia parviflora and Kaempferia pulchra publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Medicinal plants are the potent source of biologically active compounds and have always been of field of interest for the effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The objective of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, estimate the content of phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids compounds and determines the antioxidant capacity of the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga Linn, Kaempferia parviflora and Kaempferia pulchra (K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra, Zingiberaceae). Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoids and alkaloids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The ethanolic extract of rhizomes of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of all three plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, carbohydrate, and tannin. The total phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids content of ethanolic extract of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra rhizomes were 0.813, 1.146; 1.047, 1.237, 0.285; 0.755, 0.822, 0.975/100mg respectively. All extracts showed dose dependent free radical scavenging property in the tested models, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The present study concluded that the crude extract of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra rhizomes is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. It is expected that the important phytochemical properties recognized by our study in the indigenous medicinal plants will be very useful in the curing of various diseases when taken along with our food.


X: -1.4295897 Y: 9.326502title: Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Potential of the Cinnamomum camphora cineoliferum (L.) J. Presl. and Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. Essential Oils Against Facultative and Obligate Endodontic Anaerobes publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The aim of the study was to investigate the potency of Cinnamomum camphora cineoliferum and Melaleuca ericifolia essential oils (EOs) against facultative and obligate anaerobes isolated from teeth’ infected root canals. Biocompatibility of the EOs was also in the study focus. Chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC/MS analysis. Their antibacterial potential and cytotoxicity were evaluated by microdilution and MTT assays, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test and one way ANOVA. Two the most abundant constituents of C. camphora cineoliferum EO were 1,8-cineole and sabinene, while in M. ericifolia EO the dominant were linalool and 1,8-cineole. MICs achieved against all tested strains were in the ranges 0.95±0.50 - 22.50±0.00 mg/mL and 0.65±0.00 - 23.35±7.80 mg/mL for the C. camphora cioneoliferum and M. ericifolia EOs, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that response to both oils has not differed between facultative and obligate anaerobes. Sensitivity pattern of the tested strains was different for the EOs and the positive control triple antibiotic paste (TAP): while E. faecalis and certain strains of S. salivarius were among the most sensitive to the oils, they were the least susceptible to the conventional antimicrobial TAP. Although the observed cytotoxicity of the EOs after 30 min of cell exposition was high (50.78-66.35% and up to 70% for C. camphora cioneoliferum and M. ericifolia EOs, respectively) it was lower than that of positive control (1.5% NaOCl, p<0.05). To conclude, both EOs showed promising antibacterial potential and achieved at least the same or even better biocompatibility than the conventional intracanal antimicrobials. Obtained results strongly encourage future research with an aim to formulate C. camphora cioneoliferum and M. ericifolia EO- based irrigants and medicaments, that could be used in endodontic practice.


X: -4.300413 Y: 6.0883446title: Machine Learning-Assisted Sensor Array Based on Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimers for Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, and the early diagnosis of AD remains challenging. Here we have developed a fluorescent sensor array composed of three modified polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proteins of various properties were differentiated via this array with 100% accuracy, proving the rationality of the array's design. The mechanism of the fluorescence response was discussed. Furthermore, the robust three-element array enables parallel detection of multiple Aβ40/Aβ42 aggregates (0.5 μM) in diverse interferents, serum media, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with high accuracy, through machine learning algorithms, demonstrating the tremendous potential of the sensor array in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.


X: -2.7515435 Y: 8.864601title: Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an Anti-inflammatory Constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. Extracts publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Kaempferia galanga (KG) using an activity-guided approach. KG rhizomes were serially extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water. These extracts (2 g/kg each) were tested for their ability to inhibit carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The chloroform extract was found to exert the highest inhibition (42.9%) compared to control (p < 0.001), hence it was further fractionated by washing serially with hexane, hexane-chloroform (1:1) and chloroform. The chloroform fraction (1 g/kg) showed the highest inhibitory effect (51.9%, (p < 0.001), on carrageenan-induced edema. This chloroform fraction was further fractionated with hexane-chloroform (1:3) and chloroform, and of the two fractions, the hexane-chloroform sub-fraction was the most effective in inhibiting edema (53.7%, p < 0.001). GC-MS analysis of the active sub-fraction identified ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) as the major component, which was re-crystallized. EPMC dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced edema with an MIC of 100 mg/kg. Moreover, in an in vitro study, EPMC non-selectively inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, with IC₅₀ values of 1.12 µM and 0.83 µM respectively. These results validate the anti-inflammatory activity of KG which may be exerted by the inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. EPMC isolated from this plant may be the active anti-inflammatory agent.


X: -1.8164005 Y: 8.554643title: Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of Kaempferia galanga: A review publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is one of the most industrially important medicinal plants belongs to Zingiberaceae family and contains high-valued essential oil of medicinal and industrial importance. The essential oil of K. galanga has got huge market potential in India and world. The present market value of essential oil varies from US$600 to 700 per kilogram on the international market. The major chemical constituents of the essential oil of K. galanga are ethyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphene, linoleoyl, methyl-cinnamate and pentadecane. These chemical components show various anti-microbial activities and nutraceutical properties. Due to its wealth of pharmacological applicability, K. galanga is a high-valued medicinal plant of industrial importance. In this review, we present, up to date information regarding the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of K. galanga which offer a new perspective on the research on biochemical and molecular characterization of elite chemical components for pharmacological applications and commercial utility.


X: 1.6831343 Y: 7.8907647title: Efficient Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf Base-derived Callus of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plantlets regeneration were achieved in callus cultures established from the leaf base explants of Kaempferia galanga L. Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis at various frequencies were observed using different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. The highest percentage of callus induction was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D+1.0 mg L-1 BA. After transfer on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 BA+0.1 mg L-1NAA, this callus produced small globular embryos first that later developed into plantlets by further subculturing on the same medium. Plantlets were acclimatized and subsequently transferred to the field. Survival rate of the plantlets under ex vitro condition was 85%.


X: -2.2523422 Y: 8.900463title: Antibacterial Activity Test Combination of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) Rhizome and Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L) Leaf Extract against Escherichia coli publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) rhizome and sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L) leaf are one of the plants that have been empirically proven to treat infections. Kencur rhizome contains chemical compounds such as saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oil. Sapodilla leaf contains chemical compounds such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids which function as antibacterial. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of kencur rhizome and sapodilla leaf ethanol extract combination against Escherichia coli bacteria. This study used an experimental method by looking at the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of kencur rhizome and sapodilla leaf combination at a concentration ratio of 60%: 40%, 65%: 35%, 70%: 30%, 30 �g of chloramphenicol as a positive control and 70 % of alcohol as negative control. The study result showed that the combination of ethanol extract of Kencur rhizome and sapodilla leaf compared to 60%: 40%, 65%: 35% and 70%: 30%, each had an inhibitory zone against Escherichia coli of 15 mm, 13.17 mm, and 14.17 mm, chloramphenicol has an inhibitory zone of 19.83 mm and 70% alcohol does not have an inhibitory zone. This study concludes that the combination of Ethanol Extracts of Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L) and Sapodilla leaf (Manilkara zapota L) which inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and were more effective at a 60%: 40% comparison concentration because they were in the range of 14-16 based on Indonesian pharmacopeia standard of IV edition.


X: -2.0637515 Y: 8.15022title: Extraction of Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: In this study, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) was extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. by different methods. The study results show that vacuum drying process led to a significant decrease in EPMC content in the herb (about 7%); EPMC obtained by water distillation not only had a high purity and yield but could also be applied for both fresh and dried herb; whereas, Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane solvent brought the highest extraction yield (1.99% on dried herb weight) despite lower purity when compared to that by water distillation method. Keywords Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, EPMC, Kaempferia galanga L., extraction. References [1] Botany Department, Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 2005 (In Vietnamese).[2] A. Kumar, Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and uses of Indian traditional medicinal plant Kaempferia galanga L. – An overview, Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2020) 112667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112667.[3] H.J. Ko, H.J. Kim, S.Y. Kim, H.Y. Yun, K.J. Baek, N.S. Kwon, W.K. Whang, H.R. Choi, K.C. Park, D.S. Kim, Hypopigmentary Effects of Ethyl P‐Methoxycinnamate Isolated from Kaempferia galanga, Phytotherapy research 28(2) (2014) 274-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4995.[4] M. Bonesi, J. Xiao, R. Tundis, F. Aiello, V. Sicari, M. R. Loizzo, Advances in the Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Plant Source, Current Medicinal Chemistry 26(18) (2019) 3279-3299. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180522091311.[5] M.I. Umar, M.Z. Asmawi, A. Sadikun, A.M. Majid, F.S. Al-Suede, L.E. Hassan, R. Altaf, M.B. Ahamed, Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions, Clinics 69(2) (2014) 134-144. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2014(02)10.[6] D. Lakshmanan, J. Werngren, L. Jose, K.P. Suja, M.S. Nair, R.L. Varma, S. Mundayoor, S. Hoffner, R.A. Kumar, Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro, Fitoterapia 82(5) (2011) 756-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.03.006.[7] W. Sirisangtragul, B. Sripanidkulchai, Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s enzyme activities in mice, J. Sci. Technol. 33(4) (2011) 411-417.[8] J. Wu, F. Ge, D. Wang, X. Xu, Combination of supercritical fluid extraction with high-speed countercurrent chromatography for extraction and isolation of ethyl p -methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., Separation Science and Technology 51(10) (2016) 1757-1764. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1176046.[9] N. Srivastava, Ranjana, S. Singh, A.C. Gupta, K. Shanker, D.U. Bawankule, S. Luqman, Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) extracts with ameliorative and protective potential as a functional food, beyond its flavor and nutritional benefits, Toxicol Rep 6 (2019) 521-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.014.[10] I. Komalaa, Supandia, Nurhasnib, O.S. Bethaa, Yardia, S. Mufidaha, M. Rezaa, M.S. Alia, N.S. Auliaa, Sutara, Microwave Assisted Synthesis of p-Methoxycinnamamides and p-Methoxy-β-nitrostyrenes from Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and Screening their Anti-inflammatory Activity, Natural Product Communications 12(8) (2017) 1265-1268.[11] Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia, the 5th edition, Appendix 2, (2017) (In Vietnamese)[12] AOAC International, AOAC official methods of analysis, Appendix K: Guidelines for Dietary Supplements and Botanicals, 2013.[13] P. Lunger, M. Weber, N. X. Dung, N. T. B. Tuyet, Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. in Vietnam, Acta Cryst C52 (1996) 1255-1257. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270195016027.[14] S.K. Gupta, A.B. Banerjee, Achari B., Isolation of Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, the major antifungal principle of Curcumba zedoaria, Curcumba zedoaria. Lloydia 39(4) (1976) 218-222.[15] M.I. Umar, M.Z. Asmawi, A. Sadikun, I.J. Atangwho, M.F. Yam, R. Altaf, A. Ahmed, Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts, Molecules 17(7) (2012) 8720-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078720.


X: -2.328895 Y: 8.3255title: Medicinal importance of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae): A comprehensive review publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga included in the Zingiberaceae family is one of the potential medicinal plants with aromatic rhizome. In traditional medicine in Asian countries, this plant is widely used by local practitioners. This plant is widely cultivated in most Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Ethyl-para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found as the main compounds in hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts of K. galanga. This plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, and antipyretic remedy. In addition, K. galanga is used for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, cough, asthma, joint fractures, rheumatism, urticaria, vertigo, and intestinal injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to give a sneak peek view on galangal’s ethnobotany, toxicology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry.


X: -1.8836321 Y: 8.907359title: Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Kaempferia galanga Essential Oil publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. is a traditional herbal medicine with high essential oil content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detected 25 different compounds in K. galanga essential oil, representing 95.98% of the total oil. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was measured by the microtiter broth dilution method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against the three pathogenic bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus were 5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial mechanisms of K. galanga essential oil were further explored, and massive nucleotide and protein leakage demonstrated that it caused membrane disruption in the pathogens. SDS-PAGE confirmed the disruptive action of the essential oil on the cytoplasmic membrane. Moreover, the essential oil-induced cell wall and membrane damage was observed by scanning electron microscopy. These findings indicated K. galanga essential oil might constitute a candidate for developing new food preservatives and pharmaceuticals.


X: -2.3558693 Y: 9.699739title: Topical Microemulsions: Skin Irritation Potential and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Herbal Substances publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Microemulsions (MEs) have gained prominence as effective drug delivery systems owing to their optical transparency, low viscosity, and thermodynamic stability. MEs, when stabilized with surfactants and/or co-surfactants, exhibit enhanced drug solubilization, prolonged shelf life, and simple preparation methods. This review examines the various types of MEs, explores different preparation techniques, and investigates characterization approaches. Plant extracts and bioactive compounds are well established for their utilization as active ingredients in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Being derived from natural sources, they serve as preferable alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Furthermore, they have demonstrated a wide range of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. However, the topical application of plant extracts and bioactive compounds has certain limitations, such as low skin absorption and stability. To overcome these challenges, the utilization of MEs enables enhanced skin absorption, thereby making them a valuable mode of administration. However, considering the significant surfactant content in MEs, this review evaluates the potential skin irritation caused by MEs containing herbal substances. Additionally, the review explores the topical application of MEs specifically for herbal substances, with an emphasis on their anti-inflammatory properties.


X: -2.532269 Y: 8.483467title: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF RHIZOME EXTRACTS OF Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Several Zingiberaceae family members show active principles in treatment of various human ailments. An experiment on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga has been conducted. The Kaempferia galanga rhizome extracts shown antioxidant activity of the tested plant extracts (IC 50 : 490µg/ml to 720µg/ml) is less compared to the ascorbic acid (IC 50 : 230µg/ml). Methanol, ethylacetate, ethanol and aqueous rhizome extracts has shown good antimicrobial activity against tested microbes (9.5 to 22mm zone diameter). The extracts was shown good antimicrobial activity against fungi (11 to 22mm) when compared with the gram negative bacteria (9.5 to 15mm) and gram positive bacteria (9.5 to 13). Hence Kaempferia galanga rhizome extracts was shown good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.


X: 1.6618325 Y: 7.8061457title: Efficient Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf Base-derived Callus of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plantlets regeneration were achieved in callus cultures established from the leaf base explants of Kaempferia galanga L. Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis at various frequencies were observed using different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. The highest percentage of callus induction was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D+1.0 mg L-1 BA. After transfer on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 BA+0.1 mg L-1NAA, this callus produced small globular embryos first that later developed into plantlets by further subculturing on the same medium. Plantlets were acclimatized and subsequently transferred to the field. Survival rate of the plantlets under ex vitro condition was 85%.


X: -0.6432424 Y: 8.024153title: The Growth and Production of Galanga (Kaempferia galanga L.) in Different Altitudes publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Galanga (Kaempferia galanga L.) is one of the potential medicinal plants with high demand.Therefore,galanga cultivation was still quite promising. To obtain the optimum growth and high rhizome production, the superior galanga accessionsare required. The optimal growth and high production ofgalanga accessions will be obtained if cultivated at the area with appropriate altitude. The purpose of the study was to obtain galanga accession with a better growth and high yield at the area with a suitable altitude. This study used split-plot design; altitude as a main plot and accession as a subplot. The location as a main plot consisted ofaltitudesof 214 and 780 masl. This study used seven accessions i.e.,accession of PBG (Purbalingga), CLP (Cilacap), PWJ (Purworejo), KRA (Karanganyar), PCT (Pacitan), MAD (Madiun), and GAL2 (Galesia 2) ascontrol. The results showed that different altitudes significantly affected the total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate, dry weight, and rhizome yield. The number of leaves was influenced by altitude and accession of galanga. The interaction between altitude and accession of galanga significantly affected the leaf area and the soluble sugar concentration in the galanga rhizome. The rhizome yield at low altitude was higher than in high altitude. PBG (Purbalingga) and PWJ (Purworejo) accessions have the potential to be developed in locations with an altitude of 214 masl.


X: -1.7587584 Y: 9.025397title: Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and study of the interaction mechanisms of the main compounds present in the Alpinia galanga rhizomes essential oil publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: In this research, the antibacterial activity and the interaction mechanisms of the major chemical constituent present in the Alpinia galanga rhizomes essential oil (AGREO) were investigated. Ethyl cinnamate, methyl cinnamate and n-pentadecane were the major components of AGREO. The antibacterial mechanism of AGREO on Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157) was evaluated and the results proved that the potent antibacterial activity of AGREO was due to higher passive permeability of bacterial cell membrane, followed by crucial intracellular components efflux. Additionally, AGREO disrupted the intracellular physiological metabolism of EHEC O157, including inhibition of P-type ATPases activity and down-regulation expression of four virulence genes associated with EHEC infections. Notably, molecular docking studies suggested that ethyl cinnamate probably competed with the structural NAD(P)⁺ for the binding sites of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), resulting in a decrease in G6PD activity with subsequent suppression of respiratory metabolism. The spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking studies proved that the AGREO major components were prone to bind to the minor groove of DNA.


X: -3.044949 Y: 8.7709875title: Vasorelaxant Effects of Ethyl Cinnamate Isolated from Kaempferia galanga on Smooth Muscles of the Rat Aorta publish year: 2002 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: From the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga, ethyl cinnamate (EC) was isolated and its vasorelaxant effect was examined on the rat aorta. EC inhibited the tonic contractions induced by high K+ and phenylephrine (PE) in a concentration-dependent manner, with respective IC50 values of 0.30 +/- 0.05 mM and 0.38 +/- 0.04 mM. The relaxant effect against PE-induced contractions was greater in the presence of endothelium. Pre-treatment of the aorta with methylene blue and indomethacin significantly reduced the relaxant effect. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of EC may involve inhibition of Ca2+ influx into vascular cells and release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin from the endothelial cells. Thus, the vasorelaxant effect of EC mediated through multiple pathways may explain the traditional use of the parent plant in treating hypertension.


X: -1.667635 Y: 7.690621title: Hasil Responden Pengetahuan Masyarakat Terhadap Cara Pengolahan Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) dan Kencur (Kaemferia galanga) Sebagai Peningkatan Imunitas Selama COVID-19 dengan Menggunakan Kedekatan Konsep Program Leximancer publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Covid-19 merupakan salah satu virus yang sedang melanda di seluruh dunia. Banyak pasien COVID-19 yang terinfeksi dikarenakan imunitas yang rendah. Faktor yang mempengaruhi sistem imun adalah genetik, fisiologis, stress, usia, hormon, olahraga, kurangnya istirahat, nutrisi yang tidak terpenuhi, dan terpaparnya dengan zat yang berbahaya misalnya radioaktif, rokok, pestisida, bahan kimia yang lainnya ataupun alcohol. Salah satu bentuk yang dapat dilakukan untuk menangani COVID-19 adalah dengan meningkatkan imunitas. Meningkatkan imunitas dengan mengkonsumsi obat yang berasal dari bahan alam atau dikenal sebagai OMAI (Obat Modern Asli Indonesia). Salah satu bentuk OMAI adalah (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) dan kencur (Kaemferia galanga). Kedua bahan tersebut dapat digunakan apabila cara pengolahannya baik dan benar. Oleh karenanya dilakukan penelitian terkait pemahaman masyarakat cara pengolahan kedua OMAI tersebut. Hasil data leximancer 4.51 menunjukkan masyarakat belum memahami cara pengolahan yang baik dan benar untuk sediaan serbuk instan ataupun sediaan yang lainnya sedangkan untuk sediaan siap minum (larutan) masyarakat sebagian besar memahami dengan baik dan benar cara pengolahannya. Hal ini juga di sebabkan karena masyarakat masih banyak yang belum menjumpai sediaan selain larutan. Dari hasil ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlu adanya pendekatan kepada masyarakat terkait cara pengolahan bentuk sediaan yang lainnya seperti bentuk sediaan serbuk instan, lozenges, dan kapsul.


X: -2.1959434 Y: 8.57864title: Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. extract contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and ethyl cinnamate (EC), which have several pharmacological activities. EPMC and EC have been successfully isolated, but the %yield was low. Therefore, developing an isolation method to increase the %yield result of EPMC and EC is essential. The molecularly imprinted polymers have been applied to separate lot of active compounds from natural products with excellent results. MIP synthesis is usually performed using a single template with high selectivity for the target analyte but only detect single chemical compounds. Hence, this study synthesized multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating EPMC and EC simultaneously using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate or trimethyl propane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as a crosslinker. The study results indicate that MT-MIP produced with TRIM is more effective in separating EPMC and EC simultaneously in K. galanga L. extracts. However, the yields of EPMC and EC were still low. The yields of EPMC and EC in n-hexane extracts were 1.557 and 1.929%, with purity of 66.330 and 61.510%, respectively. Further research is necessary to determine the ideal functional monomer and its ratio to template molecules to obtain the excellent selectivity of the MT-MIPs used for simultaneously isolating EPMC and EC.


X: -0.7793464 Y: 7.9154716title: Performance of medicinal and aromatic plants as intercrops in coconut plantations in Konkan region of Maharashtra publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: A field experiment was conducted at Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye, Ratnagiri (AICRP on Palms) during 2006-2011 to develop appropriate cropping system with medicinal and aromatic plants as intercrops compatible with coconut. The experiment consisted 'shatavari' (Asparagus racemosus), 'adulasa' (Adhatoda vasica), arrowroot (Maranta arundincea), lemon grass (Cymbopogum citratus) and citronella (Cymbopogum winterianus) replicated four times in randomized block design. The yield of different medicinal/aromatic plants was maximum in lemon grass (31 t ha-1) followed by citronella (22 t ha-1), arrowroot (16 t ha-1), adulsa (2.1 t ha-1) and shatavari (0.8 t ha-1). The yield of intercrops in terms of coconut equivalent yield was higher with lemongrass (7750 nuts ha-1) followed by arrowroot (6000 nuts ha-1), adulasa (4725 nuts ha-1), citronella (4125 nuts ha-1) and shatavari (3500 nuts ha-1). The yield of coconut increased from 12 to 21 per cent after planting the intercrops. The net return was maximum in coconut + lemongrass (Rs. 96,200/-per ha) followed by coconut + arrowroot (Rs. 93,200/-per ha), coconut + shatavari (Rs. 83,300/-per ha), coconut + adulasa (Rs. 78,300/-per ha) and coconut + citronella (Rs. 73,800/-per ha). Further, it was observed that shatavarin and saponins in shatavari, alkaloid in adulasa, citranol in citronella and sugar in arrowroot were higher with intercropping whereas citral in lemon grass slightly reduced with intercropping. Considering the performance of different medicinal crops as intercrop and market demand, arrowroot, lemongrass, adulasa, citronella and shatavari have been recommended as intercrops in coconut plantation for Konkan region of Maharashtra.


X: 1.4267049 Y: 7.914501title: In Vitro Propagation of Kaempferia Galanga (Zingiberaceae) and Comparison of Larvicidal Activity and Phytochemical Identities of Rhizomes of Tissue Cultured and Naturally Grown Plants publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Vegetative propagation of K. galanga Linn (Zingiberaceae) cannot fulfill the current demand for planting material and tissue culture offers an alternative means for mass propagation. Experiments were carried out on propagation of plants through direct organogenesis and comparison of larvicidal activity and phytochemicals present in rhizome of natural and tissue cultured plants in order to confirm the potential use of tissue cultured plants as an alternative to natural plants in commercial scale productions. In vitro shoot induction was optimized with rhizomee bud explants grown on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L Benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/L IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). MS medium supplement with 1.0 mg/L IAA and 0.2 mg/L Indol-3-butric acid (IBA) was identified as the best medium for root induction. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized successfully (100%) in a mixture of soil: sand: compost (1: 1: 1). Hexane found to be a better solvent for extraction of phytochemicals over methanol and the 50% hexane extract showed the highest larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti. GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of the nine key compounds in both samples tested confirming the possibility of using tissue cultured plants as a substitute for natural plants in medicinal purposes.


X: 1.3303314 Y: 7.937828title: Sucrose, benzylaminopurine and photoperiod effects on in vitro culture of Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is a monocotyledonous plant of the Zingiberaceae family, commonly utilized for medicinal purposes. This study evaluates the effect of different concentrations of sucrose, benzylaminopurine (BA) and photoperiod on in vitro propagation of K. galanga. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 mg L BA and 30 g L sucrose, and a photoperiod with 4 h of light induced the highest shoot proliferation (7.4 ± 1.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of roots/shoot (31.3 ± 3.2). On the contrary, the maximum shoot height (4.7 ± 0.7 cm) and the highest number of leaves/shoot (4.7 ± 0.2) were obtained from cultures using MS medium supplemented with 30 g L sucrose but without BA, and exposed to 16 h of light. Hence MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L BA and 30 g L sucrose, and incubated under a 4 h light/20 h dark photoperiod was chosen as the optimal protocol for mass multiplication of K. galanga. This in-vitro technique can facilitate the production of a large number of uniform plants of K. galanga, irrespective of the seasonal factor, and could be used as a tool for conservation of the species.


X: -1.0277936 Y: 8.658729title: Chemical Composition, Antifeedant, Repellent, and Toxicity Activities of the Rhizomes of Galangal, Alpinia galanga Against Asian Subterranean Termites, Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Dual choice bioassays were used to evaluate the antifeedant property of essential oil and methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) (locally known as lengkuas) against two species of termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). A 4-cm-diameter paper disc treated with A. galanga essential oil and another treated with either methanol or hexane as control were placed in a petri dish with 10 termites. Mean consumption of paper discs (miligram) treated with 2,000 ppm of essential oil by C. gestroi was 3.30 ± 0.24 mg and by C. curvignathus was 3.32 ± 0.24 mg. A. galanga essential oil showed significant difference in antifeedant effect, 2,000 ppm of A. galanga essential oil was considered to be the optimum concentration that gave maximum antifeedant effect. The essential oil composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major component of the essential oil was 1,8-cineol (61.9%). Antifeedant bioassay using 500 ppm of 1,8-cineol showed significant reduction in paper consumption by both termite species. Thus, the bioactive agent in A. galangal essential oil causing antifeeding activity was identified as 1,8-cineol. Repellent activity shows that 250 ppm of 1,8-cineol caused 50.00 ± 4.47% repellency for C. gestroi, whereas for C. curvignathus 750 ppm of 1,8-cineol was needed to cause similar repellent activity (56.67 ± 3.33%). C. curvignathus is more susceptible compare to C. gestroi in Contact Toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of C. curvignathus was 945 mg/kg, whereas LD50 value for C. gestroi was 1,102 mg/kg. Hence 1,8-cineol may be developed as an alternative control against termite in sustainable agriculture practices.
© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America.


X: 1.6273448 Y: 7.820887title: Effect of synthetic auxins on somatic embryogenesis from leaf-derived callus of Kaempferia galanga L.- An endangered medicinal plant publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was achieved from in vitro-derived leaf base segments of Kaempferia galanga. Responses of leaf segments cultured in MS medium supplemented with Dicamba, 2,4,5-T, NAA and IAA confirmed the efficiency of synthetic auxins viz., Dicamba and 2,4,5-T to induce embryogenic callus cultures. Callus subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.54 or 1.07 μM NAA along with 2.22 - 6.66 μM BA produced embryoids of different stages of development on the entire surface of the callus, which on transfer to hormone-free medium developed into plantlets in 4-6 wk. Histological analysis confirmed the formation of embryoids free of vascular connection with the callus. The rooted plants were hardened and established in the field at 92% efficiency. The continued growth of the embryogenic callus through successive subculturing and the ready differentiation of the embryoids into plantlets offer reliable method for plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in K. galanga, which may provide an efficient and reliable system for conservation of the species.


X: -1.7446562 Y: 8.556387title: OPTIMASI YIELD ETIL P METOKSISINAMAT PADA EKSTRAKSI OLEORESIN KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional (jamu), fitofarmaka, industri kosmetika, industri makanan, dan industri insektisida. Minyak atsiri rimpang kencur mengandung etil sinnamat dan metil p-metoksi sinamat (EPMS). Ekstraksi oleoresin kencur dilakukan dengan etanol sebagai pelarut. Optimasi yield EPMS diteliti terhadap perbandingan massa serbuk kering kencur dan etanol dan waktu ekstraksi. Perbandingan kencur : etanol yang digunakan adalah 1 : 2, 1 : 3, dan 1 : 4. Waktu operasi yang digunakan adalah 2 s.d 5 jam. Tahapan proses ekstraksi oleoresin kencur adalah preparasi bahan, ekstraksi, evaporasi dan pemurnian. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi dianalisis dengan uji GC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan EPMS dan kandungan minyak atsiri lain dalam oleoresin kencur. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi berwarna coklat tua dengan yield antara 6-8%. Kandungan EPMS dalam oleoresin bervariasi antara 67,77 hingga 87,57%. Massa oleoresin optimal hasil ekstraksi adalah 6,09 gram pada perbandingan kencur dan etanol 1:4 selama 4 jam. Pendekatan persamaan hasil ekperimen ekstraksi kencur dan etanol menghasilkan titik optimal EPMS pada waktu ekstraksi 3,62 dengan massa EPMS 6,04 gramÂ Lesser galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is widely used as a traditional medicine (herbal medicine), fitofarmaka, cosmetics industry, food industry, and insecticide industry. The essential oils in the Lesser galangal contain ethyl sinnamat and methyl p-methoxy cinnamic (EPMS). The oleoresin extraction of Lesser galangal was performed using ethanol as a solvent. Optimization of the EPMS yield was investigated to dry powder mass ratio of Lesser galangal and ethanol as well as the extraction time. The ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol was Â varied from 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4. The chosen operating time were 2 to 5 hours. The procedure of the oleoresin extraction process of Lesser galangal includes the preparation of materials, extraction, evaporation and purification. The extracted oleoresin was analyzed by GC-MS to determine the content of Ethyl P-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) and other volatile oil content in the oleoresin of Lesser galangal. The extracted oleoresin color was light brown to dark brown with the yield of between 6.31 to 8.3%. The EPMS content of the oleoresin varies between 67.77 to 87.57%. The optimum mass of the extracted oleoresin was 6.09 gram for 1:4 ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol and 4 hours of the extraction time. The equation approach of the experimental results of Lesser galangal and ethanol produced the EPMS optimum point at the extraction time of 3.62 hours and EPMS mass of 6.04 grams.


X: -1.208246 Y: 8.2399845title: Effect of potassium and secondary nutrients on the essential oil and oleoresin contents in kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic oil yielding crop of Kerala. A study was conducted in the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala to identify the role of potassium and secondary elements, viz., sulphur, calcium and magnesium, on the essential oil and oleoresin content of the rhizomes of kacholam. Twelve treatments including the package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University for kacholam, and combinations of the same with extra dose of potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium were applied in the crop in a randomized block design with three replications. Top dressing of sulphur and magnesium resulted in higher rhizome yields (8.56 and 8.24 Mg ha-1). Sulphur application also resulted in higher oleoresin and essential oil contents. Higher sulphur and calcium contents in rhizomes were related to application of these elements. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that the secondary nutrients play a decisive role in the development of oleoresin and essential oil in kacholam.


X: -1.8531941 Y: 8.473168title: Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of Kaempferia galanga: A review publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is one of the most industrially important medicinal plants belongs to Zingiberaceae family and contains high-valued essential oil of medicinal and industrial importance. The essential oil of K. galanga has got huge market potential in India and world. The present market value of essential oil varies from US$600 to 700 per kilogram on the international market. The major chemical constituents of the essential oil of K. galanga are ethyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphene, linoleoyl, methyl-cinnamate and pentadecane. These chemical components show various anti-microbial activities and nutraceutical properties. Due to its wealth of pharmacological applicability, K. galanga is a high-valued medicinal plant of industrial importance. In this review, we present, up to date information regarding the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of K. galanga which offer a new perspective on the research on biochemical and molecular characterization of elite chemical components for pharmacological applications and commercial utility.


X: -1.9552395 Y: 8.19168title: THE DETERMINATION OF ETHYL P-METHOXY CINNAMATE IN KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L. RHIZOME EXTRACT HARVESTED IN RAINY AND DRY SEASONS publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (KGR), has been empirically used in Indonesia, particularly by Javanese, to cure inflammation. KGR contains various secondary metabolites which explain its pharmacology activities, among them is ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). However, due to the different seasons of our country, the yield of extraction is often unalike. In this work, we determined the percentage of yield (w/w), the water content (thermogravimetric method), and the concentration of EPMC in the Ethanol extract of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome (EEKG) harvested from the rainy (EEKG-R) and dry seasons (EEKG-D). Methods: The sun-dried rhizomes were cold macerated for 3x24 h with 70% ethanol, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated at 40-45 °C until a viscous extract was obtained. The determination of EPMC in the extract was carried out using the RP-HPLC standard addition method. Detection was set at 308 nm; injection volume 20 µl; flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The column used is C18 (length 250 mm, internal diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm). Results: The yield of EEKG-R (harvested in the rainy season) = 14.56% w/w, water content = 4.37%, and the EPMC = 0.01%. Meanwhile the yield of EEKG-D (harvested in the dry season) = 5.79% w/w, water content = 18.76%, and the EPMC = 0.001%. Conclusion: Different climates affect the percentage yield and the quality of the extract. In our work, the EEKG-R (harvested in the rainy season) revealed a better quality compared to that of EEKG-D (harvested in the dry season) This study gives important information to standardize and optimize the harvest time of KG rhizomes for drugs development, which are strongly influenced by seasonal differences.


X: 1.5968274 Y: 7.7192883title: Genetic uniformity analysis of cryopreseved in vitro plantlets of Kaempferia galanga L.- An endangered medicinal species in Tropical Asia publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: While using the protocols for the long-term conservation, assessment of true-to-type regenerants from cryopreserved materials is important. In the present study, no significant variation in banding pattern was noticed in the RAPD profile of cryopreserved and control samples of shoot tip-derived Kaempferia galanga plants. But in the case of somatic embryoderived samples, some variation was observed in the banding pattern (16.2% polymorphism), though the plants were phenotypically similar. Recovery of cryopreserved somatic embryos in K. galanga was preceded through a callus phase, from which secondary embryos were induced later. The RAPD profile of somatic embryo-derived samples revealed that variation was due to the occurrence of callus phase. As minor genetic variations arising in in vitro cultures without marked phenotypic changes are considered to be beneficial for diversity conservation and sustainable utilization, cryopreserved somatic embryos of K. galanga would serve as an alternative for generating and maintaining genetic diversity of this medicinal wealth.


X: -1.8778719 Y: 9.006789title: STABILITAS HASIL LIMA NOMOR HARAPAN KENCUR publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: ABSTRAK
Tujuan pemuliaan kencur diarahkan untuk meningkatkan produksi
rimpang dan kandungan mutu utama yang sesuai dengan standar yang
ditetapkan oleh Materia Medika Indonesia, dalam upaya meningkatkan
pendapatan usahatani. Hasil seleksi berdasarkan produksi dan mutu
rimpang terhadap aksesi plasma nutfah yang terkumpul, terpilih 5 nomor
dengan rata-rata produksi rimpang > 40 g/rumpun dan kadar minyak atsiri
> 1,5%, yaitu V1, V2, V3, V4 dan V5. Kelima nomor diuji multilokasi di 5
lokasi pada 2 musim tanam (tahun 2002/2003 dan 2003/2004). Kelima
lokasi tersebut adalah: Cileungsi (80 m dpl.) dan Cijeruk (650 m dpl.)
(Bogor), Subang (80 m dpl), Sumedang (550 m dpl) dan Sukamulya (350
m dpl.) (Sukabumi). Pengujian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok
dengan 6 ulangan, jarak tanam 20 x 20 cm, ukuran petak 4 x 1 m 2 ,
populasi tanaman per petak 100. Dari hasil pengujian diperoleh nomor
yang menghasilkan rata-rata bobot rimpang tertinggi yaitu V4 (53,58
g/rumpun atau setara dengan 10,7 ton/ha), rata-rata kadar minyak atsiri
tertinggi (6,64%) dan beradaptasi secara spesifik pada lingkungan tumbuh
yang sama dengan lokasi penanaman di Cijeruk, Sumedang dan Suka-
mulya. Sedangkan V2 dengan nilai diameter rimpang terbesar (2,089 cm),
stabil di 4 lokasi pengujian, responsif terhadap pemupukan, serta V3
dengan rata-rata produksi rimpang 51,98 g/rumpun atau setara dengan 10,4
ton/ha, beradaptasi secara spesifik pada lingkungan tumbuh yang sama
dengan lokasi penanaman kencur di Cileungsi, Cijeruk dan lokasi asalnya
di Sumedang.
Kata kunci : Kencur, Kaempferia galanga L., varietas unggul, stabilitas
hasil, spesifik lokasi, Jawa Barat
ABSTRACT
Stability of five promissing Galanga lines production
Breeding of Galanga was focused on the improvement of rhizome
yield and quality based on the Indonesian Materia Medica Standard, to
increase farmers’ income. Based on the selection on rhizome yield and
quality, 5 accession numbers were selected as promising lines for their
high rhizome yield (>40 g/tiller) and essential oil contents (> 1.5%), e.g.
V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5. All numbers were subjected to multilocation tests
at 5 locations, e.g. Cileungsi (80 m asl) and Cijeruk (650 m asl) (Bogor),
Subang (80 m asl), Sumedang (550 m asl) and Sukamulya (350 m asl)
(Sukabumi), for 2 planting-seasons (2002/2003 and 2003/2004). Experi-
ments were arranged in a randomized-block design, with 6 replications,
plant spacing 20 cm x 20 cm, plot size of 4 x 1 m2, and population 100
plants/plot. The research results showed that the highest average of
rhizome yield was performed by V4 (53.58 g/tiller, equal to 10.7 t/ha),
with essential oil content 6.64% and specifically adaptable to the same
agro-climate as the environment conditions at Cijeruk (Bogor), Sumedang
and Sukamulya (Sukabumi). Meanwhile, V2 with the highest diameter of
rhizome (2,089 cm), stable at 4 out of 5 locations and responsive to
fertilizer application. On the other hand, V3 with the average of rhizome
yield 51.98 g/tiller, equal to 10.4 t/ha, specifically adaptable to the agro-
climate similar to the environment conditions at Cileungsi, Cijeruk
(Bogor) and its native, Sumedang.
Key words: Kaempferia galanga L., superior variety, yield stability,
specific location, West Java


X: -2.495677 Y: 8.580714title: Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and uses of Indian traditional medicinal plant Kaempferia galanga L. – An overview publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Kaempferia galanga L. is a stemless, rhizomatous, aromatic, perennial and indigenous herb. It is native to India and distributed in China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Sudan, Nigeria and South Africa. It is an important Indian medicinal herb that has a long history of use in the treatment of several kinds of human ailments including vata ailments like cough and cold, fever, headache, pains disorders, skin diseases, rheumatic diseases, arthritis, joint fractures, vertigo, wounds, gastritis, antidote for snake venoms, inflammation, blood vomiting, mouth sores and tongue blisters in infants. Moreover, the rhizomes of this plant are highly aromatic and have been used widely as spices, in food flavoring, pickles, cosmetics and in perfumery products.

Aim of the review:
This paper aimed to provide a critical review of current scenario on K. galanga. This review provides a current data on diversity, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of K. galanga.

Materials and methods:
The information and data on K. galanga were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet, Google and Google Scholar.

Results:
The forty-nine phytochemicals including esters, terpenoids, diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, phenolic glycoside, polysaccharides, phenolic acids and benzoic acids have been hitherto isolated and characterized. The major bioactive compounds extracted from the rhizome of K. galanga were ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, kaempferol, kaempferide, kaempsulfonic acids, kaemgalangol A, xylose, cystargamide B and 3-caren-5-one. Various studies demonstrated that the K. galanga and its constituents possess several pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, amebicidal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculosis, anti-dengue, antiangiogenic, anti-nociceptive, anticancer, cytotoxicity, hyperlipidemic, hypopigmentary, osteolysis, larvicidal, insecticidal and mosquito repellent, nematocidal, sedative, sniffing, vasorelaxant and wound healing.

Conclusion:
Kaempferia galanga L. is a valuable medicinal plant which is used traditionally in India to treat a wide variety of ailments. A number of bioactive phytochemicals like esters, terpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, diarylheptanoids, cyclic lipodepsipeptide, phenolic acids and glucoside have been isolated from the rhizomes of K. galanga by several researchers. These phytochemicals are highly bioactive and exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, more studies are required to recognize the effectiveness of these bioactive compounds and to understand their molecular mechanisms.


X: 7.0413365 Y: 11.04754title: Induction, isolation and selection of potato mutants resistant to late blight disease and tolerant to salinity using in vitro and DNA marker techniques publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: A mutation breeding program was conducted to improve potato (Solanum tuberosum) resistance to late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans and tolerance to salinity. Virus free explants of three potato cultivars (Draga, Spunta and Diamant) were irradiated with gamma ray doses 25, 30, and 35 Gy. Growing shoots were cut and recultured every 2 weeks until the 4th generation (MV4) to obtain chimera free mutant material. Isolates of Phytophthora infestans were made from potato leaves showing disease symptoms in different locations of south-west Syria. Around 3000 plantlets vars were subjected to selection pressure using co-culture technique. Surviving plantlets were propagated and re-incubated with the pathogen for three consecutive generations. Resistant plants were transferred to the greenhouse and inoculated, at the adult stage, with sporangial suspension. Ten plants of Draga were resistant to late blight and one plant from each of the other 2 cultivars. The same technique was used to select potato mutants tolerant to salinity. MV4 explants were cultured on an MS medium supplemented with NaCl in concentrations from 50 to 200 mM. Tolerant plantlets were grown under greenhouse conditions and were later subjected to a second selection pressure by irrigation with water containing NaCl in concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mM. Four plants tolerant to salinity were obtained from Spunta and only one from Diamant and none from Draga. In an attempt to determine DNA loci involved in the salinity tolerance, mutants of the three potato cultivars, Draga, Spunta and Diamant found to be salt tolerant in the previous study were used for analyzes. RAPD and ISSR were employed in the study. More than one hundred PCR fragments that were absent in the control (Draga, Spunta or Diamant) and present in the relevant mutations were obtained, gel extracted, cloned in pBluescriptII SK+ and sequenced using plasmid specific primers.


X: -1.2584916 Y: 9.275436title: Chemical constituents variations of essential oils from rhizomes of four Zingberaceae species publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method from four Zingiberaceae species; Zingiber officinale var.rubrum, Zingiber amaricans, Kaempferia galanga, and Boesenbergia pandurata. Volatile components of all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The major constituents of Zingiber officinale, Zingiber amaricans, Kaempferia galanga, and Boesenbergia pandurata were identified as E-citral (20.98%), zerumbone (40.70%), ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (58.47%) and camphor (57.97%), respectively. Kaempferia galanga and Zingiber amaricans were rich in sesquiterpenes whereas Boesenbergia pandurata and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum contained mostly monoterpenes. Kaempferia galanga were ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate (51.6%), ethyl cinnamate (16.5%), pentadecane (9.0%), 1,8-cineole (5.7%), -car-3-ene (3.3%) and borneol (2.7%). While Ibrahim Jantan et al (5) reported the major constituents for Boesenbergia pandurata collected from different locality were camphor (16.1%-32.1%), geraniol (16.2%-26.0%), (E)-β-ocimene (19.0-23.7%), 1,8-cineole (7.5-13.9%), camphene (5.4-6.0%) and methyl cinnamate (2.2-5.8%). The aim of this study was to analyze the volatile constituents of essential oils of rhizomes from different species of the Zingiberaceae species by GCMS technique. The study of these essential oils may provide interesting raw material for the application of aromatherapy and flavors.


X: -2.0479546 Y: 8.387111title: Efek Analgetik dan Antiinflamasi Kaempferia Galanga (Kencur) publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) atau yang dikenal sebagai "kencur" di Indonesia digunakan sebagai salah satu bahan makanan. Tanaman ini sering dijadikan pasta karena dipercaya dapat mengatasi kelelahan. Berdasarkan hasil review, secara tradisonal tanaman ini sering digunakan untuk pengobatan diare, migrain dan meningkatkan energi, dan mengatasi kelelahan.1 Rimpang K. galanga selama ini digunakan oleh untuk menghilangkan sakit gigi, sakit perut, pembengkakan pada otot dan rematik. K. Galanga secara luas juga digunakan di Thailand untuk pengobatan hipertensi, asma, rematik, gagngguan pencernaan, demam, sakit kepala dan mengurangi rasa nyeri abdomen.2,3 Kaempferia galanga termasuk dalam kingdom: Plantae, sub kingdom: Phanerogamae, divisi: Spermatophyta, sub divisi: Angiospermae, kelas: Monocotyledonae, seri: Epigynae, ordo: Scitaminales, keluarga: Zingiberaceae, genus: Kaempferiam, spesies : galanga. Bagian tanaman yang sering digunakan adalah rimpang, akar, daun.1 Komponen utama yang terkandung dalam K. galanga antara lain ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (31.77%), methylcinnamate (23.23%), carvone (11.13%), eucalyptol (9.59%) dan pentadecane (6.41%). Ekstrak K.galanga dilaporkan memiliki efek antinflamasi, analgetik, antidiare, antibakteri, sedatif, sitotoksik, insektisidal, antihelmint, dan antioksidan.


X: -1.2408469 Y: 9.527531title: Antibacterial Effect of Five Zingiberaceae Essential Oils publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and two different solvent extractions (petroleum ether and ethanol) from five Zingiberaceae species: ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.), galanga (Alpinia galanga Sw.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), kaempferia (Boesenbergia pandurata Holtt.) and bastard cardamom (Amomum xanthioides Wall.) was characterized. Volatile components of all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of ginger, turmeric, galangal, bastard cardamom and kaempferia were zingiberene, turmerone, methyl chavicol, and gamma-terpinene, respectively. Their antibacterial effects towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes were tested by a disc diffusion assay. Essential oil of kaempferia and bastard cardamom obtained by hydrodistillation extraction could inhibit growth of all tested bacteria. Essential oil of ginger extracted by hydrodistillation had the highest efficiency against three positive strains of bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus and L. monocytogenes), with a minimum concentration to inhibit B. cereus and L. monocytogenes of 6.25 mg/mL.


X: -2.8235257 Y: 8.364819title: ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES, TOTAL PHENOL, FLAVONOID, AND MINERAL CONTENT IN THE RHIZOME OF VARIOUS INDONESIAN HERBAL PLANTS publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: In this study, we reported the medicinal and therapeutic potential of 10 Indonesian herbal plants, including their antioxidant activities, metabolite, and mineral content. In all samples, metabolites were extracted from the rhizome of the plants using the maceration method with methanol as solvent. Antioxidant activity of the dried and powdered extract was assessed using the DPPH method, the total phenolic content (TPC) was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total flavonoid content (TFC) was analyzed using the aluminum chloride colorimetry method, and mineral content was analyzed using XRF Analyzer. Our results TPC and TFC are positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of the extract, for example, high TPC (990.3 mg GAE/) and TFC (104.4 mg QE/g) in Curcuma heyneana extract were accompanied by the high antioxidant activity of the extract. Further, we found that Kempferia galangal L. extract has the most diverse mineral composition, but it has the lowest TPC and antioxidant activity.


X: -2.2288005 Y: 9.220052title: Effectiveness of Ethanol Gel and Essential Oil of Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) base Karbopol against Propionibacterium acnes publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic herbal plant as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the physical quality and effectiveness of gel preparations of ethanol extract and essential oil of kencur rhizome based on carbopol inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAL) with 2 different treatments of 5 levels each, namely ethanol extract gel treatment and essential oil extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results of the gel formulation of extracts and essential oils based on carbopol showed pH, texture, spreadability and adhesiveness according to the quality standards of topical preparations. The antibacterial inhibition of the gel was moderate at 50% extract concentration (11.41 mm); and 50% essential oil (9.04 mm). Positive control treatment inhibited growth by 15.84 mm while negative control showed no response. The extract gel and essential oil of galangal rhizome had a significant effect but were less effective in inhibiting P. acnes bacteria. Adding the maximum concentration of extract and essential oil can optimize acne healing.


X: -1.1227326 Y: 8.209926title: Effect of potassium and secondary nutrients on the essential oil and oleoresin contents in kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic oil yielding crop of Kerala. A study was conducted in the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala to identify the role of potassium and secondary elements, viz., sulphur, calcium and magnesium, on the essential oil and oleoresin content of the rhizomes of kacholam. Twelve treatments including the package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University for kacholam, and combinations of the same with extra dose of potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium were applied in the crop in a randomized block design with three replications. Top dressing of sulphur and magnesium resulted in higher rhizome yields (8.56 and 8.24 Mg ha-1). Sulphur application also resulted in higher oleoresin and essential oil contents. Higher sulphur and calcium contents in rhizomes were related to application of these elements. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that the secondary nutrients play a decisive role in the development of oleoresin and essential oil in kacholam.