X: -2.5343356 Y: 8.545324title: Toxicity of crude rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom) publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The ethanolic rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) was studied by conventional pharmacological methods including the Hippocratic screening test, and acute and subacute toxicities in rats. The hexane fraction was tested for dermal irritation in rabbits. The ethanolic extract, when tested by the Hippocratic screening test, demonstrated signs that indicated CNS depression such as a decrease in motor activity and respiratory rate, and a loss of screen grip and analgesia. In the acute toxicity test, oral administration of 5 g/kg of Kaempferia galanga produced neither mortality nor significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals. Moreover, both gross abnormalities and histopathological changes were not comparatively detectable between all controls and treated animals of both sexes. In subacute toxicity studies, no mortality was observed when varying doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg of ethanolic Kaempferia galanga extract were administered orally per day for a period of 28 days. There were no significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals of both sexes. Hematological analysis showed no differences in any of the parameters examined (WBC count, platelet, hematocrit and hemoglobin estimation) in either the control or treated groups of both sexes. However, the differential leukocyte counts showed a slight but significant decrease of lymphocyte count in the 50 and 100 mg/kg male rat groups. In the blood chemistry analysis, no significant change occurred in the blood chemistry parameters, including glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-P), total protein and albumin of both sexes. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed. No sign of irritation was observed during the dermal irritation test of the hexane fraction of Kaempferia galanga.


X: -2.690771 Y: 8.760498title: Antinociceptive activity of the methanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga Linn. (Zingiberaceae) presents many chemical constituents of the volatile oil extracted from the rhizome. The rhizome of Kaempferia galanga is used by people in many regions for relieving toothache, abdominal pain, muscular swelling and rheumatism. In this study we investigated the antinociceptive activity in mice and rats using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, hot plate and tail-flick tests. The extract at test doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. clearly demonstrated antinociceptive activity in all tests. This activity was dose- and time-dependent. The extract administered at 200 mg/kg, p.o. had a stronger antinociceptive effect than aspirin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) but less than morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the antinociceptive action of both morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and the extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.) in a similar manner. In conclusion, the methanol extract of Kaempferia galanga markedly demonstrated the antinociceptive action in experimental animals. The antinociceptive mechanisms appear to be both peripherally and centrally mediated actions and the opioid receptors are probably involved. Therefore, our studies support the use in traditional medicine of Kaempferia galanga against pain caused by various disorders.


X: -2.8771539 Y: 8.893429title: Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga was tested for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in animal models. Three doses, 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of the plant extract prepared as a suspension in 2 ml of 2% gum acacia were used. Acute and sub acute inflammatory activities were studied in rats by carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models respectively. In both models, the standard drug used was aspirin 100 mg/kg. Two doses 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of plant extract exhibited significant (P<0.001) antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan model and cotton pellet granuloma model in comparison to control. Analgesic activity was studied in rats using hot plate and tail-flick models. Codeine 5 mg/kg and vehicle served as standard and control respectively. The two doses of plant extract exhibited significant analgesic activity in tail flick model (P<0.001) and hot plate model (P<0.001) in comparison to control. In conclusion K. galanga possesses antiinflammatory and analgesic activities.


X: -2.3751905 Y: 8.565795title: Kaempferia galanga L.: Progresses in Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Ethnomedicinal Uses publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: K. galanga is an aromatic medicinal herb. It is locally to India and distributed in China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. K. galanga is a Traditional Chinese Herb Medicine (TCHM), which has been applied to treat cold, dry cough, toothaches, rheumatism, hypertension and so on. In addition, it has been used widely as spices since its highly aromas. The aim of this review is to compile and update the current progresses of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of K. galanga . All the data on K. galanga were based on different classical literary works, multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. The results showed that ninety-seven compounds have been identified from rhizome of K. galanga , including terpenoids, phenolics, cyclic dipeptides, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, fatty acids and esters. Modern pharmacology studies revealed that extracts or secondary metabolites of the herb possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumorous, anti-bacterial, and anti-angiogenesis effects, which were closely related to its abundant ethnomedicinal uses. In conclusion, although previous research works have provided various information of K. galanga , more in-depth studies are still necessary to systemically evaluate phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity and quality control of this herb.


X: -2.411377 Y: 8.488202title: Pharmacological importance of Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae): A mini review publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is an endangered medicinal plant with potent medicinal activities. The leaves, rhizome and root tubers of the plant possess a number of medicinal applications. The plant is economically important and is over exploited to the extent that there is always scarcity of propagating material (rhizomes) which is the consumable part too. The present review provides broad information of Kaempferia galanga throwing light on its current status, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Extracts of Kaempferia galanga have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial, sedative, cytotoxic, insecticidal and anthelmintic properties which are reported here.
Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, zingiberaceae, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity


X: -2.8307245 Y: 8.6329565title: Bioassay-guided isolation of a vasorelaxant active compound from Kaempferia galanga L publish year: 2006 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed on a crude dichloromethane extract of Kaempferia galanga L. using chromatography techniques. Screening of the extract for biological activity started with the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, followed by the study of its antihypertensive activity on anaesthetized rats, which involved monitoring of the extract's effect on mean arterial blood pressure. The components of the fractions obtained from the separation procedures were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The yield of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract was 0.29% of the crude plant extract. Analysis of the data for brine shrimp lethality test using the Finney computer program showed that this extract exhibited potent bioactivity with an ED(50) value of 7.92+/-0.13 microgml(-1). Intravenous administration of the extract induced a dose-related reduction of basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) (130+/-5 mmHg) in the anaesthetized rat, with maximal effects seen after 5-10 min of injection. The gas chromatogram showed that the common compound in the active fractions obtained from the bioassay-guided fractionation of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract was ethyl cinnamate. This vasorelaxant active compound, ethyl cinnamate, was isolated as a colorless oil. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamic acid was also isolated as white needles but did not exhibit any relaxant effect on the precontracted thoracic rat aorta.


X: -2.2905881 Y: 8.447505title: Medicinal importance of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae): A comprehensive review publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga included in the Zingiberaceae family is one of the potential medicinal plants with aromatic rhizome. In traditional medicine in Asian countries, this plant is widely used by local practitioners. This plant is widely cultivated in most Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Ethyl-para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found as the main compounds in hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts of K. galanga. This plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, and antipyretic remedy. In addition, K. galanga is used for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, cough, asthma, joint fractures, rheumatism, urticaria, vertigo, and intestinal injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to give a sneak peek view on galangal’s ethnobotany, toxicology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry.


X: -2.5170374 Y: 8.574755title: Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) extracts publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Zingiberaceas that are still included in un-utilized herbs inspite of the variety of useful pharmacological
properties it possesses. Extracts of KG have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nematicidal, mosquito
repellent, larvicidal, vasorelaxant, sedative, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antiallergic and
wound healing properties. Here, we have reviewed all the reported pharmacological properties of this
valuable herb with an intention to highlight the effectiveness and potentials of this herb. Ethyl-pmethoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found to be the most vital constituents responsible for
most of these pharmacological properties. Antinociceptive effect of KG extracts is comparable with that
of aspirin whereas its nematicidal effect is even more potent than Carbofuran and metham sodium.


X: -2.9011588 Y: 8.929519title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study was performed to determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves using various animal models. The extract, in the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was prepared by soaking (1:10; w/v) the air-dried powdered leaves (40 g) in distilled water (dH(2)O) for 72 h and administered subcutaneously in mice/rats 30 min prior to the tests. The extract exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction, hot-plate and formalin tests, with activity observed in all tests occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antinociceptive activity of K. galanga extract was significantly (P < 0.05) reversed when prechallenged with 10 mg/kg naloxone. The extract also produced a significantly (P < 0.05) dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity when assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw-edema test. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that K. galanga leaves possessed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and thus supports the Malay's traditional uses of the plant for treatments of mouth ulcer, headache, sore throat, etc.


X: -2.858039 Y: 9.3485title: Hypolipidemic effect ofAlpinia galanga (Rasna) andKaempferia galanga (Kachoori) publish year: 1997 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The rhizome of bothAlpinia galanga andKaempferia galanga are widely used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Present study evaluated the hypolipidemic action of the ethanolic extract of these plantsin vivo. The oral administration of the extracts (20mg/day) of bothA. galanga andK. galanga effectively lowered the serum and tissue levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and significantly increased the serum levels of high density lipoproteins(HDL) in high cholesterol fed white wistar rats over a period of 4 weeks. The results are indicative of these plants in various lipid disorders especially atherosclerosis.


X: -1.1098331 Y: 8.7168title: Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of ethyl cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) identified in Kaempferia galangal L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome and another 12 known compounds to third-instar larvae from laboratory-reared Culex pipiens pallens Forskal, Aedes aegypti L. and Ochlerotatus togoi Theobald and field-collected C. pipiens pallens (Jinhae colony). Results were compared with those for fenthion and temephos.
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was the most toxic of the test compounds to larvae of the three mosquito species (LC(50) 12.3-20.7 mg L(-1)) but less toxic than either fenthion (0.0096-0.021 mg L(-1)) or temephos (0.0039-0.0079 mg L(-1)). Ethyl cinnamate and 3-carene were highly active against C. pipiens pallens larvae (24.1 and 21.6 mg L(-1)) but less toxic to A. aegypti and O. togoi larvae (ca 40 and 60 mg L(-1) respectively). The toxicity of these compounds to larvae from the Jinhae colony of C. pipiens pallens was almost the same as their toxicity to the laboratory-reared larvae, although the larvae from the colony exhibited low levels of resistance to fenthion (resistance ratio 9.1) and temephos (5.8).
Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, merit further study as potential mosquito control agents for protection of humans and domestic animals from vector-borne diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.


X: -2.9056947 Y: 7.8423524title: Anticholangiocarcinoma activity and toxicity of the Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome ethanolic extract publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Background
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an important public health problem in several tropical and subtropical parts of the world particularly Thailand. Chemotherapy of CCA is largely ineffective and discovery and development of effective alternative drugs is urgently needed. The objective of the study was to confirm the anti-CCA potential as well as toxicity of the crude extract of Kaempferia galangal Linn. (rhizome) both in vitro and in animal models.

Methods
The ethanolic extract of K. galanga Linn. rhizome, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against CCA cell line (CL-6) using MTT cell proliferation assay. Acute and subacute toxicity of the extract were evaluated in ICR (Imprinting Control Region) mice according to the OECD (International Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Guideline. Anti-CCA activity was evaluated in CCA- xenografted nude mice.

Results
Results of cytotoxicity test showed moderate activity of the extract and EPMC with median (95% confidence interval: 95% CI) 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 64.2 (57.76–72.11) and 49.19 (48.16–52.29) μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 of 5-FU was 107.1 (103.53–109.64) μg/ml. The selectivity index (SI) values for the extract, EPMC and 5-FU against human normal cell line (OUMS) and cancer cell line (CL-6) were 2.2, 2.09 and 1.31, respectively. Toxicity testing revealed no overt toxic effect up to the maximum single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight and up to daily dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. The extract at the maximum tolerated dose level of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited promising anti-CCA activity in CL6-xenografted nude mice as determined by inhibitory activity on tumor growth (58.41%) and lung metastasis (33.3%), as well as prolongation of survival time (62 days).

Conclusion
The K. galangal Linn. rhizome extract and its bioactive compound EPMC exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against human CCA tumor (CL-6) cell line. Results of toxicity testing suggest that the extract was well tolerated up to the maximum single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight and daily dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. The extract exhibited promising anti-CCA activity in CL6-xenografed nude mice as determined by significant inhibitory activity on tumor growth and lung metastasis, as well as prolongation of survival time.


X: -2.7969747 Y: 8.842329title: Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an Anti-inflammatory Constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. Extracts publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Kaempferia galanga (KG) using an activity-guided approach. KG rhizomes were serially extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water. These extracts (2 g/kg each) were tested for their ability to inhibit carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The chloroform extract was found to exert the highest inhibition (42.9%) compared to control (p < 0.001), hence it was further fractionated by washing serially with hexane, hexane-chloroform (1:1) and chloroform. The chloroform fraction (1 g/kg) showed the highest inhibitory effect (51.9%, (p < 0.001), on carrageenan-induced edema. This chloroform fraction was further fractionated with hexane-chloroform (1:3) and chloroform, and of the two fractions, the hexane-chloroform sub-fraction was the most effective in inhibiting edema (53.7%, p < 0.001). GC-MS analysis of the active sub-fraction identified ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) as the major component, which was re-crystallized. EPMC dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced edema with an MIC of 100 mg/kg. Moreover, in an in vitro study, EPMC non-selectively inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, with IC₅₀ values of 1.12 µM and 0.83 µM respectively. These results validate the anti-inflammatory activity of KG which may be exerted by the inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. EPMC isolated from this plant may be the active anti-inflammatory agent.


X: -2.9544652 Y: 8.727224title: Extraction, characterization and evaluation of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome extracts against acute and chronic inflammation in rats publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The rhizomes of an acaulescent perennial herb, Kaempferia galanga Linn (Family: Zingiberaceae), used as traditional ayurvedic herb to get relief from indigestion, swelling, pain, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia.

Aim of the study:
To prepare and characterize various extracts of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) for their comparative evaluation for the identification of the most efficacious extract and its possible pharmacological implication in acute and chronic inflammatory paradigm.

Materials and methods:
Dried and powdered rhizome of K. galanga was subjected to alcoholic extraction as well as successive extractions with various solvents. After phytochemical characterization, all the extracts were standardized for the presence of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. The extracts, and the isolated compound, were tested against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. The most promising extract was tested against adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation in rats. Further, local myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were investigated to establish the possible mechanism of action.

Results:
Among the extracts, petroleum ether extract (SKG-1) and crude alcoholic extract (KG) had the maximum quantity of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. SKG-1 (300mg/kg) was found effective against acute inflammation in rats. Further, SKG-1 (100mg/kg) reversed the inflammation and elevated MPO levels found in the chronic model.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that among all the extracts of K. galanga, SKG-1 effectively suppresses the progression of acute and chronic inflammation in rats by inhibition of neutrophil infiltration.


X: -2.8395824 Y: 8.84836title: Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga was tested for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in animal models. Three doses, 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of the plant extract prepared as a suspension in 2 ml of 2% gum acacia were used. Acute and sub acute inflammatory activities were studied in rats by carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models respectively. In both models, the standard drug used was aspirin 100 mg/kg. Two doses 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of plant extract exhibited significant (P<0.001) antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan model and cotton pellet granuloma model in comparison to control. Analgesic activity was studied in rats using hot plate and tail-flick models. Codeine 5 mg/kg and vehicle served as standard and control respectively. The two doses of plant extract exhibited significant analgesic activity in tail flick model (P<0.001) and hot plate model (P<0.001) in comparison to control. In conclusion K. galanga possesses antiinflammatory and analgesic activities.


X: -2.275616 Y: 8.463796title: Medicinal importance of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae): A comprehensive review publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga included in the Zingiberaceae family is one of the potential medicinal plants with aromatic rhizome. In traditional medicine in Asian countries, this plant is widely used by local practitioners. This plant is widely cultivated in most Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Ethyl-para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found as the main compounds in hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts of K. galanga. This plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, and antipyretic remedy. In addition, K. galanga is used for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, cough, asthma, joint fractures, rheumatism, urticaria, vertigo, and intestinal injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to give a sneak peek view on galangal’s ethnobotany, toxicology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry.


X: -2.8169389 Y: 8.942454title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study was performed to determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves using various animal models. The extract, in the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was prepared by soaking (1:10; w/v) the air-dried powdered leaves (40 g) in distilled water (dH(2)O) for 72 h and administered subcutaneously in mice/rats 30 min prior to the tests. The extract exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction, hot-plate and formalin tests, with activity observed in all tests occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antinociceptive activity of K. galanga extract was significantly (P < 0.05) reversed when prechallenged with 10 mg/kg naloxone. The extract also produced a significantly (P < 0.05) dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity when assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw-edema test. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that K. galanga leaves possessed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and thus supports the Malay's traditional uses of the plant for treatments of mouth ulcer, headache, sore throat, etc.


X: -2.853038 Y: 9.029207title: Wound healing activity of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in Wistar rats publish year: 2006 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The wound healing effect of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) and its effect in dexamethasone suppressed wound healing was studied in Wistar rats. Three wound models viz. incision, excision and dead space wounds were used in this study. The parameters studied were breaking strength in case of incision wounds, epithelialization and wound contraction in case of excision wound and granulation tissue dry weight, breaking strength and hydroxyproline content in case of dead space wound. The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the wound breaking strength when compared to control group in incision type of wound model. Coadministration of K. galanga with dexamethasone had significantly (P < 0.001) increased the breaking strength of dexamethasone treated group. In excision wound model, the percentage of the wound contraction was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by K. galanga only on 16th day and also it reversed the dexamethasone suppressed wound contraction on the 16 day. K. galanga significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the time required for epithelialization and reversed the epithelialization delaying effect of dexamethasone significantly (P < 0.001).


X: -1.7118049 Y: 8.717136title: Chemical profiling of essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L. germplasm from India publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as Kacholam, Kencur or aromatic ginger is an important medicinal plant of India which is extensively used in the preparation of both traditional and modern medicines. K. galanga germplasm collected from southern states of Kerala and Karnataka was evaluated for essential oil content and oil composition. Volatile oil isolated from rhizomes of K. galanga L. by hydrodistillation was analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-eight aroma compounds were identified in the rhizome oil representing 96.4% to 98.9% of total oil. The two major compounds identified were trans-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (28.4–70.0%) and trans-ethyl cinnamate(11.5–26.6%) which constituted 50.3% to 84.8% of total oil. Other important chemical compounds present were δ-3-carene (0.1–6.5%), 1,8-cineole (0.2–5.2%), borneol (1.0–2.4%), pentadecane (6.0–16.5%). Trans-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate and trans-ethyl cinnamate were found to be the most vital constituents responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of K. galanga plant. Hence, the promising accessions identified in the study could be exploited for large-scale cultivation of this plant for obtaining higher yields of pharmacologically important constituents.


X: -2.9670928 Y: 8.852403title: Extraction, characterization and evaluation of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome extracts against acute and chronic inflammation in rats publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The rhizomes of an acaulescent perennial herb, Kaempferia galanga Linn (Family: Zingiberaceae), used as traditional ayurvedic herb to get relief from indigestion, swelling, pain, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia.

Aim of the study:
To prepare and characterize various extracts of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) for their comparative evaluation for the identification of the most efficacious extract and its possible pharmacological implication in acute and chronic inflammatory paradigm.

Materials and methods:
Dried and powdered rhizome of K. galanga was subjected to alcoholic extraction as well as successive extractions with various solvents. After phytochemical characterization, all the extracts were standardized for the presence of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. The extracts, and the isolated compound, were tested against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. The most promising extract was tested against adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation in rats. Further, local myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were investigated to establish the possible mechanism of action.

Results:
Among the extracts, petroleum ether extract (SKG-1) and crude alcoholic extract (KG) had the maximum quantity of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. SKG-1 (300mg/kg) was found effective against acute inflammation in rats. Further, SKG-1 (100mg/kg) reversed the inflammation and elevated MPO levels found in the chronic model.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that among all the extracts of K. galanga, SKG-1 effectively suppresses the progression of acute and chronic inflammation in rats by inhibition of neutrophil infiltration.


X: -1.5278605 Y: 8.561409title: Essential oils of leaves and rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga Linn. leaf and rhizome oils, obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). One hundred and eight components were identified in the leaf oil. The major components were linoleoyl chloride (21.42%), caryophyllene oxide (11.75%), cubenol (9.66%) and caryophyllene (5.60%). Eighty one components were identified in rhizome oil with the main components being 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl),-ethyl ester (63.36%), ethyl cinnamate (6.31%), 4-cyclooctene-1-methanol (4.61%), caryophyllene oxide (4.37%) and limonene (3.22%). The compositions of both oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively.


X: -3.044804 Y: 8.467007title: Anti-inflammatory diarylheptanoids and phenolics from the rhizomes of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic plant of the Zingiberaceae family. It is widely cultured as a crops and its rhizome has been widely used as a flavor spice existing in various cooking. In this study, three new diarylheptanoids (1–3), one new phenolic glycoside (4), together with thirteen known phenolics were isolated from the rhizomes of kencur. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on IR, 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. Diarylheptanoids were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. Except for compound 7, most of diarylheptanoids exhibited pronounced inhibitory activities compared with indomethacin. The results demonstrated that the diarylheptanoids may be partially responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of kencur, which suggested that it could be served as an anti-inflammatory agent for healthy or medicinal products.


X: -2.4809508 Y: 8.426946title: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF RHIZOME EXTRACTS OF Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Several Zingiberaceae family members show active principles in treatment of various human ailments. An experiment on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga has been conducted. The Kaempferia galanga rhizome extracts shown antioxidant activity of the tested plant extracts (IC 50 : 490µg/ml to 720µg/ml) is less compared to the ascorbic acid (IC 50 : 230µg/ml). Methanol, ethylacetate, ethanol and aqueous rhizome extracts has shown good antimicrobial activity against tested microbes (9.5 to 22mm zone diameter). The extracts was shown good antimicrobial activity against fungi (11 to 22mm) when compared with the gram negative bacteria (9.5 to 15mm) and gram positive bacteria (9.5 to 13). Hence Kaempferia galanga rhizome extracts was shown good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.


X: 1.4861383 Y: 7.8469543title: Rapid multiplication and in vitro production of leaf biomass in Kaempferia galanga through tissue culture publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: An efficient protocol has been established for rapid multiplication and in vitro production of leaf biomass in Kaempferia galanga L, a rare medicinal plant. Different plant growth regulators like Benzyladenine (BA), Indoleacetic acid (IAA), Indolebutyric acid (IBA), Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and adenine sulphates (Ads) have been tried for induction of multiple shoots using lateral bud of rhizome as explants. The highest rate of shoot multiplication (11.5 +/- 0.6) shoot/explant as well as leaf biomass production (7.4 +/- 0.3) gram/explant was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with Benzyladenine (1 mg/l) and Indoleacetic acid (0.5 mg/l). Data of shoot multiplication and leaf biomass production were statistically analysed. Upon excission of leaves after 2 months of culture under sterile condition, the base of each plantlet was transferred to fresh media which could produce the same leaf biomass within another 2 months in a 50 ml culture tube containing 20 ml and 250 ml conical flasks containing 30 ml Murashige and Skoog medium. The rate of multiplication and leaf biomass production remained unchanged in subsequent subcultures. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in greenhouse and subsequently transferred to the field. Survival rate of the plantlets under ex vitro condition was 95 percent. Genetic fidelity of the regenerants was confirmed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The protocol could be commercially utilized for large scale production of true-to-type plantlets and as an alternative method of leaf biomass production in Kaempferia galanga.


X: 1.47497 Y: 7.853062title: In vitro plantlet production system for Kaempferia galanga, a rare Indian medicinal herb publish year: 2000 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: A rapid clonal propagation system for Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae), a rare folk medicinal herb has been developed. Various concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and a range
of auxins have been investigated for in vitro plantlet production, using rhizomes as explants. In vitro plantlet production has been achieved on 0.75 × Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 12 μM BA, 3 μM ∝-naphthaleneacetic
acid (NAA) and 3% sucrose. The procedure ensures 13-fold rate of plantlet production every 4 weeks. Hardened plantlets produced
normal storage roots as the parent plants. Around 1,000 plantlets have been produced successfully for field transfer.


X: -2.8077025 Y: 8.423732title: Phytochemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome for anti-oxidant activities by HPTLC and GCMS publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Background
The rhizome of Kaempferia galanga ( K. galanga ) was collected from Meghalaya, India, and its ethanolic extract was obtained by freeze-drying or lyophilization process, which was then assessed for its in vitro anti-oxidant activity and phytochemical characterization using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS).

Results
In vitro anti-oxidant activity analysis shows an inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 1.824 mg/mL and 0.307 mg/mL for, α, α-diphenyl-ρ-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, respectively. Total polyphenol content (TPC) of 23.55 ± 0.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight of extract and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 100 ± 1.414 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g dry weight of extract were found. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis shows the best separation of bands at different retention factor ( Rf ) values, when employing the solvent system 2-butanol/1-propanol/water in the ratio of 3:1:1 (v/v/v). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis confirms the presence and identification of various phytocompounds, with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate identified as the major active compound .

Conclusion
Freeze-dried ethanolic extract of K. galanga (rhizome) possesses anti-oxidant activity. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is present as the major bioactive component (about 94.87% of the total area composition), and since it has very important and diverse medicinal properties, a freeze-drying process (lyophilization) can be utilized for its isolation and extraction.


X: -0.26520282 Y: 7.5600653title: Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences of Kaempferia Galanga and Kaempferia Elegans: Molecular Structures and Comparative Analysis publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga and Kaempferia elegans, which belong to the genus Kaempferia family Zingiberaceae, are used as valuable herbal medicine and ornamental plants, respectively. The chloroplast genomes have been used for molecular markers, species identification and phylogenetic studies. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequences of K. galanga and K. elegans are reported. Results show that the complete chloroplast genome of K. galanga is 163,811 bp long, having a quadripartite structure with large single copy (LSC) of 88,405 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 15,812 bp separated by inverted repeats (IRs) of 29,797 bp. Similarly, the complete chloroplast genome of K. elegans is 163,555 bp long, having a quadripartite structure in which IRs of 29,773 bp length separates 88,020 bp of LSC and 15,989 bp of SSC. A total of 111 genes in K. galanga and 113 genes in K. elegans comprised 79 protein-coding genes and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, as well as 28 and 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in K. galanga and K. elegans, respectively. The gene order, GC content and orientation of the two Kaempferia chloroplast genomes exhibited high similarity. The location and distribution of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and long repeat sequences were determined. Eight highly variable regions between the two Kaempferia species were identified and 643 mutation events, including 536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 107 insertion/deletions (indels), were accurately located. Sequence divergences of the whole chloroplast genomes were calculated among related Zingiberaceae species. The phylogenetic analysis based on SNPs among eleven species strongly supported that K. galanga and K. elegans formed a cluster within Zingiberaceae. This study identified the unique characteristics of the entire K. galanga and K. elegans chloroplast genomes that contribute to our understanding of the chloroplast DNA evolution within Zingiberaceae species. It provides valuable information for phylogenetic analysis and species identification within genus Kaempferia.


X: -2.8816154 Y: 8.280652title: Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid from Rhizome Kaemferia galanga L. Extract publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaemferia galanga L. rhizome is a traditional crop which is widely used for herbal medicine. This research is started from the extraction of maceration using ethanol 80% and partition with chloroform:water. 80 % ethanol extract and chloroform fraction tested antioxidant activity with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), phytochemicals with reagents, separation of the active compound by TLC (thin layer chromatography) analytical and preparative TLC, the identification of compounds with sliding reagent using UV-Vis. The test results on the antioxidant activity of 80% ethanol extract of 64,93% (100 ppm) and chloroform fraction of 54,9 % (100 ppm) with indigo IC50 of 13,07 mg/mL and 81,9 mg mL. 80 % ethanol extract and chloroform fraction has potential as a source of natural antioxidants. Phytochemical test showed 80% ethanol extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. At the chloroform fraction extract containing flavonoids. The separation of the active compounds with analytical TLC using eluent PE: ethyl acetate (5: 1) resulted in 7 stain (Rf 0,06 to 0,96) and preparative TLC produce 8 spots (Rf from 0,19 to 0,83). Results from UV-Vis spectrum can be presumed that such a class of flavonoid compounds flavanones or dihidroflavonol. It can be seen from the wavelength range 210-285 nm in the bands I and 300-550 nm in band II. The addition of the reagent slide showed the presence of hydroxyl groups in ring A, B and C and O-hydroxy on ring A.

Keywords: antioxidant activity, Kaemferia galanga rizhome, sliding reagent, Thin Layer Chromatography, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl


X: -2.2921662 Y: 8.54011title: Kaempferia galanga Linn: A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Extraction Technique, and Pharmacological Activities publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga Linn is an endangered medicinal plant that contains high value essentials. This plant belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, as well as food. This paper aims to review the research progress on K. galanga Linn, particularly on the phytochemistry and extraction process of this plant, including a new perspective on its pharmacological activities. Data and information on this aromatic ginger were collected and summarised from various resources, mainly from Science Direct and Web of Science. The main bioactive compounds extracted from its rhizome were ethyl cinnamate, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, kaempferol, camphene, linoleoyl, borneol, and 1,8-cineole. These bioactive compounds have numerous nutraceutical properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, analgesic, anti-tuberculosis, anticancer, wound healing, and mosquito repellent. Furthermore, chemical characterisation, in vitro analysis, and in vivo biological studies have confirmed the traditional uses of this plant.


X: -1.3470974 Y: 8.646334title: Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia galanga publish year: 1999 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Four fractions of Kaempferia galanga (hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction 1, dichloromethane fraction 2 and methanolic fraction) were tested for larvicidal activity toward fourth instar Culex quinquefasciatus. The hexane fraction was found to exhibit the highest larvicidal effect with the LC50 of 42.33 ppm. Testing for adulticidal activity, the hexane fraction did not show any promising adulticidal effect. However, it caused a knockdown effect which might be useful as a repellent. It was then tested for repellent activity in human volunteers both in laboratory and field studies. In a laboratory study, the hexane fraction possessed repellency against Aedes aegypti (ED50 value of 30.73 microg/cm2), and provided biting protection for 3 hours. In a field study, it could protect against certain mosquitos, ie, Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles barbirostris, An. aconitus, Mansonia uniformis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. aegypti. The hexane fraction did not cause dermal irritation when applied on human skin.


X: -2.8600466 Y: 8.556664title: An in vitro analysis on the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Kaempferia galanga rhizome using different solvent systems publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga rhizome (KGR) is a stemless, sweet-smelling, enduring, and rhizomatous monocotyledonous plant of the ginger family also called sand ginger or kencur. lt possesses many pharmacological effects and the goal of this study is to use several solvent solutions to determine the antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of KGR. By observing KGR's alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, the in vitro diabetic activity was assessed. The in vitro cancer preventive action was evaluated by doing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test. The outcomes of the study showed increase in dose-dependent percentage of inhibition in α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity for both extract and standard ranging from 100 to 500 μg/ml. The current review proposes that the concentrate of KGR could be utilized for the treatment of diabetes mellitus as well with respect to dealing with the oxidative stress-related diseases.


X: -2.8932607 Y: 7.941661title: [Study on the anti-carcinogenic effects of three compounds in Kaempferia galanga L] publish year: 2002 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: In order to study the anti-carcinogeneic effect of three compounds isolated from Kaempferia galanga L, EBV assay, ear edema test, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and two-stage-carcinogenisis test are applied. The results show that both -cis and -trans ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate has inhibitory effect in vitro, and also has inhibitory effects in TPA tests or croton oil-induced ear edema, ODC activity in specimen of mouse epidermis and extent of papilloma, indicating a relatively strong anti-carcinogenic potential of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga L.


X: -1.585697 Y: 8.6207485title: Comparative Chemical Study of Two Varieties of Attractive Medicinal Plant Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kasthuri’ and ‘Rajani’ varieties of medicinal and ornamental plant Kaempferia galanga Linn. differ morphologically. The essential oils from their rhizomes have remarkably different specific gravities, refractive indices, saponification and iodine values. These oils also differ sufficiently in their chemical compositions. A total no. of 58 and 56 compounds have been identified in ‘Kasthuri’ and ‘Rajani’, respectively. Thirteen compounds are identified in the rhizome oil of ‘Kasthuri’ that are not present in the rhizome oil of ‘Rajani’ and another 11 compounds identified in ‘Rajani’ oil are not present in ‘Kasthuri’ oil. Forty-five compounds have been found common in both oils but their percentages differ in the two varieties. Similarly major component, ethyl-trans- p-methoxycinnamate is present in both the varieties, its percentage varies (39 and 35%, respectively)


X: -2.8789742 Y: 8.054365title: A new 3,4-seco-isopimarane and three new isopimarane diterpenoids from Kaempferia champasakensis collected from Vietnam and their cytotoxic activities publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: A phytochemical investigation of Kaempferia champasakensis rhizomes led to the isolation of a new 3,4-seco-isopimarane diterpene, kaempferiol A (1), and three new isopimarane diterpenes, kaempferiols B–D (2–4), together with six known isopimarane diterpenes (5–10). The structures of 1–4 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including HR-ESI–MS, UV, IR, and 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute configurations of 1, 3, and 4 were determined by ECD calculations, while that of 2 was established using the modified Mosher method. All isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, lung cancer (A549), cervical cancer (HeLa), and breast cancer (MCF-7). Among them, 6 and 7 showed moderate cytotoxic activities against the three tested cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 38.04 to 27.77 μM, respectively.


X: -1.9170487 Y: 8.426title: STUDY OF ANTHELMINTIC AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga has profound implications in the treatment of nematocide, larvicide, abdominal discomfort, cholera, various inflammatory diseases and many more. It is a potential candidate in terms of evaluating its medicinal activities. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate anthelmintic and insecticidal activities of different extracts of the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga. For anthelmintic activity, Pheretima posthuma was selected as test animal while 25, 50, 100 mg/ml concentrations of samples were tested in the bioassay, from which time of paralysis and time of death of worms were estimated. Evaluation of insecticidal activity was performed against Sitophilus oryzae to calculate the mortality rate. In anthelmintic study, extracts exhibited its activity in dose-dependent manner showing higher the concentration, higher the effect. Extracts of ACR, PEF, CHF and MEF in case of 100 mg/ml concentration exhibited its paralytic effect followed by death within a short period of time among which ACR extract gave the best result which only took approx. 20 mins to show paralytic effect and 35 min for death sentence. In insecticidal activity, all extracts showed potent activity with 100% mortality of rice insects Sitophilus oryzae at 80 mg/ml concentration in 24hrs, proving the activity also followed dose dependent pattern. 90% mortality rate observed in case of 80 mg/ml concentration of MEF extract in 12 hr whereas ACR and CHF extracts showed 70 % and PEF showed 50% mortality rate in treated rice insects. The present study shows that all the extracts of Kaempferia galanga are found to possess anthelmintic and insecticidal activities.

Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, anthelmintic activity, insecticidal activity, Pheretima posthuma, Sitophilus oryzae.


X: -2.1819916 Y: 8.38843title: Sedative activity of hexane extract of Keampferia galanga L. and its active compounds publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: It is well known that fragrance impacts behaviors and autonomic functions, and is increasingly used as relaxant, carminative, as well as sedative in aromatherapy. Kaempferia galanga L. is one of the popular traditional aromatic medicinal plants used in tropics and subtropics of Asia including China, Japan and Indochina.
The aim of present study was to investigate sedative effects of hexane extract of Kaempferia galanga L.and 2 active aromatic compounds (compound 1: ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate and compound 2: ethyl cinnamate ) included in the extyract by means of inhalation in mice.
Sedative activity was assessed by inhalation of the hexane extract and two major aromatic compounds.
Inhalation of hexane extract at the doses of 1.5 and 10mg showed significant reduction of locomotor activity, indicating considerable sedative and relaxant effects. Compound 1 and 2 were proved to possess sedative effects at 0.0014mg and 0.0012mg respectively.
These results suggest the promising application of Kaempferia galanga L. and its constituents in aromatherapy.


X: -2.0623074 Y: 8.963403title: Potensi Ekstrak Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) Menghambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: p style="text-align: justify;">Candida albicans infection is the cause of candidiasis. Candidiasis treatment can be done with a variety of antifungal drugs, one of them is rhizome of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.). The Rhizome of kencur is selected as a traditional medicine because it contains chemical compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins and essential oil that serves as an antifungal. This study aimed to determine the minimal inhibitory and minimal killing power and also an influence of kencur rhizome extract on the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. This research was true experimental design with posttest only control group design with tube dilution method. Results of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) research showed there was no clarity at concentration of 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, and it shows clarity at concentration of 50 mg/mL and 60 mg/mL. Results of Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) showed the number of colonies at concentration of 20 mg/mL were 84 colonies, concentration of 30 mg/mL were 48 colonies, concentration of 40 mg/mL were 27 colonies, concentration of mg/mL were 12 colonies and concentration of 60 mg/mL were 0 colony. Based on linear regression test, the result showed significance value of 0.000 <É‘ = 0.05 so it can be concluded that there is a kencur rhizome extract influence on the growth of Candida albicans in vitro with minimal inhibitory concentrations is the concentration of 50 mg/mL and the minimal bactericidal concentrations 60 mg/mL. Further studies are required regarding kencur rhizome extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) in inhibiting and bactericidal microorganisms other than Candida albicans.


X: -2.759658 Y: 9.096213title: Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Wound Healing Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome on the Chemical-Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer in Wistar Rats publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Introduction:
Kaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga; local name kencur, Zingiberaceae) is a plant commonly used as a kitchen spice, and empirically it is often used for medicinal purposes. This plant has been shown to have an anti-inflammatory role, but no research has been found on its effect on oral mucosal ulcer. This study aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity and wound healing effect of the ethanol extract of K. galanga L. rhizome (EEKG) on the chemical-induced oral mucosal ulcer in Wistar rats.

Methods:
In this study, 35 rats were divided into 7 groups (normal, negative, triamcinolone acetonide, and 4 EEKG groups). Acetic acid 70% was used as the oral mucosal ulcer inducer. Parameters observed were macroscopic and microscopic histopathological examinations.

Results:
The results revealed that dose of 0.5% of the EEKG was effective in increasing the percent recovery of ulcer area and inflammation sign scores. Meanwhile, doses of 0.5-2% of EEKG were effective in reducing the histopathological score. Interestingly, topical EEKG in our study was more effective compared with triamcinolone acetonide (the conventional therapy for oral mucosal ulceration).

Discussion:
The EEKG has been confirmed its anti-inflammatory activity by accelerating the healing process on the chemical-induced oral mucosal ulcer in Wistar rats, based on the percent recovery of the ulcer area, the percent recovery of the inflammation sign score, and the histopathology score.

Conclusion:
Taken together, K. galanga L. is very potential to be developed as a prospective phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of oral mucosal ulceration in human after clinical trials.


X: -2.9525173 Y: 8.674672title: Vasorelaxant Effects of Ethyl Cinnamate Isolated from Kaempferia galanga on Smooth Muscles of the Rat Aorta publish year: 2002 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: From the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga, ethyl cinnamate (EC) was isolated and its vasorelaxant effect was examined on the rat aorta. EC inhibited the tonic contractions induced by high K+ and phenylephrine (PE) in a concentration-dependent manner, with respective IC50 values of 0.30 +/- 0.05 mM and 0.38 +/- 0.04 mM. The relaxant effect against PE-induced contractions was greater in the presence of endothelium. Pre-treatment of the aorta with methylene blue and indomethacin significantly reduced the relaxant effect. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of EC may involve inhibition of Ca2+ influx into vascular cells and release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin from the endothelial cells. Thus, the vasorelaxant effect of EC mediated through multiple pathways may explain the traditional use of the parent plant in treating hypertension.


X: -2.213075 Y: 8.80063title: Kaempferia galanga Linn. Extract – A potential antibacterial agent for preservation of poultry products publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Poultry is one of the most widely consumed animal-based foods in the world. Understanding the characteristics of bacterial communities present during processing and the targeted design of natural preservatives could improve the quality and safety concerns of poultry industry. In this study, pathogens and spoilage bacteria arising from the processing of poultry products were identified using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and traditional culture screening. Ten dominant pathogenic and spoilage bacteria were isolated, including 8 g-positive and 2 g-negative bacteria. The mechanism and antibacterial activity of Kaempferia galanga Linn. extract (KGE), a spice added to the poultry products, against the targeted pathogenic bacteria were analyzed further. KGE exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial mechanism of KGE involved alteration of cell integrity and cell membrane permeability, resulting in an outflow of intracellular substances, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and alkaline phosphatase. Scanning electron microscopy further confirmed KGE-mediated cell membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage. The chemical characterization indicated that the large amounts of acetic acid present in KGE might account for its excellent antibacterial activity. Taken together, the study confirms the excellent antibacterial activity of KGE and its potential use as a natural preservative for poultry products.


X: -2.2480977 Y: 8.510424title: In vivo cytotoxic and In vitro antibacterial activities of Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga (Family: Zingiberaceae) has been used for the treatment of various skin disorders and
widely used in the treatment of nematocide, larvicide, colera and various inflammatory disorders. The study
was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of different extracts of the rhizome and leaf
of Kaempferia galanga. Cytotoxicity was determined against (Artemia salina) brine shrimp nauplii. The antibacterial activity was performed by disc diffusion method and determination of zone of inhibition of
living microorganisms. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay all the extracts showed moderate cytotoxic
activity when compared with the standard drug vincristine sulphate. For example, LC50 value of the acetonic
leaf extract was 4.78 μg/ml while the LC50 of vincristine sulphate was 0.52 μg/ml. All the natural products
(400 μg/disc) showed moderate antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
as compared with the standard drug ciprofloxacin (5 μg/disc).

Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, zingiberaceae, brine shrimp nauplii, disc diffusion method,
microorganisms.


X: -2.986121 Y: 8.355728title: Hypopigmentary Effects of Ethyl P -Methoxycinnamate Isolated from Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: We isolated crystals from the chloroform fraction of an ethanol extract of Kaempferia galanga and identified it as ethyl p-methoxycinnamate through nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In the present study, we found that ethyl p-methoxycinnamate significantly decreased melanin synthesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells stimulated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In a cell-free system, however, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate did not directly inhibit tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis. Instead, it inhibited tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that ethyl p-methoxycinnamate decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase levels in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. These results indicate that the pigment-inhibitory effect of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate results from downregulation of tyrosinase. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from K. galanga could be developed as a skin whitening agent to treat hyperpigmentary disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: -1.4057968 Y: 8.2935505title: Biochemical and molecular profiling of micropropagated and conventionally grown Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L., family Zingiberaceae, is used extensively in the preparation of both traditional and modern medicines. Buds of rhizomes of
K. galanga were incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1mg/l benzyladenine and 0.5mg/l indole-3-acetic acid
(IAA) to induce shoot proliferation. Micropropagated plantlets subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter
simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker-based molecular profiling revealed uniform banding patterns similar to those of the mother
plants. After 2years of culture in vitro, plantlets were transplanted to the field, evaluated for different agronomic traits,
and their rhizomes were subjected to biochemical profiling using quantitative and qualitative assays of essential oils. Gas
chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of rhizome oil of micropropagated plants showed the presence of 10 major components
which were similar to those detected in the mother plants, and accounted for 95.5% of the total compounds. The compound ethyl-p-methoxy
cinnamate accounted for 59.5% of the total compounds detected, followed by ethyl cinnamate, 3-carene, pentadecane, borneol,
bornyl acetate, delta-selinene, camphor, alpha-piene and immidazole, 5-carbonylvinyl-4-nitro. Biochemical and molecular profiling
of micropropagated clones revealed that an in vitro micropropagation protocol could be effectively used for commercial propagation
of true-to-type K. galanga for a stable supply of the medicinal compounds present in this plant species.

KeywordsGenetic stability–Essential oil–
Kaempferia galanga
–Micropropagation–Molecular marker


X: -3.9466722 Y: 9.967845title: Biological activity of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: In silico study publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: COVID-19 is a syndrome affecting pulmonary function but rather in serious conditions leads to death. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a type of rhizome plant in Indonesia that is used as an herbal medicine called Jamu because it is believed to be able to cure various types of diseases. One of which is for anti-virus. The goal of this study was to see how effective the compounds in kencur are against COVID-19 with a molecular docking strategy. Kencur biological activities were obtained from the library and the design of the Acute Respiratory Syndrome Main protease (Mpro) has been gained from the protein data bank website. In addition, the biological activities in kencur were examined utilizing Lipinski's five-point concept was used to evaluate their substance molecular characteristics. Molecular docking analysis was performed with the PyRx Virtual Screening Tool software. The PyRx program was used for molecular docking simulation. While, the Discovery Studio Visualizer program was used to visualize the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) and the pharmacologically active metabolites in kencur. The docking evaluation on three antiviral substances revealed that Quercetin had the lowest binding energy when bound with Mpro and thus had the greatest potential as a viral inhibitor.


X: 1.4447517 Y: 7.9361563title: In Vitro Multiplication in Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is an important medicinal plant that is facing threat of extinction owing to indiscriminate and unsustainable harvesting in the wild. Conventional breeding is difficult in this plant, and in vitro multiplication is important to conservation and propagation. Leaf and rhizome explants of Kaempferia were aseptically cultured on MS medium with various combinations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2-4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/L. High-frequency organogenesis and multiple shoot regeneration was induced from rhizome explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of IAA and 2.5 mg/L of BAP. Rooting was induced in MS medium with 0.5 mg/L of IAA and 2 mg/L of BAP.


X: -2.7645366 Y: 8.396354title: Investigation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This research was performed to determine the antioxidant, total phenolic content and cytotoxicity activities of methanol and acetone extracts of Kaempferia galanga Linn (Zingiberaceae) leaves. In this particular study, in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. leaves was determined by using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraziyl) free radical scavenging assay. Here, both Standards butyl-1- hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (ASA) showed IC50 value of 28.30 μg/mL and 5.90 μg/mL. Compared to the standard crude methanol extract (CME) and crude acetone extract (CAE) showed IC50 value of 611.82 μg/mL and 702.79 μg/mL. For total phenolic content test CME showed 1.012 mg of gallic acid equivalents/gm and CAE showed -0.066 mg of gallic acid equivalents/gm. Moreover, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was performed to determine the cytotoxic effect and the LC50 value of the CME and CAE were 4.78 μg/mL and 0.11 μg/mL. Whereas, LC50 value of the vincristine sulphate was 0.45 µg/mL. In conclusion, this research confirmed that Kaempferia galanga L. leaves comprised with antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity which can be used for various medicinal purposes.


X: -1.7002851 Y: 8.730198title: Analysis of the essential oil of the roots of the medicinal plant Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) from South-India publish year: 2001 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The essential oil content of the roots of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) from South-India was analyzed by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic methods (GC/FID and GC/MS) to identify those compounds responsible for the reported biological activities as well as for the interesting odor of this medicinally used oil. More than sixtyfive constituents were identified. Ethyl-trans-p-methoxycinnamate (52.5%), ethyl -trans-cinnamate (26.3%), pentadecane (4.9%) and 1,8-cineole (2.4%) were found as the major compounds of this essential root oil sample. Further mono- and sesquiterpenes (e.g. borneol, p-cymene, δ-3-carene and α-terpineol as well as α-gurjunene, germacrenes, cadinenes and caryophyllenes) resp. aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols were dominating in this root essential oil of K. galanga. The effects of these constituents for the use in medicinal applications as well as their olfactoric properties are discussed.


X: -2.3560042 Y: 8.493131title: Pharmacological importance of Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae): A mini review publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is an endangered medicinal plant with potent medicinal activities. The leaves, rhizome and root tubers of the plant possess a number of medicinal applications. The plant is economically important and is over exploited to the extent that there is always scarcity of propagating material (rhizomes) which is the consumable part too. The present review provides broad information of Kaempferia galanga throwing light on its current status, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Extracts of Kaempferia galanga have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial, sedative, cytotoxic, insecticidal and anthelmintic properties which are reported here.
Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, zingiberaceae, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity


X: 1.4610779 Y: 7.9184732title: Protocol for rapid propagation, and to overcome delayed rhizome formation in field established in vitro derived plantlets of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2005 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Single medium based efficient protocol for rapid propagation, and to overcome the delayed rhizome formation in field established in vitro derived plantlets of Kaempferia galanga L. through in vitro rhizome induction was achieved. MS medium with combination of 8.87 μM N6-benzyladenine (BA), and 2.46 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) induced a mean of 6.2 shoots per explant. Addition of 11.7 μM silver nitrate to 8.87 μM BA and 2.46 μM IBA supplemented medium facilitated the highest number of shoots (mean of 8.3 shoots) as well as roots within 60 days. Subculture of isolated shoots on medium with the same concentration of BA, IBA and silver nitrate increased the number to a mean of 12.1 shoots. Silver nitrate enriched medium developed rhizome at the base of shoots. Increase of sucrose concentration (6–8%) in medium with BA, IBA and silver nitrate favoured the best rhizome development. Ninety five per cent of the plantlets survived in field conditions. The plantlets established in field without in vitro developed rhizome (from medium with BA and IBA) did not form rhizome even at 7 months after transplantation. Instead, they developed tuberous roots only. The plantlets with in vitro developed rhizome (on medium having BA, IBA, silver nitrate, and 6–8% sucrose), and that established from conventional way (through splitting of old rhizome) showed no difference in growth of the rhizome. The present study emphasizes the efficacy of silver nitrate and sucrose to develop rhizome in vitro, which enabled to overcome the delayed development of rhizome, and reduced yield of plantlets established in field without in vitro developed rhizome.


X: -1.2390302 Y: 8.738625title: Repellent and Insecticidal Effects of the Essential Oil of Kaempferia galanga Rhizomes to Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae) publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The aim of this research was to determine chemical composition and repellent and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes against the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, and to isolate insecticidal or repellent constituents from the oil. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight components of the oil were identified. The major compounds in the oil were ethyl-ρ-methoxycinnamate (38.6%), ethyl cinnamate (23.2%), 1,8-cineole (11.5%), trans-cinnamaldehyde (5.3%), and borneol (5.2%). Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, four active constituents were isolated from the oil and identified as 1,8-cineole, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate, and trans-cinnamaldehyde. The essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against the booklouse with an LC50 value of 68.6 μg/cm2. Ethyl cinnamate (LC50 = 21.4 μg/cm2) exhibited stronger contact toxicity than ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 44.6 and 43.4 μg/cm2, respectively) while 1,8-cineole showed weak acute toxicity. The essential oil also possessed fumigant toxicity against the booklouse with a LC50 value of 1.5 mg/liter air. 1,8-Cineole and trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 1.1 and 1.3 mg/liter, respectively) possessed stronger fumigant toxicity against the booklouse than ethyl cinnamate and ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate (LC50 = 10.2 and 10.2 mg/liter air, respectively). trans-Cinnamaldehyde was strongly repellent to booklice, whereas ethyl cinnamate and ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate were weakly repellent and 1,8-cineole did not repel booklice. The results indicate that the essential oil and its constituent compounds have potential for development into natural insecticides or fumigants and repellents for control of insects in stored grains.


X: -1.7792562 Y: 8.759969title: Hydrodistillation based multifaceted value addition to Kaempferia galanga L. leaves, an agricultural residue publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga (aromatic ginger) is a valuable crop in the flavour and fragrance industries due to its aromatic rhizome and the essential oil therein. The aerial part of this herb is considered as an agricultural residue and of no significant commercial value till date. In the current study, the fresh leaves of K. galanga were utilized for three-way value addition through hydrodistillation technique. The process produced fragrant distillate (essential oil and hydrosol) as a unique flavouring agent. The residual hydro-extract (decoction) in the distilling flask had the reducing capability that was demonstrated through the bio-reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) nanoparticle. A three-way value addition to the agricultural residue of an aromatic crop through hydrodistillation and a synthetic utilization of the residual decoction thereof was reported for the first time.


X: -2.64507 Y: 8.429363title: Standardization of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome and vasorelaxation effect of its key metabolite ethyl p-methoxycinnamate publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethnopharmacological relevance
Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (KGR) is part of more than sixty-one Ayurvedic formulations and commonly known as ‘Chandramula’. KGR is widely used in traditional Indian medicines to treat fever (jwar), rheumatism (Amavata), respiratory (Shwasa), hypertension (Vyanabala vaishamya) and cardiovascular disorders (Vyanavayu Dushtijanya Hrudrog). Although ethnomedicinal properties have extensively been demonstrated in traditional medicines of south-east countries i.e. China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, the chemico-biological validation are still lacking.

Aim of the study
Chemico-biological standardization with respect to its vasorelaxation potential is the main objective of the present study. To investigate the vasorelaxation potential of key phytochemical of KGR, i.e., ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and to study it’s the mechanism of action.

Materials and methods
A HPLC method was developed and validated for the quality assessment of KGR using its two major phytochemicals i.e. ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and ethyl cinnamate (EC) in KGR. The vasorelaxation effect of major phytochemicals of KGR was evaluated on the main mesenteric arteries isolated from male Wistar rats. Specific BKca channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA), receptor antagonist, nitric oxide scavenging capacity, and antioxidant potential were also evaluated for its plausible mechanism.

Results
Present validated HPLC method facilitates simultaneous quantitation of EPMC and EC faster than classical GC techniques. EPMC has shown a dose-dependent relaxation in rat main mesenteric arteries (MMA) contracted by U46619 with an Emax of 58.68±3.31 %. Similarly, in endothelium-denuded MMA rings, relaxation was also observed (Emax of 61.83±3.38%). Moreover, relaxation response to EPMC has strongly inhibited (Emax 14.76±2.29 %) when the tissue exposed to depolarizing high K⁺ containing buffer for the contraction. The point correlation dimension (pD2) values were also significantly decreased in high K⁺ treated arterial rings compared to control. Interestingly, when MMA rings incubated with a specific BKca channel blocker (TEA, 1mM), the relaxation response to EPMC was also significantly blocked.

Conclusions
The first time this study demonstrated the chemical standardization of K. galanga rhizome and EPMC is responsible for its vasorelaxation potential as demonstrated by the endothelium-independent response mediated by Ca2+ dependent potassium channels.


X: -2.9552364 Y: 8.2421665title: Structural Characterization and Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharides from Kaempferia galanga L publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The water-soluble polysaccharides from Kaempferia galanga L. (KGPs) were extracted and purified, and their structural characteristics and antitumor activity were further investigated. The UV spectrum, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ion chromatography (IC) were employed to evaluate the structural characteristics, and H22 tumor-bearing mice model was established to demonstrate the antitumor activity. Physicochemical analysis and UV spectrum results showed that the proportions of total sugar, protein, and uronic acid in KGPs were 85.23%, 0.54%, and 24.17%, respectively. HPGPC, FTIR, and IC indicated that KGPs were acidic polysaccharides with skeletal modes of pyranose rings and mainly composed of arabinose and galactose with the average molecular weight of 8.5 × 10 ⁵ Da. The in vivo antitumor experiments showed that KGPs could effectively protect the thymus and spleen of tumor-bearing mice from solid tumors and enhance the immunoregulatory ability of CD4 ⁺ T cells, the cytotoxic effects of CD8 ⁺ T cells and NK cells, and finally resulting in the inhibitory effects on H22 solid tumors. This study provided a theoretical foundation for the practical application of KGPs in food and medical industries.


X: -3.091 Y: 8.8373575title: Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-??, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga.
The anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate were assessed using the cotton pellet granuloma assay in rats, whereby the levels of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured in the animals' blood. In addition, the levels of interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide were measured in vitro using the human macrophage cell line (U937). The analgesic effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate were assessed by the tail flick assay in rats. The anti-angiogenic effects were evaluated first by the rat aortic ring assay and, subsequently, by assessing the inhibitory effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate on vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate strongly inhibited granuloma tissue formation in rats. It prolonged the tail flick time in rats by more than two-fold compared with the control animals. The inhibition of interleukin and tumor necrosis factor by ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate was significant in both in vivo and in vitro models; however, only a moderate inhibition of nitric oxide was observed in macrophages. Furthermore, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate considerably inhibited microvessel sprouting from the rat aorta. These mechanistic studies showed that ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate strongly inhibited the differentiation and migration of endothelial cells, which was further confirmed by the reduced level of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate exhibits significant anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis, thus inhibiting the main functions of endothelial cells. Thus, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory and angiogenesis-related diseases.


X: -1.3210125 Y: 8.540119title: Toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome constituents to Meloidogyne incognita juveniles and eggs publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome constituents to second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs of Meloidogyne incognita was examined in vitro and in container experiments. Results were compared with those of three nematicides: carbofuran, fosthiazate and metam sodium. Ethyl cinnamate (EC) and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) were the nematicidal and hatch inhibitory principles. In direct-contact mortality bioassays, EC 0.037 mg ml-1) and EMC (0.041 mg ml-1) were more toxic than carbofuran (0.092 mg ml-1) but less toxic than fosthiazate (0.002 mg ml-1) towards J2 based upon 48 h LC50 values. EC and EMC treatments resulted in 100% and 93 and 81% inhibition of hatch at 125.0 and 62.5 μg ml-1, respectively. Inhibition of these compounds was higher than carbofuran and metam sodium but significantly lower than fosthiazate. In contact +fumigant mortality bioassays with J2, EC and EMC applied at 0.25 and 0.125 mg (g soil)-1resulted in 81 and 80% and 77 and 73% mortality, respectively, while carbofuran and metam sodium treatments resulted in 86 and 96% and 57 and 73% mortality, respectively. Fosthiazate resulted in 92% mortality at 0.063 mg (g soil)-1. In vapour-phase mortality bioassays with J2, EC and EMC were more effective in a closed container than in an open one, indicating that mode of delivery was, in part, a result of vapour action. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic nematicides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on K. galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly ethyl cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, as potential nematicides and hatching inhibitors for the control of M. incognita as fumigants with contact action.


X: -2.847689 Y: 8.061851title: Antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of methanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: As sources of natural products, medicinal plants bear a great interest for researcher in recent decades and this interest has increased considerably in finding naturally occurring antioxidant and antineoplastic compounds. Kaempferia galangal Linn., is an important member of medicinal flora available in Bangladesh and used traditionally for the prevention of numerous diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of methanol extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome (MEKGR). In vitro models and MTT assays were used to determine the antioxidant and in vitro antineoplastic properties of MEKGR. Antineoplastic effect of MEKGR against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) were assessed in vivo by evaluating the viable tumor cell count, survival time, body weight gain due to tumor burden, observing morphological changes and nuclear damage of EAC cells by fluorescence microscope and estimating hematological profiles of experimental mice. Chemical composition was also analyzed by GC-MS. Treatment with MEKGR significantly (p<0.05) reduced viable EAC cells and weight gain and increased life span. MEKGR restored all hematological parameters, such as RBC, WBC, hemoglobin (Hb%) of EAC-bearing mice towards normal level. Membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentations were observed after treatment with MEKGR. MEKGR exhibited strong antioxidant activity. TPC (Total phenolic content) and TFC (Total flavonoid content) were found strongly correlated (P<0.05) with antioxidant activities of MEKGR. 2-propenoic acid, phthalic acid, palmitic acid, sandaracopimaradiene, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-[2-(4-nonylphenoxy) ethoxy] ethanol and glycidyl stearate were identified as the major constituents of MEKGR by GC-MS analysis. The overall findings of this study suggest that MEKGR may provide a natural source of antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.


X: -2.7292097 Y: 7.9082117title: Cytotoxicity Effects of Extracts and Essential Oil of Kaempferia galanga on Cervical Cancer C33A Cell Line publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The cytotoxicity properties of Kaempferia galanga extracts were studied. Crude extracts of the rhizome were obtained by extraction with methanol (KGM), petroleum ether (KGPE) and ethyl acetate (KGEA). Meanwhile, the essential oil (KGEO) was produced by steam distillation method. The aim of the present work was to screen the cytotoxic activity of K. galanga extracts and essential oil on cervical cancer C33A cell line. The cytotoxic activities were assessed on C33A cell line using MTT and scratch assays. Results of MTT assay showed that KGEA and KGM were the most cytotoxic at 1000 µg mL⁻¹ with cell viabilities of 11 and 14 %, respectively. Lower cytotoxic activities were shown by KGPE and KGEO with 64 and 88 % cell viability, respectively. Meanwhile, KGEA was slightly cytotoxic at concentration of 500 µg mL⁻¹ with cell viability of 70 %. However, all the extracts were able to inhibit or at least slow down cell growth when tested using the scratch assay. It can be concluded that K. galanga seems to have cytotoxic properties and may be used as an anticancer agent. © 2017, Oriental Scientific Publishing Company. All rights reserved.


X: -2.1834629 Y: 8.784665title: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PETROLEUM ETHER, METHANOL AND ACETONE EXTRACTS OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L. RHIZOME publish year: 2005 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Crude extracts of the rhizome Kaempferia galanga L. with petroleum ether, acetone and methanol were screened for antimicrobial activities against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria i.e. Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sonnei. The zones of inhibition produced by the crude extracts of K. galanga petroleum ether, acetone and methanol extracts against pathogenic bacteria were found between 0-20, 0, 0-15 and 6-11 mm respectively. Acetone extract showed no activity whereas methanol and petroleum ether extracts of the plant exhibited significant activity. Therefore, methanol and petroleum extract was further repeated to confirm the bioactive principles. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol and petroleum extracts was measured against Gram- negative i.e. E. coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., and Gram-positive i.e. Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas sp., the values were found to be for between 2-16 µg/ml. Key word: Plant extract, Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Kaemperia galanga mvi ms‡¶c: Kaempferia galanga Gi ivBR‡gi †cUªwjqvg B_vi, GwmUb Ges wg_vb‡j Acwi‡kvwaZ wbh©vm ØvivyBvU MÖvg


X: -2.8239915 Y: 7.792832title: In vitro cytotoxic and toxicological activities of ethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. and its active component, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, against cholangiocarcinoma publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Objective
To evaluate the cytotoxic, apoptotic, mutagenic and immunomodulatory activities of Kaempferia galanga Linn. (KG) extract and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) in vitro.

Methods
The present study investigated the cytotoxic [using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide test], apoptotic (using a mitochondrial membrane potential assay), mutagenic (using a micronucleus test) and immunomodulatory (using flow cytometry) activities of the ethanolic extract of KG and its bioactive component, EPMC, against two cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines, CL-6 and HuCCT1, and one normal human cell line, OUMS-36T-1F.

Results
Both KG extract and EPMC exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against both CCA cells. The cytotoxic activity was supported by their concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis. CL-6 was most sensitive (3 to 4 fold) and selective to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), compared with KG extract and EPMC [median half inhibiting concentration (IC50) and selectivity index (SI) were 23.01 μg/mL and 17.32; 78.41 μg/mL and 4.44; 100.76 μg/mL and 2.20, respectively for 5-FU vs. KG extract vs. EPMC]. HuCCT1 was relatively more sensitive and selective to 5-FU and EPMC than KG extract [median IC50 and SI were 66.03 μg/mL and 6.04; 60.90 μg/mL and 3.65; 156.60 μg/mL and 2.23, respectively for 5-FU vs. EPMC vs. KG extract]. EPMC produced relatively potent cytotoxic activity against polymorphonuclear cells (IC50 = 92.20 μg/mL). KG extract and EPMC exhibited concentration-dependent mutagenic activity, as well as inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6.

Conclusion
Considering cytotoxic, apoptotic, immunomodulatory and mutagenic activities, further development of KG as a drug candidate is likely to focus on the oral pharmaceutical formulation of a standardized KG extract rather than isolated compounds.


X: 1.5321108 Y: 7.821465title: In vitro Rapid Propagation of Black Thorn ( Kaempferia galanga L.): A Rare Medicinal and Aromatic Plant of Bangladesh publish year: 2005 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: An efficient protocol has been established for rapid production of plantlets using rhizome tip and lateral bud explants of the field grown plant. The explants were cultured on MS medium with auxins (NAA, IBA and IAA) and cytokinins (BA and Kn). Cent percent of the explants produced two or three shoot buds in each culture when they were cultured on MS medium containing 1.0 mg L -1 BA+0.1 mg L -1 NAA within three weeks of culture. The number of shoots per culture increased gradually when the primary cultures were subcultured in two weeks intervals. Highest number of 20.50?1.80 shoots proliferated in each culture when the explants of initially sprouted shoots were subcultured at three times on the same medium. Microshoots were isolated from the in vitro proliferated cluster of shoots produced roots in 100% cases on modified (MMS2) medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L -1 of IBA. Maximum number of 12.4?1.23 roots per microshoot were recorded on the medium containing 0.2 mg L -1 IBA. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and established on the soil with eighty five percent success.


X: -0.60582834 Y: 7.974612title: Root competition for phosphorus between coconut, multipurpose trees and Kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) in Kerala, India publish year: 1999 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The magnitude of root competition 17 year-old coconut palms suffer from three year-old inter-planted multipurpose trees, Vateria
indica L., Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston. or Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. and kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.), a herbaceous
medicinal plant, was evaluated based on the extent of absorption of applied 32P by the palms in sole and mixed crop situations. The multipurpose tree (MPT) species were grown under two planting geometries
(single row and double row). The hypothesis that, when grown together, widespread root proliferation of coconut and multipurpose
trees occurs in the well-fertilised kacholam beds was tested by root excavation. Interplanted MPTs substantially altered absorption
of 32P by coconut. Both Ailanthus and Vateria exerted a modest depressing effect, while Grevillea enhanced 32P uptake by coconut. Single rows of MPTs also favoured 32P recovery by coconut, presumably because of the increased root densities in the subsoil. Ailanthus, Vateria and Grevillea
absorbed substantial 32P. Overall, high 32P absorption in the coconut-Grevillea plots indicates complementary root-level interactions between these species. 32P absorption by MPTs was generally higher closer to the trees owing to the greater root concentration of the MPTs, which in
turn suggests possible root interference between MPTs and coconut. Hence selection of tree species with low root competitiveness
and/or trees with complementary root interaction is of strategic importance in agroforestry. Kacholam showed substantial 32P content in its foliage. This 32P appears to have been translocated by coconut into the kacholam beds where new coconut roots were abundant.


X: -1.2787935 Y: 8.03204title: Total phenol content of accessions of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) at different altitudes publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is one of the potential medicinal plants with a high enough market demand so that the cultivation of kencur is still quite promising. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of altitude on the total phenol content of several accessions of kencur. The research was carried out at the Tropical Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural University, from June to November 2017. The treatment tested was kencur accession rhizome taken from two altitudes, 214 m asl (lowlands) and 780 m asl (highlands). 10 g of kencur accession rhizome powder was added with methanol in a ratio of 1:10, then macerated while shaking using a magnetic stirrer (25 °C; 180 min). The extract was filtered and the filtrate was dried using a rotary vacuum evaporator (50 rpm; 60 °C) until a dry crude extract was obtained. Total phenol was tested by the Folin-Ciocalteu method at a wavelength of 730 nm. The results showed that altitude significantly affected the total phenol content of the kencur accession rhizome extract. The highest total phenol content value was obtained from Galesia 1 (GAL 1) in the lowlands of 17.92 mg/g (equivalent to gallic acid/GAE) and in the highlands obtained from PBG accession (Purbalingga) of 24.85 GAE mg/g compared to other accessions.


X: -2.9335284 Y: 8.860349title: Extracts, fractions, and ethyl-P-methoxycinnamate isolates from Kaempferia galanga Elicit anti-inflammatory activity by limiting leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Background and aim
Kaempferia galanga, also known as aromatic Ginger (kencur) in Indonesia, has been widely explored and shows potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, there has been limited research to show a possible mechanism by which aromatic ginger inhibits lipoxygenase (LOX). Therefore, this study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of aromatic ginger by comparing extract, fractions, and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) isolate, as well as possible LOX inhibition activity, by reducing the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4).

Experimental procedure
Two animal models were used, namely, the carrageenan-induced granuloma air pouch model and the pleurisy model. The test substance was administered 1 h before carrageenan induction, which was performed orally for each animal model. The number of leukocytes and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels, and histology were observed. GC-MS and LC-MS were used for analysis of the chemical compounds in the test samples.

Results and conclusion
The results of GC-MS analysis showed that aromatic ginger rhizome extract and fractions were dominated by ethyl-trans-p-methoxycinnamate, with the highest level found in the extract. K. galanga showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to the control (p < 0.01) in both the granuloma air pouch and pleurisy models. The results of examining the LTB4 concentration showed comparable activity between K. galanga extract, fractions and EMPC isolate, these results were not better than those of zileuton. Overall, this study shows that aromatic ginger extract, fractions and EPMC isolate have anti-inflammatory properties and have the potential to inhibit LOX, thereby reducing LTB4 levels.


X: -2.5884266 Y: 8.550048title: Chemical composition of the Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil and its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Introduction
Oxidative stress is closely related to the development of many diseases. Essential oils (EOs) show potent antioxidant activity from natural sources. Kaempferia galanga L. is an important medicine rich in high-value essential oil (KGEO). However, the antioxidant activity of KGEO remains to be fully studied.

Methods
Chemical composition of KGEO was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging assays and reducing power assay in vitro. A zebrafish model was used to evaluate the protective effect of KGEO against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in vivo.

Results
The major components of KGEO were found to be trans ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (32.01%), n-pentadecane (29.14%) and trans ethyl cinnamate (19.50%). In vitro pharmacological results showed that KGEO had good free radical scavenging capacity in DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays (IC50 values: 19.77 ± 1.28, 1.41 ± 0.01, and 3.09 ± 0.34 mg/mL, respectively) and weak reducing capacity in the reducing power assay (EC50 value: 389.38 ± 4.07 mg/mL). In vivo zebrafish experiments results indicated that the survival rate and heart rate increased, and ROS generation, cell death, and lipid peroxidation were attenuated after KGEO treatment. In addition, a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were observed in the KGEO-treated groups.

Discussion
This study validated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of KGEO, which provides a theoretical basis for a profound study of KGEO and its application in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.


X: 1.6039621 Y: 7.77145title: Efficient Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf Base-derived Callus of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plantlets regeneration were achieved in callus cultures established from the leaf base explants of Kaempferia galanga L. Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis at various frequencies were observed using different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. The highest percentage of callus induction was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D+1.0 mg L-1 BA. After transfer on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 BA+0.1 mg L-1NAA, this callus produced small globular embryos first that later developed into plantlets by further subculturing on the same medium. Plantlets were acclimatized and subsequently transferred to the field. Survival rate of the plantlets under ex vitro condition was 85%.


X: -2.75623 Y: 8.13919title: Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) extracts with ameliorative and protective potential as a functional food, beyond its flavor and nutritional benefits publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L) is native to India and believed to be originated in Burma. Despite substantial uses in a pickle and south-east Asian cuisines, aromatic ginger is chemically less studied than white and red ginger. Multi-directional investigations have been performed to evaluate chemical composition, nutritional values, ameliorative and protective potential of aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga) rhizome (KGR). Macro and micro components analysis confirmed that KGR contains protein, fiber, and high amount of essential minerals (potassium, phosphorous, and magnesium) along with appreciable amounts of iron, manganese, zinc, cobalt, and nickel. The anti-proliferative potential of KGR evaluated nine human cell lines. We have evaluated the anti-proliferative potential of hydrodistillate, extract, and key compound isolated from KGR on nine human cancer cell line and also reporting the safety to normal peritoneal macrophage cells. The current study demonstrates the anticancer potential of the KGR on MDA-MB-231 and WRL-68 cells. Very likely, results can be extrapolated to an animal or human system. Ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (EPMC) was responsible for inhibiting the proliferation action which varied in a tested cell by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The present study demonstrates KGR as safe and high energy value medicinal spices with chemo-preventive action, without toxic phytochemicals, and tolerable other anti-nutritional factors.