X: -1.5172442 Y: 6.104465title: Quantitative HPLC Determination and Stability Studies of Pyridostemin in Extracts and Water Dispersible Granule Formulations of
Stemona curtisii publish year: 2008 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of
pyridostemin, the major pesticidal alkaloid found in Stemona curtisii. This methodology was applied to the investigation of plant extracts and water dispersible granule formulations. Stability
indicating procedures have also been carried out. The chromatographic separation was on a C18 column with a mixture of acetonitrile–water–triethylamine (30:70:0.12, v/v/v), using UV detection at 300nm. Validation procedures showed that the method was specific, accurate and precise. The response
was linear over a range of 5–25μgmL−1 with recoveries in the range of 98.28–102.85%. The RSD for intra- and inter-day precision were <0.72 and <1.29%, respectively.
Extraction of plant material with dichloromethane gave a significantly higher pyridostemin content in the crude extracts when
compared with extractions in methanol. Partial purification of the crude extracts by silica gel column chromatography was
used to concentrate the mixture about fourfold. Degradation behavior of pyridostemin in the partially purified extracts followed
first-order kinetics. The main pathways for its decomposition were base hydrolysis and oxidation.


X: -1.2855321 Y: 6.246867title: Insecticidal activity of Stemona collinsiae root extract against Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) publish year: 2017 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: In Thai indigenous knowledge, Stemona plant has traditionally been used as insecticide on plantations. Recently, S. collinsiae extract was showed to be an anti-feedant and growth inhibitor and to exert strong insecticidal activity. Here, the insecticidal activity of S. collinsiae root extract against Parasarcophaga ruficornis is studied. The larvicidal and pupacidal activities of the ethanolic root extract of S. collinsiae were tested using contact toxicity tests, and adulticidal activity was tested using the topical contact toxicity and sugar bait methods The ethanolic extract at concentration ranging of 0.3–320 mg/larva for the direct contact toxicity test and from 0.3-3.2 mg/cm²/larva for the secondary contact toxicity test showed 3.0-51.0 and 1.0-94.0% corrected mortality, respectively. Against third-instar larvae, the LD50 concentrations of the ethanolic extract were 31.7 ± 0.0 mg/larva and 1.4 ± 0.0 mg/cm²/larva for direct and secondary contact toxicity tests, respectively. Pupae were not eliminated at all concentrations of the ethanolic extract. Against adult flies, which were killed via oral administration, the LD50 concentration of the ethanolic extract was 0.145 ± 0.070 g extract/g glucose. Thus, the ethanolic extract of S. collinsiae was capable of eliminating P. ruficornis in larval and adult stages via topical and ingestion administration, respectively.


X: -1.363322 Y: 6.281188title: Oral toxicity of various Stemona collinsiae crude extracts against nymph and adult stages of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera: Blattodea) publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona collinsiae exhibits insecticidal resistance against various pests and insect vectors. However, insecticidal activity of S. collinsiae roots has not been tested for some insect vectors, including the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The synanthropic insect P. americana is a reservoir of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and a cause of infectious diseases and cockroach allergy. This important vector transmits microorganisms to animals and humans to cause vector-borne diseases. This research involved detection of the nymphicidal and adulticidal activities of S. collinsiae root extracts against P. americana through oral administration. The effects of hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water crude extracts were tested on final instar nymphs and adult P. americana. After P. americana ingested bait containing hexane and dichloromethane crude extracts, signs of toxicity occurred, such as hind leg shaking, whole-body tremor, immobility, abdomen swelling, and death. At 48 h, the nymphs and adult P. americana that ingested dichloromethane crude extract-containing bait showed corrected mortality of 65%–100% and 20%–100%, respectively. Whereas none of the nymphs and adult P. americana that ingested the water crude extract-containing bait died (0% corrected mortality). When we dissected alimentary canals of the dead P. americana that had ingested dichloromethane and hexane crude extract-containing baits, the foreguts were found to be swollen. TLC analysis showed the dichloromethane and hexane crude extracts contained the alkaloid didehydrostemofoline and unknown fluorescent substances. Phytochemicals from crude extracts were detected in extracts of dissected alimentary canals using thin-layer chromatography, and didehydrostemofoline alkaloid and unknown fluorescent substances were found in cockroaches that ingested dichloromethane- and hexane-containing baits. The cause of death of P. americana may be attributed to alkaloids and synergistic effects of other substances in S. collinsiae root extract. Mechanisms of action might include several pathways involved in nervous system function. Thus, dichloromethane and hexane crude extracts can be developed as alternative active ingredients in a natural insecticide for cockroach control.


X: -1.4319127 Y: 6.1341558title: Optimized extraction for high yield of insecticidal didehydrostemofoline alkaloid in Stemona collinsiae root extract publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona plants, which are popularly called “Non Tai Yak” in Thailand, have been traditionally used as a bio-pesticide. Stemona collinsiae is one of the most interesting species containing didehydrostemofoline alkaloid as a major component with promising insecticidal toxicity. The extraction methods yielding the highest content of didehydrostemofoline were investigated in S. collinsiae roots and the extracts were monitored with the validated-HPLC. Selection of a suitable extracting solvent was also taken into account. Using a single solvent, the yield of didehydrostemofoline was clearly increased with the increasing polarity (acetone < acetonitrile < ethanol < methanol). Methanol and 70% ethanol were the efficient solvents for extracting didehydrostemofoline from the roots with nearly the same yields of 0.393 ± 0.007 and 0.388 ± 0.001% w/w, respectively. Seventy percent ethanol, which is less hazardous than methanol, was recommended as the solvent for extracting S. collinsiae roots. Comparative analysis of didehydrostemofoline in the root extracts prepared by different extraction methods (sonication, reflux, Soxhlet, maceration, percolation) with 70% ethanol showed that reflux and sonication gave the highest content of didehydrostemofoline. However, reflux is simple, cheap, and more convenient for upscaled to industrial process. Therefore, it should be recommended for extraction of high quality extracts from S. collinsiae roots. This work will be useful as a guide for further preparation and development of S. collinsiae root extracts as natural pharmaceutical and/or insecticidal products.


X: -1.5687009 Y: 5.973088title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline alkaloids and extracts from Stemona collinsiae Craib roots publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Introduction: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is one of insect toxicity mechanisms found in many
plants. Stemona collinsiae Craib, a traditional insecticidal plant, has been of interest for its AChE inhibitory
activity.
Methods: Powdered roots of S. collinsiae were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and
methanol. The contents of major active insecticidal components, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline
alkaloids, were analyzed by HPLC. Anti-AChE activity was evaluated using Ellman’s colorimetric method
and TLC-bioautography.
Results: The contents of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids in the hexane, dichloromethane,
and methanol extracts were 3.59 and 0.18, 40.78 and 0.74, and 1.43 and 0.09% w/w, respectively. TLC
fingerprints of each extract showed major spots of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline of which TLC
bioassays indicated active AChE inhibitory activity. IC50 values on anti-AChE activities of hexane,
dichloromethane and methanol extracts were 126.72, 73.78, and >1000 mg/ml, respectively while those
of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline, and standard galanthamine were 131.3, 102.1, and 1.30 mM,
respectively.
Conclusion: The AChE inhibitory activity of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts from
S. collinsiae roots and their major alkaloids, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline, were determined.
The data support the traditional utilization of this plant as a natural insecticide.


X: -1.2506841 Y: 6.3166547title: Larvicidal activity of Stemona collinsiae root extract against Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala publish year: 2023 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala, considered synanthropic insects, are medically important flies, as they transmit vector-borne diseases to humans and animals. In Thailand, Stemona (Stemonaceae) plants have been traditionally used as insecticides. This study was designed to determine the larvicidal activity of S. collinsiae root extract against M. domestica and C. megacephala larvae. A 70% ethanol crude extract from S. collinsiae roots was tested against the third-instar larvae of both species using direct and indirect contact methods. The development and mortality rates of the insects were observed, and the LC values were calculated. The extract caused irregular development in both species, shown as segmental puparia that could not emerge as adult flies. The LC50 values of the extract against M. domestica tested by direct and indirect contact methods were 0.0064 ± 0.0005 mg/larva and 0.0165 ± 0.0002 mg/cm²/larva, respectively. In the case of C. megacephala, the LC50 value determined by the indirect contact method was 1.0500 ± 0.0001 mg/cm²/larva. The ethanolic root extract of S. collinsiae was able to kill the larvae of both species after dermal administration. It is of interest to develop S. collinsiae root extract as a natural fly control biopesticide.


X: -1.2783415 Y: 6.2442026title: Effect of Stemona spp. against Rhipicephalus microplus publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona plants have been traditionally used against various insects in Thailand and Southeast Asian countries. The acaricidal efficacy of 9 species of Stemona grown in Thailand was evaluated against dairy cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus using adult immersion test and in vivo evaluation on infested calves. From the ten Stemona root extracts used in this study, S. collinsiae of a concentration 250 mg/ml possessed the highest activity. In vivo study revealed that S. collinsiae extract could significantly reduce the attached ticks on calf skin compared to the control and promoted not significantly different efficacy from flumethrin, a common pyrethroid used in dairy farms. No side effect was found on calves during the experiment. The results confirmed traditional use of S. collinsiae as a better source of insecticide than other species and could be used as guidance for further development of S. collinsiae as a herbal acaricide.


X: -1.4328325 Y: 6.0555243title: Distribution, bioactive components and biological activities of Stemona species in Thailand publish year: 2010 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Phytochemical investigations of Stemona species have revealed the presence of alkaloids, stilbenoids, tocopherols (chromenols), etc. Stemona alkaloids constitute a unique chemical feature of the Stemonaceae and cannot be detected so far in any other plant families. Their alkaloid structures are characterized by a pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine core which can be classified into three types based on biosynthetic consideration i.e. stichoneurine-(tuberostemonine-), protostemonine- and croomine-types of alkaloids. Tuberosa group contains stichoneurine- and croomine-types, demonstrating antitussive activity, while non-tuberosa group contains protostemonine type alkaloid which promotes potent insecticidal activity. Biological testings showed that insecticide and antitussive activities of Stemona are depended on Stemona alkaloids while antifungal activity against plant-pathogenic fungi is depended on the presence of stilbenoids. Moreover, preliminary tests on anticancer and antioxidant activities of some Stemona species have also been reported.


X: -1.4932057 Y: 5.9651227title: Structural Relationships of Stemona Alkaloids: Assessment of Species-Specific Accumulation Trends for Exploiting Their Biological Activities publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: On the basis of a comparison of 42 Stemona samples, representing eight different species collected and cultivated in Thailand, species-specific accumulation trends of Stemona alkaloids were analyzed. An overview was achieved by comparative HPLC analyses of methanolic crude extracts of underground parts coupled with diode array or evaporative light scattering detectors. All major compounds were isolated and their structures elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. Protostemonine- and stichoneurine-type derivatives dominated, from which the latter characterize S. tuberosa and S. phyllantha accumulating species-specific isomers of tuberostemonine (3). The widespread S. curtisii and S. collinsiae clearly deviate by protostemonine-type derivatives dominated by stemofoline (10) and/or didehydrostemofoline (11). Further diversification within this structural type results from a mutual accumulation of derivatives with a pyrrolo- or pyridoazepine nucleus, leading to chemical variability in S. curtisii and S. aphylla.


X: -1.5530334 Y: 6.0379486title: The traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Stemona species: A review publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Ethnopharmacological relevance
Plants of genus Stemona (Stemonaceae) have long been used locally and traditionally in many South and East Asia counties to relieve cough, dispel phlegm, prevent asthma, control pests, diminish inflammation and analgesia, and they also can be used as analgesia or bacteriostasis.

Aim of study
This review provided comprehensive and up-to-date information about botanic characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, pharmacological activities, and toxicology of plants of genus Stemona to explore the scientific potential and future therapeutic potential of the plants.

Materials and methods
This article conducted a literature review on information about the Stemona species in multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley, Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, ACS publications, SpringerLink, Elsevier, and China National Knowledge Internet. Information was also derived from other literature sources (e.g. Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2015 edition, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc thesis, etc).

Results
Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literatures indicated that many Stemona species are popular and valuable herbal medicines with therapeutic potentials to treat various ailments. Phytochemical analyses identified alkaloids and stilbenoids as the major bioactive substances of Stemona species. Numerous studies have shown that the extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from these plants have a wide range pharmacological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antitumour, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal and antifeedant, and anti-virus activities.

Conclusion
Though plants of genus Stemona have been put to enormous traditional uses, the pharmacological studies conducted were insufficient. Nowadays, researches were mainly focused on the antitussive, anti-inflammatory as well as insecticidal and antifeedant activities. Therefore, more secondary metabolites need to be studied for more detailed pharmacological studies. Further studies are also required to establish the mechanisms which mediate the plants’ bioactivities in relation to the medicinal uses as well as investigate any potential toxicity for future clinical studies.


X: -1.3987004 Y: 6.083655title: TLC-densitometric analysis of didehydrostemofoline in Stemona collinsiae roots publish year: 2014 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona collinsiae (Stemonaceae) has been traditionally used as a natural pesticide for a long time. Didehydrostemofoline is a major active component that possesses potent insect toxicity. A simple thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometric method has been developed for determination of didehydrostemofoline in S. collinsiae root extract at UV maximum absorption 300 nm. The analysis was performed on TLC aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel 60 F254 using dichloromethane: ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonium hydroxide 70:25:5:1 as a mobile phase. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The linearity was within the concentration range of 40.48-323.84 ng/spot with correlation coefficient (r) 0.995. Intraday and interday precision studies showed the relative standard deviation (RSD) <4%. Accuracy of the method was determined by a recovery study of didehydrostemofoline at 3 different levels and was found to be 95.9, 104.3 and 103.5%, with an average of 101.2%. The LOD and LOQ were 6.88 and 22.94 ng, respectively. The contents of didehydrostemofoline in the methanol extract and in dried root powder of S. collinsiae were 1.27±0.09, 0.74±0.05% w/w, respectively. The developed method was simple, precise, specific and accurate and could be used for quantification of didehydrostemofoline in plant materials, extracts and products containing this compound. It would be suitable for routine analysis of many samples of S. collinsiae extract and its products simultaneously.


X: -1.5252861 Y: 5.8825145title: Structural classification and biological activities of Stemona alkaloids publish year: 2019 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona alkaloids represent a unique class of natural products exclusively known from the three genera Stemona, Stichoneuron, and Croomia of the monocotyledonous family Stemonaceae. Structurally they are characterized by a central pyrroloazepine core usually linked with two butyrolactone rings. The great diversity, comprising 215 derivatives, is created by the formation of additional C–C linkages and oxygen bridges together with ring cleavages and eliminations of the lactone rings. Based on biosynthetic considerations they can be grouped into three structural types represented by the croomine, stichoneurine, and protostemonine skeleton. Due to the formation of characteristic terminal lactone rings and the central pyrrolidine ring pandanamine and pandamarilactonine, isolated from Stichoneuron calcicola, were suggested to represent biogenetic precursors. The taxonomically complex S. tuberosa group can be clearly segregated by the formation of stichoneurines, while the other Stemona species are characterized by protostemonine derivatives. Croomine derivatives are more widespread found in both groups and in the genus Croomia. Of chemotaxonomic significance are the different transformations of protostemonine into stemofolines with a cage-type structure or into pyridoazepines characterized by a six-membered piperidine ring. Stimulated by the great interest in the antitussive activity of Stemona alkaloids, differences in transport mechanisms and potencies via different administrative routes were investigated. Follow-up studies on the significant insecticidal activities focused on the mode of action by using biochemical and electrophysiological approaches. Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties revealed a much higher potency for stemofoline derivatives compared to pyridoazepines, but showed also significant activity for isomers of stenine with a stichoneurine skeleton. Evaluating synergistic growth inhibitory effects with cancer chemotherapeutic agents stemofoline exhibited the most potent effect in the reversal of permeability glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. The anti-inflammatory activity of some derivatives was identified as an inhibition of the expression of inflammatory mediators. Comparing the diverse bioactivities of Stemona alkaloids stemofoline-type derivatives are the most versatile compounds representing promising lead structures for further development as commercial agents in agriculture and medicine.


X: -1.4002808 Y: 6.1142044title: Microscopic Characterization as a Tool for Separation of Stemona Groups publish year: 2010 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Introduction: Stemona plants have been traditionally used as an insecticide, scabicide and pediculocide, and for the treatment of skin and respiratory diseases. Stemona can be separated into two groups according to their morphological characters and bioactive components i.e. stichoneurine and protostemonine groups. Protostemonine group contains alkaloids that possess potent insecticidal activity while stichoneurine group accumulates alkaloids with antitussive activity. In Thailand, a vernacular name “Non Tai Yak” refers to the roots of different species of Stemona, making it confusing to discern different species. The purposes of this study are to investigate the microscopic characteristics of the roots of seven species of Stemona growing in Thailand and to distinguish and identify these groups of Stemona. Methods: Cross-sectional histology of fresh root samples and powdered drug characteristics of 7 species of Stemona were studied under a microscope. Results: The roots of Stemona in the stichoneurine group (S. tuberosa and S. phyllantha) contained a non-lignified large pith while the roots of protostemonine group (S. burkillii, S. cochinchinensis, S. collinsiae, S. curtisii and S. kerrii) had a small lignified one. The powder of stichoneurine group contained numerous thin-walled parenchyma, but only few thick-walled parenchyma and lignified fibers and vessels were present. In contrast, thick-walled parenchyma and lignified fibers and vessels were frequently found in the powdered roots of protostemonine Stemona. These characteristics could be used to discern between Stemona in the stichoneurine and protostemonine groups. Conclusions: The microscopic characterizations can be used as a primary tool to categorize and separate 2 main Stemona groups.


X: -0.43286175 Y: 6.502371title: Census of Stemona (Stemonaceae) in Thailand publish year: 2010 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The genus Stemona is represented in Thailand by 11 species. Two new species are described: Stemona involuta and S. rupestris. A key to the species and descriptions are presented.


X: -0.23722516 Y: 6.633177title: Stemona namkhunensis (Stemonaceae), a new species from Eastern Thailand publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona namkhunensis Chatan & Promprom, a new species from the East of Thailand, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to S. collinsiae Craib but clearly differs in the characteristic of the petiole, lamina, tepal, stamen, pistil, simple and pedunculated flower, and lacking bract. A morphological description, distribution, ecology, etymology, vernacular name, preliminary conservation status, and photographs are provided. A key to species of the erect species in Thailand is presented.


X: -1.4084915 Y: 5.9461336title: Phenylbenzofuran-type stilbenoids from Stemona species publish year: 2014 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Five new phenylbenzofuran-type stilbenoids, stemofurans S-W (1-5), were isolated from underground parts of four Stemona species collected in Thailand and Australia together with the known stemofurans A-C, G, E, J, M, the stilbostemins A-D, F, the stemanthrenes A-D, dihydropinosylvin, pinosylvin, and 4'-methylpinosylvin. The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated by H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In accordance with previous reports all compounds were characterized by C-methylations of the aromatic rings. Stemofurans S (1) and U (3) showed an unusual hydroxylation at position C-4', a hitherto unknown substitution of Stemona stilbenoids.


X: -1.3178173 Y: 6.222397title: Contact Toxicity of Various Stemona Collinsiae Root Extracts Against Periplaneta Americana (Dictyoptera: Blattodea) And Detection of Didehydrostemofoline Distribution in Tissue Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Contact toxicity against Periplaneta americana has never been tested with S. collinsiae root extract. Hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol and water extracts were tested in final-instar nymphs and adult P. americana by topical application method. The dichloromethane extract showed the high-est potency of contact toxicity against the final-instar nymphs (41-100% corrected mortality at 48 hours), lowest LC50 (1.5±0.2 %w/v at 48 hours), and lowest LT50 (36.1±0.8 hours at 10%w/v) while the water crude extract lacked the contact toxicity (0-0% corrected mortality at 48 hours). Signs of toxicity, such as excited movement, trembling body, motionlessness, and swollen abdomen segment including irregularly extended foregut were found at the both stages of P. americana dropping with solutions of dichloromethane extract. Detection of didehydrostemofoline distri-bution using IMS revealed that didehydrostemofoline distributed in the tissue of the dead fi-nal-instar nymph and adult P. americana contacting with dichloromethane extract, but it was not found in tissue of euthanized P. americana which exposed to the water extract. Didehydrostemo-foline in the extract was a cause of toxicity signs and death of P. americana via a contact route. Thus, dichloromethane extract and didehydrostemofoline could be used as an active ingredient and chemical marker in aerosol and spray formulations for cockroach control.


X: -3.522673 Y: 9.868839title: Antioxidation of 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives: Structural-electronic effects and mechanisms publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stilbenoid-type 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives, which are widely distributed in nature, are now promising antioxidant agents. In the present study, a quantum computational approach principally based on the DFT/ B3LYP method with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set was used to shed light on free radical scavenging for the isolated compounds stemofurans A-K and S-W. On the basis of the findings and from a thermodynamic perspective, the antioxidant activity of all studied compounds in the gaseous phase was mostly controlled by the O-H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), consistent with the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism. The solvent effect was investigated, and the hydroxyl radicals of these studied compounds possessed the lowest proton affinity (PA) enthalpy and the sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) pathway occurred in water, methanol and acetone. The studied compounds interacted with DPPH radicals, which is kinetic evidence of the involvement of two intermediates and one transition state. From both thermodynamics and kinetics perspectives, it can be proposed that stemofuran U is likely to be a leader compound in antioxidant drug development due to the presence of a 4 0-OH moiety. Regarding the structure-bioactivity relationship, methylation can lead to a decrease in BDE.


X: -2.6282437 Y: 6.524895title: Antiproliferative Activity against Various Cancer Cells and Phytochemical Components of Thai Herbal Formula publish year: 2012 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Recently, cancer has become a major disease causing death of Thai people. Herbal formulas are complementary choices used for cancer treatment. In this study, a traditional herbal formula, which has been used for lung and liver cancer treatment, was selected from Wang Nam Yen district in Sa Kaeo province. Aqueous extracts of the whole formula and of each component herb were investigated for antiproliferative activity by MTT colorimetric assay against four human cancer cells (KB, MCF-7, HepG2, SiHa) and a non-cancerous cell (Vero). The whole formula extract inhibited growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HepG2) with IC 50 value of 347.87 ± 55.06 µg/ml but showed no activity on other cancer cells. Further-more, the aqueous extract of phaya fai (Diospyros undulata Well. Ex. G. Don. var. cratericalyx (Craib) Bakh.) and of krajai (Caesalpinia hymenocarpa (Prain) Hattink) showed the most po-tent antiproliferative effect against all cancer cell lines. Phytochemical screenings of aqueous extracts of the whole formula and of each herb were conducted. Flavonoids and lactone com-pounds were the major compounds found in the whole formula extract. Whereas, tannins and saponins were also found in each component extract, other anticancer activities and chemical compounds should be studied to consider the mechanism.


X: -1.5439856 Y: 5.9810567title: Cytotoxic and larvicidal activities of Stemona alkaloids from the aerial parts and roots of Stemona curtisii Hook.f publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A new Stemona alkaloid glycoside derivative, 6-hydroxy-5,6-seco-stemocurtisinoside (4), was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Stemona curtisii Hook.f., together with stemocurtisine (1), (11Z)-1',2'-didehydrostemofoline (2) and 6-hydroxy-5,6-seco-stemocurtisine (3). Whereas, stemocurtisine (1), stemocurtisinol (5) and oxyprotostemonine (6) were isolated from the roots. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as MS experiments. The extract and the pure isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities and their larvicidal activities against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The alkaloid 2 showed the strongest larvicidal activity with a LC50 value of 2.44 µM. While the alkaloid 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and KB cells (IC50 values of 62.52 and 18.82 µM, respectively) and showed no significant cytotoxicity against Vero cells. Additionally, quantitative analysis of the most active compounds; 2 and 3 in the crude extracts was also performed by HPLC.


X: -1.4597892 Y: 6.0219564title: HPLC Quantitative Analysis of Insecticidal Didehydrostemofoline and Stemofoline in Stemona collinsiae Root Extracts publish year: 2012 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona spp. have been traditionally used as natural pesticides and medicinal plants. Stemona collinsiae Craib has been of interest for its insecticidal activity, which has been supported by many scientific research studies. The roots contain didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids as active components.
To develop and validate a HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline in S. collinsiae root extracts.
HPLC was carried out using a Hypersil BDS C₁₈-column eluted with methanol:1 m m ammonium acetate (55:45) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection at 295 nm. Method validation was performed to assure its linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection and quantitation.
Didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline showed a linear relationship within the range of 0.5-432.4 and 0.5-188.4 µg/mL, respectively. The method was shown to be precise with RSD < 2%. The average recovery of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline were 98.80 and 99.97%, respectively. Eight samples of S. collinsiae root extracts were analysed and the average contents of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline were 0.78 and 0.048% w/w, respectively.
The HPLC method developed was appropriate for the analysis of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline in S. collinsiae root extracts. This work would be useful as a guide for the standardisation of S. collinsiae root extract raw materials and their products as natural pesticides.


X: -1.589581 Y: 5.945269title: The structure and bioactivities of Stemona alkaloids and alkaloids with [1,2-α] azepine nucleus (2009–2021) publish year: 2023 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona alkaloids with a unique skeleton of pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine, pyrido[1,2-a]azepine, pyrido[1,2-a]azonine or indolizidine core are obtained only from the Stemonaceae family. And some plants from this family have been used for treating respiratory diseases and as antihelmintic in China for thousands of years. In addition, some alkaloids with [1,2-a]azepine nucleus have also been isolated from plants of the Flueggea (Euphorbiaceae), Securinega (Phyllanthaceae), Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) and Cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxaceae) genera. These alkaloids are named as Securinega alkaloids or Cephalotaxus alkaloids. A total of 94 new Stemona alkaloids, 51 new Securinega alkaloids, and 24 new Cephalotaxus alkaloids were obtained from 2009 to 2021. The absolute configurations of Stemona, Securinega, and Cephalotaxus alkaloids are usually determined using NOESY, biogenic synthesis, and data comparison methods during structural analysis. Based on an in-depth analysis of these structures, we found that the above methods are not rigorous. This article raises some problems in the structure determination of these alkaloids and summarizes the rules of nuclear magnetic resonance data of Securinega and Cephalotaxus alkaloids, which can also make the structure analysis more rigorous. In this review, we describe the isolation, structures, NMR rules, biogenic synthetic pathway and biological activities of these Stemona alkaloids, as well as the structure-related alkaloids isolated from the genera Flueggea, Securinega, Phyllanthus, and Cephalotaxus. This review also provides significant reference for the structural analysis, biogenic pathways, and pharmacological activities of Stemona, Securinega, and Cephalotaxus alkaloids.

Graphical Abstract


X: -0.6721709 Y: 6.987519title: Ethnobotanical study and utilization of plants in Khok Nhong Phok forest, Kosum Phisai District, Northeastern Thailand publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Saisor N, Prathepha P, Saensouk S. 2021. Ethnobotanical study and utilization of plants in Khok Nhong Phok forest, Kosum Phisai District, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 4336-4348. The present study was conducted in Khok Nhong Phok forest, Kosum Phisai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Northeastern Thailand. The forest was surrounded by communities where traditional knowledge has been inherited in the utilization of plants which may disappear over time due to the development of medicinal science and technology. The primary is to study the traditional knowledge in ethnobotanical, collect information about the utilization of plants, and provide the scientific name as the basis for future studies. Data were collected through open-ends interviewing with 30 villagers living in villages around the forest area about their local name, utilization of plants in all 3 aspects, including plants used as food, medicine, and plants used to build houses including parts of plants used. Plant materials and photographs were collected from January to December 2019. Altogether 101 plant species were recorded belonging to 52 families, divided into 3 groups of utilization according to traditional knowledge including 50 species of food plants, 69 species of medicinal plants, and 42 species used for housing, appliances, and fuel. In this study, some plants with more than one type of utilization showed that they were valuable to local people in terms of their uses, and such information can be used as a guideline for the conservation of plant resources in the area to show the importance of cherishing, and maintain valuable resources in the area to remain for future generations.


X: -1.4560516 Y: 6.0701475title: Insecticidal Activity and Alkaloid Components of Stemona spp. in Thailand publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona species have been traditionally used as natural pesticides and medicinal plants. Despite their diversity, the same vernacular name of “Non Tai Yak” has been used for various species in Thailand because of their similar root shapes. However, a variation in phytochemical constituents of different species was observed, leading to their different biological activities. This study determined the insecticidal activities of various species growing in Thailand. The samples representing 7 species and one unidentified species, probably closely related to S. collinsiae, were tested using chronic feeding bioassays with neonate larvae of the polyphagous pest insect Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Potent insect toxicity was observed in all S. collinsiae, the unidentified species, and some samples of S. curtisii. S. kerrii as well as S. aphylla and S. ruprestris showed low to moderate activity. S. tuberosa and S. phyllantha showed no marked insecticidal activity. Stemofoline and didehydrostemofoline were found to be the major compounds in the active samples, clearly demonstrating the higher insecticidal effect than the other alkaloids. Thus, stemofoline and didehydrostemofoline sould be used as bioactive chemical markers for the quality assessment of Stemona roots, their extracts and final products for further pharmaceutical and agricultural developments.


X: -1.4482168 Y: 5.9513607title: The Diversity of Stemona Stilbenoids As a Result of Storage and Fungal Infection publish year: 2012 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: In relation to their biogenetic origin, 68 Stemona stilbenoids have been grouped into four structural types and are listed in order of increasing substitution pattern. Besides different hydroxylations and methoxylations, the rare C-methylations of the aromatic rings represent a typical chemical feature of these compounds. The formation of phenylbenzofurans constitutes another important chemical character separating Stemona species into two groups consistent with morphological and DNA data. Fungal infection leads to an increasing accumulation of stilbenes, dihydrostilbenes, and phenylbenzofurans with unsubstituted A-rings, suggesting the ecological role of these compounds as phytoalexins. Further oxygenations and methylations of both rings are interpreted as a result of aging or the drying processes. Bioautographic tests on TLC plates and germ-tube inhibition assays in microwells against four different fungi exhibited antifungal activities for almost all stilbenoids tested. Some derivatives also showed effects against yeasts and bacteria. Further activities may also be seen as dormancy-inducing factors of Stemona species occurring in periodically dry habitats. A leucotriene biosynthesis inhibition assay using 15 stilbenoids showed interesting structure-activity relationships, with more potent effects of some compounds than the commercial 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton being observed. Potential neuroprotective activities have been reported for three dihydrostilbene glucosides against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.


X: -1.1211348 Y: 7.220464title: Traditional medicine use by Cancer patients in Thailand. publish year: 2015 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE: cancer patients commonly use traditional medicines (TM) and in Thailand these are popular for both self-medication and as prescribed by TM practitioners, and are rarely monitored. A study was conducted at Wat Khampramong, a Thai Bhuddist temple herbal medicine hospice, to document some of these practices as well as the hospice regime.
Cancer patients (n=286) were surveyed shortly after admission as to which TMs they had previously taken and perceptions of effects experienced. They were also asked to describe their current symptoms. Treatment at the hospice is built upon an 11-herb anti-cancer formula, yod-ya-mareng, prescribed for all patients, and ideally, its effects would have been evaluated. However other herbal medicines and holistic practices are integral to the regime, so instead we attempted to assess the value of the patients' stay at the hospice by measuring any change in symptom burden, as they perceived it. Surviving patients (n=270) were therefore asked to describe their symptoms again just before leaving.
42% of patients (120/286; 95%CI 36.4%, 47.8%) had used herbal medicines before their arrival, with 31.7% (38/120; 95%CI 24%, 40.4%) using several at once. Mixed effects were reported for these products. After taking the herbal regime at Khampramong, 77% (208/270 95%CI; 71.7%, 81.7%) reported benefit, and a comparison of the incidence of the most common (pain, dyspepsia, abdominal or visceral pain, insomnia, fatigue) showed statistical significance (chi(2) 57.1, df 7, p <0.001).
A wide range of TMs is taken by cancer patients in Thailand and considered to provide more benefit than harm, and this perception extends to the temple regime. Patients reported a significant reduction in symptoms after staying at Khampramong, indicating an improvement in quality of life, the aim of hospices everywhere. Based on this evidence, it is not possible to justify the use of TM for cancer in general, but this study suggests that further research is warranted. The uncontrolled use of TMs, many of which are uncharacterised, raises concerns, and this work also highlights the fact that validated, robust methods of assessing holistic medical regimes are urgently needed.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.


X: -0.90820426 Y: 7.150072title: Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiri province (Northeast Cambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most common ailments publish year: 2016 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
In this paper we present a comprehensive ethnomedicinal study conducted in Mondulkiri province. Traditional knowledge about natural medicine (plants, animals, mushrooms) was investigated in Cambodia's largest indigenous community: the Bunong people. The survey aims to document the medicinal plant use of this ethnic, by focusing on the eleven most frequent diseases encountered in the area, in order to highlight species that could be recommended in public health programs.

Materials and methods:
During the years 2013 and 2014, 202 villagers were interviewed in 28 villages from the five districts in Mondulkiri. Two types of methodology were employed: (1) an ethnobotanical field survey (walk-in-the-wood interviews) and (2) semi-structured household interviews with a special emphasis on the treatment of 11 most common ailments encountered in the area. Medicinal plants and mushrooms were collected and identified together with medicinal animals. The factor informant consensus (FIC) and fidelity level (FL) were calculated.

Results:
Bunong people use a total of 214 plants belonging to 72 families, 1 mushroom and 22 animal species in their traditional healthcare practices in order to treat 51 different ailments. Among the medicinal plants, Fabaceae was the most predominant family; Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae), Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. (Zingiberaceae) and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) were the most cited medicinal plants; and four ailments (cold/fever, diarrhea, postpartum disorders and stomachache) were described as major ailments in the community. The root was the most important part of plants used, and decoction was the most cited method of preparation. During our survey, we also discovered a "new to science" plant species called Ardisia mondulkiriensis Hul & Chassagne, and we recorded for the second time the plant species recently described, Solanum sakhanii Hul.

Conclusion:
Most of the species reported for the treatment of the 11 most frequent ailments have already been proven to be efficient and safe. Furthermore, ten plant species are reported for the first time as medicinal and some of them are widely used in the community. Further pharmacological and phytochemical investigations should be undergone to assess the pharmaceutical potential of these species. While undergoing considerable changes, Bunong people have maintained extensive traditional medicine knowledge. As this indigenous hill tribe depend mainly on natural remedies for their daily healthcare, environmental preservation is of high importance for the community.


X: -0.5137293 Y: 7.0958996title: Proceedings of the 2019 Mohawk Watershed Symposium publish year: 2019 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: This is the abstract volume of the 11th Mohawk Watershed Symposium. Over the years this Symposium has taken on an important role in unifying and galvanizing stakeholders in the Basin. A coalition of concerned and invested stakeholders allows us as a group to tackle important issues that affect water quality, recreation opportunities, flood mitigation, and other basin-wide issues. This was a big year in the watershed with a number of important developments that centered on floods, dams, water quality, and stewardship.

With another ice jam on the lower Mohawk River this winter, we were again reminded of the susceptibility of low-lying communities to flooding. A new initiative from the State seeks to get to the root cause of how, why, and where ice jams form, and perhaps what can be done about this hazard. Meanwhile the City of Schenectady has embarked on an ambitious plan to mitigate flooding in Stockade, the first historic district in the State of New York.

A key to watershed management is our water infrastructure. The primary components of concern are dams and sewage systems and to a lesser extent transportation networks. Dams in the Watershed are used mainly for drinking water, canal supply, and hydropower. The Watershed has nearly 100 NYS Class C and Class B (high-hazard and intermediate-hazard ) dams, and hundreds of smaller Class C and D dams. We have a number of dams that are critical for drinking water, and the Gilboa Dam on the upper Schoharie Creek is a wonderful example: the recent major rehabilitation of the Gilboa dam resulted not only in dam strengthening and hazard reduction, but also provided changes that include a low-level outlet that can be used for conservation releases to sustain the downstream ecosystem in the summer.

For dams that generate hydropower, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issues licenses based on power generation, energy conservation, protection of fish and wildlife, preservation of recreational uses, and general environmental quality. As a result, the FERC review process can force significant environmental review of the ways in which dams integrate into the local ecosystem. Thus when dams come up for review, stakeholders have an important responsibility to get involved and have their voices heard. FERC reviews of the Blenheim-Gilboa Dam (on the Schoharie Creek) and the West Canada Creek Hydroelectric Project (on the West Canada Creek) have recently generated intense interest by local stakeholders. Some of the focus has been on not only how the dams are integrated into the ecosystem, but also how they are integrated into the fabric of local communities.

Some dams have outlived their utility, and these dams should be removed both for the benefit of the local ecosystem and for the safety of those living downstream. Given the industrial heritage in the Mohawk Valley, it is not surprising that there are a number of abandoned dams that no longer serve their original functions. We know that dam removal can have tremendous positive impact on fish passage and the local ecology, but we also know that removal can be an expensive and involved process. Facilitation of fish passage is a primary driver in dam removal, although we have learned that it inevitably results in passage both by species that belong in this watershed and by invasive species, illustrating the point that some barriers are useful.

Water quality remains a central issue in the Watershed. For a healthy and vibrant ecosystem we need clean water. We know that locally our waterways are impaired, and the indicators include pathogens and plastics. We now understand the health of our waters from hundreds of measurements taken across the watershed by students, educators, and dedicated professionals from SUNY Cobleskill, SUNY IT Polytechnic in Utica, Union, Cornell, Schoharie River Center, Riverkeeper, DEC, USGS, and others who have been addressing water quality through research. These critical measurements include quantifying the distribution, source, and fate of environmental contaminants including fecal bacterial, microplastics, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other compounds that affect water quality.

Stewardship and education are a critical piece of effective watershed management. Stakeholder meetings like the Mohawk Watershed Symposium, and local water advocates (including West Canada Creek Alliance, Riverkeeper, and Dam Concerned Citizens) play a key role in identifying problems, educating the public, and effecting change where it is most needed. Youth education programs centered on water quality and ecosystem health, such as the Environmental Study Teams at both the Schoharie River Center and Fort Plain High School, insure that all our waterways pass into the hands of the next generation of active, engaged, and knowledgeable stewards.

The Mohawk River Basin has a new Action Agenda and Watershed management plan. In 2009 the first plan was developed by NYS DEC and partners, and the new five-year plan (2018-2022) was completed at the end of last year (2018) and will be released here at the Symposium. The overall goal is consistent with the whole-Hudson approach of a swimmable, fishable, resilient watershed. There are four main goals of the plan: 1) Improve water quality; 2) improve fisheries and wildlife habitat; 3) reduce flood risk and build resilient communities; and 4) create and foster stewardship opportunities. This is our new plan, and you, as a stakeholder, should be part of making it successful.

Our keynote speaker is Hon. Rep. Antonio Delgado, a native of Schenectady, who represents the 19th Congressional District. The 19th District is one of the largest in New York State, and it includes a wide swath of the Catskills, including the Schoharie Creek, part of the Mohawk, and a large section of the Hudson from the Capital District south to Poughkeepsie. In the short time he has been in Congress Rep. Delgado has demonstrated a commitment to our water infrastructure. He is founding member of the bipartisan Congressional PFAS Task Force, and he is a co-sponsor of the Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity and Reliability Act (WATER Act) of 2019. He serves on the House Agriculture Committee, the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the Small business Committee.

This year’s meeting features 30 presentations that cover a wide range of topics. We hope that the selection of talks and posters will shape the discussion and continue the conversation about issues within the basin. By the end of the day, the Mohawk Watershed Symposium series will have been the forum for 340 talks, posters, and special presentations since its inception in 2009. Thank you to all who have participated.

New York City water supply and infrastructure upgrades at Schoharie Reservoir
A. Bosch p. 1

The New York State Mesonet: Providing real-time, high-quality environmental information across the Mohawk watershed
J. Brotzge, C. Thorncraft, J. Wang p. 3

Toward improved community resiliency: Developing and assessing ice jam and flood mitigation measures along the Mohawk River
M. Carabetta, J. MacBroom, J. Gouin, R. Schiff, B. Cote p.5

Characterization of disinfection by-product formation potential in Mohawk River source waters to support TMDL implementation
A. Conine, M. Schnore, Z. Smith, G. Lemly, C. Stoll, A.J. Smith p. 6

The Mohawk River Basin Action Agenda 2019-2023: A Five-Year Plan for a Swimmable, Fishable Mohawk
K. Czajkowski p. 7

Hogansburg Dam decommission and removal: Removal of first impassible barrier restores connection between St. Regis and St. Lawrence Watersheds
A. David p. 9

Fort Plain Waterways: Stories of then and now in an Erie Canal town
L. Elliott, C. Herron, G. Hoffman, W. MaGinnis, S. Paradiso, S. Rogers 10
The 2019 mid-winter ice jam event on the lower Mohawk River, New York
J.I. Garver p. 11

Expansion of Invasive Round Goby in the Mohawk River-Barge Canal System
S. D. George, B.P. Baldigo, C.B. Rees, M.L. Bartron p. 17

Nature-induced and human-instigated water deprivation sparks conflict in the Middle East
A. Ghaly p. 18

Oroville Dam's main and emergency spillways: two near-miss disasters
A. Ghaly p. 19

Identification of a point source for plastic pollution in upstate New York: a case study of Mayfield Lake
K.N. Hemsley, L.G. English, C Cherizard, D.J. Carlson, J. McKeeby, S. Hadam, E. McHale p. 20

Stockade Resilience: Feasibility analysis of flood mitigation alternatives and design of mitigation measures to protect Schenectady’s Stockade Neighborhood
M. Irwin p. 27

A four-year series of snap-shots: Data and observations from a Mohawk River water quality project as it enters Year Five of a longitudinal study
N.A. Law, B.L. Brabetz, L.M. Wanits, L. Cao, S. Rogers, C. Rodak, J. Epstein, J. Lipscomb, D. Shapley p. 33

Aquatic invasive species in the Mohawk River Watershed: the devil is in the details
C. McGlynn p. 34

United States Coast Guard Auxiliary: Recreational Boating Safety in the Mohawk Watershed
D. Miller p. 35

The impact of alternative preservation methods and storage times on the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in water
M. Miller, L. Piccirillo, A. Verheyden, D. Gillian p 36

The importance of the West Canada Creek and FERC re-licensing for the WCC hydroelectric projects
B. Nador p. 37

Overview of the Schoharie Creek Watershed flood mitigation study
P. Nichols p. 41

Observations on dissolved and total metal concentrations in the Mohawk River in Utica and Rome, NY
C. Rodak and N. Diers p. 42

Phosphorus monitoring prioritization in Mohawk River basin sub-watersheds using LENS
M. Schnore, A.J. Smith, B. Duffy, K. Stainbrook, C. Stoll, Z. Smith p. 43

What's up with the Mohawk Delta? Insights from community water quality monitoring at the mouth of the river
D. Shapley, J. Lipscomb, J. Epstein, S. Pillitteri, B. Brabetz, N.A. Law, A. Juhl, C. Knudson, G. O’Mullan, C. Rodak p. 45

Confirming the presence of microplastics in Capital Region fish using a novel no-kill abdomen massage
A. Shimkus, J.A. Smith p. 48

Extreme rainfall, high water, and elevated microplastic concentration in the Hans Groot Kill: implications for the Mohawk River
J.A. Smith, E. Caruso, N. Wright p. 53

Reconnecting waters for eels and river herring: towards resilience building approaches for dam removal action in the Hudson River watershed
K. Smith, A.M. Feldpausch-Parker, K.E. Limburg p 59

Innovative approach to deliver a $300 million treatment plant upgrade for Oneida County, New York
J. Story, R. Ganley, S Devan p. 60

Characterization of carbon export in Upstate New York: initial geochemical characterization of six rivers
J. Wassik, J. Gehring, C. Horan, M. Stahl p. 65

Baseline monitoring of physical parameters and Enterococci levels in the Hans Groot Kill, Schenectady, NY
E. Willard-Bauer, J.A. Smith, J.I. Garver p. 69


X: -1.3666271 Y: 6.0463295title: Phytochemical characterization of the Chinese endemic species Stemona mairei and five other Stemona species publish year: 2018 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Comparative HPLC-PDA analyses of methanolic root extracts of the almost unstudied Chinese endemic species Stemona mairei, collected from nine locations throughout its natural habitat in northern Yunnan, led to the identification of the pyrrolo[1,2-α]azepine-type alkaloid protostemonine (1) as the main alkaloid and 3,4-dehydro-δ-tocopherol (9) as the main tocopherol derivative. Analysis of the five further Chinese Stemona species S. sessilifolia, S. japonica, S. parviflora and S. shandongensis, collected in adjacent locations, resulted in identification of eight Stemona alkaloids, with seven of them possibly derived from 1. Additionally, the presence of three tocopherols was confirmed co-chromatographically with authentic samples. From S. shandongensis, the alkaloids stemocochinin (7) and croomine (8) were isolated and their structures confirmed by NMR and MS analyses. Additionally, the quantitative content of protostemonine (1) and the tocopherols 9 and 10 present in extracts were assessed. Concerning the tocopherols, S. mairei differs by the occurrence of chromenol derivatives from the other species which accumulate both chromenol and chromanol derivatives. Furthermore, the root extracts of S. mairei exhibited nematicidal activities against Panagrellus redivivus. These results are briefly discussed in a biological and chemotaxonomic context, respectively.


X: -1.8590728 Y: 6.0632186title: Stemona alkaloids, from traditional Thai medicine, increase chemosensitivity via P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux can cause a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype that is associated with a poor response to cancer chemotherapy. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, active Stemona alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Stemona aphylla and S. burkillii. The chemical structures of isolated alkaloids were confirmed by HPLC, LC-MS and NMR as stemocurtisine and oxystemokerrine from S. aphylla, and stemofoline from S. burkillii. The isolated alkaloids were evaluated for synergistic growth inhibitory effect with cancer chemotherapeutic agents including vinblastine, paclitaxel and doxorubicin of KB-V1 cells (MDR human cervical carcinoma with P-gp expression), but not in KB-3-1 cells (drug sensitive human cervical carcinoma, which lack P-gp expression). Verapamil was employed as a comparative agent. The results showed that among these three isolated alkaloids; stemofoline exhibited the most potent effect in vitro in the reversal of P-gp-mediated MDR. Treatment with stemofoline at the various concentrations up to 72 h was able to significantly increase sensitivity of anticancer drugs including vinblastine, paclitaxel and doxorubicin in dose- and time-dependent manner in KB-V1 cells. The result obtained from this study indicated that Stemona alkaloids may play an important role as a P-gp modulator as used in vitro and may be effective in the treatment of multidrug-resistant cancers. This is the first report of new pharmacological activity of Stemona alkaloids, which could be a new potential MDR chemosensitizer.


X: -2.2143135 Y: 6.0232706title: Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein Mediated Multidrug Resistance by Stemofoline Derivatives publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Resistance to chemotherapy in cancer patients has been correlated to the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that actively efflux chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells. We examined the mutidrug resistance reversing property of stemofoline derivatives in drug-resistance human cervical carcinoma (KB-V1) and human leukemic (K562/Adr) cell lines that overexpress P-gp. Didehydrostemofoline and eleven of its derivatives were synthesized and the cytotoxicity and their effect on doxorubicin, vinblastine and paclitaxel sensitivity in drug resistant (KB-V1 and K562/Adr) and drug sensitive (KB-3-1 and K562) cell lines by an MTT assay were determined. We found that three out of the twelve stemofoline derivatives including OH-A1, NH-B6 and NH-D6 showed commitment efficiency to increase sensitivity to doxorubicin, vinblastine and paclitaxel in KB-V1 cells and increase sensitivity to doxorubicin, and paclitaxel in K562/Adr cells whereas the effects have not been seen in their parental sensitive cancer cell lines (KB-3-1 and K562). These results indicate that stemofoline derivatives reversed P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro, and thus could be developed as effective chemosensitizers to treat multidrug-resistant cancers. The molecular mechanism of modulation of P-gp would be further determined.


X: -1.4604088 Y: 6.029939title: HPLC simultaneous analysis for quality assessment of Stemona curtisii roots and determination of their insecticidal activities publish year: 2013 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stemona spp. have been traditionally used as natural pesticides and medicinal plants. S. curtisii, a dominant
species of south and southwest Thailand, attracted attention for its insecticidal properties caused
by specific alkaloids. A HPLC analytical method for quantitative determination of the major derivatives
oxystemokerrine, stemocurtisine, stemocurtisinol, and stemofoline in root extracts of S. curtisii was developed.
The method was validated for its linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of
quantitation (LOQ). Ten root samples were collected from various localities in Thailand and investigated
for their insecticidal activities against neonate larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Stemofoline was shown to
possess the highest insecticidal activity with a LC50 value at 2.4 ppm and EC50 at 0.98 ppm. The present
work provides a simultaneous HPLC analysis for quality assessment and standardization of S. curtisii raw
materials, extracts and final products with regard to active Stemona alkaloids for further development as
high quality natural insecticidal products.


X: -1.8357605 Y: 6.059666title: Stemona alkaloids, from traditional Thai medicine, increase chemosensitivity via P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux can cause a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype that is associated with a poor response to cancer chemotherapy. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, active Stemona alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Stemona aphylla and S. burkillii. The chemical structures of isolated alkaloids were confirmed by HPLC, LC-MS and NMR as stemocurtisine and oxystemokerrine from S. aphylla, and stemofoline from S. burkillii. The isolated alkaloids were evaluated for synergistic growth inhibitory effect with cancer chemotherapeutic agents including vinblastine, paclitaxel and doxorubicin of KB-V1 cells (MDR human cervical carcinoma with P-gp expression), but not in KB-3-1 cells (drug sensitive human cervical carcinoma, which lack P-gp expression). Verapamil was employed as a comparative agent. The results showed that among these three isolated alkaloids; stemofoline exhibited the most potent effect in vitro in the reversal of P-gp-mediated MDR. Treatment with stemofoline at the various concentrations up to 72 h was able to significantly increase sensitivity of anticancer drugs including vinblastine, paclitaxel and doxorubicin in dose- and time-dependent manner in KB-V1 cells. The result obtained from this study indicated that Stemona alkaloids may play an important role as a P-gp modulator as used in vitro and may be effective in the treatment of multidrug-resistant cancers. This is the first report of new pharmacological activity of Stemona alkaloids, which could be a new potential MDR chemosensitizer.


X: -1.5294333 Y: 5.9246993title: Nematocidal Alkaloids from the Roots of (H.Lév.)K.Krause and identification of their pharmacophoric moiety publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Fifteen undescribed Stemona alkaloids, named as stemarines A–O (1–15), along with 25 known alkaloids (16–40), were isolated and identified from the roots of Stemona mairei (H.Lév.)K.Krause (Stemonaceae). Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of the NMR spectra, mass data, and computational chemistry. All the hitherto undescribed compounds possess a pyrrolo[1,2-α]azepine core structure but differ in important structural features, which reflects their nematocidal activities. Alkaloids 3–6 featured a carboxylic side chain and exhibited significant nematocidal activity against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Transections of fresh roots combined with application of the Dragendorff’ reagent on the tissue indicated accumulation of alkaloids mainly in the epidermis and the pith. These results suggest the key pharmacophore of these alkaloids lies in the aliphatic side chain of these compounds and its spatial distribution in the roots indicate protective effects against underground herbivores.


X: -2.3007877 Y: 6.0807767title: A Pharmacological Strategy Using Stemofoline for more Efficacious Chemotherapeutic Treatments Against Human Multidrug Resistant Leukemic Cells publish year: 2018 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Our previous study reported that stemofoline (STF) exhibited a synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic drugs in human multidrug-resistant (MDR) leukemic cells (K526/Adr) by inhibiting the function of P-glycoprotein, which is a membrane transporter that is overexpressed in several types of MDR cancers. This study further investigated the effects of a combination treatment of STF and doxorubicin (DOX) in vitro and in vivo. The combination treatment of 50 mg/kg of STF strongly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of DOX in SCID-beige mice bearing K562/Adr xenografts without additional toxicity when compared to the single treatment groups. Additionally, an examination of the proliferation markers (Ki67) and the apoptotic marker (TUNEL) in tumor tissues in each group revealed that the combination therapy significantly reduced Ki67 positive cells and increased apoptotic cells. From the in vitro experiments we also found that this combination treatment dramatically induced G1 and G2M arrest in K562/Adr when compared to a single treatment of DOX. STF treatment alone did not show any cytotoxic effect to the cells. These results suggest that the accumulation of DOX enhanced by STF was sufficient to induce cell cycle arrest in K562/Adr. These findings support our previous in vitro data and indicate the possibility of developing STF as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatments. Creative Commons Attribution License


X: -1.4551572 Y: 6.0358534title: Morphological and Chemical Variation of Stemona tuberosa from Southern China - Evidences for the Heterogeneity of this Medicinal Plant Species publish year: 2017 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The occurrence of bioactive alkaloids and tocopherols was studied in 15 different provenances of Stemona tuberosa Lour. collected in southern China, to examine chemical variation of individuals that show notable differences in flower characteristics. Morphological variations stimulated examination of chemical characteristics of these individuals.
Methanolic root extracts of 15 individuals of S . tuberosa were comparatively assessed with HPLC ‐ UV ‐ DAD / ELSD . Five of seven compounds were co‐chromatographically identified. Two compounds were isolated and their structure elucidated using NMR and MS . Amounts of alkaloids and tocopherols were determined using HPLC ‐ UV ‐ DAD / ELSD with the external standard method.
Five alkaloids, tuberostemonine ( 1 ), tuberostemonine A ( 2 ), neotuberostemonine ( 3 ), tuberostemonine N ( 4 ), stemoninine ( 5 ) and two 3,4‐dehydrotocopherol derivatives were identified. Within S . tuberosa alkaloid accumulation tends either towards tuberostemonine ( 1 ) or stemoninine ( 5 ). All individuals show a notable co‐occurrence of compounds 1 or 5 and 3,4‐dehydro‐δ‐tocopherol ( 6 ). These results coincide with differences in flower morphology of S . tuberosa .
Stemona tuberosa , as defined in the Flora of China , shows a remarkable variation in flower morphology and additionally in the accumulation of alkaloids. The obtained data show the need for future species delimitation to either species or subspecies level.


X: -1.5776597 Y: 5.9567785title: Alkaloids from the Roots of Stemona aphylla publish year: 2009 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Three known compounds, stemofoline (1), (2'S)-hydroxystemofoline (2), and (11Z)-1',2'-didehydrostemofoline (3), along with two new alkaloids, stemaphylline (4) and stemaphylline-N-oxide (5), have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona aphylla. The structures of these alkaloids were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The analysis of the crude dichloromethane extract by GC-MS in the EIMS mode showed the presence of alkaloids 1-4, the alkaloid 11, and stilbostemin R (12). The crude dichloromethane extract and 4 were tested for their comparative biological activities. The results of their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities showed that the crude extract had higher activity than that of 4. The insecticidal properties of the crude extract and 4, using a topical application, showed that 4 had an activity similar to the positive control, methomyl, whereas the crude extract had much lower activity. Their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas auruginosa ATCC 27853, and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 was weak (MIC 62.5-125 microg/mL, MBC 125-250 microg/mL, MFC 125 microg/mL) but much higher than that of the crude extract.


X: -0.681305 Y: 8.882687title: Utilization of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peel Waste into Bioactive Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Properties publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The wastes generated during the post-harvest handling of various agricultural commodities is rather under-utlilized. The peels of citrus fruits are often discarded as waste. Citrus peels are rich in essential oils and exhibit toxicity towards various insect species. The essential oils are also an eco-friendly option for insect pest management. The Citrus maxima peel essential oil (CMEO), a waste product, characterized it, and evaluated its potential for insect pest management. The major terpenoids present in CMEO are Limonene and α-Pinene. The CMEO displayed potentials in controlling the insect pests via contact and fumigant toxicity. Moreover, CMEO showed significant larvicidal activities against Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes aegypti species of mosquitoes; however, Armigeres subalbatus was more resistant. The biological safety of the essential oil was also tested against the stored seeds, where no significant inhibition of seed germination was noticed compared to the control. Utilizing a waste product such as citrus peel for pest management can achieve the dual objective of waste utilization and eco-friendly pest management. Overall, the CMEO is therefore found to be a bioactive essential oil extracted from the wastes of pomelo (C. maxima).


X: -1.570121 Y: 5.911118title: Isolation, crystal structure and antitussive activity of 9S,9AS-neotuberostemonine publish year: 2018 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The title compound 9S,9aS-neotuberostemonine (1) was isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots of Stemona tuberosa. The crystal structure of 1, C22H33NO4, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic system, space group P212121, with a = 9.0115(11), b = 10.612(4), c = 22.074(3) Å, V = 2110.9(8) Å³, Z = 4, Mr = 375.49, Dc = 1.182 g/ cm³, ?= 0.71079 Å, µ = 0.080 cm⁻¹, F(000) = 816, S = 1.019, R = 0.0579 and wR = 0.1358. A total of 3109 unique reflections were collected, of which 2902 were observed (I > 2s(I)). The absolute configuration of 1 could be assigned by referring to the conserved configuration of the methyl groups at C(13) and C(20). In the solid state, the molecules were linked into a chain along the a-axis through weak hydrogen bond C(11)–H(11A)…O(2). Compound 1 shows significant inhibition of cough by 24%, 44% and 65% at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. © 2018 Fujian Institute of Research of the Structure of Matter. All rights reserved.


X: -1.7874693 Y: 6.6320534title: Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activities of some natural plants publish year: 2018 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Natural plants are main source of antioxidants and biochemical components. Antioxidant substances have radical scavenging and reducing properties to protect the causes or effects of oxidative stress. Synthetic or natural antioxidants have been used in diet, food additives or drugs. Many medicinal plants have been reported for their antioxidant capabilities. The main objective of the current work is to collect and review the previous studies about antioxidant activities of natural plants. Also, this review study presents some of recent antioxidant applications.


X: -4.0839324 Y: 5.7487736title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by somes promising Brazilian medicinal plants publish year: 2011 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: A microplate assay and a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) "in situ" assay based on the Ellman assay was used to screen for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Brazilian medicinal plants of families that, according to the literature, have traditional uses that might be connected with acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Eighteen species belonging to Convolvulaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Nyctaginaceae and Rutaceae families were tested. The most active plants were Ipomoea asarifolia (IC50 = 0.12 mg/mL), Jatropha curcas (IC50 = 0.25 mg/mL), Jatropha gossypiifolia (IC50 = 0.05 mg/mL), Kalanchoe brasiliensis (IC50 = 0.16 mg/mL) and Senna alata (IC50 = 0.08 mg/mL). The most promising extracts were the Jatropha gossypiifolia and Senna alata species assuming there were compounds with a similar activity to galanthamine, which should contain about 1% of an active compound, or if present at lower levels even more active compounds than galanthamine (IC50 = 0.37 x 10-3 mg/mL) should be present.


X: -1.3102368 Y: 6.2200494title: Chemical screening, insecticidal and reprotoxic activities of Tecoma stans ethanolic leaf extract against the vector mosquito Culex pipiens publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: To select potential plant-based insecticides, Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) leaf extract was screened for its larvicidal and delayed effects against a medically important mosquito species Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). First, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted on T. stans extract, collected in ethanol for its chemical characterization and detection of active constituents. Second, insecticidal bioassays were made with several concentrations on earlier fourth instar larvae (L4) of Cx. pipiens for 24 h as recommended by WHO, in order to determine the lethality parameters of the tested extract. For that, two concentrations (LC30 and LC50) were applied on L4 for 24 h, and emerged adults were observed for their reproductive performance success like fecundity, percentage of hatching (fertility), body and gonads' volume. The biochemical composition of whole bodies of adults was investigated. Also, the specific activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathion S-transferase (GST), biomarkers of neurotoxicity and detoxification, respectively, were also determined in L4 at different time intervals. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis (GC–MS) of the extract unveiled nine phytoconstituents with 2-[4-cyclohexylbutanoylamino]-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (36.24%) and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (22.65%) as major components. The early L4 of Cx. pipiens were exposed to LC30 and LC50, and after 24 h, surviving individuals have been further reared until adult emergence. All over, T. stans leaves ethanolic extract impairs adults reproductive traits; it adversely affected gonad's size, fecundity and fertility, which negatively affected the survival of their offspring. Lipids contents were found to increase in both male and female adults. T. stans ethanolic extract increased GST activity and slightly inhibited AChE activity in L4. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of T. stans could be a potential candidate used as a sustainable botanical insecticide for controlling mosquito.


X: -1.6523283 Y: 7.234372title: Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Products: A Review publish year: 2023 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Most agricultural by-products are not recycled or fully utilized. Most of them end up in waste and cause economic, social and environmental problems. Today, much of the byproducts are considered waste, although they can be appropriately recycled to produce new value-added products. By-products have great potential to create, for example, food additives. Many of these byproducts are a source of valuable compounds such as proteins, lipids, starches, trace elements, bioactive compounds and dietary fiber. A wide variety of extraction methods are currently available, but several factors must be considered to determine which of these methods can efficiently and environmentally produce high-value-added products from by-products. The article examines, summarizes and compares various extraction methods, as well as products that are currently obtained using specific methods.


X: -1.2322466 Y: 6.460684title: Repellency and Toxicity of Eight Plant Extracts against the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis publish year: 2023 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: We investigated the repellency and toxicity of eight plant extracts containing celangulin, cnidium lactone, matrine, nicotine, pyrethrins, rotenone, stemonine and veratrine against the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Flowers treated with 0.05% nicotine, pyrethrins, stemonine and rotenone harbored fewer western flower thrips in two- and multiple-choice repellency bioassays. When evaluated at concentrations varying from 0.005% to 0.1% in two-choice repellency bioassays, pyrethrins and rotenone were most repellent at 0.01% to 0.1%, and nicotine was most repellent at 0.025%. Mortality was 76% with 0.1% nicotine at 48 h, 78% with 0.5% stemonine at 72 h, and 100% with 0.1% pyrethrins and 0.5% rotenone at 48 h after contact with fresh (<1-d-old) residue. Effective residue age was 1 d for nicotine, pyrethrins and rotenone, and 5 d for stemonine in aged residual toxicity bioassays. Celangulin, cnidium lactone, matrine and veratrine did not provide sufficient repellency and toxicity. Stemonine had inconsistent results. Therefore, additional evaluation of its potential as a botanical insecticide will be needed. When sprayed onto whole plants, plant extracts containing nicotine, pyrethrins, rotenone and stemonine caused unacceptable damage to flowers, suggesting that the final formulation will need to be modified to improve crop safety.


X: -1.8798372 Y: 6.2916594title: Bioactive stilbenes from plants publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stilbenes are a large class of plant secondary metabolites belonging to the wider family of natural polyphenols, which are widely distributed in food and medicinal plants. Stilbenes exist as in plant monomers or polymers, and their structural complexities and diversities increase due to their polymerization.
In recent years, stilbenes have been paid extensive attention as active molecules of functional foods and natural medicines. So far, 1041 stilbenes have been isolated from the plant, which were mainly found in plant families of Dipterocarpaceae, Moraceae, Gnetaceae, Orchidaceae, Polygonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Stemonaceae, Cyperaceae, Vitaceae and Asparagaceae, et al. Among them, 483 natural oligostilbenes have been reported, of which 284 compounds were identified from families of Dipterocarpaceae and Gnetaceae, accounting for 58% of the total. Stilbenes possessed a variety of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-HIV, especially the anti-cancer and antioxidant activities. For instance, resveratrol, which is widely present in more than 70 plant species, including grapes, berries and peanuts, plays a prominent role in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. In addition, resveratrol is also a functional active molecule of red wine, which can reduce the damage of oxidative stress to the cardiovascular system by neutralizing free oxygen radicals and reactive nitrogenous radicals.
This article summarizes and analyzes the research progress of the structures and pharmacological activities of stilbenes and their derivatives. According to their distributions, structural classifications and pharmacological activities, these compounds were systematically reviewed, which provided the basis for the further development and utilization of them.


X: -1.7912114 Y: 7.0286574title: Optimization of Aqueous Extraction Conditions of Inulin from the Arctium lappa L. Roots Using Ultrasonic Irradiation Frequency publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Ultrasound-assisted extraction is a promising technique to obtain active compounds from plants with high efficiency. The present study was conducted in two sections. In the first phase, the effect of solvent type (methanol, ethanol, water, and water-ethanol (50 : 50, v/v)) on inulin extraction yield from burdock roots (Arctium lappa L.) was investigated by the conventional method. The second phase aim was to optimize the condition of inulin and phenolic compounds including sonication time (10–40 min), sonication temperature (40–70°C), and solid/solvent ratio (1 : 20–1:40 g/ml) using response surface methodology (RSM). The results demonstrated that the highest inulin efficiency was extracted by water in the conventional method, which is equal to 10.32%. The optimum conditions of ultrasound-assisted water extraction for independent variables including sonication time and temperature as well as solid/water ratio were 36.65 min, 55.48°C, and 1 : 35 g/ml, respectively, which were determined on the maximization of inulin and total phenol content and minimization of IC50. At this optimum condition, inulin yield, phenolic compounds, and IC50 were found to be 12.46%, 18.85 mg GA/g DW, and 549.85 µg/ml, respectively. Regarding the results of this research, ultrasound-assisted extraction can be used as an alternative to the conventional extraction methods in extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plants because it may improve the mass transfer, reducing the extraction time and the solvent used.


X: -2.3778183 Y: 6.232677title: In vitro anticancer activity of methyl caffeate isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit publish year: 2015 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The present study was undertaken to investigate the anticancer activity of methyl caffeate isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit and to explore the molecular mechanisms of action in MCF-7 cells. Cytotoxic properties of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were carried out against MCF-7 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Ethyl acetate extract showed good cytototoxic activities compared to hexane and methanol extracts. Methyl caffeate was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract using column chromatography. Cytotoxic properties of methyl caffeate was investigated against MCF-7, A549, COLO320, HepG-2 and Vero cells. The compound showed potent cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 cells compared to A549, COLO320 and HepG-2 cells. Methyl caffeate significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased formation of fragmented DNA and apoptotic body in MCF-7 cells. Bcl-2, Bax, Bid, p53, caspase-3, PARP and cytochrome c release were detected by western blot analysis. The activities of caspases-3 and PARP gradually increased after the addition of isolated compound. Bcl-2 protein was down regulated; Bid and Bax were up regulated after the treatment with methyl caffeate. Molecular docking studies showed that the compound bound stably to the active sites of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), B cell CLL/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (MDM2) and tubulin. The results strongly suggested that methyl caffeate induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via caspase activation through cytochrome c release from mitochondria.


X: -1.7548884 Y: 6.883714title: Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds and their potential antioxidant activities publish year: 2022 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: For thousands of years, plant has been widely applied in the medical area and is an important part of human diet. A high content of nutrients could be found in all kinds of plants, and the most outstanding group of nutrients that attracts scientists’ attention is the high level of phenolic compounds. Due to the relationship between high phenolic compound content and high antioxidant capacity, plant extracts are expected to become a potential treatment for oxidation stress diseases including diabetes and cancer. However, according to the instability of phenolic compounds to light and oxygen, there are certain difficulties in the extraction of such compounds. But after many years of development, the extraction technology of phenolic compounds has been quite stable, and the only problem is how to obtain high-quality extracts with high efficiency. To further enhance the value of plant extracts, concentration and separation methods are often applied, and when detailed analysis is required, characterization methods including HPLC and LC/GC–MS will be applied to evaluate the number and type of phenolic compounds. A series of antioxidant assays are widely performed in numerous studies to test the antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts, which is also an important basis for evaluating value of extracts. This paper intends to provide a view of a variety of methods used in plants’ phenolic compound extraction, separation, and characterization. Furthermore, this review presents the advantages and disadvantages of techniques involved in phenolic compound research and provides selected representative bibliographic examples.


X: -1.666483 Y: 7.0633726title: Green Extraction in Separation Technology publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: ABSTRACT
Subcritical water is a green extraction solvent compared to conventional extraction solvents. While experimental results on subcritical water extraction (SWE) technology have been published piecemeal, there has been no comprehensive review of the state of the art. Green Extraction in Separation Technology fills that gap, serving to cover extracting with subcritical water as an environmentally friendly solvent.

FEATURES

Presents new technologies for extracting natural compounds from plants and compares the advantages and disadvantages versus SWE
Explains research on SWE over the last 15 years
Offers an overview of the solubility of different compounds in SWE and related theoretical content
Discusses modeling of SWE and describes the development of a new model for this process
This monograph is aimed at researchers and advanced students in chemical and biochemical engineering.


X: -1.5878104 Y: 7.3701763title: Valorization of By-Products from Food Processing Through Sustainable Green Approaches publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The food processing sector is a very prominent section of the international market and increased up to approximately $4.5 trillion by 2024 (Businesswire in Global food processing market report, 2019: trends, forecasts, and competitive analysis (2013–2024), 2019 [1]). The increasing demand for healthy fruits and vegetables, organic processed foods, nutraceuticals and functional foods, seafood with packaged food products like ready-to-eat, and frozen processed foods is expected to drive the market growth after pandemic COVID-19 incidence. During processing and handling of horticultural crops, generate large volumes of wastes annually and become a major concern to the whole world. Fruits and vegetables have many bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, aroma, and flavoring agents, etc.) which have a positive impact on human health because of anti-inflammation, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidants properties, depending upon extraction their methods from wastes, efficacy, and bioavailability to the body. Applications of conventional (soxhlet, maceration, percolation, hydro-distillation) and green techniques (solid-phase, supercritical, accelerated solvent, microwave, and ultrasound extractions) for the valorization of horticultural wastes’ conversion in many bioactive components are followed by the potentiality, scalability, and sustainability of the extraction process and highlight the concept of the circular economy as “Waste to Wealth.”


X: -1.4998696 Y: 5.8534355title: Enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-stemofoline and three congeners based on a biogenetic hypothesis publish year: 2020 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: The powerful insecticidal and multi-drug-resistance-reversing activities displayed by the stemofoline group of alkaloids render them promising lead structures for further development as commercial agents in agriculture and medicine. However, concise, enantioselective total syntheses of stemofoline alkaloids remain a formidable challenge due to their structural complexity. We disclose herein the enantioselective total syntheses of four stemofoline alkaloids, including (+)-stemofoline, (+)-isostemofoline, (+)-stemoburkilline, and (+)-(11S,12R)-dihydrostemofoline, in just 19 steps. Our strategy relies on a biogenetic hypothesis, which postulates that stemoburkilline and dihydrostemofolines are biogenetic precursors of stemofoline and isostemofoline. Other highlights of our approach are the use of Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction to connect the two segments of the molecule, an improved protocol allowing gram-scale access to the tetracyclic cage-type core, and a Cu-catalyzed direct and versatile nucleophilic alkylation reaction on an anti-Bredt iminium ion. The synthetic techniques that we developed could also be extended to the preparation of other Stemona alkaloids. Stemofoline alkaloids are promising lead structures for further development in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Here, the authors report the enantioselective total syntheses of four stemofoline alkaloids in 19 steps based on a biogenetic hypothesis.


X: -0.593092 Y: 7.104616title: Restoring ecosystems and eating them too: Guidance from agroecology for sustainability publish year: 2021 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Ecological restoration evaluation has historically focused on biophysical indicators, particularly in North America, with less attention for sociocultural and economic factors, undermining efforts' long-term sustainability. Restoration projects should more regularly incorporate cultural and provisioning ecosystem services to offer local stakeholders tangible benefits (e.g., contributing to food security and sovereignty), thereby promoting participation in restoration efforts and long-term environmental stewardship. While the principles of agroecology and ecological restoration have much in common, their differences can be instructional and inspirational to each other. Rather than be an apolitical tool for land management, restoration could, like agroecology, amplify its impact through collaboration with adjacent social movements that share common goals, such as addressing the root causes of environmental degradation and promoting socioeconomic justice. The manner in which ecosystems are restored is as important as the resulting systems; as agroecology guides, projects should minimize non-renewable inputs and reliance on socioeconomic systems at the root of the environmental degradation. We articulate agroecological restoration (AER) in a novel set of formalized principles, which take a socioecological view of environmental degradation and social disruption as inextricably interrelated issues. We offer case studies illustrating how AER can help restore both the land and our relationship to the land, thereby promoting the health and cohesion of human and ecological communities. Finally, we identify opportunities for overcoming inevitable challenges for growing an agroecological restoration framework that could amplify project impacts in the current United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


X: -2.3088953 Y: 5.5283546title: Simultaneous HPLC analysis of crebanine, dicentrine, stephanine and tetrahydropalmatine in Stephania venosa publish year: 2017 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng., Menispermaceae, has been traditionally used as tonic drug and treatment of various diseases in South East Asian countries. In order to evaluate the quality and standardization of S. venosa roots, the HPLC method for quantification of the content of major components in S. venosa was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Hypersil BDS C18 column using gradient system of 100 mM ammonium acetate in water and methanol with flow rate 1 ml/min. Detection wavelength was set at 210 nm for tetrahydropalmatine, 280 nm for dicentrine and crebanine, and 270 nm for stephanine. The validated method showed good sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The suitable solvent that yielded highest alkaloids contents from the matrix was optimized. S. venosa samples collected from various locations were analyzed. The present study provided comprehensive overview of major components in S. venosa. A remarkable variation in the accumulation of alkaloids in each population and the between individual in the same population could be observed. Our results showed the heterogeneity of S. venosa in Thailand which would need a further study for species delimitations.


X: -0.96058095 Y: 7.0876546title: Thai Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for Diabetes Treatment publish year: 2018 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder and a serious global health problem. Over 400 million people suffer from diabetes and it is estimated that the number will dramatically increase in the future. The cost of diabetes treatment for individual patients is very high. However, traditional knowledge could be used to support conventional diabetes treatments. Here, we identify medicinal plants that have been used as treatments for diabetes based on Thai ethnobotanical knowledge.
Methods: We present a literature review of data for the use of ethnomedicinal plants for diabetes treatments used by people in Thailand. The data were obtained from 31 original references including theses, reports, journal articles, and books published from 1992–2015.
Results: In total, 187 reports of 123 plants species that had been used traditionally to treat diabetes in Thailand were identified. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson, Morinda citrifolia L. and Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn were the three most commonly used species. There were also numerous reports of the use of Leguminosae, Lamiaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Rubiaceae, and Acanthaceae for the treatment of diabetes. Interestingly, the grass family (Poaceae), for which there were otherwise few medicinal use reports, ranked third in our data. Stems, roots, and leaves were most commonly used in diabetes medicinal recipes. For preparation and administration of the diabetes medicines, decoction and oral ingestion were most common.
Conclusions: Thailand has a vast number of plant species that have been used by ethnic minority groups and rural Thai communities in traditional medicines to treat diabetes. These plants constitute a potentially important natural resource to provide inexpensive treatment of a disease commonly affecting the population of Thailand. The plants used for diabetes treatment should be tested for pharmacological efficacy to help select the most useful for traditional medicines.


X: -1.0677133 Y: 7.155934title: Traditional medicine use by Cancer patients in Thailand. publish year: 2015 keyword: Stemona_collinsiae content: ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE: cancer patients commonly use traditional medicines (TM) and in Thailand these are popular for both self-medication and as prescribed by TM practitioners, and are rarely monitored. A study was conducted at Wat Khampramong, a Thai Bhuddist temple herbal medicine hospice, to document some of these practices as well as the hospice regime.
Cancer patients (n=286) were surveyed shortly after admission as to which TMs they had previously taken and perceptions of effects experienced. They were also asked to describe their current symptoms. Treatment at the hospice is built upon an 11-herb anti-cancer formula, yod-ya-mareng, prescribed for all patients, and ideally, its effects would have been evaluated. However other herbal medicines and holistic practices are integral to the regime, so instead we attempted to assess the value of the patients' stay at the hospice by measuring any change in symptom burden, as they perceived it. Surviving patients (n=270) were therefore asked to describe their symptoms again just before leaving.
42% of patients (120/286; 95%CI 36.4%, 47.8%) had used herbal medicines before their arrival, with 31.7% (38/120; 95%CI 24%, 40.4%) using several at once. Mixed effects were reported for these products. After taking the herbal regime at Khampramong, 77% (208/270 95%CI; 71.7%, 81.7%) reported benefit, and a comparison of the incidence of the most common (pain, dyspepsia, abdominal or visceral pain, insomnia, fatigue) showed statistical significance (chi(2) 57.1, df 7, p <0.001).
A wide range of TMs is taken by cancer patients in Thailand and considered to provide more benefit than harm, and this perception extends to the temple regime. Patients reported a significant reduction in symptoms after staying at Khampramong, indicating an improvement in quality of life, the aim of hospices everywhere. Based on this evidence, it is not possible to justify the use of TM for cancer in general, but this study suggests that further research is warranted. The uncontrolled use of TMs, many of which are uncharacterised, raises concerns, and this work also highlights the fact that validated, robust methods of assessing holistic medical regimes are urgently needed.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.