X: 1.6245352 Y: 8.106156title: Establishment of a Rapid Micropropagation System for Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of Biological Activities publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: This study aimed to establish a rapid in vitro plant regeneration method from rhizome buds of Kaempferia parviflora to obtain the valuable secondary metabolites with antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. The disinfection effect of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs) on rhizome and effects of plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication and subsequent rooting were investigated. Surface sterilization of rhizome buds with sodium hypochlorite was insufficient to control contamination. However, immersing rhizome buds in 100 mg L−1 AgO NPs for 60 min eliminated contamination without affecting the survival of explants. The number of shoots (12.2) produced per rhizome bud was higher in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 8 µM of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.5 µM of Thidiazuron (TDZ) than other treatments. The highest number of roots (24), with a mean root length of 7.8 cm and the maximum shoot length (9.8 cm), were obtained on medium MS with 2 µM of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). A survival rate of 98% was attained when plantlets of K. parviflora were acclimatized in a growth room. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the chemical profile of K. parviflora leaf extracts. Results showed that several biologically active flavonoids reported in rhizomes were also present in leaf tissues of both in vitro cultured and ex vitro (greenhouse-grown) plantlets of K. parviflora. We found 40 and 36 compounds in in vitro cultured and ex vitro grown leaf samples, respectively. Greenhouse leaves exhibited more potent antioxidant activities than leaves from in vitro cultures. A higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory ability was obtained for greenhouse leaves (1.07 mg/mL). However, leaves from in vitro cultures exhibited stronger butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities. These results suggest that leaves of K. parviflora, as major byproducts of black ginger cultivation, could be used as valuable alternative sources for extracting bioactive compounds.


X: -3.6600132 Y: 8.350168title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and its Cytotoxicity publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Streptococcus mutans is the most prevalent bacterial species isolated from the human oral cavity. Its ability to form biofilms is an important factor in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Thus, the search for new antimicrobial agents, especially from plants, has been intensified. Kaempferia parviflora has been the subject of research for many pharmacological and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of K. parviflora root (0.46, 0.94, 1.87, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/ml) on S. mutans KPSK 2 biofilm formation using crystal violet assay. Cytotoxicity was determined according to 10993-5/2009 on human gingival fibroblast by MTT assay. The results showed that K. parviflora extract could inhibit biofilm formation to approximately 62-82% at the concentrations of 0.46-30 mg/ml. In the case of cytotoxicity, no cytotoxic potential was demonstrated at concentration of £ 7.5 mg/ml of K. parviflora. In conclusion, K. parviflora extract is a potentially useful anti-biofilm agent against caries-associated bacteria and could be used as adjunct to other caries preventive measures.


X: -0.1729341 Y: 7.5253997title: Identification of ethnomedicinally important Kaempferia L. (Zingiberaceae) species based on morphological traits and suitable DNA region publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and morphological characteristics were used to identify medicinally important Kaempferia species cultivated in Peninsular Malaysia. Six species were evaluated for parameters such as nucleotide diversity (0.458) and estimated values of transition/transversion bias (0.89) using sequence data. Maximum parsimony (MP) analysis inferred divergence pattern in the Kaempferia genus. The resulting phylogenetic tree was compared to one formed using morphological traits. Morphological and molecular data both show 3 distinctive groupings within selected Kaempferia species. ITS 4 and 5 sequences are proposed as DNA barcodes for identification of Kaempferia species. In terms of morphological traits, plant habit, rhizome colour and leaf variation can be used for preliminary identification of this genus.


X: -3.7385972 Y: 8.245909title: Antimutagenic and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of constituents from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The dichloromethane extract and ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Kaempferia parviflora showed antimutagenicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. 7-Methoxyflavones were the major constituents of both extracts and demonstrated antimutagenic activity. In particular, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (IC50 = 0.40 nmol/plate), 5,3′-dihydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (0.40 nmol/plate), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (0.42 nmol/plate) and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (0.47 nmol/plate) showed potent antimutagenic activity. The results of structure–activity relationship studies suggest that methylation of the 5-hydroxy group enhanced activity. On the other hand, increasing the number of methoxy groups on the B ring caused a reduction in activity. In the case of an α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, 5,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone exhibited the highest activity (IC50 = 20.4 μM), followed by 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (54.3 μM) and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (64.3 μM). The results suggest that the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was enhanced by the methoxy groups at the 5-, 3′- and 4′-position and was reduced by the methoxy group at the 3-position.


X: -3.4458132 Y: 8.176453title: Shelf-Life Extension of Dried Kaempferia parviflora Rhizomes by Gamma Irradiation publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 5, and 7.5 kGy were evaluated every 3 months for their microbial loads, contents of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP assays) during 12 months of storage at 25 °C. After gamma irradiation, microbial loads were reduced below acceptable limits. Phytochemical contents in irradiated samples were significantly increased as compared to those of the control (0 kGy) while DPPH radical scavenging activities were significantly decreased. However, gamma irradiation had no effect on FRAP values. During storage of irradiated samples, phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities were gradually decreased whereas microbial loads were progressively increased. Even so, microbial quality of irradiated samples was less than acceptable limits through 12 months' storage. Gamma irradiation at doses of 5 and 7.5 kGy was sufficient to control microbial growth and T . castaneum infestation of K. parviflora rhizomes within acceptable limits for at least 12 months at 25 °C. Additionally, 5 and 7.5 kGy were effective doses to retain DMF and phenolics in K. parviflora rhizomes.


X: -3.5569656 Y: 7.9548597title: Methoxyflavones from Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker) and their Inhibitory Effect on Melanogenesis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as Thai ginseng or black ginger, is a tropical medicinal plant in many regions. It has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including ulcers, dysentery, gout, allergies, abscesses, and osteoarthritis. As part of our ongoing phytochemical study aimed at discovering bioactive natural products, we investigated potential bioactive methoxyflavones from K. parviflora rhizomes. Phytochemical analysis aided by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) led to the isolation of six methoxyflavones (1–6) from the n-hexane fraction of the methanolic extract of K. parviflora rhizomes. The isolated compounds were structurally determined to be 3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (2), 7,4′-dimethylapigenin (3), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (4), 3,7,4′-trimethylkaempferol (5), and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (6), based on NMR data and LC-MS analysis. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-melanogenic activities. In the activity assay, 7,4′-dimethylapigenin (3) and 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (4) significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin content in IBMX-stimulated B16F10 cells. In addition, structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that the methoxy group at C-5 in methoxyflavones is key to their anti-melanogenic activity. This study experimentally demonstrated that K. parviflora rhizomes are rich in methoxyflavones and can be a valuable natural resource for anti-melanogenic compounds.


X: -3.998607 Y: 7.8109145title: A flavonoid, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone, from Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker as an inhibitor of Ca2+ signal-mediated cell-cycle regulation in yeast publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Calcium (Ca2+) signal transduction pathways play important roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes in eukaryotic organisms ranging from unicellular (e.g., yeasts) to complex multicellular (e.g., humans) ones. The small-molecule inhibitors of the Ca2+-signaling pathways in humans can be of great medical importance, as represented by the immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporine A. A high-throughput drug screening assay for inhibitors of Ca2+-signaling has been developed on the basis of the ability of test compounds to restore the severe growth defect of a Ca2+-sensitive zds1 null-mutant strain YNS17 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a medium containing a high concentration of calcium ion. A previous screening of Thai medicinal plants using this yeast-based assay indicated that the crude extract of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker contains a potent inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the pure compound(s) responsible for this inhibitory activity against the Ca2+-mediated cell-cycle regulation in yeast. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of K. parviflora rhizomes were subjected to bioassay-mediated chromatographic fractionation using this yeast (YNS17 (zds1) strain)-based assay to screen for and select positive fractions. From the dichloromethane extract, four known flavonoid compounds with significant inhibitory bioactivity were obtained: compounds 1 (5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone), 2 (5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone), 3 (5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone) and 4 (5,7-dimethoxyflavone). The inhibitory activity of all four compounds was dose-dependent. Compound 1 exhibited the highest activity and with no observed cytotoxic activity against the yeast. The Ca2+ induced severe growth defect, abnormal budding morphology, and G2 cell-cycle delay of the zds1 yeast strain were all alleviated or abrogated by 200 M compound 1. Therefore, we conclude that 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone possesses a potent inhibitory activity against the Ca2+-mediated cell-cycle regulation.


X: -3.5459201 Y: 7.9969087title: Kaempferia diterpenoids and flavonoids: an overview on phytochemistry, biosynthesis, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia species have contained various crucial ethnobotanical features, and are being used as traditional folk medicines in some Southeast Asia. This review tends to highlight important information (phytochemistry, biosynthesis, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics) of Kaempferia principal phytochemical classes diterpenoids and flavonoids. The electronic sources, e.g., Google Scholar, Sci-Finder, and Web of Science, and the most meaningful keywords "Kaempferia", "diterpenoids", and "flavonoids" have been more often utilized for searching the literature. More than 190 phytochemicals type diterpenoids (153 compounds) and flavonoids (42 compounds) have been separated from Kaempferia species. Isopiramanes and flavones are representative compounds. Kaempferia diterpenoids and flavonoids established great attention due to their pharmacological values such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antimalarial activities, especially anticancer. They also protected against harms to the neuron, skin, and liver. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that metabolism of Kaempferia flavonoids might be related to the transformation of hydroxyl groups. Advances in chromatographic separations to obtain huge amounts of Kaempferia isolated compounds are expected. Future in vivo and clinical investigations on the components of Kaempferia should be carried out to provide accurate dosage and normative recommendations.


X: -2.4807105 Y: 9.660405title: Development of Kaempferia parviflora extract-loaded microemulsions for skin permeation enhancement publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop the novel microemulsion (ME) systems for transdermal delivery of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract. The effect of ME components on the intrinsic properties and in vitro skin permeation of KP extract-loaded ME was evaluated. Methods: The solubility of KP in various oils (Oleic acid,caprylic/capric triglyceride, isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate), surfactants (Tween 20, polyoxyethylene castor 35 oil and polyoxyethylene castor 40 oil) and co-surfactants (Propylene glycol(PG), ethoxydiglycol and butylene glycol) was studied in order to screen the suitable compositions of ME. The ME formulations composed of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and water were selected by ME area of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. PG and ethoxydiglycol were found to be better than another investigated co-surfactant systems to construct the largest ME area of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. ME consisted of the mixture of surfactant/co-surfactant at the ratio of 1:2 was selected for incorporating KP extract. The effect of ME components on the mean droplet size, pH, conductivity and in vitro skin permeation of KP extract-loaded ME was determined. Results: The results showed that the mixture of oil, water and the surfactant system played an important role on characteristics and in vitro skin permeation of KP extract-loaded ME. The mean droplet size of KP extract-loaded microemulsions was in the range of 20-30 nm. The pH value and conductivity of microemulsions after loading KP extract were 5.19-5.25 and 76.0-83.0 μS/cm, respectively. These results indicated that KP extract-loaded microemulsion were o/w microemulsions. The skin permeation flux of the appropriate KP extract-loaded ME formulations (oleic acid/ tween 20/PG/water and oleic acid/tween 20/ethoxydiglycol/water) were significantly higher than the KP extract in water (control). Conclusion: The results can be concluded that KP extract-loaded microemulsions were o/w microemulsions with nano-size range and enhanced skin permeation. Our finding ME system had a potential to be used for transdermal delivery of KP extract. © 2016, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University. All rights reserved.


X: 1.6408114 Y: 8.077193title: Establishment of a Rapid Micropropagation System for Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of Biological Activities publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: This study aimed to establish a rapid in vitro plant regeneration method from rhizome buds of Kaempferia parviflora to obtain the valuable secondary metabolites with antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. The disinfection effect of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs) on rhizome and effects of plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication and subsequent rooting were investigated. Surface sterilization of rhizome buds with sodium hypochlorite was insufficient to control contamination. However, immersing rhizome buds in 100 mg L−1 AgO NPs for 60 min eliminated contamination without affecting the survival of explants. The number of shoots (12.2) produced per rhizome bud was higher in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 8 µM of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.5 µM of Thidiazuron (TDZ) than other treatments. The highest number of roots (24), with a mean root length of 7.8 cm and the maximum shoot length (9.8 cm), were obtained on medium MS with 2 µM of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). A survival rate of 98% was attained when plantlets of K. parviflora were acclimatized in a growth room. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the chemical profile of K. parviflora leaf extracts. Results showed that several biologically active flavonoids reported in rhizomes were also present in leaf tissues of both in vitro cultured and ex vitro (greenhouse-grown) plantlets of K. parviflora. We found 40 and 36 compounds in in vitro cultured and ex vitro grown leaf samples, respectively. Greenhouse leaves exhibited more potent antioxidant activities than leaves from in vitro cultures. A higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory ability was obtained for greenhouse leaves (1.07 mg/mL). However, leaves from in vitro cultures exhibited stronger butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities. These results suggest that leaves of K. parviflora, as major byproducts of black ginger cultivation, could be used as valuable alternative sources for extracting bioactive compounds.


X: -0.08463368 Y: 7.402502title: Genetic variation of Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ) sequences publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Genetic variation and species authentication of 71 Kaempferia accessions (representing 15 recognized, six new, and four unidentified species) found indigenously in Thailand were examined by determining chloroplast psbA-trnH and partial petA-psbJ spacer sequences. Ten closely related species (Boesenbergia rotunda, Gagnepainia godefroyi, G. thoreliana, Globba substrigosa, Smithatris myanmarensis, S. supraneanae, Scaphochlamys biloba, S. minutiflora, S. rubescens, and Stahlianthus sp) were also included. After sequence alignments, 1010 and 865 bp in length were obtained for the respective chloroplast DNA sequences. Intraspecific sequence variation was not observed in Kaempferia candida, K. angustifolia, K. laotica, K. galanga, K. pardi sp nov., K. bambusetorum sp nov., K. albomaculata sp nov., K. minuta sp nov., Kaempferia sp nov. 1, and G. thoreliana, for which more than one specimen was available. In contrast, intraspecific sequence polymorphisms were observed in various populations of K. fallax, K. filifolia, K. elegans, K. pulchra, K. rotunda, K. marginata, K. parviflora, K. larsenii, K. roscoeana, K. siamensis, and G. godefroyi. A strict consensus tree based on combined psbA-trnH and partial petA-psbJ sequences revealed four major groups of Kaempferia species. We suggest that the genus Kaempferia is a polyphyletic group, as K. candida was distantly related and did not group with other Kaempferia species. Polymorphic sites and indels of psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ can be used as DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of most Kaempferia and outgroup species. Nuclear DNA polymorphism should be examined to determine if there has been interspecific hybridization and chloroplast DNA introgression in these taxa.


X: -3.1891265 Y: 8.355389title: Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Phyto-Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia parviflora and Kaempferia pulchra publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Medicinal plants are the potent source of biologically active compounds and have always been of field of interest for the effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The objective of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, estimate the content of phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids compounds and determines the antioxidant capacity of the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga Linn, Kaempferia parviflora and Kaempferia pulchra (K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra, Zingiberaceae). Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoids and alkaloids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The ethanolic extract of rhizomes of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of all three plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, carbohydrate, and tannin. The total phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids content of ethanolic extract of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra rhizomes were 0.813, 1.146; 1.047, 1.237, 0.285; 0.755, 0.822, 0.975/100mg respectively. All extracts showed dose dependent free radical scavenging property in the tested models, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The present study concluded that the crude extract of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra rhizomes is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. It is expected that the important phytochemical properties recognized by our study in the indigenous medicinal plants will be very useful in the curing of various diseases when taken along with our food.


X: 1.276991 Y: 7.9978194title: Vivipary in Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex-Baker: discovery and utilization publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora, popularly known as Black ginger, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizomes
are widely used as an aphrodisiac, apart from other uses. This experiment carried out at Kerala Agricultural
University, Thrissur, Kerala, India, reports for the first time the phenomenon of vivipary in K. parviflora.
Growth and development of viviparous seedlings after transplanting showed positive results, and rhizome
formation was noticed in one season. In the first season, mini rhizomes were used as seed for raising fresh
crop and its growth was compared with normal rhizome grown plants. Even though the rhizome yield of the
viviparous plants was 30 per cent lower than normal plants, vivipary can be an alternate option for the
natural regeneration/propagation of this valuable medicinal plant.


X: 1.3212507 Y: 7.953535title: Vivipary in Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex-Baker: discovery and utilization publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora, popularly known as Black ginger, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizomes
are widely used as an aphrodisiac, apart from other uses. This experiment carried out at Kerala Agricultural
University, Thrissur, Kerala, India, reports for the first time the phenomenon of vivipary in K. parviflora.
Growth and development of viviparous seedlings after transplanting showed positive results, and rhizome
formation was noticed in one season. In the first season, mini rhizomes were used as seed for raising fresh
crop and its growth was compared with normal rhizome grown plants. Even though the rhizome yield of the
viviparous plants was 30 per cent lower than normal plants, vivipary can be an alternate option for the
natural regeneration/propagation of this valuable medicinal plant.


X: -3.7554147 Y: 8.806577title: The Protective Effect of Kaempferia parviflora Extract on UVB-induced Skin Photoaging in Hairless Mice. publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Chronic skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) through c-Jun and c-Fos activation. These signaling cascades induce the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, resulting in photoaging.
This study evaluated the preventive effect of the ethanol extract of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker (black ginger) on UVB-induced photoaging in vivo. To investigate the antiphotoaging effect of K. parviflora extract (KPE), UVB-irradiated hairless mice administered oral doses of KPE (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) for 13 weeks.
In comparison to the UVB control group, KPE significantly prevented wrinkle formation and the loss of collagen fibers with increased type I, III, and VII collagen genes (COL1A1, COL3A1, and COL7A1). The decrease in wrinkle formation was associated with a significant reduction in the UVB-induced expression of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 via the suppression of c-Jun and c-Fos activity. KPE also increased the expression of catalase, which acts as an antioxidant enzyme in skin. In addition, expression of inflammatory mediators, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was significantly reduced by KPE treatment.
The results show that oral administration of KPE significantly prevents UVB-induced photoaging in hairless mice, suggesting its potential as a natural antiphotoaging material.


X: 1.3315916 Y: 7.942703title: Vivipary in Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex-Baker: discovery and utilization publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora, popularly known as Black ginger, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizomes
are widely used as an aphrodisiac, apart from other uses. This experiment carried out at Kerala Agricultural
University, Thrissur, Kerala, India, reports for the first time the phenomenon of vivipary in K. parviflora.
Growth and development of viviparous seedlings after transplanting showed positive results, and rhizome
formation was noticed in one season. In the first season, mini rhizomes were used as seed for raising fresh
crop and its growth was compared with normal rhizome grown plants. Even though the rhizome yield of the
viviparous plants was 30 per cent lower than normal plants, vivipary can be an alternate option for the
natural regeneration/propagation of this valuable medicinal plant.


X: -3.1518273 Y: 8.740734title: Antioxidative Activity, Polyphenolic Content and Anti-Glycation Effect of Some Thai Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used in Diabetic Patients publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Ethanolic extracts of 30 Thai medicinal plants, traditionally used as alternative treatments in diabetes, were evaluated for antioxidative activity by the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) method. They were evaluated in vitro for oxidative stress by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) assay in pooled plasma of diabetic patients compared to without treatment of the extracts (control). The extracts were also assayed for protein glycation. The results showed that five plants had strong antioxidant activity: Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (PE), Terminalia chebula Retz. (TC), Morinda citrifolia Linn. (MC), Kaempferia parviflora Wall. (KP) and Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(HC), respectively. Thirty plant extracts were good correlation between total antioxidant activity and antiradical activity by TBARS as well as by glycation (r = 0.856, p<0.01 and r = 0.810, p<0.01). PE had stronger antioxidative activity as well as inhibition of TBARS and glycation than the other plants. The investigation showed that total polyphenol and tannin content of PE and the flavonoid content of HC were the highest. The results imply that these plants are potential sources of natural antioxidants which have free radical scavenging activity and might be used for reducing oxidative stress in diabetes.


X: -5.1079655 Y: 8.048659title: Effect of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker on sexual activity of male rats and its toxicity publish year: 2006 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker (Krachaidum) has long been used among Thai men for sexual enhancement. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of K. parviflora ethanolic extract on the sexual behavior of male rats and its toxicity. The experiment was divided into three groups of rats given K. parviflora extract at doses of 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg BW for 60 days, whilst a control group received distilled water at 1 ml/day per oral. The results showed that all groups of male rats had significantly higher courtship behavior during the first 10-minute period of observation than in the 2nd and 3rd 10-minute periods, except those receiving the highest dose of K. parviflora. They revealed the same amount of courtship behavior throughout a whole 30-minute period, which was significantly lower than the control group. There was no significant difference between treated and control groups in other sexual behaviors; mount frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), mount latency (ML), or intromission latency (IL). Toxicological study revealed no significant difference of hemoglobin, WBC or differential cell count. All dosages had no effect on kidney and liver function, according to the normal values of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Crea), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Nevertheless, the histopathological study showed a morphological change in the liver. It was concluded that K. parviflora extract at 240 mg/kg BW reduced the time in the first 10 mintues of rat courtship behavior and the use of high and chronic doses of K. parviflora in humans should be considered inadvisable.


X: -5.23377 Y: 8.055384title: Aphrodisiac Activity of Kaempferia Parviflora publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Problem statement: The increasing prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the limitation of therapeutic efficacy nowadays give rise to the requirement of novel therapeutic strategy. Kaempferia parviflora or Krachai-Dun has been long term used in Thai traditional folklore to treat this condition. Unfortunately, no scientific document is available until now. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of this medicinal plant on male sexual behavior of aging rats subjected to stress. Approach: Aging rats were divided into 2 groups; the vehicle+stress and the K.parviflora+stress. All animals were administered the assigned substance 45 m before they were subjected to the 12-hr stress exposure for 3 weeks. They were determined male sexual behaviors including both latency and frequency of mounting, intromission and ejaculation behaviors after single dose and every week until the end of experimental period. In order to investigate the possible underlying mechanism, we also determined the alteration of DA1-immunopositive stained neurons density in hypothalamus. Results: Our results showed that after the single administration of the plant extract, the intromission frequency increased, it was also found the rats subjected K.parviflora treatment significantly increased the frequency of mounting, intromission and ejaculation while decreased the latencies of all sexual behaviors mentioned earlier. Moreover, K.parviflora also increased D1-immunopositive stained neurons density in hypothalamus. Therefore, the aphrodisiac activity of K.parviflora might be attributed in part to the enhanced dopaminergic function in hypothalamus. Conclusion: Present findings provide experimental evidence that the crude extract of K.parviflora can enhance male sexual behaviors. Therefore, it will be further developed as the functional food or health product for men especially for men who are risk for sexual dysfunction.


X: -4.4008613 Y: 8.793349title: Evaluating the Effect of Volten VR4® Kaempferia parviflora Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels in Human Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Healthy Individual: A Case-Control Study publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background: Volten VR4® capsules contain extract of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), which has been claimed to reduce blood glucose in patients with diabetes.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Volten VR4® on healthy individuals and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus volunteers.
Materials and Methods: The extracts of 400 mg capsules of KP were consumed for five days. The fasting and blood glucose levels of 2-hour postprandial were measured at baseline and day 5. A group of 15 healthy young adults between the age of 20- and 30 years old were the control group of the present study, while 12 volunteers aged 35 to 75 years old diagnosed with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus constituted the experimental group. Data were validated through the Willcoxon and Friedman test statistics and error distribution.
Results: It had been shown that the specificity of KP reduced blood glucose levels and has associated with the flavonoids and polymethoxyflavones components. The results showed that consuming VR4® capsules significantly reduced blood glucose, either at the state of fasting or postprandially in diabetic individual.
Conclusion: Volten VR4® Kaempferia parviflora extract is safe to be consumed at 400 mg at one time. The study also has shown that the participants are free from adverse reactions and hypoglycaemia.


X: -3.3209326 Y: 8.528491title: Antioxidant effectiveness of selected wines in comparison with (+)-catechin publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The antioxidant effectiveness of selected wines and pure (+)-catechin were determined using three different methods. The radical scavenging potential was investigated using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the reducing power was determined using ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) method. Six red and four white wines from different grape cultivars were analyzed.Unpaired test between FRAP, DPPH, and BCB analysis of red and white wines showed significant difference. Different reducing/antioxidant power of red and white wines was elucidated in view of their different phenolic composition. As expected, the red wines had much higher flavonoid, anthocyanin, and catechin content than white wines. There was no significant difference between nonflavonoids phenols.All analyzed wines demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity with FRAP test. The average FRAP of red wines was almost 10-fold higher than the average FRAP of white wines. The reducing ability of red wines can be directly correlated with its flavonoid and catechin concentration. The relative antioxidant efficiency of pure (+)-catechin in FRAP assay was same as for ascorbate and Trolox.


X: -3.2007682 Y: 8.006793title: Preliminary study of colorimetric detection for potential medicinal compounds of 𝘒𝘢𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘢 using phytochemical determination publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. They have been utilized to prevent and cure numerous diseases, the treatment of which is established in conventional knowledge practices. 𝘒. 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘢 is a perennial plant with numerous medicinal properties. This study seeks to conduct a preliminary investigation of traditional medical treatment using 𝘒. 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘢, which has been employed for treating hypertension and promoting longevity through overall good health. In its results, this study shows that 𝘒. 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘢 contains potential medicinal compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. The preliminary colorimetric detection of the 𝘒. 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘢 extracts provides high confidence in the positive assessment of traditional medical practice. The present investigation suggests that using colorimetric detection for initial screening is acceptable. However, it is strongly recommended that chromatography be used in chemical concentration analysis for further study.


X: -3.7569528 Y: 7.5485277title: Cytotoxic Activity, Anti-Migration and In Silico Study of Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) Extract against Breast Cancer Cell publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Simple Summary
Breast cancer that has metastasized to other parts of the body still has a high incidence and mortality rate. Furthermore, treating metastatic breast cancer remains a major medical undertaking. This is due to the limited treatment options for patients with metastatic breast cancer, as well as the occurrence of drug resistance when long-term treatment is used. The search for drug candidates using natural medicine is currently accelerating, particularly in Asia. Plants that have traditionally been used to improve health must be studied and scientifically proven in order to ensure their efficacy. This study demonstrates that Kaemferia parviflora may have the scientific potential to be developed as a cytotoxic and anti-migration agent for breast cancer. This research also predicts the bioactive compound responsible for this activity. To complete it out, this article discusses the potential mechanism of action of Kaemferia parviflora’s potential components. The findings of this study could pave the way for Kaemferia parviflora to be developed as an anticancer agent.

Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer remains the leading cause of death in women worldwide. This condition necessitates extensive research to find an effective treatment, one of which is the natural medicine approach. Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is a plant believed to possess anticancer properties. Therefore, this study aims to determine KP’s bioactive compound, cytotoxic, and anti-migration activity in the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line model 4T1, also in the breast cancer cell model MCF-7 and noncancerous cell line NIH-3T3. Maceration with ethanol (EEKP) and infusion with distilled water (EWKP) was used for extraction. The MTT assay was used to test for cytotoxicity, and the scratch wound healing assay was used to test for the inhibition of migration. Phytochemical profiling of EEKP was performed using UHPLC-MS, and the results were studied for in silico molecular docking. Result showed that EEKP had a better cytotoxic activity than EWKP with an IC50 value of 128.33 µg/mL (24 h) and 115.09 µg/mL (48 h) on 4T1 cell line, and 138.43 µg/mL (24 h) and 124.81 µg/mL (48 h) on MCF-7 cell line. Meanwhile, no cytotoxic activity was observed at concentrations ranging from 3–250 µg/mL in NIH-3T3. EEKP also showed anti-migration activity in a concentration of 65 µg/mL. Mass Spectrophotometer (MS) structures from EEKP are 5-Hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavanone (HDMF), 5-Hydro-7,8,2′-trimethoxyflavanone (HTMF), Retusine, and Denbinobin. The in silico docking was investigated for receptors Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, ERK2, and FAK, as well as their activities. In silico result indicates that HTMF and denbinobin are bioactive compounds responsible for EEKP’s cytotoxic and anti-migration activity. These two compounds and standardized plant extract can be further studied as potential breast cancer treatment candidates.


X: -4.798232 Y: 8.369909title: Effects of Kaempferia parviflora on physical and psychological stresses in adults publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Although Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora) has been known as one of health-promoting herbs, a clinical trial is needed to confirm its beneficial effect on stress reduction. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Kaempferia parviflora on the physiological and psychological stresses. Eighty healthy adult participants with moderate stress level were randomly allocated into two groups; either ingested with extracted Kaempferia parviflora at doses of 360 mg/day for 14 days (Kaempferia parviflora group) or placebo capsules (placebo group). The results indicated both groups had significantly decreased stress based upon Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Suanprung Stress Test-20 (SPST-20). Heart rate variability measures exhibited non-significant between-group comparison, except RMSSD and LF/HF of which the placebo group had significantly lower and higher respectively than the Kaempferia parviflora group. This study suggests that Kaempferia parviflora may be useful for both physiological and psychological stress reduction.


X: -2.5249448 Y: 9.699301title: Development of Kaempferia parviflora extract-loaded microemulsions for skin permeation enhancement publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop the novel microemulsion (ME) systems for transdermal delivery of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract. The effect of ME components on the intrinsic properties and in vitro skin permeation of KP extract-loaded ME was evaluated. Methods: The solubility of KP in various oils (Oleic acid,caprylic/capric triglyceride, isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate), surfactants (Tween 20, polyoxyethylene castor 35 oil and polyoxyethylene castor 40 oil) and co-surfactants (Propylene glycol(PG), ethoxydiglycol and butylene glycol) was studied in order to screen the suitable compositions of ME. The ME formulations composed of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and water were selected by ME area of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. PG and ethoxydiglycol were found to be better than another investigated co-surfactant systems to construct the largest ME area of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. ME consisted of the mixture of surfactant/co-surfactant at the ratio of 1:2 was selected for incorporating KP extract. The effect of ME components on the mean droplet size, pH, conductivity and in vitro skin permeation of KP extract-loaded ME was determined. Results: The results showed that the mixture of oil, water and the surfactant system played an important role on characteristics and in vitro skin permeation of KP extract-loaded ME. The mean droplet size of KP extract-loaded microemulsions was in the range of 20-30 nm. The pH value and conductivity of microemulsions after loading KP extract were 5.19-5.25 and 76.0-83.0 μS/cm, respectively. These results indicated that KP extract-loaded microemulsion were o/w microemulsions. The skin permeation flux of the appropriate KP extract-loaded ME formulations (oleic acid/ tween 20/PG/water and oleic acid/tween 20/ethoxydiglycol/water) were significantly higher than the KP extract in water (control). Conclusion: The results can be concluded that KP extract-loaded microemulsions were o/w microemulsions with nano-size range and enhanced skin permeation. Our finding ME system had a potential to be used for transdermal delivery of KP extract. © 2016, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University. All rights reserved.


X: -0.18635377 Y: 7.4674497title: Evaluation of suitable DNA regions for molecular identification of high value medicinal plants in genus Kaempferia publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: DNA barcoding coupled high resolution melting (Bar-HRM) is an emerging method for species discrimination based on DNA dissociation kinetics. The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of different primer sets, derived from selected DNA regions, for Bar-HRM analysis of species in Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae). Four primer pairs were evaluated (rbcL, rpoC, trnL and ITS1). It was observed that the ITS1 barcode was the most useful DNA barcoding region overall for species discrimination out of all of the regions and primers assessed. Thus, the primer pair derived from the ITS1 region was the single most effective region for the identification of the tested species, whereas the rbcL primer pair gave the lowest resolution. Our Bar-HRM developed here would not only be useful for identification of Kaempferia plant specimens lacking essential parts for morphological identification but will be useful for authenticating products in powdered form of a high value medicinal species Kaempferia parviflora, in particular.


X: -2.429202 Y: 7.6050677title: Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal pant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Objective:
To study the antiviral properties of the five Asian medicinal plants against in vitro infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1).

Methods:
Crude extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa (C. longa), Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora), and Psidium guajava obtained by both water and ethanol extractions were investigated for their cytotoxicity in the Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Thereafter, they were investigated in vitro for antiviral activity and cytokine response upon H5N1 virus infection.

Results:
The results revealed that both water and ethanol extracts of all the five studied plants showed significant antiviral activity against H5N1 virus. Among these plants, C. longa and K. parviflora showed strong anti-H5N1 activity. Thus, they were selected for further studies on their cytokine response upon virus infection. It was found that ethanol and water crude extracts of C. longa and K. parviflora induced significant upregulation of TNF-α and IFN-β mRNA expressions, suggesting their roles in the inhibition of H5N1 virus replication.

Conclusions:
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the earliest reports to illustrate the antiviral property of these Asian medicinal plants against the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. The results of this study shed light on alternative therapeutic sources for treatment of H5N1 influenza virus infection in the future.


X: -3.9165752 Y: 9.930785title: Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. and Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: A molecular docking study publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Context: The outbreak of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has caused an unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. To put an end to this pandemic, effective antivirals should be identified or developed for COVID-19 treatment. However, specific and effective antivirals or inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking.

Aims: To evaluate bioactive compounds from Phyllanthus tenellus and Kaempferia parviflora as inhibitorsagainst two essential SARS-CoV-2 proteins, main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), through molecular docking studies and to predict the drug-likeness properties of the compounds.

Methods: The inhibition potential and interaction of P. tenellus and K. parviflora compounds against Mpro and RdRp were assessed through molecular docking. The drug-likeness properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and AdmetSAR tools.

Results: Rutin and ellagic acid glucoside from P. tenellus and 4-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone from K. parviflora exhibited the highest binding conformations to Mpro by interacting with its substrate binding site that was predicted to halt the Mpro activity. As for RdRp, ellagitannin and rutin from P. tenellus and peonidin and 5,3’-dihydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone from K. parviflora were the best-docked compounds that bound to the RdRp catalytic domain (Asp760 and Asp761) and NTP-entry channel that were anticipated to stop RNA polymerization. However, in the context of drug developability, 4-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone, peonidin and 5,3’-dihydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone from K. parviflora were highly potential to be oral active drugs compared to rutin, ellagic acid glucoside and ellagitannin from P. tenellus.

Conclusions: P. tenellus and K. parviflora compounds, particularly the aforementioned compounds, were suggested as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp.


X: -3.9028192 Y: 9.898336title: Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. and Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: A molecular docking study publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Context: The outbreak of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has caused an unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. To put an end to this pandemic, effective antivirals should be identified or developed for COVID-19 treatment. However, specific and effective antivirals or inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking.

Aims: To evaluate bioactive compounds from Phyllanthus tenellus and Kaempferia parviflora as inhibitorsagainst two essential SARS-CoV-2 proteins, main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), through molecular docking studies and to predict the drug-likeness properties of the compounds.

Methods: The inhibition potential and interaction of P. tenellus and K. parviflora compounds against Mpro and RdRp were assessed through molecular docking. The drug-likeness properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and AdmetSAR tools.

Results: Rutin and ellagic acid glucoside from P. tenellus and 4-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone from K. parviflora exhibited the highest binding conformations to Mpro by interacting with its substrate binding site that was predicted to halt the Mpro activity. As for RdRp, ellagitannin and rutin from P. tenellus and peonidin and 5,3’-dihydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone from K. parviflora were the best-docked compounds that bound to the RdRp catalytic domain (Asp760 and Asp761) and NTP-entry channel that were anticipated to stop RNA polymerization. However, in the context of drug developability, 4-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone, peonidin and 5,3’-dihydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone from K. parviflora were highly potential to be oral active drugs compared to rutin, ellagic acid glucoside and ellagitannin from P. tenellus.

Conclusions: P. tenellus and K. parviflora compounds, particularly the aforementioned compounds, were suggested as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp.


X: -2.7131932 Y: 6.997425title: Ethanol Extracts from Thai Plants have Anti-Plasmodium and Anti-Toxoplasma Activities In Vitro publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Purpose
The ethanol extracts from seven Thai plants, Kaempferia parviflora, Stemona tuberosa Lour., Ananas comosus, Punica granatum, Musa sapientum L., Pseuderanthemum palatiferum and Annona muricata L., which are traditionally used in Thailand to support human health, were evaluated for their anti-Plasmodium and anti-Toxoplasma activities, and for their cytotoxicities against human foreskin fibroblasts in vitro.

Results
The K. parviflora, P. palatiferum and A. muricata extracts were active against P. falciparum (3D7) with selectivity index (SI) values > 10, while their half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 28.7 µg/ml, 78.8 µg/ml and 46.1 µg/ml, respectively. Extracts from K. parviflora and M. sapientum (ripe fruit peel) inhibited T. gondii (RH) growth with IC50 values of 53.5 µg/ml and 90.4 µg/ml, respectively. The SI values of the extracts from K. parviflora and M. sapientum (ripe fruit peel) were 9.0 and 10.8, respectively.

Conclusion
Our data show that some of the aforementioned ethanol extracts are potential sources of new drugs to treat Plasmodium and Toxoplasma infections.


X: 0.5292559 Y: 7.683643title: Damping-off of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) caused by Pythium myriotylum in JapanPythium myriotylumによる黒ウコン立枯病（新称） publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Damping-off of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) seedlings was observed in Kyoto Prefecture in 2018. Fungal-like isolates were readily obtained from infected parts of tubers. These isolates caused similar symptoms after a soil drench of potted plants with individual isolates, which were identified as Pythium myriotylum based on morphological characteristics and sequences of rDNA ITS regions and coxI gene. This is the first report of a disease of black ginger caused by P. myriotylum in Japan, and we propose the Japanese name “tachigare-byou” (damping-off) of black ginger.


X: -5.071626 Y: 8.100627title: Clinical Effects of Krachaidum (Kaempferia parviflora):: A Systematic Review publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidum) is a medicinal plant in the family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizome has been used as folk medicine for many centuries. A number of pharmacological studies of Krachaidum had claimed benefits for various ailments. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically search and summarize the clinical evidences of Krachaidum in all identified indications. Of 683 records identified, 7 studies were included. From current clinical trials, Krachaidum showed positive benefits but remained inconclusive since small studies were included. Even though results found that Krachaidum significantly increased hand grip strength and enhanced sexual erotic stimuli, these were based on only 2 studies and 1 study, respectively. With regard to harmful effects, we found no adverse events reported even when Krachaidum 1.35 g/day was used. Therefore, future studies of Krachaidum are needed with regards to both safety and efficacy outcomes.


X: -3.4969327 Y: 7.7912793title: FLAVONOIDS FROM THE RHIZOMES OF BLACK GINGER KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA WALL. EX BAKER, ZINGIBERACEAE publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, Zingiberaeceae has been used in traditional medicine in Vietnam for the treatment of inflammation, abdominal pain, indigestion, menstrual cramps, fatigue. From the n-hexane fraction of the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora, six compounds were isolated and determined as 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7-dimethoxy chrysin (2), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (3), 5-hydroxy-3,4',7-trimethoxyflavone (4), 4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone (5), and 3,4',5,7-tetramethoxyflavone (6). The structures of 1-6 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods (MS, 1D, and 2D NMR)


X: -4.8128824 Y: 8.705882title: Black ginger extract increases physical fitness performance and muscular endurance by improving inflammation and energy metabolism publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: We previously reported that polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) in black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) extract (KPE) increased energy production by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in C2C12 myoblasts. We herein evaluated the effects of KPE on physical fitness performance and muscular endurance in mice. Male mice were orally administered KPE for 4 weeks, and then forced swimming test, open-field test, inclined plane test, and wire hanging test were performed. KPE significantly increased the swimming time, motility after swimming, and grip strength. IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression levels were decreased in the soleus muscle, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and glycogen synthase mRNA expression levels, mitochondrial number, and glycogen content were increased. These results were in agreement with those obtained for KPE and PMFs in C2C12. Therefore, the activation of AMPK by PMFs may be one of the mechanisms by which KPE improves physical fitness performance and muscular endurance.


X: 1.0010672 Y: 12.498195title: Comparative phytochemical and anti-bacterial studies of two indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma caesia Roxb. and Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background: Traditional medicinal plants could serve as a good supply of new dependable, biodegradable, renewable drugs and can be utilised for its anti-bacterial activity directly or indirectly. Aims: To evaluate the phytochemical and anti-bacterial properties of two morphologically similar indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma caesia and Curcuma aeruginosa belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. Materials and Methods: Evaluation of rhizome extracts using methanol was performed for the presence of active principles. Qualitative analysis was carried out for diverse phytoconstituents. Different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg/ml) of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water serial extracts from the rhizome of C. caesia and C. aeruginosa were tested against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram negative (Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogens, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) bacteria. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCL) standards were strictly followed to perform anti-bacterial disc susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. Statistical Analysis: All the values of the results were expressed as means of two independent experiments standard deviation. Results: Phytochemical screening of these two plants confirmed the presence of various bioactive substances and thus validating its use in herbal remedies. Anti-bacterial studies showed varying degree of inhibitory action against all the tested bacteria. Among the Gram positive bacteria, acetone extract of C. caesia showed maximum activity against S. aureus and hexane extract of C. aeruginosa exhibited maximum activity against B. cereus. In Gram negative bacteria, chloroform extract of C. caesia showed maximum inhibitory action against S. marcescens, whereas the methanol extract of C. aeruginosa showed higher inhibitory action against S. typhi. Conclusions: The findings about present study suggest that the rhizome extract possess excellent anti-bacterial potential that can be used for therapeutic purposes for many bacterial infectious diseases with proper evaluation procedures. The present study validated the use of these plants in traditional medicine and recommends for making new pharmaceuticals for therapeutic needs.


X: -3.2621582 Y: 6.841214title: Cross-Talk Between Selenium Nanoparticles and Cancer Treatment Through Autophagy publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Autophagy is commonly referred as self-eating and a complex cellular process that is involved in the digestion of protein and damaged organelles through a lysosome-dependent mechanism, and this mechanism is essential for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis. Selenium is a vital trace element that plays essential functions in antioxidant defense, redox state control, and range of particular metabolic processes. Selenium nanoparticles have become known as a promising agent for biomedical use, because of their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and degradability. However, and in recent years, they have attracted the interest of researchers in developing anticancer nano-drugs. Selenium nanoparticles can be used as a potential therapeutic agent or in combination with other agents to act as carriers for the development of new treatments. More intriguingly, selenium nanoparticles have been extensively shown to impact autophagy signaling, allowing selenium nanoparticles to be used as possible cancer treatment agents. This review explored the connections between selenium and autophagy, followed by developments and current advances of selenium nanoparticles for autophagy control in various clinical circumstances. Furthermore, this study examined the functions and possible processes of selenium nanoparticles in autophagy regulation, which may help us understand how selenium nanoparticles regulate autophagy for the potential cancer treatment.


X: 1.452944 Y: 13.059329title: Biological activities of Curcuma longa L publish year: 2001 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: There are several data in the literature indicating a great variety of pharmacological activities of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), which exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, anti-bacteria, antioxidant effects and nematocidal activities. Curcumin is a major component in Curcuma longa L., being responsible for its biological actions. Other extracts of this plant has been showing potency too. In vitro, curcumin exhibits anti-parasitic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal effects; and also inhibits carcinogenesis and cancer growth. In vivo, there are experiments showing the anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory potency of curcumin and extracts of C. longa L. by parenteral and oral application in animal models. In this present work we make an overview of the pharmacological activities of C. longa L., showing its importance.


X: 1.2597508 Y: 13.641829title: Chemical constituents and biological activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) -A review publish year: 2008 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used as spice, preservative, colouring matter and has wide range of medicinal and pharmacological applications. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, nematocidal, antiparasitic, antispasmodic and anticarcinogenic activities. It is a potent scavenger of a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite and nitric oxide. It is a inhibitor of ROS generating enzymes, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase and plays active role in the inhibition of COX-I and COX-II enzymes that are involved in the inflammatory reaction. The turmeric extract protects lipids, haemoglobin, and red blood cells from lipid peroxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide. It prevents oxidative damage and inhibits binding to toxic metabolites to DNA. Safety evaluation studies indicate that turmeric is well tolerated at very high dose (0.5 to 1.5 g/day/person) without any toxic effects. Turmeric contains 3-6% polyphenolic compounds, collectively known as curcuminoids, which is a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids are major components responsible for various biological actions. Pure curcumin has more potent superoxide anion scavenging activity than demethoxycurcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcumin acts as a pro-oxidant in the presence of transition metal ions (Cu and Fe) and is a potent bioprotectant with a potentially wide range of therapeutic applications.


X: 1.475197 Y: 13.666537title: Anti-cancer activity of Curcuma longa linn.(Turmeric). Journal of Pharmacy Research publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) is used extensively in Indian cuisine and now proved to be useful in treating various types of cancers, diabetic wounds, biliary disorders etc. So the anticancer
activity of turmeric was evaluated prophylactically and therapeutically (as pre-induction treatment and post-induction treatment) against the MNU induced mammary tumors. The anticancer
activity was assessed using latency period, tumor incidence, tumor burden, tumor volume, tumor growth inhibition, histology and hematological parameters. Oral administration of turmeric
showed anticancer activity in a dose dependent manner and it was more in pre-induction treatment than in-post induction treatment groups. Topical application of turmeric was found to be more
effective in pre-induction treatment and topical treatment was more effective when compared to oral treatment. Chemo-preventive role of turmeric was more compared effective than therapeutic
role of turmeric.


X: 0.5101695 Y: 13.176025title: Chemical Composition and Product Quality Control of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Chemical constituents of various tissues of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have been extensively investigated. To date, at least 235 compounds, primarily phenolic compounds and terpenoids have been identified from the species, in- cluding 22 diarylheptanoids and diarylpentanoids, eight phenylpropene and other phenolic compounds, 68 monoterpenes, 109 sesquiterpenes, five diterpenes, three triterpenoids, four sterols, two alkaloids, and 14 other compounds. Curcumi- noids (diarylheptanoids) and essential oils are major bioactive ingredients showing various bioactivities in in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Curcuminoids in turmeric are primarily accumulated in rhizomes. The essential oils from leaves and flowers are usually dominated by monoterpenes while those from roots and rhizomes primarily contained sesquiterpenes. The contents of curcuminoids in turmeric rhizomes vary often with varieties, locations, sources, and cultivation condi- tions, while there are significant variations in composition of essential oils of turmeric rhizomes with varieties and geo- graphical locations. Further, both curcuminoids and essential oils vary in contents with different extraction methods and are unstable with extraction and storage processes. As a result, the quality of commercial turmeric products can be mark- edly varied. While curcumin (1), demethoxycurcumin (2), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (5) have been used as marker com- pounds for the quality control of rhizomes, powders, and extract ("curcumin") products, Ar-turmerone (99), � -turmerone (100), and � -turmerone (101) may be used to control the product quality of turmeric oil and oleoresin products. Authentication of turmeric products can be achieved by chromatographic and NMR techniques, DNA markers, with morphological and anatomic data as well as GAP and other information available.


X: 0.6897609 Y: 13.585353title: Antioxidant activity of turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) cultivars publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric cultivars exhibit variability with respect to growth and yield attributes, biotic and abiotic stress as well as quality characters. Studies were conducted on methanolic extract of eight turmeric cultivars in three different forms and in eight levels for free radical scavenging activity [DPPH (1, 1-diphenly-2-picrylhydrazyl)]. Among the eight cultivars, Prathibha variety exhibited higher radical scavenging activity of 59.58±2.82 followed by Suvarna, Kedaram, Alleppey supreme, Prabha, Suguna, Local variety and Sudharshana (Prathibha > Suvarna > Kedaram > Alleppeysupreme > Prabha > Suguna > Localvariety > Sudharshana). It is observed that the radical scavenging activity of all varieties are statistically significant. All the extracts notably reduced the concentration of DPPH free radical due to their hydrogen donating ability irrespective of processing methods. The results have clearly established that the variety Prathibha, processed as per the standard curing method displayed significant radical scavenging activity. The higher antioxidant activity of Prathibha variety may be due to the presence of phenolics, flavonoids and natural antioxidants such as Curcuminoids in higher percentage. The effective concentration to quench the DPPH free radical was highest level (100 μg/ml). The findings thus, highlight the importance of the cultivars, method of processing and its antioxidant potential.


X: 1.1800085 Y: 13.61334title: Medicinal properties of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): A review publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric is an herbaceous evergreen plant in the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material in India, China and South East Asia. Turmeric powder is best known as one of the main ingredients used to make the curry spice; it also gives ballpark mustard its bright yellow colour. Apart from its culinary uses, turmeric has been used widely in the traditional medicine all over the world. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the main yellow bioactive component of turmeric has been shown to have a wide spectrum of biological actions. These include its antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticoagulant, antifertility, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, antivenom, antiulcer, hypotensive and hypocholesteremic activities. For traditional Ayurvedics, turmeric plant was an excellent natural antiseptic, disinfectant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, while at the same time the plant has been often used to aid digestion, to improve intestinal flora, and to treat skin irritations.


X: 1.3846412 Y: 13.751705title: pharmacological-activities-of-turmeric-curcuma-longa-linn-a-review-2167-1206.1000133 publish year: 2019 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) is extensively used as a spice and grown widely throughout Indian subcontinent.
Turmeric plant has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for various diseases including cough, diabetes and hepatic disorders. For the last few decades, extensive works have been done to establish the pharmacological actions of Turmeric and its extracts. Curcumin is the main chemical compound of Turmeric and proven for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, expectorant and anticancerous pharmacological activities. This review gives update mainly on the pharmacological activities of the Turmeric, its extracts and plausible medicinal applications of Turmeric along with their safety evaluation.


X: 1.564776 Y: 13.851494title: Medicinal and pharmacological properties of Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A review publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric or Curcuma longa, is a perennial herb and member of the
Zingiberaceae (ginger) family, and is cultivated extensively in Asian countries. The
rhizome, the portion of the plant used medicinally as a yellow powder which is used
as a flavor in many cuisines and as a medicines to treat many diseases particularly as
an anti-inflammatory and for the treatment of flatulence, jaundice, menstrual
difficulties, hematuria, hemorrhage, and colic or can be applied as an ointment to
treat many skin diseases. The active constituents of turmeric are the flavonoid
curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and various volatile oils, including tumerone,
atlantone, and zingiberone. Water and fat soluble extracts of turmeric and its
curcumin component exhibit strong antioxidant activity, comparable to vitamins C
and E. Turmeric’s hepatoprotective effect is mainly a result of its antioxidant
properties resulting in enhanced cellular resistance to oxidative damage as well as its
ability to decrease the formation of proinflammatory cytokines. Curcumin
administration significantly decreased liver injury in test animals compared to
controls and Turmeric extract also inhibited fungal aflatoxin production by 90% in
addition to the role of turmeric and curcumin in reversing biliary hyperplasia, fatty
changes, and necrosis. Studies showed that oral administration of curcumin in
instances of diabetes, cancers, gastrointestinal disorders and neurological diseases.
Curcumin may also be applied topically to counteract inflammation and irritation
associated with inflammatory skin conditions and allergies. Curcumin’s ability to
inhibit carcinogenesis at three stages: tumor promotion, angiogenesis, and tumor
growth.This review focuses on the medicinal and pharmacological benefits of
turmeric in prevention and treatment of diseases. The information was collected
from articles that have been published in pubmed and which are available online.


X: 1.1970134 Y: 12.607781title: Antimicrobial Activity of Curcuma longa Aqueous Extract publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Ethnopharmacological relevance of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) is known in many countries. The root of it was widely used as food ingredient and remedy. The present study aim to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of C. longa aqueous extract. The antimicrobial test was screened using agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined using agar dilution and confirm with broth macrodilution methods, while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The aqueous extract of C. longa exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Krebsilla pneumoniae ATCC 10031 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (MIC = 4-16 g L-1; MBC = 16-32 g L-1). In conclusion, the C. longa aqueous extract exhibited good antimicrobial activity against some of tested bacteria at low concentration. The results provide promising information for the potential use of C. longa aqueous extract in the treatment of infection.


X: 1.4324557 Y: 13.5320215title: Curcumin, an Active Component of Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Its Effects on Health publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) is a type of herb belonging to ginger family, which is widely grown in southern and south western tropical Asia region. Turmeric, which has an importance place in the cuisines of Iran, Malesia, India, China, Polynesia and Thailand, is often used as spice and has an effect on the nature, color and taste of foods. Turmeric is also known to have been used for centuries in India and China for the medical treatments of such illnesses as dermatologic diseases, infection, stress and depression. Turmeric's effects on health generally are centered upon an orange-yellow colored, lipophilic polyphenol substance called 'curcumin', which is acquired from the rhizomes of the herb. Curcumin is known recently to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects and, thanks to these effects, to have an important role in prevention and treatment of various illnesses ranging notably from cancer to autoimmune, neurological, cardiovascular diseases and diabetic. Furthermore, it is aimed to increase the biological activity and physiological effects of the curcumin on the body by synthesizing curcumin analogues. This paper reviews the history, chemical and physical features, analogues, metabolites, mechanisms of its physiological activities and effects on health of curcumin.


X: 0.8532322 Y: 13.38417title: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A Review publish year: 2019 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) and used widely by the traditional medical practitioners for the treatment of various ailments. Due to high curcumin content Indian turmeric is very popular as compared to other countries. Rhizomes derived from Curcuma longa is commonly known as Haldi or Turmeric. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that send out shoot as well as roots. Turmeric constitutes of fat-soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids which include mainly curcumin (deferulolyl methane) responsible for yellow colour for Indian curries, others are demethoxy curcumin and bisdemethoxy curcumin. Turmeric is sometimes also called the 'Indian saffron' and it is a natural antiseptic. Turmeric has high nutritive and medicinal values. Turmeric contains phytochemical constituents so it is considered as medicinal plant. The presence of non-nutritive plant chemical (phytochemical constituents) possesses disease preventive properties. In the form of root powder, turmeric is used for its flavouring properties as a spice, food medicine as it is associated with a variety of important beneficial properties. Many studies have been carried out in respect of various aspects such as morphology, phytochemical profiles of the entire parts of the plant and other features have also been recorded and documented. In this paper effort has been made to review the uses, botanical description, taxonomical classification, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities along with the current trends in research on turmeric.


X: 1.2699286 Y: 13.704184title: Chemical constituents and biological activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) -A review publish year: 2008 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used as spice, preservative, colouring matter and has wide range of medicinal and pharmacological applications. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, nematocidal, antiparasitic, antispasmodic and anticarcinogenic activities. It is a potent scavenger of a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite and nitric oxide. It is a inhibitor of ROS generating enzymes, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase and plays active role in the inhibition of COX-I and COX-II enzymes that are involved in the inflammatory reaction. The turmeric extract protects lipids, haemoglobin, and red blood cells from lipid peroxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide. It prevents oxidative damage and inhibits binding to toxic metabolites to DNA. Safety evaluation studies indicate that turmeric is well tolerated at very high dose (0.5 to 1.5 g/day/person) without any toxic effects. Turmeric contains 3-6% polyphenolic compounds, collectively known as curcuminoids, which is a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids are major components responsible for various biological actions. Pure curcumin has more potent superoxide anion scavenging activity than demethoxycurcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcumin acts as a pro-oxidant in the presence of transition metal ions (Cu and Fe) and is a potent bioprotectant with a potentially wide range of therapeutic applications.


X: 1.314428 Y: 13.655969title: Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcumin is the major constituent of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Turmeric has been widely used as a spice in foods and for therapeutic applications such as anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial activities. Turmeric and curcumin are nonmutagenic and nongenotoxic. Oral use of turmeric and curcumin did not have reproductive toxicity in animals at certain doses. Studies on human did not show toxic effects, and curcumin was safe at the dose of 6 g/day orally for 4–7 weeks. However, some adverse effects such as gastrointestinal upsets may occur. Moreover, oral bioavailable formulations of curcumin were safe for human at the dose of 500 mg two times in a day for 30 days, but there are still few trials and more studies are needed specially on nanoformulations and it should be discussed in a separate article. In addition, curcumin is known as a generally recognized as safe substance. This review discusses the safety and toxicity of turmeric and curcumin in medicine. Turmeric and curcumin are nontoxic for human especially in oral administration. Turmeric and curcumin are also safe in animals. They are nonmutagenic and are safe in pregnancy in animals but more studies in human are needed.


X: 1.3426855 Y: 13.734727title: Ethnopharmacological review of turmeric for anticancer activity publish year: 2023 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: These reviews suggest that in the Indian subcontinent, turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) is widely grown and consumed as a spice. Traditional medicine has used turmeric to treat a variety of ailments, such as diabetes, liver disease, and cough. Many studies have been conducted over the past decades to determine the pharmacological effects of turmeric and its derivatives. The main chemical component of turmeric, curcumin, has been shown to have pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties., protect liver, expectorant and anti-cancer. Turmeric, also known as Curcuma longa L. (root and rhizome), is a plant of high medicinal and commercial value, mainly used as a spice and food supplement around the world. The three curcuminoids - curcumin (diferuloylmethane, the main ingredient that gives turmeric its yellow color), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin - are the main active ingredients of turmeric. Volatile oils (zingiberene, atlantone, tomerol, etc.) also have pharmacological effects. In addition, turmeric contains proteins, resins and carbohydrates. Turmeric is a powerful antioxidant and has significant anti-inflammatory properties. Turmeric's anti-inflammatory properties may be directly related to its anti-cancer properties. In this review, the anticancer properties of Turmeric have been reviewed.


X: 1.23286 Y: 12.899185title: A review on curcuma longa publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L., (Zingiberaceae) grows up to 3-5 ft tall and has dull yellow flowers. The rhizome is an underground stem that is thick, oblong, ovate, pyriform and fleshy ringed with the bases of old leaves. The plant has oblong, pointed leaves with funnel-shaped yellow flowers. It contains several phytoconstituents belonging to category of alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenoids, sterols, include three curcuminoids: curcumin (diferuloylmethane; the primary constituent and the one responsible for its vibrant yellow color), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, as well as volatile oils (tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone), sugars, proteins, and resins. It is popular in indigenous system of medicine like ayurveda, siddha, unani and homeopathy for the treatment of diseases and human ailments. A wide range of biological and pharmacological activities of curcumin has been investigated and is used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, dissolve gallstones, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal effects, tonic for the digestive system; to dispel worms, strengthen the body, antifertility, menstrual irregularity anti diabetic, antivenom, hypolipidemic, nephroprotective, anticoagulant, anorexia, cough, rheumatism, sinusitis and anti HIV properties. Because of curcumin's rapid plasma clearance and conjugation, its therapeutic usefulness has been somewhat limited, leading researchers to investigate the benefits of complexing curcumin with other substances to increase systemic bioavailability. Numerous in-progress clinical trials should provide an even deeper understanding of the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of curcumin. The present review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its properties.


X: 0.7419607 Y: 13.337168title: Ethnobotany of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This paper deals with the ethnobotany of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) - an ancient crop having its origin and early domestication in South Asia and ethnobotanically very important. Due to its manifold uses in cultural and social life of ethnic people of Asia with special reference to South and South East Asia, has very early domestication and evolutionary history. In India, its history begins from time immemorial, probably much prior to the great Indus valley civilization. It is grown from time immemorial in Orissa. It has been mainly used as a colouring agent, a magic substance and a substance of religious importance and medicine from ancient times. Also, several other species of the genus Curcuma are economically useful. An attempt has been made in the paper to assemble information and elucidate the historical, legendary, religious, literary and mythological aspects substantiating logically the probable origin of the crop in India. Its ethnic connections in relation to its common usage in the sustenance of the primitive people from the pre-historical times are documented. The information given in the paper is mainly based on available literature and the passport information on the indigenous knowledge collected by the authors during survey and collection trips conducted and the PGR work carried out by the senior author on the genus Curcuma during the past 25 years.


X: 0.9853738 Y: 13.280542title: Potential uses of turmeric (Curcuma longa) products as alternative means of pest management in crop production publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a small rhizomatous perennial herb of Zingiberaceae (Ginger family) originating from south eastern Asia, most probably from India. The plant produces fleshy rhizomes of bright yellow to orange color in its root system, which are the source of the commercially available spice turmeric. In the form of root powder, turmeric is used for its flavouring properties as a spice, food preservative, and food-colouring agent. Turmeric has a long history of therapeutic uses as it is credited with a variety of important beneficial properties such as its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and digestive properties. Moreover, main constituents of the plant are under investigation for possible benefits in the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, liver disorders, and certain other diseases. However, except from its uses as a medicinal plant, the fresh juice, the aqueous extracts, and the essential oil of the plant are credited with interesting pesticidal properties against certain pests of agricultural importance as well as a noticeable repellent activity against noxious mosquito species. Research efforts so far and data from the international literature have shown a satisfactory potential of turmeric as a natural pesticide for possible use in crop protection and thus a highly promising future towards this direction, that is, the possibility of effective control of certain pests of agricultural importance with the use of turmeric products as a cheap and more environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides already used for the same purpose.


X: 1.0035627 Y: 13.5346365title: Curcuma longa, Linn – A Review publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Haldi) is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. The primary and secondary rhizomes are dug up, steamed or boiled and dried. Turmeric has an aromatic odour and a warm somewhat bitter taste. Large quantities of turmeric are used in the preparation of curries and sauces. It is commonly used as a preservative, food additive and food colouring agent. It forms an integral component of diet. It has shown diverse biological and pharmacological activities. It has been used in Unani Medicine (Tibb-e-Unani) and other Traditional System of Medicine from time immemorial. Both East and West have held its medicinal properties in high regard. The present review highlights the traditional uses and pharmacological properties of the plant.


X: 1.3103273 Y: 13.417128title: A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin publish year: 2022 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa Linn. (C. longa), popularly known as turmeric, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and has a long historical background of having healing properties against many diseases. In Unani and Ayurveda medicine, C. longa has been used for liver obstruction and jaundice, and has been applied externally for ulcers and inflammation. Additionally, it is employed in several other ailments such as cough, cold, dental issues, indigestion, skin infections, blood purification, asthma, piles, bronchitis, tumor, wounds, and hepatic disorders, and is used as an antiseptic. Curcumin, a major constituent of C. longa, is well known for its therapeutic potential in numerous disorders. However, there is a lack of literature on the therapeutic potential of C. longa in contrast to curcumin. Hence, the present review aimed to provide in-depth information by highlighting knowledge gaps in traditional and scientific evidence about C. longa in relation to curcumin. The relationship to one another in terms of biological action includes their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, antifertility, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antidermatophytic, and antidepressant properties. Furthermore, in-depth discussion of C. longa on its taxonomic categorization, traditional uses, botanical description, phytochemical ingredients, pharmacology, toxicity, and safety aspects in relation to its major compound curcumin is needed to explore the trends and perspectives for future research. Considering all of the promising evidence to date, there is still a lack of supportive evidence especially from clinical trials on the adjunct use of C. longa and curcumin. This prompts further preclinical and clinical investigations on curcumin.


X: 1.6352537 Y: 13.482255title: Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa. A preclinical and clinical research publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (turmeric) has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Turmeric constituents include the three curcuminoids: curcumin (diferuloylmethane; the primary constituent and the one responsible for its vibrant yellow color), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, as well as volatile oils (tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone), sugars, proteins, and resins. While numerous pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, have been attributed to curcumin, this article focuses on curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties and its use for inflammatory conditions. Curcumin's effect on cancer (from an anti-inflammatory perspective) will also be discussed; however, an exhaustive review of its many anticancer mechanisms is outside the scope of this article. Research has shown curcumin to be a highly pleiotropic molecule capable of interacting with numerous molecular targets involved in inflammation. Based on early cell culture and animal research, clinical trials indicate curcumin may have potential as a therapeutic agent in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, arthritis, and chronic anterior uveitis, as well as certain types of cancer. Because of curcumin's rapid plasma clearance and conjugation, its therapeutic usefulness has been somewhat limited, leading researchers to investigate the benefits of complexing curcumin with other substances to increase systemic bioavailability. Numerous in-progress clinical trials should provide an even deeper understanding of the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of curcumin.


X: 1.2359716 Y: 13.941605title: The Golden Spice Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Its Feasible Benefits in Prospering Human Health-A Review publish year: 2021 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: From the evolution of the mankind, Turmeric has been used in conventional medication. India is in lead for producing, marketing and exporting the Turmeric and its value added products. Curcuma longa (Turmeric) is an In-dian rhizomatous medicinal herb from the Zingiberaceae family that is common and widely available across the globe. The components of Turmeric are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin and these are collectively known as curcuminoids. Curcumin, the active ingredient of Tur-meric is generally investigated by the scientific community for its wide range of antioxidant activity, anti-Inflammatory properties and anti-cancer activity, anti-metabolic syndrome activities, neuroprotective activity, antimicrobial effects, anti-arthritis effects, anti-viral effects, anti-asthma and anti-diabetic effects , anti-obesity, cardio and liver toxicity protection activity, anti-depression How to cite this paper: Sahoo, and anxiety activities. Turmeric has been widely used as a typical household treatment for cough, sore throat, respiratory ailments and could be an effective immunity booster against SARS-CoV-2 therapy during the ongoing pandemic situation. Safety evaluation studies indicate that both turmeric and curcumin are well tolerated at a very high dose without any toxic effects. Thus, turmeric and its constituents have the potential for the development of modern medicine for the treatment of various diseases. So in this review, we describe the various metabolic roles of curcumin and activities for the benefit of human health.


X: 2.6585705 Y: 13.685276title: Use of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in Poultry Nutrition: A Review publish year: 2023 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric, Broiler, Layers, Performance, carcass, blood


X: 1.7307761 Y: 13.322443title: Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Curcumins I–III from Curcuma longa publish year: 2000 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcumin I, curcumin II (monodemethoxycurcumin) and curcumin III (bisdemethoxycurcumin) from Curcuma longa were assayed for their cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These compounds showed activity against leukemia, colon, CNS, melanoma, renal, and breast cancer cell lines. The inhibition of liposome peroxidation by curcumins I-III at 100 microg/ml were 58, 40 and 22%, respectively. The inhibition of COX-I and COX-II enzymes by the curcumins was observed. Curcumins I-III were active against COX-I enzyme at 125 microg/ml and showed 32, 38.5 and 39.2% inhibition of the enzyme, respectively. Curcumins I-III also showed good inhibition of the COX-II enzyme at 125 mg/ml with 89.7, 82.5 and 58.9% inhibition of the enzyme, respectively.


X: 1.095652 Y: 13.242783title: Antioxidant properties of curcuminoids isolated from Curcuma longa L. publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The evaluation of antioxidant potential of food has received much attention in recent years. Antioxidant compounds can scavenge free radicals and thereby can protect the human body from free radicals. This study was focused on the isolation of curcuminoids from the dried turmeric rhizome, and studying their antioxidant activity. The presence of curcuminoids was identified in turmeric sample by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. Since neutral curcumin is known to be poorly soluble, the synthesis of curcumin-cyclodextrin and curcumin-phospholipid complexes was also performed. The antioxidant activity of isolated curcuminoids was assessed by two methods (ABTS and FRAP assay) and their scavenging activities were compared with those of prepared complexes. The ability to reduce ABTS radical cation decreased as follows: quercetin > trolox > curcuminoids > curcumin-cyclodextrin complex > curcumin-phospholipid complex. The reducing potential of tested samples in descending order was quercetin > trolox > curcumin-cyclodextrin complex > curcuminoids > curcumin-phospholipid complex.


X: 1.1001933 Y: 12.652299title: Antifungal Activity of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizome against Different Fungi publish year: 2021 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This is an Open Access Journal / article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All rights reserved. Haldi (Turmeric) scientifically known as Curcuma longa belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Its polyphenolic compound curcumin has been variety as of antifungal investigations due to extensive traditional uses and very low side effects. In present work antifungal activity for row turmeric powder against Aspergillus sp. And Fusarium sp. And different solvent has been reported. The promising results for antifungal activity of curcuma longa made itself a good candidate to enhance the inhibitory effect of existing antifungal agents. Basic aim of study is to prof that turmeric can use as natural antifungal agent.


X: 1.2402035 Y: 13.399169title: Curcuma longa Linn. A Phytochemical and Phytopharmacological Review publish year: 2003 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa commonly known as turmeric is a well herbal medicine traditionally used as a spice in Indian food. Turmeric is used in India for thousands of years as a major part of Ayurvedic medicine. It was first used as a dye and then later for its possible medicinal properties. Turmeric is traditionally used as a spice and coloring in foods due to curcuminoids curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bis as important chemical constituents. Curcuma longa shows wide ran biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antiseptic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and digestive activities. This Review expresses the development of long from a traditional spice to a modern application in the present period.


X: 1.3039026 Y: 13.620369title: Turmeric: A spice with multifunctional medicinal properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (Turmeric), belonging to Zingiberaceae family is one of the most useful herbal medicinal plants. Extensive researches have proven that most of the turmeric activities of the turmeric are due to curcumin. It has various useful properties with antioxidant activities and is useful in conditions such as inflammation, ulcer and cancer. It also has antifungal, antimicrobial renal and hepatoprotective activities. Therefore, it has the potential against various cancer, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease and other chronic and hard curable diseases. The purpose of this review was to provide a brief summary of the new and current knowledge of the effects of curcumin. The recently published papers in international cites such as PubMed/Medline, Science Citation Index and Google Scholar about turmeric were searched. Recent studies have authenticated the use of turmeric for various diseases especially oxidative stress induced ones such as cancer, diabetes mellitus and inflammatory disorders. It also is used as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticoagulant and anti-HIV to combat AIDS. Curcumin, as a spice, exhibits great promise as a therapeutic agent. It has very low toxicity, too. As the global scenario is now changing towards the use of non-toxic plant products having traditional medicinal use, development of modern drugs from turmeric should be emphasized for the control of various diseases. Further evaluation needs to be carried out on turmeric in order to explore the concealed areas and their practical clinical applications, which can be used for the welfare of mankind.


X: 1.31343 Y: 13.130028title: Antioxidant Activity of Curcuma Longa L., Novel Foodstuff publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The potential antioxidant activities of different fractions from methanolic extract of Curcuma longa L. were assayed in vitro. All of the fractions exception of n-hexane and H(2)O showed a strong antioxidant activity, especially the ethylacetate (EtOAc) fraction, which showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (IC(50)= 9.86 mu g/mL). The results of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed concentration dependency, the EtOAc fraction demonstrating a better result than the other fractions at the same concentration in this studies. Additionally, when the total phenolic contents of fractions were measured, the EtOAc fraction contained the highest level. Meanwhile, correlation analysis indicated a high correlation between the antiradical activity and the total phenolic contents, suggesting that fractions obtained from the methanolic extract of Curcuma longa L. have wide potential for use as sources of antioxidant material.