X: 0.96841955 Y: 7.6597495title: Comparison of adventitious shoot formation of garcinia mangostana via embryogenesis and direct organogenesis publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The adventitious shoot of mangosteen can be obtained in vitro from seed and leaf explants. This research was conducted to study effects of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) treatments on the formation of adventitious shoot of mangosteen in vitro via embryogenesis and direct organogenesis. Explants for embryogenesis were taken from cotyledon, where as those for direct organogenesis were from red young leaf of seedling. The BAP treatment of embryogenesis and direct organogenesis were 0.0, 11.1, 22.2, 33.3 and 44.4 μM, medium supplemented with 3% sugar, 0.8% agar, 1.39 μM PVP. Each experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with BAP concentrations as treatments. The result of embryogenesis showed that MS medium supplemented with BAP 22.2 μM BAP produced the best effects on the percentage of explants forming adventitious shoot (53.7%), number of shoots (3.3), length of shoot (1.7 cm) and time to form shoot (17.3 days). The result of direct organogenesis showed that MS medium supplemented with BAP at a concentration of 2.2 μM resulted in the highest percentage of explants that formed shoot (39.8%), number of shoot per explants (1.3 shoot), number of pair leaf (1.2) and means number of shoot with the length 1-5 mm (1.3 shoot), 6-10 mm (0.8 shoot) and >10 mm (0.3 shoot). Furthermore, at the concentration tested, the shortest time to form shoot was 80.7 days. This highly efficient protocol of embryogenesis and direct organogenesis of mangosteen is needed for the improvement of mangosteen such as in genetic transformation, mutation breeding methods and propagation of mangosteen.


X: -3.214841 Y: 12.186721title: GC-MS and LC-MS analyses reveal the distribution of primary and secondary metabolites in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) fruit during ripening publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a functional fruit rich in highly beneficial metabolites, particularly xanthones, which exhibit various bioactive properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Given its pharmaceutical benefits, the market demand for mangosteen is continuing to increase; however, little is known about the metabolic changes that occur during ripening. Here we used a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) to simultaneously analyze the composition of primary and secondary metabolites in mangosteen fruit pericarp, aril, and seed at four different ripening stages (stages 0, 2, 4, and 6). A total of 57 and 98 metabolites were identified from GC-MS and LC-MS analyses, respectively. These metabolites comprised various metabolite classes, including sugars and derivatives, amino acids and derivatives, organic acids, an alcohol, aldehydes, glycosides, fatty acids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, xanthones, and a quinone. Our results showed that metabolites with variable influence on projection (VIP) ≥ 1.00 and p ≤ 0.05 included primary metabolites (e.g., L-mannopyranose, myo-inositol, arabinofuranose, galacturonic acid, l-(+)-tartaric acid and aspartic acid) and secondary metabolites (e.g., neoisostegane, epirobinetinidol-(4β,8)-catechin, α-mangostin, and gartanin). Such metabolites may contribute to the degradation of the cell wall, development of flavor, color, and aroma, and defense against frugivores, insects, and pathogens during mangosteen ripening. The metabolic pathways of galactose, ascorbate, aldarate, starch, sucrose, cysteine, and methionine, as well as glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were differentially regulated during mangosteen ripening. Profiling the fruit metabolome during the ripening provided a snapshot for understanding the intricate biological and molecular regulation of fruit development. Our results will facilitate further improvements in post-harvest technologies that will help increase the shelf life of mangosteen fruit, thus assisting farmers and producers in the global commercialization of this superfruit.


X: -3.678683 Y: 12.312511title: Antibacterial Activity Test of Mangosteen Plants (Garcinia Mangostana L.): A Review publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background: Bacterial infection was a health problem thathard to overcome, due to the presence of bacterial resistance to current antibacterial drugs. Therefore, the use of herbal antibacterials is an alternative that can be used. Mangosteen (Garciniamangostana L.) is a plant that contains xanthone compounds and its derivatives have antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-HIV activity.Part of the mangosteen was used as a medicinal plant such as bark, fruit peel, fruit, seeds, and leaves.This review aimed to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of the mangosteen and inhibitory diameter that was resulting. Data Collection: The author was created this article review by conducting literature studies. The works of literature were collected from national and international journals in the last ten years (2010-2020) and pharmaceutical scientific books. The works of literature were collected from trusted online journal sites such as the digital library, PubMed, PubChem, ScienceDirect, NCBI, Elsevier, NCBI, Researchgate, Google Scholar, Springer, and other trusted E-resource with the keyword "mangosteen”, “Garcinia mangostana L”, “antibacterial activity”, and “inhibitor zone”. Result: According to literature showed that the mangosteen fruit peel, bark, leaves, seeds and fruit effective as antibacterialfor several types of bacteria. Conclusion:N-hexane that was extracted from mangosteen peel has potential as an antibacterial activity at a concentration of 15.62 mg/ml and inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 with an inhibitory diameter of 17mm.


X: -3.0814695 Y: 11.941109title: Antibacterial activity of Garcinia mangostana peel-dyed cotton fabrics using synthetic and natural mordants publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: G. mangostana is available abundantly in Indonesia. Most of the time, the peel of G. mangostana becomes waste. In this study, G. mangostana peel waste was used as a dye for cotton fabrics. The utilization of natural dyes from biomass waste is increasing due to awareness of health and the environment. Extraction was carried out using water (contained 10% citric acid), and ethanol with the ratio of peel waste to solvent was 1:10. In this study, G. mangostana peel dyed-cotton fabrics' antibacterial activity using several kinds of mordant against bacteria Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) was studied. Natural mordant from Ixora javanica leaves was also evaluated besides common mordants such as alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4·7H2O), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The results showed that G. mangostana peel dyed-cotton fabrics using aqueous extraction with 10% of Ca(OH)2 as a mordant showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus with the zone of inhibition as of 18.14 mm, meanwhile G. mangostana peel dyed-cotton fabrics using ethanol extraction with 10% of ferrous sulphate as mordant showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli with the zone of inhibition as of 11.77 mm. Although without mordant, the G. mangostana peel dyed-cotton fabrics, also had antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus as of 10.52 mm and 10.29 mm, respectively. Moreover, G. mangostana peel dyed-cotton fabrics' characterization using SEM, FTIR, and colour chromameter was also conducted. These results indicated G. mangostana peel waste's potential use as an antibacterial agent in fabrics concurrent with natural dyes, which can be very useful in the medical field.


X: -4.4186997 Y: 12.380213title: New Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Metabolites from Pericarps of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Two new benzophenones: garcimangophenones A (6) and B (7) and five formerly reported metabolites were purified from the pericarps EtOAc fraction of Garcinia mangostana ((GM) Clusiaceae). Their structures were characterized by various spectral techniques and by comparing with the literature. The α-amylase inhibitory (AAI) potential of the isolated metabolites was assessed. Compounds 7 and 6 had significant AAI activity (IC50 9.3 and 12.2 µM, respectively) compared with acarbose (IC50 6.4 µM, reference α-amylase inhibitor). On the other hand, 5 had a moderate activity. Additionally, their activity towards the α-amylase was assessed utilizing docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The docking and predictive binding energy estimations were accomplished using reported crystal structure of the α-amylase (PDB ID: 5TD4). Compounds 7 and 6 possessed highly negative docking scores of −11.3 and −8.2 kcal/mol, when complexed with 5TD4, respectively while acarbose had a docking score of −16.1 kcal/mol, when complexed with 5TD4. By using molecular dynamics simulations, the compounds stability in the complexes with the α-amylase was analyzed, and it was found to be stable over the course of 50 ns. The results suggested that the benzophenone derivative 7 may be potential α-amylase inhibitors. However, further investigations to support these findings are required.


X: -3.2709932 Y: 11.812279title: Antioxidant activity of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) extracted using different solvents at the different times publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background: Extraction is conducted to extract the important compounds in mangosteen peel using solvents at the different time. Extraction time needs to be calculated so that the bioactive compound can be extracted optimally using the most efficient solvent. The extraction of mangosteen peel was conducted by soaking in solvent at particular time (1-2 days in general) without heating. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different solvents and maceration time on antioxidant activity of mangosteen peel extract. Materials and Methods: The present research was conducted by extracting mangosteen
peel using ethanol (EtOH), acetone (Ace), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MetOH), hexane (HX), acetic acid (AcetAc) and aquadest (Aqua) at 24, 36 and 48h. Antioxidant activity was examined using visible UV spectrophotometer at the particular wavelength. Result and Discussion: The result showed that the type of solvent and extraction time significantly (P<0.01) affected antioxidant activity. Acetone extract of mangosteen peel is the most optimal solvent for antioxidant activity in extraction time for 24 hours (IC50 = 9,468 + 0,324 ppm). A further test was required to obtain a better result using HPLC
method. Conclusion: It was evidenced that the properties of solvents, particularly polarity index and time, significantly affected antioxidant activity.


X: -4.6915536 Y: 11.930719title: Cytotoxic Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and α-mangostin toward Leukemia Cell Lines (HL-60 and K-562) publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Fruit of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is well-known in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Studies have shown that extract of the pericarp of mangosteen contained mostly of xanthones exhibit many biological activities, especially as an antitumor. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic activity and selectivity of Mangosteen Peel Extract (MPE) and α-mangostin against two leukemia cell lines (HL-60 and K-562) and the normal lymphocyte cells from two different donors. The cytotoxic activity was performed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxyme-thoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Imatinib and Isotretinoin were used as a positive control to the K-562 and HL-60 cells, respectively. The MPE and α-mangostin revealed higher mortality toward leukemia cell lines rather than toward lymphocyte cells, with more than 80% of HL-60 and K-562 cells died at 6.25 and 25 μg/ml, respectively. MPE was more toxic and selective against K-562 with IC50 of 2.79 μg/ml and SI of 8.27, while α-mangostin was more toxic and selective against HL-60 with IC50 of 1.12 μg/ml and SI of 22.34. MPE and α-mangostin showed potent sensitivity and selectivity to leukemia cells, hence these are considered as promising sources for future leukemia treatment.


X: -3.165256 Y: 11.910905title: Pericarp of the Fruit of Garcinia Mangostana as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The corrosion inhibition effect of acid extract of the pericarp of the fruit Garcinia mangostana on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium is studied. Using weight-loss data, corrosion rate (CR) and thermodynamic parameters such as energy of activation for corrosion of mild steel (E), heat of adsorption of the inhibitors on the metal surface (Q) and change in free energy (∆G) are calculated. Adsorption isotherm is also recorded between log C and θ. Electrochemical parameters are evaluated from AC impedance and Tafel polarization studies in the presence and absence of different concentrations of inhibitor. Infra-red spectra are recorded for the extract and the adsorption product to find out the changes in the functional group frequencies of the organic components of the extract. The surface morphological changes are analysed using the SEM images. The entire study shows that the pericarp extract of the fruit G. mangostana is a non-toxic, cost-effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid medium.


X: -3.391047 Y: 11.934978title: Insights into the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The industrial processing of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) generates high amounts of waste, as ~60% of the fruit is formed by an inedible pericarp. However, its pericarp has been explored as a source of xanthones; nevertheless, studies addressing the recovery of other chemical compounds from such biomass are still scarce. Hence, this study intended to elucidate the chemical composition of the mangosteen pericarp, including fat-soluble (tocopherols and fatty acids) and water-soluble (organic acids and phenolic compound non-xanthones) compounds present in the following extracts: hydroethanolic (MT80), ethanolic (MTE), and aqueous (MTW). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antibacterial potentials of the extracts were assessed. The mangosteen pericarp showed a composition with seven organic acids, three tocopherol isomers, four fatty acids and fifteen phenolic compounds. Regarding the extraction of phenolics, the MT80 was the most efficient (54 mg/g extract), followed by MTE (19.79 mg/g extract) and MTW (4.011 mg/g extract). All extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial activities; however, MT80 and MTE extracts were more efficient than MTW. Only MTW did not show anti-inflammatory properties, whereas MTE and MT80 showed inhibitory activities towards tumor cell lines. Notwithstanding, MTE showed cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Our findings support the idea that the ripe mangosteen pericarp is a source of bioactive compounds, although their recovery is dependent on the extraction solvent.


X: -4.633065 Y: 11.884297title: Inhibitory effect of xanthones isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. on rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cell degranulation publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangostin, Garcinia mangostana L. is used as a traditional medicine in southeast Asia for inflammatory and septic ailments. Hitherto we indicated the anticancer activity induced by xanthones such as alpha-, beta-, and gamma-mangostin which were major constituents of the pericarp of mangosteen fruits. In this study, we examined the effect of xanthones on cell degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. Antigen (Ag)-mediated stimulation of high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) activates intracellular signal transductions resulting in the release of biologically active mediators such as histamine. The release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cell or basophils is the primary event in several allergic responses. These xanthones suppressed the release of histamine from IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. In order to reveal the inhibitory mechanism of degranulation by xanthones, we examined the activation of intracellular signaling molecules such as Lyn, Syk, and PLCgammas. All the xanthones tested significantly suppressed the signaling involving Syk and PLCgammas. In Ag-mediated activation of FcepsilonRI on mast cells, three major subfamilies of mitogen-activated protein kinases were activated. The xanthones decreased the level of phospho-ERKs. Furthermore, the levels of phospho-ERKs were observed to be regulated by Syk/LAT/Ras/ERK pathway rather than PKC/Raf/ERK pathway, suggesting that the inhibitory mechanism of xanthones was mainly due to suppression of the Syk/PLCgammas/PKC pathway. Although intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was elevated by FcepsilonRI activation, it was found that alpha- or gamma-mangostin treatment was reduced the [Ca(2+)](i) elevation by suppressed Ca(2+) influx.


X: -3.2780044 Y: 12.030832title: Quantification of -a-mangostin in Garcinia mangostana fruit rind extracts by a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana fruit rinds contain high concentration of xanthones such as -, -mangostin. The -mangostin-rich extracts have been used widely in nutritional supplements, herbal cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations. This study aims to develop a reverse phase HPLC method for the ---mangostin in G. mangostana fruit rind extracts. The method was validated at 244, 254, 316 and 320 nm. Selectivity was determined by comparing the retention time and the UV-Vis ---mangostin in G. mangostana extracts with those of the reference compounds. Linearity was in the range 0.2 to 200 µg/ml at R 2 > 0.9999. The intraday and interday precision was determined as a relative standard deviation, and was found to be (0.4 ± 0.4) and (0.3 ± 0.3)%, respectively. The percentage recovery was in the range (96.3 ± 2.5) to (100.5 ± 3.4)%. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range 0.06 to 0.12 and 0.14 to 0.37 µg/ml, respectively. The reported method was applied for the determination of ---mangostin concentration in 7 extracts of G. mangostana fruit rinds, and it could be considered as an important analytical tool for quality control, stability studies, pharmacokinetics, and standardization purposes.


X: -4.2250447 Y: 12.541112title: Chemistry of α-mangostin. Studies on the semisynthesis of minor xanthones from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: α-Mangostin is the major prenylated xanthone from Garcinia mangostana and it has been used also in recent times as starting material for the semisynthetic preparation of various biologically active derivatives. Its structure is characterised by the presence of few functional groups amenable to chemical manipulations, but present in the molecule in multiple instances (three phenolic hydroxyl groups, two prenyl chains and two unsubstituted aromatic carbons). This study represents a first approach to the systematic investigation of the reactivity of α-mangostin and describes the semisynthesis of some minor xanthones isolated from G. mangostana.


X: -4.1872807 Y: 12.642896title: A novel xanthone dimer derivative with antibacterial activity isolated from the bark of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A novel xanthone dimer derivative, garmoxanthone (1), together with 10 known compounds (2-11), were isolated from bark of Garcinia mangostana. Their structures were established through spectroscopic methods. Garmoxanthone exhibited strong inhibitory activities against MRSA ATCC 43300 and MRSA CGMCC 1.12409 (with MIC values of both 3.9 μg/mL) and moderate activities against tested strains of Vibrio (with MIC values ranging from 15.6 to 31.2 μg/mL). Garmoxanthone is a unique xanthone dimer with linkage of a fused 5/6 ring system and its absolute configuration was elucidated on the basis of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism. Garmoxanthone exhibited strong antibacterial activity which partially validated the ethnobotanical use of G. mangostana in the treatment of infections.


X: -3.0405831 Y: 11.784912title: High performance of activated carbons prepared from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peels using the hydrothermal process publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Preparation of the activated carbon with electrochemical properties is essential in applying energy storage materials. Herein, a new method was reported to produce mangosteen peels activated carbons (MPACs). This strategy is based on the thermal aging of Mangosteen peels with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) under hydrothermal conditions, followed by activation of KOH solid-state and carbonization under 800 • C for 1 hour. Various techniques such as the transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to confirm the successful preparation of MPACs. The findings indicated that well-structured micro/mesoporous structures make the prepared MPACs with well-defined amorphous shapes. After optimizing KOH as an activator with a different mass ratio, we found that the prepared MPAC-1 (1:1 mass ratio) holds an excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capaci-tance of 274.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g and a maximum capacitance retention rate of 94.5% after 10.000 cycles. More importantly, the symmetric device exhibits a high specific capacitance of 44.6 F/g at 1 A/g in 6 M KOH aqueous solution and demonstrated high specific energy of 12.14 Wh/kg specific power of 349.6 W/kg. The high elec-trochemical performance of MPACs was attributed to their large surface area (1078.92 m 2 /g) which shortens the ion diffusion paths and rapid migration of electrons. Our experimental results demonstrated that due to the simplicity of this newly introduced method and cost-effectiveness, MPACs have promising future applications in green energy production.


X: -4.015665 Y: 11.734067title: Anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extract in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced superficial skin infection in mice publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) pericarp has antibacterial effects; however, information regarding its anti-
inflammatory activity in vivo is limited. The anti-inflammatory effect of G. mangostana pericarp extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced superficial skin infection was investigated in mice using a tape stripping model. G. mangostana pericarp ethanolic extract (GME) and its constituent, α-mangostin, were topically administered to mice with MRSA-induced superficial skin infection. MRSA-infected wounds treated with GME were completely healed on the 10th day of the study and the number of MRSA-colonies decreased from the first day of the study, whereas α-mangostin-treated wounds never completely healed with higher numbers of MRSA colonies. The epidermis of GME-treated wounds had nearly completely regenerated, with no inflammatory cell infiltration. In contrast, α-mangostin-treated wounds exhibited neutrophil infiltration and accumulation of mast cells. MRSA-infected wounds without treatment showed high expression of TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1β, and TLR-2 genes. In contrast, GME decreased mRNA levels, restoring expression of those genes to normal levels. Notably, α-mangostin did not down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines to the same extent as GME. Hence, GME is a promising alternative MRSA treatment because of its antibacterial, anti- inflammatory, and wound healing effects.


X: -3.175766 Y: 11.877451title: Original article: Thermal and light degradation kinetics of anthocyanin extracts from mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The stability and half-life time of anthocyanin extracts from mangosteen peel were studied under controlled oxygen supply, undergoing the influence of light source (fluorescent, incandescent, infrared and ultraviolet) and storage temperature (5, 28, 40 and 50 °C). The kinetic parameters for anthocyanin degradation, under different illumination conditions fit the first-order reaction model, and the exposition under fluorescent light resulted in a higher half-life time (597 h), followed by incandescent (306 h), ultraviolet (177 h) and infrared (100 h). The kinetic behaviour for the storage in different temperatures also fit the first order, and at 5 °C the highest half-life time (4006 h) was found, followed by 28 °C (370 h), 40 °C (125 h) and 50 °C (93 h). The activation energy was 14.7 Kcal.mol−1, and Q10 values showed that at 5 °C the anthocyanin extracts were more sensitive to storage temperature changes compared to the other tested temperatures.


X: 0.56409484 Y: 7.2650604title: Phylogenetic analysis of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and its relatives based on morphological and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen and its relatives within the genus Garcinia L. belong to the family Guttiferae that contains about 35 genera and up to 800 species. Guttiferae diversity is found across the Indonesian archipelago. In order to elucidate the genetic diversity of mangosteen and its relatives, morphological and molecular analyses were conducted. The objectives for this study were: (1) to determine the relationships between mangosteen and its relatives; and (2) to confirm the true diversity of allotetraploid mangosteen relatives G. mangostana. Analysis was conducted using morphological and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) between 19 accessions of G. mangostana and their close relatives revealed. Diversity analysis was based on 212 polymorphic characters and 3 groups were formed. Group A consisted of Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia malaccensis, Garcinia celebica, Garcinia hombroniana and Garcinia porrecta; group B comprised Garcinia forbesii and Garcinia subellptica; and group C solely with Calophyllum inophyllum... The genetic similarity of Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia celebica were 0.78 and 0.63. The epidermis cell observations around stomata cells on the lower surface of leaves revealed that Garcinia mangostana has the intermediate shape between Garcinia celebica and Garcinia malaccensis. It shows that there is a close relationship among Garcinia celebica, Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia mangostana. It was determined that Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia celebica were ancestors based on morphological and ISSR markers. © Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) 2013.


X: -4.516906 Y: 12.050966title: Gartanin, an isoprenylated xanthone from the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana), is an androgen receptor degradation enhancer publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Scope:
Androgen receptor (AR) has been a target of prostate cancer for nearly seven decades. In the last several years there has been an interest in identifying compounds that promote degradation of the androgen receptor. In the present study, gartanin, an isoprentylated xanthone in the mangosteen fruit, was evaluated for enhancing AR degradation, and inducing the unfolded protein response pathway.

Methods and results:
The interaction of gartanin with the ligand binding domain was characterized using a fluorescence polarization cell free assay and cell based FRET assay. Western blot analysis identified modulation of ER stress markers (BiP, PERK, IRE1 and CHOP) along with androgen receptor degradation. A computation simulation was performed to identify possible orientations of gartanin with the ligand binding domain. Utilizing a cell free and cell based FRET assays gartanin was found to interact with the ligand binding domain through a solely antagonist interaction. Interestingly, inhibition of CHOP, a critical component of the ER stress pathway, was observed to stabilize AR.

Conclusions:
Gartanin is an isoprenylated xanthone that promotes AR degradation with evidence suggesting this process is critically regulated by the ufolded protein response pathway. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: -4.8297124 Y: 11.764498title: Cytotoxic Effects of Mangosteen Pericarp Extracts on Oral Cancer and Cervical Cancer Cells publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background: Despite immense advancements in treatment modalities, cancer remains a dreadful disease until the
present. The major influencing factors behind the increased mortality rate of cancer are increased drug resistance and
severe adverse effects caused by conventional cancer therapies. To overcome these limitations, the current medical
field is focusing more on natural phyto-derived molecules to mitigate cancer. Mangosteen is a phytotherapeutic with
potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer potential of the
crude ethanolic extract of mangosteen against two dreadful forms of cancers, namely, oral cancer and cervical cancer,
in vitro. Methodology: The pericarp of Garcinia mangostana or mangosteen was removed, air-dried, ground to fine
powder, and macerated with ethanol. The extract obtained was then filtered and extracted with water for 48 h. The
aqueous fraction thus obtained was then concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 40°C and dried with a freeze dryer.
The anticancer efficacy of these extracts was investigated in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (H357) cells and
cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using the MTT assay, TUNEL assay, western blotting, and flow cytometry techniques.
Results: The crude mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) significantly inhibited the growth of H357 and HeLa cells
in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, mangosteen induced early apoptosis in these cells after 48 h of incubation.
Mangosteen also upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, including caspases and Bax, and downregulated
the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.Conclusion: The MPE exerted significant cytotoxicity against the H357
and HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner and promoted their apoptosis. Hence, this natural phytoextract can be
considered a potent anticancer agent for treating oral cancer and cervical cancer.
Keywords: Mangosteen- cervical cancer- cytotoxic effects


X: -4.0002646 Y: 11.203542title: Phenolics from Garcinia mangostana alleviate exaggerated vasoconstriction in metabolic syndrome through direct vasodilatation and nitric oxide generation publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background
Exaggerated vasoconstriction plays a very important role in the hypertension, a major component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In the current work, the potential protective effect of methanol extract of fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana L. on the exaggerated vasoconstriction in MetS has been investigated. In addition, the bioactive fraction and compounds as well as the possible mechanism of action have been illustrated. Methods
The effect of methanol extract of G. mangostana (GMT) fruit hulls on the vascular reactivity of aorta isolated from animals with MetS was investigated through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures. GMT was partitioned with chloroform (I) and the remaining mother liquor was fractionated on a Diaion HP-20 with H2O, 50 and 100 % methanol to give fractions II, III, and IV, respectively. The effect of total extract (GMT), bioactive fraction and the bioactive compounds on the vasoconstriction were examined in aortae isolated from animals with MetS by incubation for 30 min before exposing aortae to cumulative concentrations of phenylephrine (PE). The direct relaxant effect was also examined by adding cumulative concentrations of the bioactive fraction and its bioactive compounds to PE precontracted vessels. In addition, aortic nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was investigated. ResultsBioassay-guided fractionation of GMT revealed isolation of garcimangosone D (1), aromadendrin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2,4,3′-trihydroxy benzophenone-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), maclurin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (rhodanthenone) (4), epicatechin (5), and 2,3′,4,5′,6-pentahydroxy benzophenone (6). Only compounds 2, 4, and 5 significantly alleviated the exaggerated vasoconstriction of MetS aortae and in the same time showed significant vasodilation of PE pre-contracted aortae. To further illustrate the mechanism of action, the observed vasodilation was completely blocked by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and inhibited by guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue. However, vasodilation was not affected by the potassium channel blocker, tetraethylammonium or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. In addition, compounds 2, 4, and 5 stimulated NO generation from isolated aortae to levels comparable with acetylcholine. Furthermore, 4 and 5 inhibited reactive oxygen species generation in MetS aortae. Conclusion
The phenolic compounds 2, 4, and 5 ameliorated the exaggerated vasoconstriction in MetS aortae through vasodilatation-NO generation mechanism.


X: -3.940884 Y: 11.267956title: Phenolics from Garcinia mangostana alleviate exaggerated vasoconstriction in metabolic syndrome through direct vasodilatation and nitric oxide generation publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Background
Exaggerated vasoconstriction plays a very important role in the hypertension, a major component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In the current work, the potential protective effect of methanol extract of fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana L. on the exaggerated vasoconstriction in MetS has been investigated. In addition, the bioactive fraction and compounds as well as the possible mechanism of action have been illustrated. Methods
The effect of methanol extract of G. mangostana (GMT) fruit hulls on the vascular reactivity of aorta isolated from animals with MetS was investigated through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures. GMT was partitioned with chloroform (I) and the remaining mother liquor was fractionated on a Diaion HP-20 with H2O, 50 and 100 % methanol to give fractions II, III, and IV, respectively. The effect of total extract (GMT), bioactive fraction and the bioactive compounds on the vasoconstriction were examined in aortae isolated from animals with MetS by incubation for 30 min before exposing aortae to cumulative concentrations of phenylephrine (PE). The direct relaxant effect was also examined by adding cumulative concentrations of the bioactive fraction and its bioactive compounds to PE precontracted vessels. In addition, aortic nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was investigated. ResultsBioassay-guided fractionation of GMT revealed isolation of garcimangosone D (1), aromadendrin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2,4,3′-trihydroxy benzophenone-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), maclurin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (rhodanthenone) (4), epicatechin (5), and 2,3′,4,5′,6-pentahydroxy benzophenone (6). Only compounds 2, 4, and 5 significantly alleviated the exaggerated vasoconstriction of MetS aortae and in the same time showed significant vasodilation of PE pre-contracted aortae. To further illustrate the mechanism of action, the observed vasodilation was completely blocked by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and inhibited by guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue. However, vasodilation was not affected by the potassium channel blocker, tetraethylammonium or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. In addition, compounds 2, 4, and 5 stimulated NO generation from isolated aortae to levels comparable with acetylcholine. Furthermore, 4 and 5 inhibited reactive oxygen species generation in MetS aortae. Conclusion
The phenolic compounds 2, 4, and 5 ameliorated the exaggerated vasoconstriction in MetS aortae through vasodilatation-NO generation mechanism.


X: -2.9767294 Y: 11.865092title: Dyeing of cotton and silk yarn with the extracted dye from the fruit hulls of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Linn publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The extracted dye from the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen was used as a natural dye for the dyeing of cotton and silk yarn.
The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to extract the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen at 80°C for 1 hour with a 15
% w/v citric acid solution in a 1:4 ratio of mangosteen powder to solvent. Cotton dyeing with the extracted dye from the dried
fruit hulls of mangosteen was carried out at 60°C for 60 minutes with a material to liquor ratio of 1:25. The effect on dyeing
of mordant type with different mordanting methods was studied. The results showed that the dyeing of cotton using the post-mordanting
method with ferrous sulfate and calcium hydroxide not only provided better depth of shade but also provided better wash fastness
and light fastness than with other mordants (alum; zinc tetrafluoroborate) or without a mordant. Good fastness properties
were also obtained using a post-mordanted silk with calcium hydroxide.


X: -2.9693484 Y: 12.227574title: 1-MCP extends the storage and shelf life of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit were harvested when the peel (pericarp) was light greenish yellow with scattered pinkish spots. Fruit were exposed to 1μLL−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 6h at 25°C and were then stored at 25°C (control) or 15°C. The 1-MCP treatment only temporarily delayed softening of the fruit flesh, during storage. Storage life, defined as the time until the pericarp was dark purple, was much longer in fruit stored at 15°C than in fruit stored at 25°C. It was also longer in 1-MCP treated fruit (storage life at 15°C: control 18d, 1-MCP-treated fruit 27d). The 1-MCP treatment also increased the length of shelf life, defined as the time until the pericarp turned blackish purple or showed calyx wilting, at 25°C. 1-MCP treatment reduced ethylene production. It also reduced pericarp levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and the pericarp activities of ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). In the fruit flesh, in contrast, 1-MCP did not affect ACC levels and ACS activity, but the treatment reduced ACO activity. Taken together, both the storage life and the shelf life of the fruit were extended by the 1-MCP treatment. A decrease in ACO activity largely accounted for the effects of the 1-MCP on ethylene production in the pericarp.


X: -3.2839153 Y: 11.980292title: Optimization of the antioxidant-rich xanthone extract from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties of xanthone extract from mangosteen pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The MAE extraction conditions to obtain optimum antioxidant-rich xanthone extract were at 2.24 min of irradiation time, 25 mL/g of solvent-to-solid ratio and 71% of ethanol concentration. The predicted results for four responses were as follows; 320.31 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, 83.63% and 93.77% inhibition (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays), and 144.56 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract (FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power). The predicted and actual values were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Therefore, these results confirmed that the examined model was acceptable and relevant. MAE led to a slightly similar antioxidant capacity and a higher extraction of α-mangostin, a major xanthone of mangosteen pericarp as compared to water bath-maceration technique.


X: 0.43712175 Y: 7.5393987title: Fruits for the Future 9. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). By M. bin Osman and Rahman Milan. Southampton, UK: Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops (2006), pp. 170, available free on request to national scientists of developing countries. ISBN 0854328173 publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Fruits for the Future 9. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). By M. bin Osman and Rahman Milan. Southampton, UK: Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops (2006), pp. 170, available free on request to national scientists of developing countries. ISBN 0854328173 - - Volume 43 Issue 1 - Hereward Corley


X: -3.8392365 Y: 11.212649title: Activity test of various mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extract fractions to decrease fasting blood cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation activity in diabetic mice publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of various fractions of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extract to the changes of the fasting blood cholesterol and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels on diabetic mice (Mus musculus). Thirty 3-4 months old male mice strain BALB/c, weight 20-30 g were divided into six groups. The first group was KN as a non diabetic control group, KD as a diabetic control, KM as a group of diabetic mice treated with metformin, and NP, SP, and P as the treatment groups that were treated by using three different fractions from mangosteen pericarp extract, non polar, semi polar, and polar respectively. The induction of Diabetes mellitus was done by the injection of STZ, and the mice were given a high fat diet treatment to induce the hiperlipidemia condition using lard for three weeks. The blood cholesterol levels were measured in all groups before and after the injection of lard, and day 1, 7, and 14 of treatment as well. The serum MDA level as the indicator of lipid peroxidation were measured by using QuantiChrom TBARS Assay Kit (DTBA-100). The data of cholesterol levels were statistically analyzed by t-test, while the data of serum MDA levels were analyzed by variance analysis followed by Duncan test. The results showed that the polar fraction of mangosteen pericarp had effect to decrease the fasting blood cholesterol level in mice, however the non polar and semi polar fraction had no simmilar effect. All of the fractions has shown significant effect to decrease the serum MDA level in mice. Key words: cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, Garcinia mangostana, malondialdehyde (mda), obesity.


X: -2.7462146 Y: 11.316045title: Correlation between Structures and Antioxidant Activities of Polyvinylpyrrolidone/ Garcinia mangostana L. Extract Composite Nanofiber Mats Prepared Using Electrospinnin publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Nanofiber mats of polyvinyl(pyrrolidone) (PVP) with Garcinia mangostana extract (GME) as the encapsulated drug have been developed using electrospinning. SEM images of all electrospun PVP/GME composite nanofiber mats showed that they had similar and smooth morphology, no beads, and spindle shape. Its average diameter decreased and its surface area therefore increased with the decrease of its PVP concentration. The benefit of high surface area is obvious in drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs. Their FTIR spectra indicated that PVP and GME interacted intermolecularly via hydrogen bonds in the composite nanofiber mats. A conformational change in the C-H chain of PVP occurred in the composite nanofiber mats due to the intermolecular interactions. Their XRD patterns confirmed that they were amorphous because of amorphization during electrospinning. The XRD analyses also strengthened the FTIR studies; namely, GME and PVP formed intermolecular interactions in the electrospun composite nanofiber mats. As a result, GME as the encapsulated drug was molecularly dispersed in the electrospun PVP nanofiber matrix that functioned as a drug delivery system. From the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the composite nanofiber mats exhibited very high antioxidant activities despite having been exposed to high voltage during electrospinning. Therefore, they are potential antioxidant products for food and pharmaceutics.


X: -4.2965817 Y: 12.485586title: Multitarget Action of Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana against α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Digestive enzymes such α-amylase (AA), α-glucosidase (AG) and pancreatic lipase (PL), play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, being attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Garcinia mangostana is an interesting species because there have been identified xanthones with the potential to inhibit these enzymes. In this study, the multitarget inhibitory potential of xanthones from G. mangostana against AA, AG and PL was assessed. The methodology included the isolation and identification of bioactive xanthones, the synthesis of some derivatives and a molecular docking study. The chemical study allowed the isolation of five xanthones (1–5). Six derivatives (6–11) were synthesized from the major compound, highlighting the proposal of a new solvent-free methodology with microwave irradiation for obtaining aromatic compounds with tetrahydropyran cycle. Compounds with multitarget activity correspond to 2, 4, 5, 6 and 9, highlighting 6 with IC50 values of 33.3 µM on AA, 69.2 µM on AG and 164.4 µM on PL. Enzymatic kinetics and molecular docking studies showed that the bioactive xanthones are mainly competitive inhibitors on AA, mixed inhibitors on AG and non-competitive inhibitors on PL. The molecular coupling study established that the presence of methoxy, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups are important in the activity and interaction of polyfunctional xanthones, highlighting their importance depending on the mode of inhibition.


X: -3.295678 Y: 11.950737title: Dyeing Cotton, Silk and Wool Yarn with Extract of Garcinia Mangostana Pericarp publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Aqueous extract of pericarp of Garcinia was prepared by sonicator for quick extraction of the colorant and has been used for dyeing cotton, silk and wool yarn. 1-2% of premordanting with metal salts of Al, Sn, Fe, Cr and Cu was done. Fe, cu and Cr are best suited mordants for garcinia. The hue color ranged from camel brown to dark chocolate brown. The color strength K/S has been found to be very good in dyed samples. The fastness properties have also been evaluated and were found to be well above the acceptable limits.


X: 0.6906056 Y: 7.4577317title: Diversity analysis of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) irradiated by gamma-ray based on morphological and anatomical characteristics publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Widiastuti A, Sobir, Suhartanto MR. 2010. Diversity analysis of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) irradiated by gamma-ray based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 23-33. The aim of this research was to increase genetic variability of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) irradiated by gamma rays dosage of 0 Gy, 20 Gy, 25 Gy, 30 Gy,35 Gy and 40 Gy. Plant materials used were seeds collected from Cegal Sub-village, Karacak Village, Leuwiliang Sub-district, Bogor District, West Java. Data was generated from morphological and anatomical characteristics. The result indicated that increasing of gamma ray dosage had inhibited ability of seed to growth, which needed longer time and decreased seed viability. Morphologically, it also decreased plant heigh, stem diameter, leaf seizure, and amount of leaf. Anatomically, stomatal density had positive correlation with plant height by correlation was 90% and 74%. Gamma rays irradiation successfully increase morphological variability until 30%. Seed creavage after irradiation increased variability and survival rate of mangosteen.


X: -3.5772383 Y: 12.249883title: Chemical Composition, Toxicity and Antibacterial activity of the Essential Oils of Garcinia mangostana from Nigeria publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the leaves and stem-bark of Garcinia mangostana Linn. extracted by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 64 and 101 constituents, representing 96.1 % and 97.5 % of the total oil were identified in the leaves and stem-bark essential oils, respectively. β-caryophyllene (17.3 % - 21.1 %) was the most abundant constituent common in both oils. The essential oils were toxic to Artemia salina with LC50 value of 1.70 µg/ml and 5.15 µg/ml for leaves and stem bark oils, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the essential oils were carried out using agar well diffusion method. Garcinia mangostana stem-bark essential oil was more active against the tested bacteria.


X: -4.8210974 Y: 11.846242title: Antitumor and apoptosis-inducing effects of α-mangostin extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.)in YD-15 tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: α-mangostin is a dietary xanthone which has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in various types of human cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the apoptosis-inducing effects of α-mangostin on YD-15 tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. The results from MTT assays revealed that cell proliferation significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the cells treated with α-mangostin. DAPI staining illustrated that chromatin condensation in the cells treated with 15 µM α-mangostin was far greater than that in the untreated cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that α-mangostin suppressed YD-15 cell viability by inducing apoptosis and promoting cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase. Western blot analysis of various signaling molecules revealed that α-mangostin targeted the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways through the inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation in a dose‑dependent manner. α-mangostin also increased the levels of Bax (pro-apoptotic), cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), whereas the levels of the anti-apoptotic factors, Bcl-2 and c-myc, decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The anticancer effects of α-mangostin were also investigated in a tumor xenograft mouse model. The α-mangostin-treated nude mice bearing YD-15 tumor xenografts exhibited a significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight due to the potent promoting effects of α-mangostin on cancer cell apoptosis, as determined by TUNEL assay. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the level of cleaved caspase-3 increased, whereas the Ki-67, p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 levels decreased in the α-mangostin‑treated mice. Taken together, the findings of our study indicate that α-mangostin induces the apoptosis of YD-15 tongue carcinoma cells through the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.


X: -4.433781 Y: 11.704842title: Acetyl- and O -alkyl- derivatives of β-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana and their anti-inflammatory activities publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Pure β-mangostin (1) was isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana L. One monoacetate (2) and five O-alkylated β-mangostin derivatives (3-7) were synthesised from β-mangostin. The structures of these compounds were elucidated and determined using spectroscopic techniques such as 1D NMR and MS. The cytotoxicities and anti-inflammatory activities of these five compounds against RAW cell 264.7 were tested. The structural-activity relationship studies indicated that β-mangostin showed a significant activity against the LPS-induced RAW cell 264.7, while the acetyl- as well as the O-alkyl- β-mangostin derivatives did not give good activity. Naturally occurring β-mangostin demonstrated comparatively better anti-inflammatory activity than its synthetic counterparts.


X: 0.48403102 Y: 7.2877145title: Molecular evidence in identifying parents of Garcinia mangostana L. publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The obligate apomicts Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) was described from Malaysia and hypothesized to have originated from the natural hybridization between G. malaccensis and G. hombroniana. One of the parents, i.e. G. malaccensis, was believed to be endemic in the state of Melaka. However, this was determined only through a comparison of their chromosome number and morphological characteristics. There is still the possibility of other species within the same section of G. mangotana as the possible parents. Thus, investigations were carried out using molecular markers from three different regions of the internal spacer, chloroplast and micorsatellite. The objective of this study was to identify the possible parents of G. mangostana by comparing its relationship to other species within the same section, based on the genetic analysis of the internal spacer, chloroplast and microsatellite regions. Meanwhile, comparisons of allele sizes between G. mangostana with G. malaccensis, G. opaca and G. hombroniana using six polymorphic primers which had previously been developed were also performed. For phylogenetic analysis ITS, trnL and accD-psaL primers were used to determine the relationships between the four Garcinia species in the Garcinia section with two other sections and the genus Clusia as an outgroup. From the genetic analysis, it was found that G. hombroniana shares no common allele with the other species, while G. opaca has similar allele sizes with G. mangostana and G. malaccensis. The phylogenetic tree also showed that the closest relative to G. mangostana is G. opaca and G. malaccensis. This proves that G. opaca is more likely to be the other parent of G. mangostana rather than G. hombroniana.


X: 0.50608236 Y: 7.3354516title: Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Australian-grown Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and its Wild Relatives publish year: 2001 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Yes Yes


X: -0.6470968 Y: 3.3005092title: Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (A. lancea) (Thunb.) DC. (AL) is extensively used in Chinese, Thai, and Japanese traditional medicines as crude extracts/decoctions or a component in various herbal formulations. Various pharmacological activities of AL and its major constituents have been demonstrated in vitro, ex vivo, and in animal models. Results from the toxicity studies in animal models suggest safety profile of AL and its active constituents. Despite extensive use with positive impression in many diseases, there has not been a clinical study that can conclusively support its efficacy and safety profile in human. This review comprehensively summarizes current information on the pharmacological activities of AL and their active constituents including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic activities, as well as activities on central nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.


X: -0.6373071 Y: 3.2973733title: Pharmacological effects of medicinal components of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Abstract Atractylodes lancea Thunb. DC. (AL) has a long history as one of the important herbs used in East Asia. This review is on the purpose of providing a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of AL and its extractions. The publication from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley database was collected and summarized. The potential application of AL on the disease could be attributed to its pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other essential effects. Hence, this review aims at providing evidence of the pharmacological activities of AL as one of natural products used in clinical trial.


X: -0.18399379 Y: 2.8162775title: Glycosides of Atractylodes lance publish year: 2003 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Five sesquiterpenoid glycosides (two guaiane-type glycosides and three eudesmane-type glucosides) and a glucoside of an acetylene derivative were newly isolated from the water-soluble portion of the methanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizome together with 26 known compounds. Their structures were characterized as atractyloside A 14-O-beta-D-fructofuranoside, (1S,4S,5S,7R,10S)-10,11,14-trihydroxyguai-3-one 11-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, (5R,7R,10S)-isopterocarpolone beta-D-glucopyranoside, cis-atractyloside I, (2R,3R,5R,7R,10S)-atractyloside G 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and (2E,8E)-2,8-decadiene-4,6-diyne-1,10-diol 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic investigation. The presence of six characteristic guaiane-type glucosides in both rhizomes of A. lancea and Atractylodes japonica suggested a close chemotaxonomic relationship between them.


X: -0.65490097 Y: 3.2593076title: Effect of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and its constituents on the delay of gastric emptying publish year: 2003 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The effect of rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea on gastric disorders, in particular, the delay in gastric emptying induced by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine in rats, was investigated. Intragastric treatment with an aqueous extract (250 mg/kg) and its lipophilic fractions (4 mg/kg) significantly improved delayed gastric emptying. The major constituents of the lipophilic fraction were two sesquiterpens, hinesol and beta-eudesmol, and four known polyacetylenic compounds, atractylodin, atractylodinol, acetylatractylodinol and 4,6,12-tetradecatriene-8,10-diyne-1,3,14-triol. The activity was found in the four polyacetylenic compounds at a similar potency, but not in the two sesquiterpens. To clarify the effect of the four polyacetylenic compounds in this extract, we attempted to evaluate the activity of atractylodin, as representative, at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg based on the total amounts (0.2 mg/250 mg aqueous extract) of the four polyacetylenic compounds. In addition, atractylodin improved the delay in gastric emptying at between 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the aqueous extract improved the delayed gastric emptying, and polyacetylenic compounds contributed to its activity.


X: 0.62114793 Y: 3.2651184title: Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil from Atractylodes lancea rhizomes publish year: 2020 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is an important traditional herb used eastern Asia in folks for centuries. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Atractylodes lancea essential oil were investigated. An essential oil was extracted by steam distillation method from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. Chemical components of the essential oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activities of the essential oil were investigated by DPPH⁻ radical scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and effect on the total antioxidant capacity in mice. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined by agar disc diffusion assay and double-broth dilution method. Antimicrobial mechanisms were investigated based on cell membrane permeability, fluorescence probe-membrane integrity assay, and electron microscopy. The results showed that the essential oil was composed of β-eudesmol (36.5 %), hinesol (29.4 %), elemol (4.21 %), and atractylone (4.10 %). The essential oil showed antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo, and exhibited antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial mechanism of the essential oil involved the simultaneous disruption of the cell membrane. Therefore, Atractylodes lancea essential oil might be considered as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent with potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries.


X: 0.7672009 Y: 3.1790662title: [Studies on chemical constituents in essential oil from wild Atractylodes lancea in dabie mountains] publish year: 2004 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The chemical constituents in essential oil of wild Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains were studied. The essential oil was extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction equipment and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. 49 compounds were identified and they represent 92.49% of the total peak aeras. The extraction method and solvent selection of the essential oil were studied. The oil yields and major constituents from Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains were contrasted to that had been reported. The results showed that Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains had more essential oil (10.14%) and there were more constituents in it. The main constituents in the essential oil were hinesol, beta-eudesmol, 1H-cyclopropa (a) naphthalene, 1a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-octaphdro-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-, [1aR-(1a. alpha, 7. alpha, 7a. alpha,7b. alpha-)] -and gamma-eudesmol. Both the major constituents and contents were different from that had been reported.


X: -1.2067922 Y: 3.1759784title: Research and Development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. as a Promising Candidate for Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapeutics publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Treatment and control of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA): the bile duct cancer is limited by the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs and alternative drugs are needed, particularly those from natural sources. This article reviews steps of research and development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. (AL) as potential candidate for CCA chemotherapy, with adoption of the reverse pharmacology approach. Major steps include (1) reviewing of existing information on its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, (2) screening of its activities against CCA, (3) standardization of AL, (4) nonclinical studies to evaluate anti-CCA activities, (5) phytochemistry and standardization of AL extract, (6) development of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized AL extract, and (7) toxicity testing of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized AL extract. Results from a series of our study confirm anti-CCA potential and safety profiles of both the crude extract and the finished product (oral pharmaceutical formulation of the standardized AL extract). Phases I and II clinical trials of the product to confirm tolerability and efficacy in healthy subjects and patients with advanced stage CCA will be carried out soon.


X: -0.5110949 Y: 3.3998854title: Comparison of byakujutsu (Atractylodes rhizome) and sojutsu (Atractylodes lancea rhizome) on anti-inflammatory and immunostimulative effects in vitro publish year: 2017 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The Japanese Pharmacopoeia defines byakujutsu (Atractylodes rhizome) as the rhizome of Atractylodes japonica or A. macrocephala and sojutsu (Atractylodes lancea rhizome) as the rhizome of A. lancea, A. chinensis, or their interspecific hybrids. Because their pharmaceutical uses differ in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, with less apparent scientific evidence, we compared the pharmacological properties between byakujutsu and sojutsu. Crude drug specimens of byakujutsu (n = 40) and sojutsu (n = 49) obtained in markets were identified by their species using DNA profiling. Their pharmacological properties were evaluated by the inhibitory effect of a MeOH extract of the samples on nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and by the inducing effect of boiling water extract of the samples on granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) secretion from murine normal colonic epithelial MCE301 cells. We authenticated A. macrocephala (n = 8), A. japonica (n = 35), and the hybrid between A. macrocephala and A. japonica (n = 1), and they were used as byakujutsu. We authenticated A. chinensis (n = 25), A. lancea (n = 14), and the hybrid between A. chinensis and A. lancea (n = 6), and they were used as sojutsu. The inhibitory effects of byakujutsu on NO production were significantly higher than those of sojutsu (P < 0.05). This activity of A. japonica rhizome was significantly higher than that of A. macrocephala rhizome and A. lancea rhizome (P < 0.01). The activity of A. chinensis rhizome was significantly higher than that of A. lancea rhizome (P < 0.05). The extract of A. japonica rhizome significantly induced G-CSF secretion from MCE301 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects of byakujutsu samples were not significantly different from those of sojutsu samples. A. japonica rhizome had significantly higher activity than A. macrocephala rhizome; however, there were no statistically significant differences among A. japonica, A. chinensis, and A. lancea. The pharmacological differences of byakujutsu and sojutsu may not be large among highly variated crude drug samples with average values, and quality control with the identification of the original plant species of byakujutsu and sojutsu may guarantee their pharmacological properties.


X: -0.8813751 Y: 2.554972title: Characterization of pectic polysaccharides having intestinal immune system modulating activity from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC publish year: 2001 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Two acidic polysaccharides (ALR-a and ALR-b, former names ALR-5IIb-2-2 and 5IIc-3-1, respectively; although ALR-5IIb-2-2 and 5IIc-3-1 were used as their abbreviations in a previous paper (Planta Med., 64 (1998) 714), here the polysaccharides have been abbreviated to ALR-a and ALR-b, respectively, in order to avoid complexity) have been purified from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. as intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharides (Planta Med., 64 (1998) 714). Endo-α-d-(1→4)-polygalacturonase digestion of ALR-b gave large proportions of a fragment (PG-1) eluted in the void volume, and the lowest-molecular-weight fraction (PG-3) in addition to a small proportion of intermediate fraction (PG-2). Component sugar and methylation analyses using base-catalyzed β-elimination indicated that PG-1 consisted of a rhamnogalacturonan core with side chains rich in neutral sugars and that PG-3 mainly contained (1→4)-linked galacturono-oligosaccharides. PG-2 comprised characteristic component sugars such as 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl, apiose (Api) and aceric acid (AceA), but PG-2 lacked some glycosidic linkages compared with those of the typical rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). PG-2 showed potent intestinal immune system modulating activity, but PG-1 and galacturono-oligosaccharides in PG-3 had no activity.Further gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography of ALR-a gave a potent intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharide (ALR-a-Bb). Component sugar and methylation analyses indicated that ALR-a-Bb also comprised unusual component sugars characteristic in RG-II as well as PG-2 derived from ALR-b.ALR-a-Bb or PG-2 from ALR-b little affected directly the proliferation of bone marrow cells. PG-2 from ALR-b expressed similar significant intestinal immune system modulating activity to RG-II (GL-RI) isolated from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, but RG-II obtained from a pharmacologically active pectin (bupleuran 2IIb) of Bupleurum falcatum L. had no activity.


X: -0.64723295 Y: 3.2779818title: Effects of an Atractylodes lancea rhizome extract and a volatile component β-eudesmol on gastrointestinal motility in mice publish year: 2012 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC (Compositae) are used clinically to treat gastrointestinal symptoms, including functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis, in China and Japan, but their influence and mechanism on gastrointestinal motility are not yet proven in detail.
This study examined the effects of an Atractylodes lancea extract, and isolated β-eudesmol, on gastric emptying and small intestinal motility in atropine-, dopamine-, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-treated mice.
The extract (500 or 1000mg/kg) and β-eudesmol (50 or 100mg/kg), as well as itopride hydrochloride (a dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, 10 or 50mg/kg), stimulated small intestinal motility in normal mice. They inhibited reductions in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility induced by dopamine (1mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, ip). The extract (1000mg/kg) and β-eudesmol (100mg/kg) inhibited the atropine-induced decrease in small intestinal motility, but not gastric emptying. Furthermore, the extract (500 or 1000mg/kg) and β-eudesmol (25, 50, or 100mg/kg) inhibited reductions in gastric emptying and small intestinal motility caused by 5-HT (4mg/kg, ip) or the 5-HT(3) receptor agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl) biguanide (0.5mg/kg, ip), but not a 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist. These findings suggest that the extract of Atractylodes lancea and β-eudesmol may stimulate gastric emptying or small intestinal motility by inhibiting the dopamine D(2) receptor and 5-HT(3) receptor.


X: -0.6497173 Y: 3.179763title: Lipase Inhibition and Antiobesity Effect of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2014 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The ethanol extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizome displayed significant lipase inhibition with an IC50 value of 9.06 µg/mL in a human pancreatic lipase assay from high-throughput screening. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the identification of one new polyacetylene, syn-(5E,11E)-3-acetoxy-4-O-(3-methylbutanoyl)-1,5,11-tridecatriene-7,9-diyne-3,4-diol (7), along with six known compounds (1-6). The structure of compound 7 was determined based on the analysis of NMR and MS data. Among these seven lipase inhibitors, the major compound atractylodin (1) showed the highest lipase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 39.12 µM). The antiobesity effect of the ethanol extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizome was evaluated in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mice model at daily dosages of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, and treatment with this extract demonstrated a moderate efficacy at the 500 mg/kg dose level.


X: -0.6596914 Y: 2.647778title: Preparation, characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of oligosaccharides from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Sixteen oligosaccharide monomers with the degree of polymerization 3 to 18 (DP 3 to DP 18) and three active fractions (DP 3-9, DP 8-11, and DP 11-17) were separated from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. by optimized fast protein liquid chromatography coupled with refractive index detector (FPLC-RID) and preparation hydrophilic interaction chromatography (Pre-HILIC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and methylation analysis showed that the oligosaccharide in A. lancea was 1-kestose [β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside] (inulin-type fructooligosaccharides, FOS). Particularly, DP 3-9 showed the best capacity in stimulating phagocytic, NO, and cytokines production on RAW264.7 cells than any other purified oligosaccharide monomers and active fractions. It could also activate T-cells in Peyer's patch cells and enhance the production of colony stimulation factors. Besides, FPLC-RID showed a good capacity for large-scale preparation of DP 3-9 with the recovery of more than 93%. The bioactivity of sixteen FOS monomers (DP 3 to DP 18) and three FOS fractions (DP 3-9, DP 8-11, and DP 11-17) investigated in this study are beneficial for the utilization of FOS as a functional ingredient in novel product development.


X: -0.19138724 Y: 2.650091title: Bioactive Sesquiterpenoid and Polyacetylene Glycosides from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Nine new sesquiterpenoids (1-9), five new polyacetylenes (10-14), and six known compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. These new chemical structures were established using NMR, MS, and ECD data. Notably, compounds 3-5, the aglycone of which possesses two stereogenic centers (C-5 and C-7), exhibited similar ECD spectra to compounds 1 and 2, the aglycone of which possesses one stereogenic center (C-7). Such a difference was supported by the experimental and calculated ECD data and single-crystallographic analyses of 3a. In addition, compound 3 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in BV2 cells with an IC50 value of 11.39 μM (positive control curcumin, IC50 = 4.77 μM); compound 4 showed better hepatoprotective activity against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol-induced HepG2 cell injury than the positive drug (bicyclol) at a concentration of 10 μM (p < 0.001).


X: -0.8494464 Y: 2.6228712title: Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of two polysaccharides from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A neutral polysaccharide (ALP-1) and an acidic polysaccharide (ALP-3) were purified from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. ALP-1 exhibited a linear backbone composed of (2 → 1)-linked β-d-fructofuranose. The backbone of ALP-3 was elucidated as →4)-GalAp-(1 → 3,4)-Rhap-(1→, and with branch chain substituted at O-3 position of →3,4)-Rhap-(1→. The branch chain consists of →3,5)-Araf-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, and Araf-(1→. Particularly, ALP-3 could significantly stimulate macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulate phagocytic, NO and cytokines production than ALP-1 on RAW264.7 cells. Besides, both ALP-1 and ALP-3 could activate T-cells in Peyer's patch cells and enhance the production of colony stimulation factors. While the ALP-3 also showed better intestinal immune system modulating activity than ALP-1. The result of this study indicated that the structure diversity of polysaccharide is crucial for its bioactivity. And also provided evidence for that carbohydrate polymers in A. lancea definitely contributed to its pharmaceutical effects.


X: -0.027046725 Y: 2.6316152title: Three types of sesquiterpenes from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2008 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Eight sesquiterpenes, including four guaiane-types containing an interesting epoxy unit (1-4), a rare tricyclic carbon skeleton-type (5) and three eudesmane-types (6-8), along with five known compounds, were isolated from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. The structures and relative configurations of 1-8 were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration of 8 was assigned by application of the CD technique. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against P388 and A549 cells, but all were inactive. Possible biosynthetic pathways for sesquiterpenes (1-8) were discussed.


X: -0.121611185 Y: 2.6707807title: Four new sesquiterpenes from Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Four new sesquiterpene compounds, (5R,7R,10S)-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylisopterocarpolone-11-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), (5R,7R,10S)-14-carboxylisopterocarpolone-11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), (1R,7R,10R)-1-hydroxylcarissone-11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), and (1R,7R,10S)-10,11-dihydroxy-4-guaien-3-one 11-O-β-d- glucopyranoside (4), were isolated from the Atractylodes lancea by high-performance liquid chromatography. The compounds’ structures were elucidated through detailed spectroscopic methods.


X: -0.8224126 Y: 3.4326348title: Atractylodes lancea Rhizoma Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Flora and Metabolites publish year: 2022 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a herb widely used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as gastric ulcer, spleen deficiency, and diarrhea. In China, people fry raw A. lancea (SCZ) together with wheat bran to make bran-fried A. lancea (FCZ). Ancient Chinese texts have documented that FCZ can enhance the function of regulating the intestines and stomach. Nevertheless, the effect and mechanism of SCZ and FCZ on ulcerative colitis (UC) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of SCZ and FCZ and their mechanisms on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. The chemical constituents of SCZ and FCZ were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with six reference compounds. The effects of SCZ and FCZ were investigated based on their effects on weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, colon length shortening, goblet cell loss, and pathological changes using the colons from a mouse model of DSS-induced UC. The effects of SCZ and FCZ on levels of the inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text], interleukin-6, interleukin-1[Formula: see text], mucoprotein (MUC2), tight protein (ZO-1, occludin), and the activation of macrophages were determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). 16s RNA sequencing technology was used to detect the composition of the intestinal flora in each group. Nontargeted metabonomics was used to detect the serum metabolite levels of mice in each group. Pearson analysis was used to determine the correlation between the intestinal flora, metabolites, and pathological indices. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the genes of different metabolite-related enzymes. A pseudogerm free (PGF) mouse model was used to verify whether the effect of SCZ and FCZ in UC depends on the regulation of intestinal flora. SCZ and FCZ could inhibit weight loss and decrease the DAI score, colon length shortening, goblet cell loss, and the extent of pathological changes in the colons of mice with DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, SCZ and FCZ inhibited the decrease in MUC2, ZO-1, occludin, production of pro-inflammatory factors, and activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in colonic tissue. The effect of FCZ was better than that of SCZ. SCZ and FCZ not only inhibited the abundance of harmful bacteria and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, but also regulated the metabolism of disease-related metabolites such as amino acid and cholesterol metabolism. Both preparations inhibited the gene expression (Slc6A7, PRODH, Sdsl, HMGCR, SREBP-2) of different metabolite-related enzymes. In the PGF mouse model, the above effects were not observed. Rhizoma Atractylodes was effective in alleviating DSS-induced UC in mice, and FCZ was found to be superior to SCZ. The mechanism of action of FCZ and SCZ is mainly related to the regulation of intestinal flora and their associated metabolites.


X: -0.319684 Y: 2.6539407title: Six new compounds from Atractylodes lancea and their hepatoprotective activities publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Two new phenolic glycosides with a rare β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl moiety (1, 2), one new dihydrobenzofuran derivative (3), one new pyrazine derivative (4), two new furofuran lignan glycosides (5, 6), and six known compounds (7–12) were isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses combined with the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism and the Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced circular dichroism for configurational assignments. Notably, compounds 1–3 showed significant hepatoprotective activities against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol-induced HepG2 cell injury. This study is also the first Letter on the isolation of furofuran lignans and pyrazine derivatives (4–7) from the genus Atractylodes.


X: -0.31168383 Y: 2.6479137title: Six new compounds from Atractylodes lancea and their hepatoprotective activities publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Two new phenolic glycosides with a rare β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl moiety (1, 2), one new dihydrobenzofuran derivative (3), one new pyrazine derivative (4), two new furofuran lignan glycosides (5, 6), and six known compounds (7–12) were isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses combined with the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism and the Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced circular dichroism for configurational assignments. Notably, compounds 1–3 showed significant hepatoprotective activities against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol-induced HepG2 cell injury. This study is also the first Letter on the isolation of furofuran lignans and pyrazine derivatives (4–7) from the genus Atractylodes.


X: -0.53601265 Y: 3.229951title: Effects of Atractylodes lancea extracts on intestinal flora and serum metabolites in mice with intestinal dysbacteriosis publish year: 2023 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Objective
This study aims to explore the effect of an extract of Atractylodes lancea (A. lancea) on antibiotics-induced intestinal tract disorder and the probable therapeutic mechanisms employed by this extract to ameliorate these disorders.

Methods
Three days after acclimatization, nine male and nine female specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice were randomly assigned into three groups: Group C (normal saline), Group M (antibiotic: cefradine + gentamicin), and Group T (antibiotic + A. lancea extract). Each mouse in Groups M and T received intragastric (i.g.) gavage antibiotics containing cefradine and gentamicin sulfate (0.02 ml/g⁻¹/D⁻¹) for 7 days. A. lancea extract (0.02 ml/g⁻¹/D⁻¹) was administered by i.g. gavage to Group T mice for 7 days following the cessation of antibiotic therapy. Group M received an equivalent volume of normal saline for 7 days, while Group C received an equivalent volume of normal saline for 14 days. Afterwards, we collected mouse feces to assess changes in intestinal microbiota by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing and metabolomics. In addition, serum samples were gathered and analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LS-MS). Finally, we performed a correlation analysis between intestinal microbiota and metabolites.

Results
After treatment with antibiotic, the richness and diversity of the flora, numbers of wall-breaking bacteria and Bacteroidetes, and the numbers of beneficial bacteria decreased, while the numbers of harmful bacteria increased. After i.g. administration of A. lancea extract, the imbalance of microbial flora began to recover. Antibiotics primarily influence the metabolism of lipids, steroids, peptides, organic acids, and carbohydrates, with lipid compounds ranking first. Arachidonic acid (AA), arginine, and proline have relatively strong effects on the metabolisms of antibiotic-stressed mice. Our findings revealed that A. lancea extract might restore the metabolism of AA and L-methionine. The content of differential metabolites detected in the serum of Group T mice was comparable to that in the serum of Group C mice, but significantly different from that of Group M mice. Compared to putative biomarkers in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, it was found that altered metabolites, such as amino acids, glycerol, and phospholipids, were primarily associated with the metabolism.

Conclusions
The effective mechanisms of A. lancea extract in regulating the disorder of intestinal flora in mice are related to the mechanisms of A. lancea. It could relate to lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. These results will provide a basis for further explaining the mechanism by which A. lancea regulats intestinal flora.


X: -0.82081664 Y: 2.5542135title: Structure and immunological activity of an arabinan-rich acidic polysaccharide from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: An arabinan-rich acidic polysaccharide, named ALP4-2 ([α]20 D = +197.8 (c 1.0 mg/mL, H2O); and Mw = 5.59 × 10³ g/mol), was obtained from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. ALP4-2 is mainly comprised of Ara along with a small amount of GalA, Gal, Rha, Glc and Xyl. The structure was decorated by glycosidic linkages of α-Araf-(1→, →3)-α-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-Araf-(1→, →2,4)-α-Rhap-(1→, α-GalAp-(1→, →4)-α-GalAp-6-OMe-(1→, →4)-α-GalAp-6-OMe and β-Galp-(1→ with a ratio of 6:1:7:5:5:1:7:1:4. The structure, configuration and microstructure of ALP4-2 was proposed by comprehensive considerations of results from SEC-MALLS-RID, SEC-HRMS, GC–MS, and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. Except for a high methyl ester in full pectin regions, an abundant arabinan moiety is observed in ALP4-2 with highly complex and branched characteristics. The immunoactivity displayed that ALP4-2 can significantly promote phagocytosis of macrophage without cytotoxicity, and stimulate nitric oxide and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10) release on RAW 264.7.


X: 0.54389733 Y: 4.2090325title: Differential Gene Expression between Leaf and Rhizome in Atractylodes lancea: A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea is extensively used in the practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine because of its broad pharmacological activities. This study was designed to characterize the transcriptome profiling of the rhizome and leaf of Atractylodes lancea in an attempt to uncover the molecular mechanisms regulating rhizome formation and growth. Over 270 million clean reads were assembled into 92,366 unigenes, 58% of which are homologous with sequences in public protein databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, GO, and KEGG). Analysis of expression levels showed that genes involved in photosynthesis, stress response, and translation were the most abundant transcripts in the leaf, while transcripts involved in stress response, transcription regulation, translation, and metabolism were dominant in the rhizome. Tissue-specific gene analysis identified distinct gene families active in the leaf and rhizome. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a clear difference in gene expression pattern, identifying 1518 up-regulated genes and 3464 down-regulated genes in the rhizome compared with the leaf, including a series of genes related to signal transduction, primary and secondary metabolism. Transcription factor (TF) analysis identified 42 TF families, with 67 and 60 TFs up-regulated in the rhizome and leaf, respectively. A total of 104 unigenes were identified as candidates for regulating rhizome formation and development. These data offer an overview of the gene expression pattern of the rhizome and leaf and provide essential information for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of controlling rhizome formation and growth. The extensive transcriptome data generated in this study will be a valuable resource for further functional genomics studies of A. lancea.


X: -1.2190702 Y: 3.201853title: A randomized placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. in healthy Thai subjects publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. (AL) and bioactive compounds β-eudesmol and atractylodin have been demonstrated in the in vitro and in vivo studies for their potential clinical use in cholangiocarcinoma. The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of AL in human subjects.

Methods
The modulatory effects of AL and β-eudesmol and atractylodin on TNFα and IL6 expression in PBMCs were measured using real-time PCR. Blood samples were collected from forty-eight healthy subjects following oral administration of a single or multiple dosing of capsule formulation of the standardized AL extract or placebo. Serum cytokine profiles, lymphocyte subpopulations (B lymphocytes, CD8 ⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4 ⁺ T-helper lymphocytes, and NK cells), and cytotoxic activity of PBMCs against the cholangiocarcinoma cell line CL-6 were evaluated using cytometric bead array (CBA) with flow cytometry analysis.

Results
AL extract at almost all concentrations significantly inhibited both TNFα and IL6 expression in Con A-mediated inflammation in PBMCs. β-Eudesmol at all concentrations significantly inhibited only IL6 expression. Atractylodin at the lowest concentration significantly inhibited the expression of both cytokines, while the highest concentration significantly inhibited only IL6 expression. The administration of AL at a single oral dose of 1000 mg appeared to decrease IFNγ and IL10 and increase B cell, while significantly increase NK and CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ cells. A trend of increasing (compared with placebo) in the cytotoxic activity of PBMCs at 24 h of dosing was observed. AL at multiple dosing of 1000 mg for 21 days tended to decrease the production of all cytokines, while significantly inhibited IL17A production at 24 h of dosing. In addition, a significant increase in CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ cells was observed. A trend of increase in the cytotoxic activity of PBMCs was observed at 24 h but terminated at 48 h of dosing.

Conclusions
The results confirm the immunomodulatory activity of AL in humans. This activity, in complementary with the direct action of AL on inducing cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis, suggests its potential role for CCA control.

Trial registration
Retrospectively registered on 17 October 2020 [Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR: www.clinical trials.in.th ) Number TCTR20201020001 #].


X: 0.8727123 Y: 4.230456title: Effect of drought on photosynthesis, total antioxidant capacity, bioactive component accumulation, and the transcriptome of Atractylodes lancea publish year: 2021 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background
Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC, a medicinal herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, often faces severe drought stress during its growth. Until now, there has been no research on the effect of drought stress on the quality formation of A. lancea . Therefore, the present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress on A. lancea through physical and chemical analysis, and to reveal the related molecular mechanisms via transcriptome analysis.

Results
The photosynthesis was markedly inhibited under drought stress. There were alterations to photosynthetic parameters (Pn, Gs, Ci) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, NPQ), and the chlorophyll content decreased. Twenty genes encoding important regulatory enzymes in light and dark reactions, including the Rubisco gene of the Calvin cycle, were significantly downregulated. After exposure to drought stress for more than 4 days, the activities of four antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD CAT and APX) began to decrease and continued to decrease with longer stress exposure. Meanwhile, most of the genes encoding antioxidative enzymes were downregulated significantly. The downregulation of 21 genes related to the respiratory electron transport chain indicated that the blocked electron transfer accelerated excessive ROS . The MDA content was significantly elevated. The above data showed that 15 days of drought stress caused serious oxidative damage to A. lancea . Drought stress not only reduced the size and dry weight of A. lancea , but also lowered the amount of total volatile oil and the content of the main bioactive components. The total volatile oil and atractylodin content decreased slightly, whereas the content of atractylon and β-eudesmol decreased significantly. Moreover, ten significantly downregulated genes encoding sesquiterpene synthase were mainly expressed in rhizomes.

Conclusions
After exposed to drought stress, the process of assimilation was affected by the destruction of photosynthesis; stress tolerance was impaired because of the inhibition of the antioxidative enzyme system; and bioactive component biosynthesis was hindered by the downregulation of sesquiterpene synthase-related gene expression. All these had negative impacts on the quality formation of A. lancea under drought stress.


X: 0.72836494 Y: 3.2393136title: Differentiation of essential oils in Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry publish year: 2016 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Atractylodes rhizome is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb that comprises complex several species whose essential oils are the primary pharmacologically active component. Essential oils of Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana were extracted by hydrodistillation, and the yield was determined. The average yield of essential oil obtained from A. lancea (2.91%) was higher than that from A. koreana (2.42%). The volatile components of the essential oils were then identified by a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method that demonstrated good precision. The method showed clear differences in the numbers and contents of volatile components between the two species. 41 and 45 volatile components were identified in A. lancea and A. koreana, respectively. Atractylon (48.68%) was the primary volatile component in A. lancea, while eudesma-4(14)-en-11-ol (11.81%) was major in A. koreana. However, the most significant difference between A. lancea and A. koreana was the major component of atractylon and atractydin. Principal component analysis was utilized to reveal the correlation between volatile components and species, and the analysis was used to successfully discriminate between A. lancea and A. koreana samples. These results suggest that different species of Atractylodes rhizome may yield essential oils that differ significantly in content and composition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: -1.2285424 Y: 3.1669555title: Bioactive constituents isolated from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. rhizome exhibit synergistic effect against cholangiocarcinoma cell publish year: 2018 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: Background:
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the primary type of bile duct cancer with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with advanced-stage disease. Treatment of CCA remains unsatisfactory due to the lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for early detection as well as effective chemotherapeutics.

Purpose:
To investigate cytotoxic interactions between the three major constituents of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., ie, β-eudesmol (BE), atractylodin (AT), and hinesol (HS), against CCA cell line.

Methods:
Cytotoxic activities against the human CCA cells CL-6 of the dual (BE:AT, BE:HS, and AT:HS) and triple (BE:AT:HS) combinations were evaluated using MTT assay. The cytotoxic interaction of each dual combination was assessed at five concentration ratios (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) using isobologram analysis. For triple combination, the concentration ratio used in the experiment was 1:1.5:2.5 (BE:AT:HS) and analysis of the interaction was performed using polygonogram analysis at the concentrations that inhibit cell growth by 50% and 90%, respectively.

Results:
The BE:AT combination produced the additive effect with sum fractional inhibitory concentration of 0.967±0.02 (mean ± SD). The BE:HS and AT:HS combinations produced a synergistic effect with sum fractional inhibitory concentrations of 0.685±0.08 and 0.767±0.09, respectively. The mixture of the three compounds produced synergistic interaction with combination index values of 0.519±0.10 and 0.65±0.17 (mean ± SD) at the concentrations that inhibit cell growth at the 50% and 90% leveled, respectively.

Conclusion:
Results obtained would guide further development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. as potential anti-CCA chemotherapeutics concerning the appropriate pharmaceutical dosage form.


X: -0.8524284 Y: 2.6560392title: Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of two polysaccharides from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC publish year: 2019 keyword: Atractylodes_lancea content: A neutral polysaccharide (ALP-1) and an acidic polysaccharide (ALP-3) were purified from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. ALP-1 exhibited a linear backbone composed of (2 → 1)-linked β-d-fructofuranose. The backbone of ALP-3 was elucidated as →4)-GalAp-(1 → 3,4)-Rhap-(1→, and with branch chain substituted at O-3 position of →3,4)-Rhap-(1→. The branch chain consists of →3,5)-Araf-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, and Araf-(1→. Particularly, ALP-3 could significantly stimulate macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulate phagocytic, NO and cytokines production than ALP-1 on RAW264.7 cells. Besides, both ALP-1 and ALP-3 could activate T-cells in Peyer's patch cells and enhance the production of colony stimulation factors. While the ALP-3 also showed better intestinal immune system modulating activity than ALP-1. The result of this study indicated that the structure diversity of polysaccharide is crucial for its bioactivity. And also provided evidence for that carbohydrate polymers in A. lancea definitely contributed to its pharmaceutical effects.