X: -2.76548 Y: 8.370013title: ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES, TOTAL PHENOL, FLAVONOID, AND MINERAL CONTENT IN THE RHIZOME OF VARIOUS INDONESIAN HERBAL PLANTS publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: In this study, we reported the medicinal and therapeutic potential of 10 Indonesian herbal plants, including their antioxidant activities, metabolite, and mineral content. In all samples, metabolites were extracted from the rhizome of the plants using the maceration method with methanol as solvent. Antioxidant activity of the dried and powdered extract was assessed using the DPPH method, the total phenolic content (TPC) was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total flavonoid content (TFC) was analyzed using the aluminum chloride colorimetry method, and mineral content was analyzed using XRF Analyzer. Our results TPC and TFC are positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of the extract, for example, high TPC (990.3 mg GAE/) and TFC (104.4 mg QE/g) in Curcuma heyneana extract were accompanied by the high antioxidant activity of the extract. Further, we found that Kempferia galangal L. extract has the most diverse mineral composition, but it has the lowest TPC and antioxidant activity.


X: -2.18674 Y: 9.160512title: Effectiveness of Ethanol Gel and Essential Oil of Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) base Karbopol against Propionibacterium acnes publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic herbal plant as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the physical quality and effectiveness of gel preparations of ethanol extract and essential oil of kencur rhizome based on carbopol inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAL) with 2 different treatments of 5 levels each, namely ethanol extract gel treatment and essential oil extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results of the gel formulation of extracts and essential oils based on carbopol showed pH, texture, spreadability and adhesiveness according to the quality standards of topical preparations. The antibacterial inhibition of the gel was moderate at 50% extract concentration (11.41 mm); and 50% essential oil (9.04 mm). Positive control treatment inhibited growth by 15.84 mm while negative control showed no response. The extract gel and essential oil of galangal rhizome had a significant effect but were less effective in inhibiting P. acnes bacteria. Adding the maximum concentration of extract and essential oil can optimize acne healing.


X: -1.0993935 Y: 8.202901title: Effect of potassium and secondary nutrients on the essential oil and oleoresin contents in kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic oil yielding crop of Kerala. A study was conducted in the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala to identify the role of potassium and secondary elements, viz., sulphur, calcium and magnesium, on the essential oil and oleoresin content of the rhizomes of kacholam. Twelve treatments including the package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University for kacholam, and combinations of the same with extra dose of potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium were applied in the crop in a randomized block design with three replications. Top dressing of sulphur and magnesium resulted in higher rhizome yields (8.56 and 8.24 Mg ha-1). Sulphur application also resulted in higher oleoresin and essential oil contents. Higher sulphur and calcium contents in rhizomes were related to application of these elements. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that the secondary nutrients play a decisive role in the development of oleoresin and essential oil in kacholam.


X: -2.9761117 Y: 8.862057title: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome reduces airway remodeling in asthmatic rat models publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Background: Asthma causes changes in the airway structure called airway remodeling due to chronic inflammatory reactions. Transforming Growth Factor-? (TGF-?) is one of the inflammatory mediators which has a significant role in the remodeling and inflammatory process. One of the medicinal plants known to have anti-inflammatory potential is Kaempferia galanga L. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome on the expression of TGF-? and fibrosis in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatic rat models.Methods: We conducted an experimental laboratory study using the posttest only control group design. Thirty-six Wistar male white rats were allocated into six groups, NC (negative control), PC (positive control), T1 (treatment group), T2 (treatment group), T3 (treatment group), and T4 (treatment group) receiving 1% ovalbumin in alum (OVA); 1% OVA as well as 1 mg/kg steroid; 1% OVA, 1 mg/kg steroid, and 200 mg/kg ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (KG-EPMC); 1% OVA, 1 mg/kg steroid, and 400 mg/kg KG-EPMC; 1% OVA and 200 mg/kg KG-EPMC; and 1% OVA as well as 400 mg/kg KG-EPMC, respectively. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22.0 for Windows.Results: The expressions of TGF-? and fibrosis were significantly lower in positive control as well as treatment groups than those of the negative control group (only receiving OVA) (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between positive control and treatment groups regarding TGF-? level and fibrosis (p>0.005).Conclusion: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome exhibits antiasthma effect by reducing the expression of TGF-? and fibrosis in the bronchial mucosa of an asthmatic rat model. Hence, it can be a potential therapy for asthma.


X: -2.167326 Y: 8.958903title: Organoleptic evaluation and chemical tests of various formulations of kencur drink (Kaemfelia galanga L.): efforts to find the best formulation to increase body immunity publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur drink is one of the traditional drinks that has been known to be popular and has become an icon for daily healthy drinks. Kencur drink is very useful in preventing and treating diarrhea in Indonesia, can prevent colds and flu. Kencur can also prevent cancer, stop vomiting, prevent and treat fungi, lower cholesterol and improve appetite. Therefore, various ways are done so that this kencur drink remains a healthy daily drink, such as giving a mixture of other ingredients, one of which is the provision of stevia leaf extract. There is also the addition of lemon, brown sugar, and others. Methods in the study with the addition of stevia extract were increased from groups one to six. While other compositions remain such as kencur, lemon and brown sugar. From the results of the study it was obtained that the addition of stevia leaf extract was the highest most preferred and contained vitamin C which was more abundant with other groups. It was concluded that giving stevia leaf extract as much as 24.24% became a favorite drink and had the highest vitamin C content


X: -2.2587347 Y: 8.826402title: PENGARUH METODE EKSTRAKSI KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. or known as Kencur is an herbal plant that is widely used by people with various benefits such as influenza in infants, headaches, sprains, relieving fatigue, inflammation of the stomach, coughing, improving menstruation, inflammation of children's ears, dirty blood, eyes aches, diarrhea, and colds. However, studies that have used Kencur as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus have never been done. Therefore, scientific research is needed to determine the ability of Kencur extract as an antibacterial that inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. 3 extraction methods were used, with the aim of determining the right method for obtaining Kencur bioactive compounds as antibacterial. The three extraction methods used were the press method, the infusion method, and the maceration method using methanol as a solvent. Each extract obtained from various extraction methods will be tested for antibacterial by observing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that with the press method there were no clear zones or growth inhibition zones of Staphylococcus aureus. Using the extract from the infusion method, the same thing is obtained, namely there is no clear zone or growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus. However, it is different when given an extract from the maceration method using methanol solvent, a 17 mm clear zone is formed but there is no inhibition zone. This can indicate that, methanol extract from Kencur can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm).


X: -0.6661996 Y: 7.835687title: Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Lesser galangal plant habit


X: 1.533383 Y: 7.7605696title: In vitro mutagenesis using gamma irradiation in Kaempferia rotunda L. publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Induced mutation is an important tool to increase the genetic variation in breeding program. Kaempferia rotunda was introduced to induce mutation by gamma irradiation for improving its ornamental trait. In vitro young shoots of K. rotunda were used as plant material for acute irradiation at the dose of 0–30 Gy. After irradiation, the LD 50 was 16.5 Gy and the explants that were irradiated at the dose of 25 and 30 Gy found no survivors. At 15 and 20 Gy, the height of in vitro M 1 V 1 plants was reduced while number of shoots was not different from the control. Then the irradiated plants were subcultured on new medium at 4 weeks interval. When cultured to M 1 V 4 , the 20 Gy irradiated plants did not survive. The morphology of all irradiated M 1 V 6 plants showed significantly decrease of plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves and number of roots compared with the control. Increasing in dose of gamma radiation enhanced emergence of variegation in K. rotunda leaves. There were two variegated patterns found from this study; half variegated leaves (HV) and central variegated leaves (CV).


X: -0.3680487 Y: 7.609646title: Evaluation of rapid molecular diagnostics for differentiating medicinal Kaempferia species from its adulterants publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Accurate detection of unique herbs is crucial for herbal medicine preparation. Zingiberaceae species, which are important in Ayurvedic medicine of India, are often misidentified in Northeast (NE) Indian herbal markets. Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae) is one of the major components of popular Ayurvedic drugs used for rheumatic diseases (i.e., “Gandha Thailam” and “Rasnairandadi Kashayam”), contusions, fractures, and sprains. In NE India, herbal healers often misidentify plants from the Marantaceae family (e.g., Calathea bachemiana and Maranta leuconeura) as Kaempferia, which leads to adulteration of the medicinal herb. This misidentification of herbs occurs in NE India because Zingiberaceae plant barcoding information is inadequate. As a consequence, herbal medicine is not only therapeutically less effective but may also cause adverse reactions that range from mild to life-threatening. In this study, we used eight barcoding loci to develop “fingerprints” for four Kaempferia species and two species frequently mistaken for Kaempferia. The PCR and sequencing success of the loci matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA were found to be 100%; the combination of matK, rbcL, and trnH-psbA proved to be the ideal locus for discriminating the Kaempferia species from their adulterants because the combined loci showed greater variability than individual loci. This reliable tool was therefore developed in the current study for accurate identification of Kaempferia plants which can effectively resolve identification issues for herbal healers.


X: -0.6779573 Y: 8.110075title: Analysis of the Effects of Potassium Fertilization and Shade Level on Two Kencur Accessions' Yield Quality (Kaempferia galanga L) publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) widely cultivated in shaded dry land because it is one of the plants with a good level of tolerance to shade. The low sunlight intensity will have an impact on the low nutrient uptake because transpiration will be reduced, so the kencur plant needs more nutrients in the soil, particularly potassium. The study aim to investigate the influence of shade and potassium fertilizer in Kaempferia galanga plant. The experimental farm of Agro Techno Park, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Jatikerto Village served as the site of this study from October 2021 to May 2022. Three replications of a split-split plot were used in this study. The two shade levels that make up the main plot are (N25) for 25% shade and (N50) for 50% shade. The subplots is potassium fertilizer doses with four levels, namely (K0) fertilizer 0 kg ha-1 K²O; (K120) Fertilizer 120 kg ha-1 K²O; (K180) Fertilizer 180 kg ha-1 K²O; and (K240) Fertilizer 240 kg ha-1 K²O. The sub-plots consist of 2 accessions (A1) Lumajang and (A2) Nganjuk. The parameters that are divided up include chemical content analysis, yield parameters, and shade observation. According to the findings, kencur plants produced their highest yields in 50% shade. Based on the highest EPMC value content, the treatment of 50% shade and application of potassium fertilizer at a dose of 240 kg ha-1 also demonstrated the best quality of kencur. The results also indicate that the Lumajang accession has lower yields than the Nganjuk accession.


X: -1.9702523 Y: 8.67838title: Antimicrobial activity of garlic and Kaempferia galanga on Aspergillus sp. growth isolated from sardine fish Pedetan publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: ‘Pedetan’ is a traditional food made from lemuru in Bali. The existence of climate change causes changes in the quantity of fish in the waters of the Bali strait. However, the quality of the ‘pedetan’ must be improved.. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of garlic and Kaempferia galanga in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus sp. which can contaminate the sardine fish Pedetan. The study was conducted by experimental method by isolating Aspergillus sp. from Pedetan and testing the inhibitory power of garlic and Kaempferia galanga and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Aspergillus sp. The results showed that the extract of garlic and Kaempferia galanga can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus sp. Garlic extract can inhibit A. flavus with inhibition zone diameter of 20.65 mm and Kaempferia galanga extract can inhibit the inhibition zone diameter of 23.75 mm. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for garlic extract was 0.4% with inhibition zone diameter of 1.0 mm and Kaempferia galanga with inhibition zone diameter of 1.2 mm. Garlic extract and Kaempferia galanga at 0.5% concentration can inhibit 100% of the conidia Aspergillus sp. Garlic extract and Kaempferia galanga can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus sp. because they contains bioactive compounds that are antimicrobial.


X: 1.6141361 Y: 7.680966title: Direct and Indirect Organogenesis of Alpinia galanga and the Phytochemical Analysis publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Alpinia galanga is a rhizomatous herb rich in essential oils and various other significant phytoconstituents. Rapid direct regeneration was obtained from the rhizome explants (15.66 ± 0.57 shoots) on MS media supplemented with zeatin at a concentration of 2 mg/l. The callus cultures of A. galanga were initiated from the rhizome explants on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/l each of BAP, 2,4-D, and NAA. The callus was analyzed for the presence of a vital phytoconstituent--acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) associated with various biological properties. ACA was detected in the young friable callus as well as the stationary phase callus. Moreover, the induction of morphogenetic response in callus resulted in higher accumulation of ACA. The phytohormone withdrawal from the propagation media and the subsequent transfer of callus to BAP (2 mg/l) containing MS media has resulted in multiple shoot induction. The regenerated (indirect) plants have shown 1.6-fold higher ACA content (1.253%) when compared to the control plant (0.783%). Micropropagation of such conventionally propagated plants is very essential to meet the commercial demand as well as to ensure easy storage and transportation of disease free stocks.


X: -1.6509548 Y: 9.001227title: Anti-allergic activity of some selected plants in the Zingiberaceae family publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethanolic and water extracts, together with volatile oils from the rhizomes of six selected Zingiberaceous plants, including Curcuma mangga, Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia parviflora, Zingiber cassumunar, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet were investigated for their anti-allergic activities using a RBL-2H3 cell line. The ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Kaempferia parviflora exhibited the most potent anti-allergic effect against antigen-induced beta-hexosaminidase release as a marker of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells, with an IC(50) value of 10.9 microg/ml, followed by Zingiber cassumunar (EtOH, IC(50)=12.9 microg/ml) and Curcuma mangga (water, IC(50)=36.1 microg/ml). The volatile oils of these six plants were apparently inactive (IC(50)>100 microg/ml). The crude extracts were also tested on beta-hexosaminidase activity to clarify whether their effects were due to the inhibition of enzyme activity or of degranulation. As a result, the plant extracts were inactive against the enzyme activity of beta-hexosaminidase. These findings support the use in Thai traditional medicine of these selected Zingiberaceous plants, especially Kaempferia parviflora and Zingiber cassumunar, for treatment of allergy and allergic-related diseases.


X: -2.8275058 Y: 8.437087title: ANALYSIS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KENCUR RHIZOME (Kaempferiae Galanga L.) AND TAPAK DARA LEAF (Catharanthus Roseus) USING DPPH METHOD: ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Background: Kaempferia galanga L and Catharanthus roseus leaves are natural ingredients that can be used as a source of antioxidants because they can reduce oxidative damage to the body due to free radicals. The aim of this research was to determine whether the ethanol extract of kencur rhizome and tapak dara leaves alone or combined has antioxidant properties that are able to fight free radicals. Methods: The method used to test antioxidant activity uses the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: the single ethanol extract of tapa dara leaves has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 32.17 ppm and is classified as very strong, while the single extract of kencur rhizome has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 17.30 ppm. and is classified as very strong. On the other hand, a mixture of ethanol extracts of tapak dara leaves and kencur rhizomes in a ratio of 1:2 showed very strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 15.65 ppm. A mixture of tapak dara leaves and kencur rhizomes in a ratio of 2:1 showed very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 9.15 ppm. A mixture of galangal rhizome extract and tapak dara leaves in a ratio of 2:1 produces maximum antioxidant activity. This combination has very strong antioxidant activity compared to the individual forms of these compounds and is almost as strong as vitamin C which has an IC50 value of 5.30 ppm. Conclusion: : the combination of galangal rhizome extract and tapak dara leaves in a ratio of 2:1 produces very strong antioxidant activity compared to the single form of both.


X: -1.1416862 Y: 8.143964title: Determination of Trace Elements in Kaempferia galangal L. and Soil by ICP-AES publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: With the trend of global economic integration, strengthening economic and trade exchanges between different countries, the economic value of products of designations of origin increased. Fourteen trace elements of soil and plants samples were determined by ICP-AES. The accuracy of method was between 0.76% and 8.46%, and the precision was 0.15%~8.1%, and the detection limits of elements determined was between 0.0011~0.076μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between content of trace elements in soil and in plants. The elements can be a fingerprinting marker of products of designations of origin.


X: 1.5492831 Y: 7.775374title: A high frequency microcloning protocol for subsequent cryopreservation in Kaempferia galanga L.: An endangered, over exploited medicinal plant in pharmaceutics publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: An efficient in vitro propagation protocol was standardized in K. galanga, wherein shoot cultures were raised from rhizome with axillary bud explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different hormonal regimes. Maximum 10.6±0.83 multiple shoots per explants were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mgl-1 6-benzyl adenine (BA) along with 1.0 mgl-1 each of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and kinetin. Subsequent 2-3 subculture passages enhanced the shoot multiplication rate to 3-4 times. The multiple shoots thus produced were having individual root system and elongated substantially when kept in the same medium for 4-6 weeks. There was no need of elongation and root induction phase and this two-step multiplication procedure reduced the period of plantlet production compared to the earlier protocols. The regenerated plants after a short hardening phase got established in the field at 80-90% efficiency and their genetic uniformity was confirmed through ISSR analysis. The protocol thus standardized is an efficient method for rapid propagation of this high value medicinal species by which at least 30 shoots per explants can be produced within 12 weeks duration. It offers the possibility of raising physiologically uniform plants for easy dissection of shoot tip meristems which can be efficiently utilized for subsequent long-term conservation through cryopreservation.


X: -1.4133419 Y: 8.540821title: The effects of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) extract and storage period on seed borne fungi and citrus (Citrus sp.) seed viability publish year: 2006 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The recalcitrant seeds need a high moisture level during in storage to prevent loss its viability. The storage at a high moisture level is a favorable condition for fungi growth and on the other hand, a low seeds moisture level will loss the seeds viability. The citrus seeds as one of recalcitrant seeds need a special condition in storage. The storage of citrus seeds by using kencur (Kaempferia galangal L.) extract can protect the seeds against fungi during storage and preserve its viability. The purpose of this research was to determine the best concentration of K. galanga extract which protects the citrus seeds against fungi as long as period storage, the kind of fungi and its percentage of infection, and the citrus seeds viability. This research was carried out in September until November in 2004 at Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory and Greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Sebelas Maret University. The citrus seed used was Keprok variety from Ponorogo. The research design was a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), with the treatments: (1) included the seeds without being stored and without being given by K. galanga extract, (2) the seeds were stored for 2 weeks with 100%, 75%, and 50% K. galanga extract, (3) the seeds were stored for 4 weeks with 100%, 75%, and 50% K. galanga extract, (4) the seeds were stored for 6 weeks with 100%, 75%, and 50% K. galanga extract, and (5) the seeds were stored for 8 weeks with 100%, 75%, and 50% K. galanga extract. Data were analyzed by using F test with 5% and 1% significance levels. If there were real differences, it was continued to be tested by using a Duncan multiple range test with 5% significance level. The results of this research showed that K. galanga extract by 50% was the best concentration that protected the citrus seeds against fungi for 2 weeks of storage. The storage of citrus seeds with K. galanga extract more than 2 weeks decreased seeds viability. The dominant kinds of fungi that attack citrus seeds in the storage were Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., obtained by using a blotter test.


X: -2.294675 Y: 8.47144title: Kaempferia galanga L.: Progresses in Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Ethnomedicinal Uses publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: K. galanga is an aromatic medicinal herb. It is locally to India and distributed in China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. K. galanga is a Traditional Chinese Herb Medicine (TCHM), which has been applied to treat cold, dry cough, toothaches, rheumatism, hypertension and so on. In addition, it has been used widely as spices since its highly aromas. The aim of this review is to compile and update the current progresses of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of K. galanga . All the data on K. galanga were based on different classical literary works, multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. The results showed that ninety-seven compounds have been identified from rhizome of K. galanga , including terpenoids, phenolics, cyclic dipeptides, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, fatty acids and esters. Modern pharmacology studies revealed that extracts or secondary metabolites of the herb possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumorous, anti-bacterial, and anti-angiogenesis effects, which were closely related to its abundant ethnomedicinal uses. In conclusion, although previous research works have provided various information of K. galanga , more in-depth studies are still necessary to systemically evaluate phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity and quality control of this herb.


X: -1.5910501 Y: 9.589439title: Edible plant-derived essential oils synergistically enhance the Th1, Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in neonatal cord blood monocytic cell line publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Edible medicinal plants Curcuma longa, Kaempferia galanga and Zingiber officinale are considered to be suitable for pregnant mother and neonates. Their essential oils are claimed to have therapeutic effects, yet its immunomodulatory activities need to be investigated. To validate the immunomodulatory effect, cord blood monocyte cells (CBMCs) treated with different concentrations of essential oils ranging from 0 to 40 µg/ml. K. galanga oil at 40 µg/ml concentrations upregulated IFN-γ at 49.23 pg/ml, while C. longa oil downregulated the IL-10 at 10.45 pg/ml showing immunostimulant activity on CBMCs. However, Z. officinale oil showed no significant result at any concentration. K. galanga and C. longa oils also showed an increase in lymphocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The present study was aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory potentialities of essential oils which will attract the interest of researchers and pharmaceutical industries for clinical studies and other applications in the therapy of diseases related to neonatal infections.


X: -0.76803917 Y: 9.440792title: Identification of Zingiberaceae as medicinal plants in Gunung Cut Village, Aceh Barat Daya, Indonesia publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Zingiberaceae is well known as gingers family with abundant numbers of spices widely used in
Southeast Asia, because of their unique flavors, ornamental and also the medicinal values. The
extracts of Zingiberaceae rhizome contain many essentials oils, including terpenes, alcohols,
ketones, flavonoids and phytoestrogens that use as medicine. Zingiberaceae grow vigorously in a
wide range of habitats ranging from riverine to the limestone area, from lowland to the upper
mountain regions. They often grow in shady area but some of the native species are able to
tolerate to the sun exposure. The cultivation of this family was developed widely. Gunung Cut
Village is one the villages in Aceh Barat Daya district which cultivated four species of this family:
Zingiber officinale, Curcuma domestica, Alpina galanga and Kaempferia galanga. They mainly use
for medicinal purposes as it can cure many diseases traditionally.


X: -3.5815716 Y: 8.367728title: Effects of compounds fromKaempferia parviflora on nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha productions in RAW264.7 macrophage cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, is one of the plants in the Zingiberaceae family, locally known in Thai as kra-chai-dam. The rhizome of this plant has been used for treatment of gout, apthous ulcer and abscesses. Since K. parviflora rhizomes have long been used for treatment of inflammation and possessed marked nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity (IC(50)=7.8microg/ml), we thus investigated the inhibitory activity of compounds isolated from this plant against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO release in RAW264.7 cells. From bioassay-guided fractionation of K. parviflora, seven methoxyflavones were isolated from the hexane fraction and were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects. Among the isolated compounds, compound 5 (5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone) exhibited the highest activity against NO release with an IC(50) value of 16.1microM, followed by 4 (IC(50)=24.5microM) and 3 (IC(50)=30.6microM). Compound 5 was also tested on LPS-induced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) releases from RAW264.7 cells. It was revealed that 5 showed appreciable inhibitory effect on PGE(2) release (IC(50)=16.3microM), but inactive on TNF-alpha (IC(50)>100microM). These findings may support the use in Thai traditional medicine of K. parviflora for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases through the inhibition of NO and PGE(2) releases but partly due to that of TNF-alpha.


X: -2.9645844 Y: 7.9595437title: Structure modification of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and their bioassay as chemopreventive agent against mice's fibrosarcoma publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: In the present study, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga was used as starting material to produce thiourea derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c) in a good yield. The synthesis products were confirmed by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, cyclooxygenase-2, Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, Thiourea derivatives, Fibrosarcoma C-NMR and HRMS spectroscopic methods. Their activities against fibrosarcoma were tested in vivo using mouse model induced by 0.3% benzo(a)pyrene injected subcutaneously, which was given five times, once every two days. Our results showed that fibrosarcoma can be inhibited by all synthesized compounds. In silico analysis predicted that one of mechanism chemopreventive activity of all synthesized compounds against fibrosarcoma through inhibition of COX-2.


X: -2.8093803 Y: 7.2354198title: Cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants against human cholangiocarcinoma, laryngeal and hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Cholangiocarcinoma is a serious public health in Thailand with increasing incidence and mortality rates. The present study aimed to investigate cytotoxic activities of crude ethanol extracts of a total of 28 plants and 5 recipes used in Thai folklore medicine against human cholangiocarcinoma (CL-6), human laryngeal (Hep-2), and human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell lines in vitro.
Cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts against the cancerous cell lines compared with normal cell line (renal epithelial cell: HRE) were assessed using MTT assay. 5-fluorouracil was used as a positive control. The IC50 (concentration that inhibits cell growth by 50%) and the selectivity index (SI) were calculated.
The extracts from seven plant species (Atractylodes lancea, Kaempferia galangal, Zingiber officinal, Piper chaba, Mesua ferrea, Ligusticum sinense, Mimusops elengi) and one folklore recipe (Pra-Sa-Prao-Yhai) exhibited promising activity against the cholangiocarcinoma CL-6 cell line with survival of less than 50% at the concentration of 50 μg/ml. Among these, the extracts from the five plants and one recipe (Atractylodes lancea, Kaempferia galangal, Zingiber officinal, Piper chaba, Mesua ferrea, and Pra-Sa-Prao-Yhai recipe) showed potent cytotoxic activity with mean IC50 values of 24.09, 37.36, 34.26, 40.74, 48.23 and 44.12 μg/ml, respectively. All possessed high activity against Hep-2 cell with mean IC50 ranging from 18.93 to 32.40 μg/ml. In contrast, activity against the hepatoma cell HepG2 varied markedly; mean IC50 ranged from 9.67 to 115.47 μg/ml. The only promising extract was from Zingiber officinal (IC50=9.67 μg/ml). The sensitivity of all the four cells to 5-FU also varied according to cell types, particularly with CL-6 cell (IC50=757 micromolar). The extract from Atractylodes lancea appears to be both the most potent and most selective against cholangiocarcinoma (IC50=24.09 μg/ml, SI = 8.6).
The ethanolic extracts from five plants and one folklore recipe showed potent cytotoxic activity against CL-6 cell. Sensitivity to other cancerous cell lines varied according to cell types and the hepatocarcinoma cell line. HepG2 appears to be the most resistant to the tested extracts.


X: -2.669496 Y: 8.99652title: Evaluation Patch of Rhizoma Extract Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) as Anti-Inflammatory with Enhancer publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a family of Zingiberaceae. Several studies have shown that kencur can help reduce inflammation because kencur is known to contain anti-inflammatory compounds, namely marker compounds from flavonoids, kaempferol. For the development of pharmaceutical preparations, research on anti-inflammatory plasters containing 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from ginger rhizome with the addition of penetration enhancer (enhancer), namely propylene glycol. This anti-inflammatory plaster was tested for its activity in 5 groups of Wistar strain rat feet which had been induced 1% carrageenan (negative control); positive control (diclofenac sodium), ethanol96% extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from kencur rhizome and compared with plaster of kencur rhizome ethanol extract without enhancer. The results showed the effect of adding enhancers 30 minutes after administration. 96% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract had reduced inflammation by 79.99% in rat test animals compared to plaster ethanol extract of rhizome kencur without the addition of enhancers. Keywords : Kaempferia galanga. L., patch, anti-inflammatory, enhancer, propylene glycol


X: -2.0184615 Y: 9.156436title: Nanoemulsification of Kaempferia galanga essential oil: Characterizations and molecular interactions explaining fungal growth suppression publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Present study envisaged the development of nanoemulsions (NEs) based on essential oil (EO) of Kaempferia galanga using biosurfactant, saponin. Aromatic components of the distilled EO were characterized in GC-MS and the oil was formulated to prepare NEs with saponin at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) using ultrasonic acoustic energy at three individual time points (3, 5 and 10 min). NEs prepared with ≥1% saponin solution with ≥10 min ultrasonication were found stable even after accelerated storage condition at 54±1 °C for 14 days. Briefly, NEs at 400 µg/mL concentration, showed hydrodynamic droplet diameter of 71.68 nm with the corresponding PDI 0.52 and zeta potential -20.05 mV. TEM images confirmed the spherical morphology and droplet diameters. NEs exhibited excellent efficacy against A. flavus 2547 (32.3 µg/mL) followed by A. flavus 2838 (45.6 µg/mL), A. flavus 8601 (56.2 µg/mL) and A. flavus 6641 (69.7 µg/mL). Molecular modelling studies revealed the most promising binding complexes of 6IV7-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (-56.22 kcal/mol), the key component responsible for interfering functional properties of the native ligand. Additive interaction effect of 4QBJ-pentadecane (-50.15 kcal/mol) and 6JOH-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (-45.91 kcal/mol) attributed to the extraordinary favourable binding energy for non-bonded covalent and lipophilic interactions towards the selective target proteins.


X: -3.0088227 Y: 8.741272title: Kaempferia galanga L. Inhibiting Effect on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) Expression on Endothelium of Chorioallantoic Membrane publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study was aimed to examine the extract of Kaempferia galanga L. to inhibit the expression of VEGF and Cox-2 on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). This study used 24 ECE which were divided into six groups: (C+) inoculated with solvent, (C-, T1, T2, T3 and T4) inoculated with bFGF 60 ng then (T1, T2, T3 and T4) treated with the extract doses of 30, 60, 90 and celecoxib 60 mg, respectively. Expression of VEGF and Cox-2 was observed by the immunohistochemical method. It was concluded that the extract of Kaempferia galanga L. can inhibit the expression of VEGF and Cox-2 on the chorioallantoic membrane.


X: -1.7190269 Y: 8.824696title: Chemical Composition of the Volatile Oil from the Leaves of Kaempferia champasakensis Picheans. & Koonterm. (Zingiberaceae) publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) is well-known for its diverse phytochemical constituents and characteristic essential oil. Kaempferia champasakensis was firstly described in 2008 by Chayan Picheansoonthon and Supachai Koonterm in Champasak province of Southern Laos. To date, little is known about phytochemical components and pharmacological activities of the plant. In the present study, the extraction of essential oil from K. champasakensis leaves as well as Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) profile were investigated. The major components in essential oil extracted from K. champasakensis leaves were determined as β-caryophyllene (16.07%), β-elemenone (14.53%), β-pinene (13.80%), germacrone (9.85%), myrcene (9.46%) and diisooctyl phthalate (8.62%). This is the first report on chemical constituents of essential oil extracted from the leaves of K. champasakensis.


X: -5.0313916 Y: 8.109482title: Clinical Effects of Krachaidum (Kaempferia parviflora):: A Systematic Review publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidum) is a medicinal plant in the family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizome has been used as folk medicine for many centuries. A number of pharmacological studies of Krachaidum had claimed benefits for various ailments. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically search and summarize the clinical evidences of Krachaidum in all identified indications. Of 683 records identified, 7 studies were included. From current clinical trials, Krachaidum showed positive benefits but remained inconclusive since small studies were included. Even though results found that Krachaidum significantly increased hand grip strength and enhanced sexual erotic stimuli, these were based on only 2 studies and 1 study, respectively. With regard to harmful effects, we found no adverse events reported even when Krachaidum 1.35 g/day was used. Therefore, future studies of Krachaidum are needed with regards to both safety and efficacy outcomes.


X: -3.6709974 Y: 7.980477title: Bioactive flavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Nine flavonoids (1-9) have been isolated from Kaempferia parviflora. Among these, 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (8) and 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (9) exhibited antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 3.70 and 4.06 microg/ml, respectively. 3,5,7,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone (7) and compound 8 possessed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with respective IC50 values of 39.71 and 17.63 microg/ml, and also showed mild antimycobacterial activity with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 200 and 50 microg/ml, respectively. However, none of the isolated compounds demonstrated cytotoxicity against KB, BC and NCI-H187 cell lines.


X: -4.184673 Y: 8.377852title: Kaempferia parviflora and Its Methoxyflavones: Chemistry and Biological Activities publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP), a health-promoting herb, has been traditionally used for treating a variety of diseases. Pharmacological studies have claimed the various benefits from KP and its main effective methoxyflavones, including cellular metabolism-regulating activity, anticancer activity, vascular relaxation and cardioprotective activity, sexual enhancing activity, neuroprotective activity, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activity, antiosteoarthritis activity, antimicroorganism activity, and transdermal permeable activity. These might be associated with increased mitochondrial functions and activated cGMP-NO signaling pathway. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of KP and its methoxyflavones are still under investigation. The clinical applications of KP and its methoxyflavones may be limited due to their low bioavailability. But promising strategies are on the way. This review will comprehensively discuss the biological activities of KP and its methoxyflavones.


X: -3.8594506 Y: 8.3450165title: Anti-gastric ulcer effect of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2005 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is a Zingiberaceous plant, which has been reputed for its beneficial medicinal effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Kaempferia parviflora ethanolic extract (KPE) for its anti-gastric ulcer activity by experimental models. Oral administration of the KPE at 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation induced by indomethacin, HCl/EtOH and water immersion restraint-stress in rats. In pylorus-ligated rats, pretreatment with the KPE had no effect on gastric volume, pH and acidity output. In ethanol-induced ulcerated rats, gastric wall mucus was significantly preserved by the KPE pretreatment at doses of 60 and 120 but not at 30 mg/kg. The findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Kaempferia parviflora possesses gastroprotective potential which is related partly to preservation of gastric mucus secretion and unrelated to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion.


X: -3.6977751 Y: 7.846714title: Anti-allergic activity of compounds from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is one of the plants in the Zingiberaceae family, locally known in Thai as kra-chai-dam. In Thai traditional medicine, the decoction of Kaempferia parviflora powder with alcohol has been reported to cure allergy, asthma, impotence, gout, diarrhea, dysentery, peptic ulcer and diabetes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate anti-allergic substances from this plant. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of seven methoxyflavone derivatives (1–7) from Kaempferia parviflora extract and they were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Among the compounds tested, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (5) possessed the highest anti-allergic activity against antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release as a marker of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells with an IC50 value of 8.0 μM, followed by 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (2, IC50 = 20.6 μM) and 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone (4, IC50 = 26.0 μM), whereas others showed moderate activities (IC50 = 37.5–66.5 μM). Structure–activity trends of 7-methoxyflavone derivatives on anti-allergic activity can be summarized as follows: (1) substitution with vicinal methoxyl groups at positions 3′ and 4′ conferred higher activity than only one methoxylation, (2) methoxylation at position 3 reduced activity and (3) methoxylation at position 5 showed higher activity than hydroxylation. Compounds 2, 4 and 5 were also determined for their mechanisms on ionomycin-induced β-hexosaminidase release. The results indicated that the mechanism on inhibition of cell degranulation of compounds 2 and 5 mainly involve the inhibition of Ca2+ influx to the cells, whereas that of 4 may be partly due to this inhibition.


X: -3.8239105 Y: 8.425087title: Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Kaempferia parviflora in murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) and in experimental animals publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker have been used in Thailand for treatment of gout, apthous ulcer, peptic ulcer and abscesses.
In our previous study, the crude ethanol extract of Kaempferia parviflora and its compound (5, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone), was reported to show nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in RAW 264.7 cells. The present study is thus investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Kaempferia parviflora extract and compound 5 against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expressions.
The extract of Kaempferia parviflora and its compound were tested against NO and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) releases using RAW264.7 cells as well as studied on anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and acute toxicity in mice.
The results revealed that the ethanol extract of Kaempferia parviflora markedly inhibited PGE(2) release with an IC(50) value of 9.2 microg/ml. This plant extract and compound 5 also suppressed mRNA expression of iNOS in dose-dependent manners, whereas COX-2 mRNA expression was partly affected. According to the in vivo study, chloroform and hexane fractions greater decreased rat paw edema than ethanol, ethyl acetate and water fractions.
The mechanisms for anti-inflammatory activity of Kaempferia parviflora and compound 5 are mainly due to the inhibition of iNOS mRNA expression but partly through that of COX-2 mRNA.


X: -3.8293512 Y: 8.1588125title: Identification and evaluation of anti-inflammatory compounds from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora has been used in traditional Thai medicine. In this study, we identified and compared specific compounds from the hexane extract of K. parviflora with those from other Zingiberaceous plants by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We identified 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF), estimated 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells stimulated with an IgE antigen or a calcium ionophore. We found that DMF and TMF more potently inhibited antigen-induced degranulation than did nobiletin, a well-known anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, compared to RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with a calcium ionophore, those treated with DMF and TMF showed more marked inhibition of the degranulation and the production and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators. These results suggest that DMF and TMF inhibit an early step in the high-affinity IgE receptor signaling cascade rather than intracellular calcium release and protein kinase C activation.


X: -3.6349013 Y: 8.324325title: Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds from Kaempferia parviflora and Boesenbergia pandurata publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora and Boesenbergia pandurata are perennial herbs in the Zingiberaceae family. The rhizomes of these two plants have been used as food ingredients and in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of several inflammatory-related diseases, such as gout, allergy, apthous ulcer and peptic ulcer. The compounds isolated from the rhizomes of K. parviflora and B. pandurata were, therefore, examined for their inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production. For K. parviflora, compound 5 (5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone) exhibited the highest activity against the NO inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 16.1 μM, followed by 4 (IC50 = 24.5 μM) and 3 (IC50 = 30.6 μM). Regarding the NO inhibitory activity of B. pandurata, compound 2 (panduratin A) displayed the most potent effect with an IC50 value of 5.3 μM, followed by 3 (hydroxypanduratin A, IC50 = 13.3 μM) and 7 (cardamonin, IC50 = 24.7 μM), respectively. The 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (5), panduratin A (2) and hydroxypanduratin A (3), were also tested on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. 5-Hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (5) exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on PGE2 production (IC50 = 16.3 μM), but a mild effect on TNF-α (IC50 > 100 μM). Panduratin A and hydroxypanduratin A showed strong activity against PGE2 with IC50 values of 10.5 and 12.3 μM, respectively, and a moderate effect on TNF-α (IC50 = 60.3 and 57.3 μM, respectively). This study indicated that compound 5 (5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone) is responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of K. parviflora, while 2 (panduratin A) and 3 (hydroxypanduratin A), the prenylated chalcones, are responsible for that of B. pandurata.The present study, therefore, supports the traditional use of K. parviflora and B. pandurata rhizomes for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases through the inhibition of NO, PGE2 and TNF-α release.


X: -3.8910935 Y: 7.5773954title: Anti-cancer effects of Kaempferia parviflora on ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background:
Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is an herb found in the north of Thailand and used as a folk medicine for improving vitality. Current reports have shown the anti-cancer activities of KP. However, the anti-cancer effects of KP on highly aggressive ovarian cancer have not been investigated. Therefore, we determined the effects of KP on cell proliferation, migration, and cell death in SKOV3 cells.

Methods:
Ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3 was used to investigate the anti-cancer effect of KP extract. Cell viability, cell proliferation, MMP activity, cell migration, and invasion were measured by MTT assay, cell counting, gelatin zymography, wound healing assay, and Transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Cell death was determined by trypan blue exclusion test, AnnexinV/PI with flow cytometry, and nuclear staining. The level of ERK and AKT phosphorylation, and caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9 was investigated by western blot analysis.

Results:
KP extract was cytotoxic to SKOV3 cells when the concentration was increased, and this effect could still be observed even though EGF was present. Besides, the cell doubling time was significantly prolonged in the cells treated with KP. Moreover, KP strongly suppressed cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion. These consequences may be associated with the ability of KP in inhibiting the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 assayed by gelatin zymography. Moreover, KP at high concentrations could induce SKOV3 cell apoptosis demonstrated by AnnexinV/PI staining and flow cytometry. Consistently, nuclear labelling of cells treated with KP extract showed DNA fragmentation and deformity. The induction of caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 indicates that KP induces cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The antitumor activities of KP might be regulated through PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways since the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 was reduced.

Conclusions:
The inhibitory effects of KP in cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion together with apoptotic cell death induction in SKOV3 cells suggest that KP has a potential to be a new candidate for ovarian cancer chemotherapeutic agent.


X: -3.5618773 Y: 7.992816title: Simultaneous identification and quantitation of 11 flavonoid constituents in Kaempferia parviflora by gas chromatography publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidum; KD) is a Thai herb, the rhizomes of which have been used in folk medicine and ritual ceremonies. The increasing use of KD has led to concerns regarding the variation of quality, potency and efficacy of KD products. A gas chromatographic method was developed and validated using 11 flavonoids that had been fully characterized as reference. Limits of detection ranged from a low of 0.1 ppm to a high of 1.0 ppm. The limits of quantitation were a low of 0.5 ppm (5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone) to a high of 3.0 ppm (5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone and 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone). Precision of intra- and inter-day analyses gave a RSD range of 3.02-8.25 and 2.84-12.37, respectively. The diversity of flavonoid content and their distribution profiles in KD samples from 12 different origins was investigated using the validated method. Total flavonoid content in these samples ranged from 23.86 to 60.98 mg/g. Two of the compounds, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone, emerged as major constituents. Samples contained as much as 21.68 and 9.88 mg/g, respectively. Two distinct patterns of the distribution of the flavonoids, as characterized by the ratio of these two compounds in the KD rhizome samples, were observed. This method is expected to be useful in the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the flavonoid content of KD samples and as a quality control assessment of KD raw materials and products.


X: -4.011684 Y: 7.162641title: Anticholinesterase activity of 7-methoxyflavones isolated from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora or kra-chai-dum (in Thai) is used traditionally as a folk medicine. The preliminary cholinesterase inhibitory screening of this plant extract exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Thirteen known methoxyflavones (1-13) were isolated and their structures were completely elucidated based on NMR analysis and compared with literature reports. Minor compounds 12-13 were reported for the first time from this species. The cholinesterase inhibitory test results showed that the highest potential inhibitors toward AChE and BChE were 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (6) and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (7), respectively, with the percentage inhibitory activity varying over 43-85%. The structure-activity relationship study led to the conclusion that compounds bearing 5,7-dimethoxy groups and a free substituent at C-3 had a significant inhibitory effect at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, but those bearing a 5-hydroxyl group reduced the inhibitory potency. On the other hand, flavones bearing a 3'- or 5'-methoxy group did not influence the inhibitory effect. Interestingly, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (7) exhibited strong selectivity for BChE over AChE which may be of great interest to modify as a treatment agent for Alzheimer's disease.


X: -3.260583 Y: 8.112816title: Quality evaluation of Kaempferia parviflora rhizome with reference to 5,7-dimethoxyflavone publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora
Wall. ex Baker is a medicinal plant found in the upper Northeastern regions of Thailand, which belongs to Zingiberaceae family. The present study aims to investigate the standardization parameters, to analyze chemical constituents of volatile oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to determine the content of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone inK. parviflorarhizomes by thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry compared to TLC image analysis.K. parviflorarhizomes from 15 different sources throughout Thailand were investigated for morphological and pharmacognostic parameters. 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone contents were determined by TLC-densitometry with winCATS software and TLC image analysis with ImageJ software. The mobile phase for TLC development consisted of toluene: chloroform: Acetone: formic acid (5: 4: 1: 0.2). For the Results, the pharmacognostic parameters ofK. parviflorarhizome were demonstrated. The loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water content, volatile oil content, ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 8.979 ± 0.041, 5.127 ± 0.060, 2.174 ± 0.092, 9.291 ± 0.458, 0.028 ± 0.003, 5.138 ± 0.092, and 8.254 ± 0.191 g/100 g of dry weight, respectively.K. parvifloravolatile oil showed the major components of α-copaene, dauca-5, 8-diene, camphene, β-pinene, borneol, and linalool. The 5,7-dimethoxyflavone content ofK. parviflorarhizomes determined by TLC-densitometry and TLC image analysis were found to be 2.15 ± 0.64 and 1.96 ± 0.51 g/100 g of dry rhizomes, respectively. The 5,7-dimethoxyflavone contents of both methods were not significantly different (P> 0.05) using pairedt-test.


X: -4.485284 Y: 8.307279title: Chronic Toxicity Study of Kaempferia parviflora Wall ex. Extract publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: K. parviflora is a medicinal plant possessing high potential for development of various health products. The objective of this chronic toxicity study was to investigate the safety of ethanolic extract of chronic Kaempferia parviflora Wall ex Bak in Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, twenty four rats each (12 males and 12 females). Three treatment groups were orally administered with K. parviflora extract at doses of 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg/day for six months respectively, which were equivalent to 1, 10 and 100 times of human use, while two control groups were orally given with distilled water and 1.0% tragacanth, respectively. The results showed that male rats receiving K. parviflora extract at dose of 500 mg/kg had significantly lower body weight than both control groups (p<0.05). The alterations of a few hematological parameters in the highest dose-treated groups were within the normal range. Male rats receiving the highest dose of K. parviflora extract had significantly lower triglyceride level than their two control groups (p<0.05) whereas female rats receiving the same dose had significantly higher glucose and cholesterol levels than their control groups (p<0.05). Histopathological study of visceral organs revealed no remarkable lesions related to the toxicity of K. parviflora extract.


X: -4.6620507 Y: 8.899285title: Preventive effect of Kaempferia parviflora ethyl acetate extract and its major components polymethoxyflavonoid on metabolic diseases publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Previously, we reported that rhizome powder of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker prevented obesity and a range of metabolic diseases. In this study, to clarify which molecular mechanisms and active ingredients of K. parviflora have an anti-obesity effect, we investigated the effect of ethyl acetate extract of K. parviflora (KPE) on TSOD mice, a spontaneously obese Type II diabetes model, and on pancreatic lipase. In the TSOD groups, KPE showed a suppressive effect on body weight increase and visceral fat accumulation and also showed preventive effects on symptoms related to insulin resistance, hypertension and fatty liver. In addition, KPE also suppressed body weight increase and food intake in TSNO mice groups, which served as reference animals, at an early stage of administration. Searching for the ingredients in KPE revealed that KPE contains at least 12 kinds of polymethoxyflavonoid (PMF). Furthermore, KPE and its component PMFs showed an inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase. The above results suggest that KPE has a preventive effect on obesity and various metabolic diseases. The mechanisms of action probably involve inhibition of pancreatic lipase by the PMFs in KPE.


X: -3.5216076 Y: 8.054049title: Phenolic glycosides from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Three phenolic glycosides were isolated together with two known flavonol glycosides from the H2O-soluble fraction of rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora. Their structures were determined to be rel-(5aS,10bS)-5a,10b-dihydro-1,3,5a,9-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy-6H-benz[b]indeno[1,2-d]furan-6-one 5a-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside] (1), its rel-5aS,10bR isomer (2), and (2R,3S,4S)-3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]-3'-O-methyl-ent-epicatechin-(2alpha-->O-->3,4alpha-->4)-(5aS,10bS)-5a,10b-dihydro-1,3,5a,9-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy-6H-benz[b]indeno[1,2-d]furan-6-one 5a-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] (3). The structures were elucidated on the basis of analyses of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.


X: -4.337661 Y: 8.348045title: Adaptogenic-active components from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: a b s t r a c t Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extracts obtained by maceration with hexane, chloroform, methanol, and ethanol were screened for their adaptogenic activities using swimming tests of mice. The effective adap-togenic extract dose was 500 mg/kg of body weight and was given orally once a day. Crude hexane extract showed significantly shorter mouse immobilisation time than those of the other and control extracts. This crude hexane extract was separated into three fractions by column chromatography. Among these fractions, the fraction rich in terpenoids possessed the highest adaptogenic activity and was comparable to that of the crude ginseng root powder used as a reference control. Therefore, terpenes contained in this fraction could be attributed to the decrease in exhaustion during the swimming of mice. There was no effect on body weight, heart, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands of the mice. Chemical char-acterisation of this adaptogenic-active fraction by NMR and GC–MS showed germacene D, b-elemene, a-copaene, and E-caryophyllene as major constituents. Accordingly, these terpenes are considered the adaptogenic agents of K. parviflora rhizomes.


X: -4.7144804 Y: 9.080773title: Antiobesity effects of Kaempferia parviflora in spontaneously obese type II diabetic mice publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker (KP) has been used as a folk medicine in Laos and Thailand to lower blood glucose levels, improve blood flow, and increase vitality. This study investigated the preventive effects of KP on obesity and its downstream symptoms (various metabolic disorders) using Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice, a multifactorial genetic disease animal model in which metabolic diseases develop spontaneously, similar to metabolic syndrome in humans, and Tsumura, Suzuki, Non-Obesity (TSNO) mice as the corresponding control mice. When feed that was mixed with KP (1 or 3%) was given ad libitum to TSOD and TSNO mice for 8 weeks, body weight increase, visceral fat accumulation, lipid metabolism abnormalities, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension, and peripheral neuropathy were suppressed in TSOD mice, but no marked differences were observed in TSNO mice. Because KP had preventive effects on metabolic diseases, including antiobesity effects, only in obese animals, we propose that KP will be extremely valuable as a medicine or component of food in alternative health care.


X: -3.9690998 Y: 7.6282744title: Kaempferia parviflora Extract Exhibits Anti-cancer Activity against HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) has been traditionally used as a folk remedy to treat several diseases including cancer, and several studies have reported cytotoxic activities of extracts of KP against a number of different cancer cell lines. However, many aspects of the molecular mechanism of action of KP remain unclear. In particular, the ability of KP to regulate cancer cell growth and survival signaling is still largely unexplored. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of KP on cell viability, cell migration, cell invasion, cell apoptosis, and on signaling pathways related to growth and survival of cervical cancer cells, HeLa. We discovered that KP reduced HeLa cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The potent cytotoxicity of KP against HeLa cells was associated with a dose-dependent induction of apoptotic cell death as determined by flow cytometry and observation of nuclear fragmentation. Moreover, KP-induced cell apoptosis was likely to be mediated through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway since caspase 9 and caspase 7, but not BID, were shown to be activated after KP exposure. Based on the observation that KP induced apoptosis in HeLa cell, we further investigated the effects of KP at non-cytotoxic concentrations on suppressing signal transduction pathways relevant to cell growth and survival. We found that KP suppressed the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in cells activated with EGF, as observed by a significant decrease in phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Elk1, PI3K, and AKT. The data suggest that KP interferes with the growth and survival of HeLa cells. Consistent with the inhibitory effect on EGF-stimulated signaling, KP potently suppressed the migration of HeLa cells. Concomitantly, KP was demonstrated to markedly inhibit HeLa cell invasion. The ability of KP in suppressing the migration and invasion of HeLa cells was associated with the suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 production. These data strongly suggest that KP may slow tumor progression and metastasis in patients with cervical cancer. Taken together, the present report provides accumulated evidence revealing the potent anti-cancer activities of Kaempferia parviflora against cervical cancer HeLa cells, and suggests its potential use as an alternative way for cervical cancer prevention and therapy.


X: -3.6546414 Y: 7.8813386title: Antiproliferative activity and polymethoxyflavone composition analysis of Kaempferia parviflora extracts publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: To investigate anticancer effects of Kaempferia parviflora, rhizomes of K. parviflora were extracted with supercritical CO2 fluid and ethanol under various extraction conditions. Antiproliferative activity of these extracts was evaluated against human cervical cancer HeLa and human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cell lines. Supercritical CO2 fluid extracts (SFEs) of K. parviflora showed more potent antiproliferative activity than the ethanol extracts against both cell lines, because SFEs contained higher concentration of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) (72–89 wt%) than the ethanol extract (55–70 wt%). From the compositional analysis of the extracts, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (1) in K. parviflora was proposed as a potent anticancer PMF. Furthermore, it was found that PMFs with more methoxy groups do not necessarily show better anticancer activity.


X: -4.0439553 Y: 7.194166title: Anticholinesterase activity of 7-methoxyflavones isolated from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora or kra-chai-dum (in Thai) is used traditionally as a folk medicine. The preliminary cholinesterase inhibitory screening of this plant extract exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Thirteen known methoxyflavones (1-13) were isolated and their structures were completely elucidated based on NMR analysis and compared with literature reports. Minor compounds 12-13 were reported for the first time from this species. The cholinesterase inhibitory test results showed that the highest potential inhibitors toward AChE and BChE were 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (6) and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (7), respectively, with the percentage inhibitory activity varying over 43-85%. The structure-activity relationship study led to the conclusion that compounds bearing 5,7-dimethoxy groups and a free substituent at C-3 had a significant inhibitory effect at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, but those bearing a 5-hydroxyl group reduced the inhibitory potency. On the other hand, flavones bearing a 3'- or 5'-methoxy group did not influence the inhibitory effect. Interestingly, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (7) exhibited strong selectivity for BChE over AChE which may be of great interest to modify as a treatment agent for Alzheimer's disease.


X: -4.7785716 Y: 9.038153title: Kaempferia parviflora extract increases energy consumption through activation of BAT in mice publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is a member of the ginger family and is known in Thailand as Thai ginseng, Krachai Dam or Black Ginger. The K. parviflora extract (KPE) was previously reported to have a number of physiological effects; however, the antiobesity effects of KPE and its mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted KPE feeding experiments (low dose: 0.5% KPE, high dose: 1.0% KPE) in mice to examine the antiobesity effects. For both 0.5% KPE and 1.0% KPE, 7 weeks’ feeding of KPE contained in a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly decreased body weight gain, intraabdominal fat accumulation, and plasma triglyceride and leptin levels. Concurrently, KPE administration increased oxygen consumption in mice fed on a HFD. We also found that 1.0% KPE feeding significantly increased the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Moreover, KPE administration increased urinary noradrenaline secretion levels. These results demonstrate that KPE promotes energy metabolism by activation of BAT, at both doses and up-regulation of UCP1 protein at a high dose. Although numerous challenges remain, the present study demonstrated that KPE suppresses HFD-induced obesity through increased energy metabolism.


X: -3.9281833 Y: 7.536014title: Anti-cancer effects of Kaempferia parviflora on ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background:
Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is an herb found in the north of Thailand and used as a folk medicine for improving vitality. Current reports have shown the anti-cancer activities of KP. However, the anti-cancer effects of KP on highly aggressive ovarian cancer have not been investigated. Therefore, we determined the effects of KP on cell proliferation, migration, and cell death in SKOV3 cells.

Methods:
Ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3 was used to investigate the anti-cancer effect of KP extract. Cell viability, cell proliferation, MMP activity, cell migration, and invasion were measured by MTT assay, cell counting, gelatin zymography, wound healing assay, and Transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Cell death was determined by trypan blue exclusion test, AnnexinV/PI with flow cytometry, and nuclear staining. The level of ERK and AKT phosphorylation, and caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9 was investigated by western blot analysis.

Results:
KP extract was cytotoxic to SKOV3 cells when the concentration was increased, and this effect could still be observed even though EGF was present. Besides, the cell doubling time was significantly prolonged in the cells treated with KP. Moreover, KP strongly suppressed cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion. These consequences may be associated with the ability of KP in inhibiting the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 assayed by gelatin zymography. Moreover, KP at high concentrations could induce SKOV3 cell apoptosis demonstrated by AnnexinV/PI staining and flow cytometry. Consistently, nuclear labelling of cells treated with KP extract showed DNA fragmentation and deformity. The induction of caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 indicates that KP induces cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The antitumor activities of KP might be regulated through PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways since the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 was reduced.

Conclusions:
The inhibitory effects of KP in cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion together with apoptotic cell death induction in SKOV3 cells suggest that KP has a potential to be a new candidate for ovarian cancer chemotherapeutic agent.


X: -4.945297 Y: 8.068541title: Clinical Effects of Krachaidum (Kaempferia parviflora):: A Systematic Review publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidum) is a medicinal plant in the family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizome has been used as folk medicine for many centuries. A number of pharmacological studies of Krachaidum had claimed benefits for various ailments. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically search and summarize the clinical evidences of Krachaidum in all identified indications. Of 683 records identified, 7 studies were included. From current clinical trials, Krachaidum showed positive benefits but remained inconclusive since small studies were included. Even though results found that Krachaidum significantly increased hand grip strength and enhanced sexual erotic stimuli, these were based on only 2 studies and 1 study, respectively. With regard to harmful effects, we found no adverse events reported even when Krachaidum 1.35 g/day was used. Therefore, future studies of Krachaidum are needed with regards to both safety and efficacy outcomes.


X: -3.7641659 Y: 7.506409title: Cytotoxic Activity, Anti-Migration and In Silico Study of Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) Extract against Breast Cancer Cell publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Simple Summary
Breast cancer that has metastasized to other parts of the body still has a high incidence and mortality rate. Furthermore, treating metastatic breast cancer remains a major medical undertaking. This is due to the limited treatment options for patients with metastatic breast cancer, as well as the occurrence of drug resistance when long-term treatment is used. The search for drug candidates using natural medicine is currently accelerating, particularly in Asia. Plants that have traditionally been used to improve health must be studied and scientifically proven in order to ensure their efficacy. This study demonstrates that Kaemferia parviflora may have the scientific potential to be developed as a cytotoxic and anti-migration agent for breast cancer. This research also predicts the bioactive compound responsible for this activity. To complete it out, this article discusses the potential mechanism of action of Kaemferia parviflora’s potential components. The findings of this study could pave the way for Kaemferia parviflora to be developed as an anticancer agent.

Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer remains the leading cause of death in women worldwide. This condition necessitates extensive research to find an effective treatment, one of which is the natural medicine approach. Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is a plant believed to possess anticancer properties. Therefore, this study aims to determine KP’s bioactive compound, cytotoxic, and anti-migration activity in the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line model 4T1, also in the breast cancer cell model MCF-7 and noncancerous cell line NIH-3T3. Maceration with ethanol (EEKP) and infusion with distilled water (EWKP) was used for extraction. The MTT assay was used to test for cytotoxicity, and the scratch wound healing assay was used to test for the inhibition of migration. Phytochemical profiling of EEKP was performed using UHPLC-MS, and the results were studied for in silico molecular docking. Result showed that EEKP had a better cytotoxic activity than EWKP with an IC50 value of 128.33 µg/mL (24 h) and 115.09 µg/mL (48 h) on 4T1 cell line, and 138.43 µg/mL (24 h) and 124.81 µg/mL (48 h) on MCF-7 cell line. Meanwhile, no cytotoxic activity was observed at concentrations ranging from 3–250 µg/mL in NIH-3T3. EEKP also showed anti-migration activity in a concentration of 65 µg/mL. Mass Spectrophotometer (MS) structures from EEKP are 5-Hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavanone (HDMF), 5-Hydro-7,8,2′-trimethoxyflavanone (HTMF), Retusine, and Denbinobin. The in silico docking was investigated for receptors Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, ERK2, and FAK, as well as their activities. In silico result indicates that HTMF and denbinobin are bioactive compounds responsible for EEKP’s cytotoxic and anti-migration activity. These two compounds and standardized plant extract can be further studied as potential breast cancer treatment candidates.


X: -3.8382897 Y: 7.8107247title: Cytotoxic Effects of Polymethoxyflavones Isolated from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Although several studies covered anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker towards cancer cells, cytotoxicity of its pure methoxyflavone components remains undetermined. The present study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of 3,5,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (TeMF), 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (5-H-TeMF) purified from its rhizome extracts on human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-15) cells. All three compounds showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on HCT-15 cells. Significant numbers of apoptotic nuclei and condensed chromatin were also observed. TMF produced a higher level of fragmented DNA compared to TeMF and 5-H-TeMF. In addition TMF-treated cells showed the highest levels of caspase-3 activity than those treated with the other two compounds. Caspase-3 activity was reduced when Z-VAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor, was administered along with each compound. Furthermore, caspase-3 activity was increased by the four concentrations of TMF in a dose-dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that TeMF, TMF, and 5-H-TeMF caused cell death via an apoptotic pathway. Therefore all these compounds have the potentiality to be the novel anti-cancer drugs.


X: -4.6244082 Y: 8.951197title: Preventive effect of Kaempferia parviflora ethyl acetate extract and its major components polymethoxyflavonoid on metabolic diseases publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Previously, we reported that rhizome powder of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker prevented obesity and a range of metabolic diseases. In this study, to clarify which molecular mechanisms and active ingredients of K. parviflora have an anti-obesity effect, we investigated the effect of ethyl acetate extract of K. parviflora (KPE) on TSOD mice, a spontaneously obese Type II diabetes model, and on pancreatic lipase. In the TSOD groups, KPE showed a suppressive effect on body weight increase and visceral fat accumulation and also showed preventive effects on symptoms related to insulin resistance, hypertension and fatty liver. In addition, KPE also suppressed body weight increase and food intake in TSNO mice groups, which served as reference animals, at an early stage of administration. Searching for the ingredients in KPE revealed that KPE contains at least 12 kinds of polymethoxyflavonoid (PMF). Furthermore, KPE and its component PMFs showed an inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase. The above results suggest that KPE has a preventive effect on obesity and various metabolic diseases. The mechanisms of action probably involve inhibition of pancreatic lipase by the PMFs in KPE.


X: -4.0784807 Y: 7.8291283title: Pharmacological activity of Kaempferia parviflora extract against human bile duct cancer cell lines publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: A crude ethanol extract of Kaemperia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker and a purified compound, 5,7,4-trimethoxyflavone (KP.8.10), were evaluated for pharmacological effects on human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1). The cells were incubated with various concentrations of extract for various time periods and metabolic activity (MTT assay) was assessed for cell viability. The results showed a dose-dependent effect of both crude ethanol extract and the pure compound. CC50s for the crude extract on HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1 cells were 46.1 microg/ml and 62.0 microg/ml, respectively. Values for the pure compound could not be determined because of solubility problems. Interestingly, K. parviflora ethanol extract and KP.8.10 at low concentrations (10-20 microg/ml and 2.5-5 microg/ml, respectively) markedly reduced rhHGF-induced invasion by HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1 cells across matrix-coated transwell plates. Higher concentrations of K. parviflora ethanol extract (60 and 80 microg/ml) and KP.8.10 (20 microg /ml) dramatically changed the cellular morphology and caused death in both cell types. KP.8.10 further exhibited progressive action via caspase-3 mitochondrial enzyme activation, enhancing cellular toxicity in a time-dose dependent fashion. Therefore, 5,7,4-trimethoxyflavone appeared to be a bioactive component of K. parviflora extract capable of exerting anti-cancer action. The results suggested a benefit of this edible plant in prevention and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.


X: -3.6726825 Y: 8.37897title: Effects of compounds fromKaempferia parviflora on nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha productions in RAW264.7 macrophage cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, is one of the plants in the Zingiberaceae family, locally known in Thai as kra-chai-dam. The rhizome of this plant has been used for treatment of gout, apthous ulcer and abscesses. Since K. parviflora rhizomes have long been used for treatment of inflammation and possessed marked nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity (IC(50)=7.8microg/ml), we thus investigated the inhibitory activity of compounds isolated from this plant against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO release in RAW264.7 cells. From bioassay-guided fractionation of K. parviflora, seven methoxyflavones were isolated from the hexane fraction and were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects. Among the isolated compounds, compound 5 (5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone) exhibited the highest activity against NO release with an IC(50) value of 16.1microM, followed by 4 (IC(50)=24.5microM) and 3 (IC(50)=30.6microM). Compound 5 was also tested on LPS-induced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) releases from RAW264.7 cells. It was revealed that 5 showed appreciable inhibitory effect on PGE(2) release (IC(50)=16.3microM), but inactive on TNF-alpha (IC(50)>100microM). These findings may support the use in Thai traditional medicine of K. parviflora for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases through the inhibition of NO and PGE(2) releases but partly due to that of TNF-alpha.


X: -4.4188433 Y: 8.271627title: Chronic Toxicity Study of Kaempferia parviflora Wall ex. Extract publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: K. parviflora is a medicinal plant possessing high potential for development of various health products. The objective of this chronic toxicity study was to investigate the safety of ethanolic extract of chronic Kaempferia parviflora Wall ex Bak in Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, twenty four rats each (12 males and 12 females). Three treatment groups were orally administered with K. parviflora extract at doses of 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg/day for six months respectively, which were equivalent to 1, 10 and 100 times of human use, while two control groups were orally given with distilled water and 1.0% tragacanth, respectively. The results showed that male rats receiving K. parviflora extract at dose of 500 mg/kg had significantly lower body weight than both control groups (p<0.05). The alterations of a few hematological parameters in the highest dose-treated groups were within the normal range. Male rats receiving the highest dose of K. parviflora extract had significantly lower triglyceride level than their two control groups (p<0.05) whereas female rats receiving the same dose had significantly higher glucose and cholesterol levels than their control groups (p<0.05). Histopathological study of visceral organs revealed no remarkable lesions related to the toxicity of K. parviflora extract.


X: -3.7303376 Y: 7.6509542title: Modulatory effects of Kaempferia parviflora extract on mouse hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is a herbal plant, the extracts of which are commonly used as alternative medicines. It widely uses as aphrodisiac, anti-inflammation, anti-microbacterial, and anti-peptic ulcer.
In order to obtain an effective utilization and safety of the herb, the influence of Kaempferia parviflora on hepatic CYP450 metabolizing enzymes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B, CYP2E1, and CYP3A was investigated.
The impact of Kaempferia parviflora on CYP450 both in vitro and in vivo was examined by using ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, methoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, p-nitrophenol hydroxylation, and erythromycin N-demethylation assays, respectively.
In vitro studies using non-induced mouse hepatic microsomes in the presence or absence of Kaempferia parviflora extract showed that Kaempferia parviflora extract altered CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B, and CYP2E1 activities by non-competitive, mixed-competitive, competitive, and uncompetitive mechanisms, respectively. Among these enzymes, CYP1A2 was affected by Kaempferia parviflora based on the highest value of V(max) (15.276±0.206 nmol/min) and lowest of K(i) value (0.008±0.002 μg/ml). In addition, the plant extract also modulated CYP2B activity based on the low K(m) value (1.599±0.147 pmol). For in vivo studies, mice were orally treated with 250 mg/kg of Kaempferia parviflora extract for 7, 14, and 21 days. The results demonstrated that Kaempferia parviflora extract significantly induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2 enzyme activities following short-term treatment. CYP2B enzyme activities were markedly increased all Kaempferia parviflora extract treatment timepoints, whereas Kaempferia parviflora extract significantly enhanced CYP2E1 activity only after long-term treatment. However, Kaempferia parviflora extract did not affect the CYP3A enzyme activity.
Kaempferia parviflora extract modulated several CYP450 enzyme activities, thus, its utilization with drugs or other herbs should raise concern for potential drug-herb interactions.


X: -4.457373 Y: 8.340434title: Adaptogenic-active components from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: a b s t r a c t Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extracts obtained by maceration with hexane, chloroform, methanol, and ethanol were screened for their adaptogenic activities using swimming tests of mice. The effective adap-togenic extract dose was 500 mg/kg of body weight and was given orally once a day. Crude hexane extract showed significantly shorter mouse immobilisation time than those of the other and control extracts. This crude hexane extract was separated into three fractions by column chromatography. Among these fractions, the fraction rich in terpenoids possessed the highest adaptogenic activity and was comparable to that of the crude ginseng root powder used as a reference control. Therefore, terpenes contained in this fraction could be attributed to the decrease in exhaustion during the swimming of mice. There was no effect on body weight, heart, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands of the mice. Chemical char-acterisation of this adaptogenic-active fraction by NMR and GC–MS showed germacene D, b-elemene, a-copaene, and E-caryophyllene as major constituents. Accordingly, these terpenes are considered the adaptogenic agents of K. parviflora rhizomes.


X: -5.213554 Y: 7.979038title: Effects of Kaempferia parviflora extracts on reproductive parameters and spermatic blood flow in male rats publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Krachaidum (KD, Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker), a native plant of Southeast Asia, is traditionally used to enhance male sexual function. However, only few scientific data in support of this anecdote have been reported. The present study investigated the effects of feeding three different extracts of KD (alcohol, hexane, and water extracts) for 3-5 weeks on the reproductive organs, the aphrodisiac activity, fertility, sperm motility, and blood flow to the testis of male rats. Sexual performances (mount latency, mount frequency, ejaculatory latency, post-ejaculatory latency) and sperm motility were assessed by a video camera and computer-assisted sperm analysis respectively, while blood flow to the testis was measured by a directional pulsed Doppler flowmeter. The results showed that all extracts of KD had virtually no effect on the reproductive organ weights even after 5 weeks. However, administration of the alcohol extract at a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day for 4 weeks significantly decreased mount and ejaculatory latencies when compared with the control. By contrast, hexane and water extracts had no influence on any sexual behavior parameters. All types of extracts of KD had no effect on fertility or sperm motility. On the other hand, alcohol extract produced a significant increase in blood flow to the testis without affecting the heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. In a separate study, an acute effect of alcohol extract of KD on blood flow to the testis was investigated. Intravenous injection of KD at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg BW caused dose-dependent increases in blood flow to the testis. The results indicate that alcohol extract of KD had an aphrodisiac activity probably via a marked increase in blood flow to the testis.


X: -3.2588875 Y: 7.903527title: Quantitative analysis of methoxyflavones discriminates between the two types of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Introduction:
Kaempferia parviflora or black ginger is abundantly cultivated because its rhizomes contain methoxyflavones that have many pharmacological properties. K. parviflora can be divided into two types, based on morphological characteristics, but differences in their chemical compositions have never been explored.

Objectives:
This research aims to find chemical markers that can be used to differentiate between the two types of K. parviflora, the red-leaf and green-leaf types, by quantifying the amounts of methoxyflavones.

Material and methods:
K. parviflora samples were collected from 39 locations in Thailand. Their genetic diversity was assessed by a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique to construct the population structure. Their chemical compositions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection to determine the methoxyflavone contents.

Results:
The population structure based on >3,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers showed that the samples can be divided into two groups, which were consistent with the classification by leaf margin color (red-leaf and green-leaf types). HPLC analysis revealed 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone and 3,5,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone as major methoxyflavones that can be used as chemical markers. The red-leaf type showed higher amounts of PMF, TMF and 3,5,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone than the green-leaf type, while the green-leaf type showed higher amounts of DMF and 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone than the red-leaf type.

Conclusion:
These results provide another approach to discriminate the two types of K. parviflora using chemical profiles alongside genetic and morphological analyses. Therefore, a specific type of K. parviflora can be selected over the other based on preferences for a certain methoxyflavone.


X: -5.1783395 Y: 8.000422title: Aphrodisiac Activity of Kaempferia Parviflora publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Problem statement: The increasing prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the limitation of therapeutic efficacy nowadays give rise to the requirement of novel therapeutic strategy. Kaempferia parviflora or Krachai-Dun has been long term used in Thai traditional folklore to treat this condition. Unfortunately, no scientific document is available until now. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of this medicinal plant on male sexual behavior of aging rats subjected to stress. Approach: Aging rats were divided into 2 groups; the vehicle+stress and the K.parviflora+stress. All animals were administered the assigned substance 45 m before they were subjected to the 12-hr stress exposure for 3 weeks. They were determined male sexual behaviors including both latency and frequency of mounting, intromission and ejaculation behaviors after single dose and every week until the end of experimental period. In order to investigate the possible underlying mechanism, we also determined the alteration of DA1-immunopositive stained neurons density in hypothalamus. Results: Our results showed that after the single administration of the plant extract, the intromission frequency increased, it was also found the rats subjected K.parviflora treatment significantly increased the frequency of mounting, intromission and ejaculation while decreased the latencies of all sexual behaviors mentioned earlier. Moreover, K.parviflora also increased D1-immunopositive stained neurons density in hypothalamus. Therefore, the aphrodisiac activity of K.parviflora might be attributed in part to the enhanced dopaminergic function in hypothalamus. Conclusion: Present findings provide experimental evidence that the crude extract of K.parviflora can enhance male sexual behaviors. Therefore, it will be further developed as the functional food or health product for men especially for men who are risk for sexual dysfunction.


X: -5.173972 Y: 8.090866title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora on sexual performance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex.Baker or Krachidum (KP) has been used locally in medicine and food. It has been claimed that KP has aphrodisia properties; however, no scientific data in support of this function in diabetic model have been reported. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of KP on sexual behaviour and sperm parameter in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats. Diabetes was induced in twenty male rats by STZ and divided into four groups: diabetic control group, and 3 treatment groups where KP was dose at 140, 280 and 420 mg/kg orally once a day for 6 weeks. Five normal control rats were treated with vehicle. The body weight, blood glucose, food intake, epididymal sperm parameter, sexual behaviour and serum testosterone level were evaluated. The results showed that KP treatment has no effect on the body weight, blood glucose and food intake in diabetic rats. A significant increase in sperm density in diabetic rats was observed (p < .05) at highest dose of KP. Furthermore, KP treatment demonstrated a significant recovery of sexual behaviour and serum testosterone levels in diabetic rats. These results confirm that KP exhibits aphrodisiac properties that improve the sperm density, testosterone level and sexual performance of STZ-induced diabetic rats.


X: -3.538024 Y: 8.081587title: Simultaneous identification and quantitation of 11 flavonoid constituents in Kaempferia parviflora by gas chromatography publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidum; KD) is a Thai herb, the rhizomes of which have been used in folk medicine and ritual ceremonies. The increasing use of KD has led to concerns regarding the variation of quality, potency and efficacy of KD products. A gas chromatographic method was developed and validated using 11 flavonoids that had been fully characterized as reference. Limits of detection ranged from a low of 0.1 ppm to a high of 1.0 ppm. The limits of quantitation were a low of 0.5 ppm (5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone) to a high of 3.0 ppm (5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone and 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone). Precision of intra- and inter-day analyses gave a RSD range of 3.02-8.25 and 2.84-12.37, respectively. The diversity of flavonoid content and their distribution profiles in KD samples from 12 different origins was investigated using the validated method. Total flavonoid content in these samples ranged from 23.86 to 60.98 mg/g. Two of the compounds, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone, emerged as major constituents. Samples contained as much as 21.68 and 9.88 mg/g, respectively. Two distinct patterns of the distribution of the flavonoids, as characterized by the ratio of these two compounds in the KD rhizome samples, were observed. This method is expected to be useful in the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the flavonoid content of KD samples and as a quality control assessment of KD raw materials and products.


X: -3.775853 Y: 8.409087title: Anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory effects of Kaempferia parviflora in keratinocytes and macrophage cells publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) has been used as folk medicine for curing various conditions, including anti-inflammatory diseases. However, anti-psoriatic effects in an aspect of suppression of NF-κB activation have not been explored. Therefore, our current study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammation of KP in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells and anti-psoriatic effects of KP in cytokine-induced human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. We discovered that KP extract significantly suppressed LPS-induced inflammation at both gene expression and protein production. Specifically, dramatic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) was explored by using Griess method. Consistently, data from RT-qPCR, ELISA, and western blot analysis confirmed that crucial inflammatory and psoriatic markers including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 were significantly decreased by the action of KP. These events were associated with the results from immunofluorescence study and western blot analysis where the activation of NF-κB upon LPS stimulation was clearly inhibited by KP through its ability to suppress IκB-α degradation resulting in inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Furthermore, KP extract significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 in a dose-dependent manner, along with inhibition of ERK1/2 activation in both TNF-α- and EGF-induced HaCaT cells. Interestingly, HaCaT cells exposed to 15 μg/mL of KP also exhibited significant decrease of cell migration and proliferation. Our results revealed that KP extract has a potential to be developed as a promising agent for treating inflammation and psoriasis, in part through targeting the proliferation and the NF-κB pathways.