X: 1.476244 Y: 7.8664074title: In vitro propagation and microrhizome induction in Kaempferia galanga Linn. and K. rotunda Linn. publish year: 2005 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Rhizomalous buds of Kaempferia galanga and K. rotunda induced microshoots when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with plant growth regulators. Multiple shoots were induced on MS medium containing 5.70 μM IAA alone and a combination of 0.57 μM IAA plus 4.65 μM Kn in case of K. galanga. Whereas, the medium supplemented with 2.69 μM NAA plus 2.22 μM BAP was the best for K. rotunda. Further, subculture of the microshoots gave more multiple shoots (13) on medium containing 4.44 μM BAP in K. galanga and (9) on the 2.69 μM NAA and 2.22 μM BAP in K. rotunda. Induction of callus was observed in K. galanga on the medium supplemented with 2.85 μM IAA. Microshoots were regenerated from the callus on 2.69 μM NAA and 2.22 μM BAP enriched medium. Microrhizome formation was observed within one month of incubation of microshoot cultures (∼4 month old, following 4 passages) in the medium supplemented with 6-9% sucrose with either 22.2 μM BAP or 23.25 μM Kn. These microrhizomes produced shoots when transferred to fresh microshoot induction medium within 2-3 weeks of incubation. The microshoots produced roots irrespective of their method of regeneration. Plantlets transplanted to pots grew to mature plants after 3 months of transfer and showed 80-90% survival.


X: -2.9894392 Y: 7.63246title: Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. and ethyl-p methoxycinnamate (EPMC) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s enzyme activities in mice publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga L.), belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, has been widely used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, indigestion, cold and headache and relief abdominal pain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dichloromethane extract of K. galanga L. (DEK) and its major component ethylp-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s enzyme activities in mice. After oral administration with DEK (100 mg/kg which is equivalent to EPMC 80 mg/kg), EPMC (120 and 160 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days, the microsomal P450 content decreased. The CYP1A1 and CYP2B activities significantly increased, whereas CYP2E1 activity was significant inhibited only at the highest concentration of EPMC (160 mg/kg). None of the treatments did affect CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity when compared to the control group. The results indicated that K. galanga L. and its active compound, EPMC may participate in herbal-drug interaction and may also increase risk of toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis from drugs and compounds that are metabolized via CYP1A1, CYP2B and CYP2E1.


X: -3.0607789 Y: 8.6807375title: Antiangiogenic Effects and Mechanisms of trans-Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) is an aromatic herb and a popular spice used as condiment in Asian cuisine. The ethanol extract of the dried plant and its successive four sub-fractions were investigated on zebrafish model by quantitative endogenous alkaline phosphatase assay. Both n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions had antiangiogenic activity, and two major active components (trans-ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and kaempferol) showed potent antiangiogenic effects on wild-type zebrafish. Due to its much stronger effect and no antiangiogenic activity reported, trans-ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was further investigated for its action mechanism. It dose-dependently inhibited vessel formation on both wild- and Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1-type zebrafish embryos. The semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay suggested trans-ethyl p-methoxycinnamate affect multiple molecular targets related to angiogenesis. In vitro, it specifically inhibited the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In vivo, it could block bFGF-induced vessel formation on Matrigel plug assay.


X: -1.6298444 Y: 8.499185title: Nematicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts and two cinnamates isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom) against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus publish year: 2006 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Extracts from 40 medicinal plant species in 27 families were tested for their nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in 96-well plate bioassays. Responses varied with plant material and concentration. Extracts of Acorus gramineus (Araceae), Asiasarum sieboldi (Aristolochiaceae), Illicium verum (Illicaiceae) and Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae) showed nematicidal activity against male, female and juvenile nematodes of B. xylophilus at 2000 μg ml−1. Among test plant species, Kaempferia galanga showed the most potent nematicidal activity. As K. galanga was the most nematicidally active of the 40 species, the extracts were chromatographically fractionated and two cinnamates, ethyl trans-cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, were discovered to be responsible for much of the activity. The nematicidal activity of ethyl trans-cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was 100% at 60 μg ml−1.


X: -1.5222697 Y: 8.549314title: Isolation of nematicidal constituents from essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L rhizome and their activity against Heterodera avenae Wollenweber publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Purpose: To explore the nematicidal activities of the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga rhizomes and its isolated constituents against Heterodera avenae Methods: Essential oil of K. galanga rhizomes was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis using HP-5MS column. Evaluation of nematicidal toxicity was performed against juveniles (J2) of H. avenae. The bioactive constituent compounds were isolated and identified from the oil based on bioactivity-directed fractionation. Results: Forty-one components were identified and the main components of the essential oil of K. galanga are as follows: ethyl-ρ-methoxy cinnamate (34.79%), ethyl cinnamate (20.72%), 1,8-cineole (8.96%), trans-cinnamaldehyde (7.03%) and borneol (5.64%). The essential oil exhibited nematicidal activity against the cereal cyst nematode with an LC50 value of 91.78 μg/mL. Ethyl cinnamate, ethyl ρ-methoxy cinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde (median lethal concentration LC50 = 100.60 µg/ml, 83.04 µg/mL and 94.75 µg/mL, respectively) exhibited stronger nematicidal toxicity than borneol (LC50 = 734.89 µg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (LC50 = 921.21 µg/mL) against the cereal cyst nematode. Conclusion: The results indicate that the essential oil of K. galanga and its isolated constituents have a potential for development into natural nematicides for the control of cereal cyst nematodes. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved.


X: -0.94081825 Y: 8.829501title: The aromatic ginger Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) essential oil and its main compounds are effective larvicidal agents against Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculatus without toxicity on the non-target aquatic fauna publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galangal L. (Zingiberaceae), also known as aromatic ginger, is used in the food and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and maquillage materials, as well as in the traditional Indian medicine. The essential oil (EO) obtained from its rhizome by hydrodistillation is of economic interest and contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate as the main component, which is used as an anticancer, antimicrobial, skin protector and whiteneing and nematicidal agent. To our knowledge, the mosquitocidal properties of the aromatic ginger EO have hitherto been poorly investigated. Therefore, in the present work, we tested this EO and its major chemical constituents (MCCs), namely ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, trans-ethyl cinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde for their larval toxicity on Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculatus. The EO chemical composition, studied by GC-MS analysis, was made up of 39 compounds, with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (30.6%), trans-ethyl cinnamate (26.8%) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (11.5%) as the major constituents. The EO and its MCCs showed LC50 values of 39.22, 10.36, 28.26 and 36.35 μg/ml on Ae. vittatus, and of 41.36, 12.56, 30.23 and 38.47 μg/ml on An. maculatus third instar larvae, respectively. The ecofriendliness of EO and MCCs on the aquatic fauna was demonstrated as they were safe to Anisops bouvieri, Acilius sulcatus and Gambusia affinis. Our findings showed that the K. galanga rhizome EO and its MCCs are promising larvicidal agents without affecting non-target organisms (NTOs). They also give news insights into the potential economic exploitation of this EO and its MCCs in the fabrication of effective and eco-friendly mosquitocidal formulations.


X: -2.8516695 Y: 8.567814title: Diarylheptanoids with hypoglycemic potency from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Five new diarylheptanoids, kaemgalangins A-E (1-5), and seven known ones were isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga. The structures of new compounds were identified by spectroscopic analyses involving 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, IR, UV, [α]D, ECD calculations, and chemical methods. All compounds were tested for their hypoglycemic effects against α-glucosidase, Gpa and PTP1B enzymes, and stimulative effects on GLP-1 secretion. Kaemgalangins A (1) and E (5) showed significant inhibition on α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 45.3 and 116.0 μM; renealtin B (8) showed inhibition on GPa with an IC50 value of 68.1 μM; whereas all compounds were inactive to PTP1B. Docking study manifested that 1 well located in the catalytic pocket of α-glucosidase and OH-4″ played important roles in maintaining activity. Moreover, all compounds showed obviously stimulative effects on GLP-1 with promoting rates of 826.9%-1738.3% in NCI-H716 cells. This study suggests that the diarylheptanoids in K. galanga have antidiabetic potency by inhibiting α-glucosidase and Gpa enzymes, and promoting GLP-1 secretion.


X: -2.8493054 Y: 8.106931title: Cytotoxic polyoxygenated isopimarane diterpenoids from the edible rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga (kencur) publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga (Family Zingiberaceae) is a widely distributed Asian medicinal plant and cultured crop. Several traditional uses of the rhizomes of this plant have been reported with widely using as flavors and spice in cooking. The present work concerned the isolation and identification as well as antiproliferative activity of metabolites of the rhizomes of K. galanga. Three new polyoxygenated isopimarane diterpenoids, kaemgalangols B-D (1-3), were isolated and identified in addition to 20 knowns (4-27), one monoterpene (28), and five known phenolic compounds (29-33). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established mainly based upon the spectroscopic analysis such as FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRMS. The antiproliferative activity of all isolates was screened against CCRF-CEM leukemia cells using a fixed concentration of 30 μM. Dose response curve of compounds 19 and 20 showed IC50 values of ≤ 50 μM against CCRF-CEM, MDAMB-231-pcDNA and HCT116 (p53+/+). Compound 20 showed the most potent activity against three tested cell lines with IC50 values of 35.28, 61.60, and 42.77 μM, respectively.


X: -0.6906701 Y: 8.0361185title: Influence of planting material, plant population and organic manures on yield of East Indian galangal (Kaempferia galanga), soil physico-chemical and biological properties publish year: 1999 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Results of the field experiment conducted at Kasaragod revealed that FYM and vermicompost application alone decreased the bulk density, improved soil porosity, organic carbon, pH and maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) to a greater extent, whereas composted coir pith had its effect on these characters to lesser extent, except MWHC. The microbial population and dehydrogenase activity were also higher under FYM and VC treatments compared to CCP treatments, whereas under NPK alone and control there was no change in physico-chemical properties but the microbial count and their activity declined. Among organic manures, FYM + NPK combination recorded significantly higher yield components and fresh rhizome yield (6.2 t/ha) compared to FYM, VC, CCP and NPK applied alone. Fresh rhizome yield under mother rhizome was significantly higher compared to finger rhizome.


X: -1.5536536 Y: 8.397104title: Evaluation of yield, quality and antioxidant activity of essential oil of in vitro propagated Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Objective
To determine chemical constituents and antioxidant properties of essential oil from rhizome of the medicinal plant, Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) Linn. (Zingiberaceae) in conventionally propagated (CP) and in vitro propagated (IVP) plants.

Methods
In vitro (micro) propagation of K. galanga was done by inoculating explants on to Murashige and Skoog agar medium, supplemented with suitable combinations of phytohormones; the regenerants were transferred to soil for further growth. Essential oil preparations of both CP and IVP rhizomes grown in soil, obtained by the hydro-distillation method were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activities of essential oil samples were monitored.

Results
Maximum numbers of regenerated shoots were found in the medium supplemented with 1 mg/L benzyl adenine and 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid. A total of 6 compounds were identified from rhizomes from CP and IVP plants that yielded 96.9% and 97.81% of the total oil contents, respectively. The major compound of rhizome oil identified from CP and IVP rhizomes was ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate in quantities, 82.01% and 71.77%, respectively, without any compositional variation. Antioxidant properties of essential oil preparations were assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. Moreover, antioxidant activities of rhizome-oil from IVP plants were better than that of CP oil samples.

Conclusions
As IVP rhizomes had better oil yield, those could be used for a large scale commercial propagation for sustainable use of essential oil. The principal chemical in the essential oil, ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate could help apothecary, for several ailments.


X: -2.9743 Y: 8.101699title: Two new diterpenoids from kencur (Kaempferia galanga): Structure elucidation and chemosystematic significance publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Aromatic ginger or kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizomes are ground as a spice or pickled for consumption in south-east Asian cuisines; although widely used, until recently it has been less studied chemically than white and red ginger. Hydro-distillate extracts have identified several compounds that exhibit anticancer activity against select tumor cell lines in vitro, and most recently chemical analyses have focused on rhizome metabolites present in organic extracts. Here we report on two new diterpenoids including Δ8(14),15 polyhydroxlated isopimardienes, 1α-hydroperoxy-2α,6,7-trihydroxy-isopimara-6(7),8(14),15-triene (kaemgalangol E; 1) and 1α,7β-hydroxy-isopimara-8(14),15-diene (kaemgalangol F; 2), along with the known compound, marginaol A (3) from a CH2Cl2/MeOH extract of the rhizome. Structural elucidation was based on spectroscopic analysis including HRMS, FTIR, as well as 1D and 2D NMR. A proposed biosynthetic pathway for compounds 1–3 is presented and chemo-systematic analysis indicates that K. galanga has the enzymatic machinery to synthesize an array of Δ8(14),15 isopimardienes as well as methoxylated cinnamates.


X: -2.1613538 Y: 8.324363title: Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Transformation of Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate Extracted from Kaempferia galanga publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), a major constituent of the Kaempferia galanga rhizome, was transformed to ethyl p-hydroxycinnamate (EPHC) using Aspergillus niger. The EPHC metabolite was elucidated by NMR spectroscopic technique. Antimicrobial study found that EPHC was active against all strains tested with a good minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). It was active against both Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at MIC 333 μg/ml while against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans at MIC 111 μg/ml. It was also shown that EPHC exhibited more growth inhibition potential than EPMC. Besides that, EPHC has shown the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) toward B. cereus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL while EPMC did not show killing potential toward the tested microorganisms.


X: -2.6006277 Y: 8.750148title: Determination of Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties of Cream Formulation of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) and Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht) Rhizomes Extract publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga, L.) rhizome contain ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) which has sunscreen properties. Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb) Schlecht) rhizome contains flavonoid and essential oils with radical scavenging properties. The aims of this study were to obtain the optimum physical properties of sunscreen and antioxidant cream and to compare the sun protection factor (SPF) values and antioxidant activity of kencur and temu kunci rhizomes extract before and after formulated. This research used Simplex Latice Design (SLD) model with 2 components of kencur extract and temu kunci extract. Based on the SLD model obtained optimum formula design, then the SPF values and antioxidant activity were studied by UV spectrophotometric method and DPPH method respectively. Based on SLD model obtained optimum formula that containing kencur : temu kunci extract 80%:20% (formula A) and 70%:30% (formula B). The SPF values of kencur extract, formula A and formula B were 4.505, 5.024 and 4.511 respectively. Antioxidant activity showed that the IC50 of formula A, formula B, temu kunci extract, BHT and Vitamin E were 109.15 μg/mL, 95.23 μg/mL, 10.20 μg/mL, 22.33 μg/mL and 8.78 μg/mL respectively. Cream formula A and formula B have optimum physical properties. The SPF value of the optimum formulations were higher than SPF value of kencur extract. Antioxidant activity of that combinations were lower than temu kunci extract, BHT and Vitamin E.


X: -2.7278829 Y: 9.071216title: Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Quercus infectoria, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Kaempferia galanga and Coptis chinensis, the Main Components of Thai Herbal Remedies for Aphthous Ulcer publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Four medicinal plant powders (Quercus infectoria, Kaempferia galanga, Coptis
chinensis and Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and one traditional Thai herbal recipe for aphthous ulcer were selected for the anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and skin irritation test in vivo. Among four plant powders, K. galanga, C. chinensis, and G. uralensis were inhibited IL-6 production with IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 μg/ml, respectively. Q. infectoria
had lower anti-IL-6 activity with IC50 value of 0.31 ± 0.02 μg/ml. Those four plants also had anti-PGE2 activities but lower than the aphthous powder and aphthous gel. Whereas a traditional herbal recipe had significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity than each of the isolated plants by inhibit IL-6 and PGE2 production with IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 μg/ml, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities were significantly higher than prednisolone and the COX-2 inhibitor. The plant powders and the herbal recipe had any growth inhibitory effect on the human gingival fibroblast cells even at the highest concentration. No sign of irritation was observed during the dermal irritation test with all experiments. Finally, the efficacy of anti-inflammation and safety of the medicinal plants and traditional Thai herbal remedy for aphthous ulcer treatment were evaluated by the scientific method.


X: -1.7198353 Y: 8.66296title: Chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L. The essential oil was isolated from the dried rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L. by steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Total fifty constituents were identified from rhizome oil constituting 97.19% of the oil. The major constituents of the oil were ethyl cinnamate (29.48%), ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (18.42%), γ- cadinene (9.81%), 1, 8-cineole (6.54%), δ-carene (6.19%), borneol (5.21%), ethyl-m-methoxycinnamate (2.15%), camphene (1.58%), linoleoyl chloride (1.35%) and α-pinene (1.32%). The results suggest that the essential oil and its major components possess several biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, antinociceptive, anti-tuberculosis and larvicidal. The oil may be useful in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and in aromatherapy as inhalants and massage to reduce anxiety, stress and depression.


X: -2.5731096 Y: 8.289852title: DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA LINN RHIZOME EXTRACT IN ALBINO RAT publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: ABSTRACT
The present study aims to evaluate the diuretic activity of the
petroleum ether extract of Kaempferia galaga Linn in animal models
using Lipschitz method. Kaempferia galanga Linn from Zingiberaceae
family is often used in manufacture of traditional medicine. The leaves
and rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga is reported to have traditional use
as aromatic, carminative, stimulant, diuretic and expectorant. There are
no previous references in literature about any studies done on diuretic
activity. So the present work was aimed to investigate the diuretic
activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome extract. The petroleum ether
extract of Kaempferia. galanga rhizomes were prepared by soxhlet
extraction. Preliminary phytochemical investigation showed the
presence of triterpinoids, sterols, resins, glycosides and volatile oil.
The pharmacological evaluation of the drug for diuretic activity was
performed on healthy wistar rat of either sex by Lipschitz method,
using Furosemide as the standard drug. Here 4 groups, each containing 6 rats were selected
and each group received control (CMC1%), standard (Furosemide 10mg/kg), tests of
200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. The total volume of urine excreted in 24 hrs was
collected for the assessment of diuretic activity. Sodium and potassium level of the urine
sample were also estimated. The results are expressed as “Lipschitz value” (diuretic index)
and the value of 1 or more suggested that, the extract shows dose dependent increase in urine
volume. Therefore the results obtained in this study provide a quantitative basis to explain the
traditional folkloric use of Kaempferia galanga as a diuretic agent.


X: -3.0173364 Y: 7.866867title: Ethyl P-Methoxycinnamate: An Active Anti-Metastasis Agent and Chemosensitizer Targeting NFκB from Kaempferia galanga for Melanoma Cells publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The most common type of skin cancer is melanoma. While significant advances in chemotherapy have occurred in a few instances, only marginal progress has been made in treating metastatic melanoma. Natural medicine has traditionally been used to treat various illnesses, including cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify the active compound in Kaempferia galanga, which could be used to treat melanoma as an anti-metastasis and chemosensitizer agent. The active compound in K. galanga was isolated and identified using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques, and given six compounds. Inhibitory activity on NFκB activation and cell viability was determined using reporter assay methods. Among the isolated compounds, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) demonstrated potent NFκB inhibitory activity against melanoma cell B16F10- NFκB Luc2 with an IC50 of 88.7 μM. Further investigation was conducted by evaluating the anti-metastasis effect of EPMC in vitro by using wound-healing assays, invasion tests, and molecular mechanism assays using Western blotting. NFκB has been implicated in tumorigenesis through the PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway. The results of this study indicated that EPMCs act as inhibitors of p38 and thereby Akt phosphorylation inhibitors at serine 473, inhibiting NFκB-dependent transcription. Further analysis with paclitaxel demonstrated that the combinations could sensitize to apoptosis in response to well-known chemotherapy agents. Additional studies were conducted using the human melanoma cancer cell line SK-Mel 28. Along with the induction of apoptosis, we observed an increase in p-γH2AX expression (a molecular marker for double strand breaks in DNA damage) in response to treatment with paclitaxel and EPMC. The result showed EPMC to be a potential, viable adjuvant for improving the clinical efficacy of anti-metastatic and cancer chemotherapy.


X: -2.0461338 Y: 8.724196title: Effect of sniffing of kencur (Kaemferia galangal) essential oils in rats publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The purposes of this research were to separate constituent of kencur (Kaemferia galangal) essential oil and to evaluate their effects on rats by sniffing method. Separation of kencur essential oil by silica gel column chromatography resulted in 11 fractions and one pure compound. Based on GC-MS and NMR data, the pure compound was 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl ester (EPMC) and fraction 2 consisted of δ-3-carene as a major component. Forty male Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups, namely: normal group which consumed normal diet, negative control group which consumed high cholesterol diet without treatment, crude oil group, fraction 2 group and EPMC group which consumed high cholesterol diet with sniffing kencur crude oil, fraction 2 and EMPC, respectively. The results showed that the HDL, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rat's blood which sniffed the oils for 5 weeks were significantly different for each group (P<0.05). In conclusion, fraction 2 which consisted of δ-3-carene had slimming effect while kencur crude essential oil and EPMC decreased the cholesterol and triglyceride level in rats' blood.


X: -2.3421593 Y: 8.300119title: Metabolic profiling of Kaempferia galanga leaf and rhizome extract using GC-MS publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga Linn. is an endangered rhizomatous medicinal plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. It has evolved as an emerging industrial crop and dominates pharma as well as aroma sector. Though the extracts of this species have been extensively used in herbal medicine across the globe for the treatment of numerous diseases, but still the composition of the extract is not characterized properly. Thus, methanol extracts of K. galanga leaves and rhizomes were subjected to phytochemical screening, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the phytoconstituents. Leaf extract contained more TPC and TFC values as compared to rhizome extract. A total of eight and ten compounds were identified in the leaf and rhizome extract accounting for 61.44% and 96.97% of the total peak area respectively. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was found as the main constituent in rhizome extract covering 80.39% of the total area. Other important compounds like ethyl cinnamate (9.61±0.45%), pentadecane (3.12±0.2%) were also found in the rhizome extract, whereas leaf extract contained 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (18.26%), 2-(3-hydroxy-4- methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dimethoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (14.01%), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (11.79%). The study indicated that K. galanga is a good source of phytoconstituents which can be used at the industrial level to produce pharmaceuticals, perfumes and flavouring agents.


X: -2.4830542 Y: 9.135627title: Ultraviolet Radiation Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome Oil and Microemulsion: Formulation, Characterization, and Hydrogel Preparation publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Long-term UV radiation exposure can induce skin disorders such as cancer and photoallergic reactions. Natural products have been considered as non-irritate and potential sunscreen resources due to their UV absorption and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro ultraviolet radiation protective effect and anti-inflammatory activity of K. galanga rhizome oil and microemulsions. The chemical components of K. galanga rhizome oil was analyzed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Microemulsions containing K. galanga rhizome oil were formulated using a phase-titration method. The microemulsion was characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, using a dynamic light-scattering technique. The physical and chemical stability of the microemulsion were evaluated via a dynamic light scattering technique and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The UV protection of K. galanga rhizome oil and its microemulsion were investigated using an ultraviolet transmittance analyzer. The protective effect of K. galanga rhizome oil against LPS-induced inflammation was investigated via MTT and nitric oxide inhibitory assays. In addition, a hydrogel containing K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion was developed, stored for 90 days at 4, 30, and 45 °C, and characterized for viscosity, rheology, and pH. The chemical degradation of the main active compound in the microemulsion was analyzed via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The formulated O/W microemulsion contained a high loading efficiency (101.24 ± 2.08%) of K. galanga rhizome oil, suggesting a successful delivery system of the oil. The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of the microemulsion were optimized and found to be stable when stored at 4, 30, and 45 °C. K. galanga rhizome oil and microemulsion demonstrated moderate sun protective activity and reduced the nitric oxide production induced by LPS in macrophage cells, indicating that microemulsion containing K. galanga rhizome oil may help protect human skin from UV damage and inflammation. A hydrogel containing K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion was developed as a topical preparation. The hydrogel showed good physical stability after heating and cooling cycles and long-term storage (3 months) at 4 °C. The use of K. galanga rhizome oil as a natural sun-protective substance may provide a protective effect against inflammation on the skin. K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion was successfully incorporated into the hydrogel and has the potential to be used as a topical sunscreen preparation.


X: -2.0405414 Y: 8.084157title: Comparative study on the determination of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga rhizome by HPTLCS and HPLC publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) is the main active ingredient in Kaempferia galanga rhizome (KGR). At present, the correlation study of the component by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been reported. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic scanning (HPTLCS) method has been widely used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of many chemical components, but has not yet been applied to EPMC quantitative analysis. In this experiment, the method of HPTLCS was used to determine ethyl p-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga rhizome compared and verified with HPLC. The results were analyzed with the analytical Eco-Scale (AES) to reflect the concept of green analytical chemistry (GAC). The results showed that the samples on the thin layer were clear, with no impurity interference, and had good qualitative effect, indicating that the HPTLCS method was suitable for the qualitative analysis of EPMC in multiple batches of KGR. The contents of EPMC in 7 batches of KGR measured by the HPTLCS method were slightly lower than those measured by HPLC method, but the established HPTLCS method and HPLC method both were in compliance with Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015) requirements. And the linear relationship (HPTLCS: r = 0.9958, HPLC: r = 0.9999), precision, stability, repeatability and recovery (RSD < 2.5%) were good, these bases explained that HPTLCS can be used as a means of qualitative and quantitative determination of the component. The data of AES stated HPTLCS was excellent (PPs = 83), and HPLC was acceptable (PPs = 75), indicating that HPTLCS was more environmentally friendly. Therefore, the appropriate method should be selected according to the specific experimental conditions.


X: -3.0227547 Y: 7.6302214title: Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s enzyme activities in mice publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga L.), belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, has been widely used in Thai tradi-tional medicine for treatment of hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, indigestion, cold and headache and relief abdominal pain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dichloromethane extract of K. galanga L. (DEK) and its major component ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s enzyme activities in mice. After oral administration with DEK (100 mg/kg which is equivalent to EPMC 80 mg/kg), EPMC (120 and 160 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days, the microsomal P450 content decreased. The CYP1A1 and CYP2B activities significantly increased, whereas CYP2E1 activity was significant inhibited only at the highest concentration of EPMC (160 mg/kg). None of the treatments did affect CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity when compared to the control group. The results indicated that K. galanga L. and its active compound, EPMC may participate in herbal-drug interaction and may also increase risk of toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis from drugs and compounds that are metabolized via CYP1A1, CYP2B and CYP2E1.


X: -0.7005644 Y: 8.061962title: Analysis of the Effects of Potassium Fertilization and Shade Level on Two Kencur Accessions' Yield Quality (Kaempferia galanga L) publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) widely cultivated in shaded dry land because it is one of the plants with a good level of tolerance to shade. The low sunlight intensity will have an impact on the low nutrient uptake because transpiration will be reduced, so the kencur plant needs more nutrients in the soil, particularly potassium. The study aim to investigate the influence of shade and potassium fertilizer in Kaempferia galanga plant. The experimental farm of Agro Techno Park, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Jatikerto Village served as the site of this study from October 2021 to May 2022. Three replications of a split-split plot were used in this study. The two shade levels that make up the main plot are (N25) for 25% shade and (N50) for 50% shade. The subplots is potassium fertilizer doses with four levels, namely (K0) fertilizer 0 kg ha-1 K²O; (K120) Fertilizer 120 kg ha-1 K²O; (K180) Fertilizer 180 kg ha-1 K²O; and (K240) Fertilizer 240 kg ha-1 K²O. The sub-plots consist of 2 accessions (A1) Lumajang and (A2) Nganjuk. The parameters that are divided up include chemical content analysis, yield parameters, and shade observation. According to the findings, kencur plants produced their highest yields in 50% shade. Based on the highest EPMC value content, the treatment of 50% shade and application of potassium fertilizer at a dose of 240 kg ha-1 also demonstrated the best quality of kencur. The results also indicate that the Lumajang accession has lower yields than the Nganjuk accession.


X: -1.93246 Y: 8.518783title: Novel ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate rich Kaempferia galanga (L.) essential oil and its pharmacological applications: special emphasis on anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, α-amylase inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Background
Kaempferia galanga (L.) is one of the prospective therapeutic plants with an aromatic rhizome, and belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. This herb is commonly used by local practitioners in traditional Asian medicine.

Methods
In the present investigation, the novel Kaempferia galanga rhizome essential oil rich in ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (EMCKG) was evaluated using GC/MS for chemical composition analysis. EMCKG was analyzed for its possible antimicrobial, neurodegenerative inhibitory, acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities as well as for the genotoxic effects using the standard methodologies. ANOVA and post hoc was performed to test the statistical significance of the study.

Results
GC/MS analysis identified ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate as the major component of EMCKG essential oil with an area percentage of 66.39%. The EMCKG exhibited moderate (DPPH assay IC 50 = 15.64 ± 0.263 µg/mL; ABTS assay IC 50 = 16.93 ± 0.228 µg/mL) antioxidant activity than standard ascorbic acid (DPPH assay IC 50 = 21.24 ± 0.413 µg/mL; ABTS assay IC 50 = 21.156 ± 0.345 µg/mL). Similarly, EMCKG showed comparable activity in albumin denaturation (IC 50 = 2.93 ± 0.59 µg/mL) and protease inhibitor assay (IC 50 = 17.143 ± 0.506 µg/mL) to that of standard sodium diclofenac (IC 50 = 23.87 ± 0.729 µg/mL and IC 50 = 19.18 ± 0.271 µg/mL, respectively). The EMCKG exhibited a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity pattern with the highest inhibitory activity at 500 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and considerable anticholinesterase activities (IC 50 = 21.94 ± 0.109 µg/mL) compared to the standard galanthamine (IC 50 = 27.18 ± 0.511 µg/mL). EMCKG also showed strong anti-diabetic activity (IC 50 = 18.503 ± 0.480 µg/mL) and anti-tyrosinase activity (IC 50 = 14.756 ± 0.325 µg/mL) as compared to the standards used (acarbose IC 50 = 20.39 ± 0.231 µg/mL and kojic acid IC 50 = 17.73 ± 0.192 µg/mL) in the study. Genotoxicity analysis of EMCKG revealed that at 1 µg/mL concentration has no toxic effects in mitosis of Allium cepa roots (Mitotic Index MI = 13.56% and chromosomal aberration CA = 07.60%). The ANOVA confirmed that except for the anticholinesterase activity, there is insignificant difference for essential oil and standards used for all the other bioactivities thus confirming their interchangeable applicability.

Conclusions
Current research provides the basis for the fact that besides being a rich source of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, EMCKG has the potential for future formulation and development of an inexpensive skin-care agent and for the preparation of anti-diabetic drugs.


X: -1.1146108 Y: 8.25588title: Effect of potassium and secondary nutrients on the essential oil and oleoresin contents in kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic oil yielding crop of Kerala. A study was conducted in the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala to identify the role of potassium and secondary elements, viz., sulphur, calcium and magnesium, on the essential oil and oleoresin content of the rhizomes of kacholam. Twelve treatments including the package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University for kacholam, and combinations of the same with extra dose of potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium were applied in the crop in a randomized block design with three replications. Top dressing of sulphur and magnesium resulted in higher rhizome yields (8.56 and 8.24 Mg ha-1). Sulphur application also resulted in higher oleoresin and essential oil contents. Higher sulphur and calcium contents in rhizomes were related to application of these elements. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that the secondary nutrients play a decisive role in the development of oleoresin and essential oil in kacholam.


X: -1.844801 Y: 8.735119title: Composition of essential oils extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation from Kaempferia galanga L. grown in China publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MHD) and traditional hydrodistillation (HD) were compared and evaluated for their efficiency in the isolation of Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil. The optimum conditions for MHD were: microwave delivered power 1000 W, microwave radiation time 3 min. and a 1:25 ratio of material to water. The obtained oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty-two components were identified in MHD oil and forty-five components in HD oil. Among the identified volatile compounds from K. galanga, the main components from both oils were found to be similar, but their contents were significantly different including iso-amyl p-methoxycinnamate (42.8 %, 27.5 %), n-pentadecane (21.6 %, 32.8 %), ethyl cinnamate (16.1 %, 17.1 %), cyperene (2.0 %, 3.4 %) and p-methoxystyrene (1.6 %, 2.6 %) in MHD oil and HD oil, respectively.


X: -2.6035745 Y: 9.0376835title: Wound healing properties of pharmaceutical gel containing isopimarane diterpene isolated from Kaempferia galanga L publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethnopharmacological relevance
Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes have been widely used in Thailand as medicine for treating inflammation and wound. A number of bioactive compounds have been isolated from the rhizomes of K. galanga and these compounds exhibited various pharmacological activities.

Aim of the study
The objective of this study is to investigate the wound healing properties of gel containing 6β-acetoxysandaracopimaradiene-1α, 9α-diol (KG6), a compound from K. galanga.

Materials and methods
KG6 gel formulations were prepared using 1.0% carbopol 940 as gelling agent. Three KG6 gel formulations (0.10, 0.25, 0.50% w/w) were subjected to heating-cooling test to determine their physical, chemical and biological stabilities. The wound healing properties of KG6 gel formulations were performed using RAW264.7 cells for anti-inflammatory effect, while their impact on cell proliferation and migration, collagen content and H2O2-induced oxidative stress was examined using human dermal fibroblasts (HDF).

Results
The pH, viscosity and general appearance after the heating-cooling test of the three prepared gels were stable in the acceptable range of gel formulation for skin. Gel containing 0.25% KG6 showed better chemical stability than other formulations. The 0.25% KG6 gel significantly increased cell viability (102.8%) and produced the highest HDF cell migration (91.9%) which was greater than that of Aloe vera gel (96.2, 78.4%, respectively). This gel exhibited anti-inflammatory activity via suppressing nitric oxide release and improved the viability of HDF cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The 0.25% KG6 gels also increased collagen content in HDF cells.

Conclusion
The gel formulation consisting of 0.25% KG6 with 1.0% of carbopol 940 was found to be a promising pharmaceutical gel for wound treatments due to marked wound healing properties.


X: -0.46982294 Y: 7.7523193title: Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Resistance Gene Candidates in Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Majority of the plant disease resistance genes expresses cytoplasmic receptor-like proteins characterized by an N-terminal nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Degenerative primers based on these conserved motifs were used to isolate NBS type sequences in Kaempferia galanga. Cloning and sequencing identified 12 Kaempferia NBS-type sequences called resistance gene candidates (RGCs) classified into four classes. The amino acid sequences of the RGCs detected the presence of conserved domains, viz., kinase-1a, kinase-2, and hydrophobic GLPL, categorizing them with the NBS-LRR class gene family. Structural and phylogenetic characterization grouped the RGCs with the non-toll interleukin receptor (non-TIR) subclasses of the NBS sequences. Reverse transcription PCR with 10 Kaempferia RGC specific primers revealed 7 out of 10 Kaempferia RGCs to be expressive. The isolation and characterization of Kaempferia RGCs has been reported for the first time in this study. This will provide a starting point towards characterization of candidate resistance genes in Kaempferia and can act as a source pool for disease resistance development in other asexually reproducing plants.


X: -3.3904507 Y: 8.556685title: change of BDNF expression in traumatic brain injury after Kaempferia galanga L. administration: An experimental study publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: BDNF has potent effects on neural synapses and its pathway affects cell survival and other biological processes. Kaempferia galanga L. has many active substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We analyzes BDNF in four different group of Wistar rats (Ratus novergicus) into Groups A (no trauma & extract), B (with trauma & no extract), C (with trauma and 600 mg/kgbw extract), and D (with trauma and 1200 mg/kgbw extract). Groups B, C, and D are further divided into those who had their BDNF measured on 24- (B24, C24, and D24) and 48-hours. BDNF expression were found to be statistically significant between Group A with both B24 (p = 0,009) and D24 (p = 0,009) on the 24-hour post-trauma decapitation analysis. On the 48 hours after trauma and extract administration, Group B48 (p = 0,002), C48 (p = <0,001), and D48 (p <0,001) were found to be significantly different with Group A. The administration of Kaempferia galanga L. extract can be considered as an option in increasing brain BDNF levels which are neuroprotective. Larger and specific studies are needed to determine the appropriate dose and duration.


X: -2.7135196 Y: 8.648592title: Antiviral effect of an extract from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome in mice infected with pseudorabies virus publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is one of the most important herpesviruses which can cause severe diseases in many mammals and some avian species. In recent years, repeated outbreaks of pseudorabies worldwide indicated an urgent need for new control measures. The results described in this study demonstrated that an extract prepared from the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L (Kge), which consisted of flavonoids (2.82%), saccharides (61.37%), phenols (1.22%) and saponins (3.10%), possessed a potent anti-PrV activity. In PK-15 cells, Kge treatment inhibited PrV-induced cell death by more than 90% at a dose of 200μg/mL. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 55.85μg/mL. In the PrV-infected mice treated with Kge, the survival rate was up to 60% at day 6 post-infection, while the infected mice without Kge treatment all died. The virus titers in the brains of the Kge-treated infected mice were significantly reduced. Kge treatment also alleviated the severity of the PrV-induced lesions in the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. Kge exhibited immune-regulating activity through the regulation of cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the serum of PrV-infected mice, suggesting that one possible mechanism of anti-PrV activity was through the regulation of immune function. These results suggested that Kge could be a promising drug candidate for treating PrV infections.


X: -2.9549222 Y: 8.449041title: Anti-inflammatory diarylheptanoids and phenolics from the rhizomes of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic plant of the Zingiberaceae family. It is widely cultured as a crops and its rhizome has been widely used as a flavor spice existing in various cooking. In this study, three new diarylheptanoids (1–3), one new phenolic glycoside (4), together with thirteen known phenolics were isolated from the rhizomes of kencur. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on IR, 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. Diarylheptanoids were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. Except for compound 7, most of diarylheptanoids exhibited pronounced inhibitory activities compared with indomethacin. The results demonstrated that the diarylheptanoids may be partially responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of kencur, which suggested that it could be served as an anti-inflammatory agent for healthy or medicinal products.


X: 1.4660971 Y: 7.8644733title: In Vitro Multiplication in Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is an important medicinal plant that is facing threat of extinction owing to indiscriminate and unsustainable harvesting in the wild. Conventional breeding is difficult in this plant, and in vitro multiplication is important to conservation and propagation. Leaf and rhizome explants of Kaempferia were aseptically cultured on MS medium with various combinations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2-4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/L. High-frequency organogenesis and multiple shoot regeneration was induced from rhizome explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of IAA and 2.5 mg/L of BAP. Rooting was induced in MS medium with 0.5 mg/L of IAA and 2 mg/L of BAP.


X: -3.2655458 Y: 8.708214title: Expression malondialdehyde (MDA) of brain after injury with the extract of kencur (Kaempferia Galanga L): Experimental study wistar rats publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Neurological damage in brain injury occurs due to secondary brain injury. Kencur extract has antioxidant potential with total phenolic and flavonoid content including luteolin apigenin and is expected to reduce MDA expression to prevent secondary injury. This study is an experimental laboratory. The treatment of all samples was carried out simultaneously using a post-test-only control group design. Based on the ANOVA test, the significance value of the Kencur extract treatment group was 0.000 (p<0.05) indicating that there was a difference in MDA expression in brain-injured rats without kencur extract with brain-injured rats and given kencur extract. In the 24-hour and 48-hour time groups, a significance value of 0.488 (p> 0.05) showed no significant difference in MDA expression. Then the Kencur extract treatment group with a time group of 0.117 (p> 0.05) showed no significant difference in MDA expression. There was a significant difference in the expression of MDA in brain-injured rats without kencur extract with brain-injured rats and given kencur extract. There were no significant differences in the MDA expression in the 24-hour and 48-hour time groups and the Kencur extract treatment group and the 24-hour and 48-hour time groups.


X: -1.8010918 Y: 8.644814title: Optimization, Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome: Comparative Study with Microwave Assisted Extraction and Hydrodistillation publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and the hydrodistillation (HD) were performed to extract the essential oil from the K. galanga dry rhizomes. The response surface method (RSM) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were deployed to optimize the process variables (microwave power, time and solid/liquid ratio). The aims of this research were to optimization of the process variables for MAE and to compare of the chemical compositions between HD and MAE. The microwave power, time and the interaction between time and solid/liquid ratio were the significant variables on the extraction yield of MAE. The highest yield of essential oil from HD and MAE that recovered on a dry weight basis were 0.52 and 0.92 % (w/w). The highest yield of MAE was derived by a power (800 W), time (28.38 min) and a solid/liquid ratio (100 g / 488.8 mL). The compositions were detected in the essential oil from HD and MAE at forty-five and sixtytwo contents. Ethyl (Z)-cinnamate, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, eucalyptol and eicosane were the significant compositions that were detected in HD and MAE essential oils. The essential oil of K. galanga was rich in valuable compositions and the MAE is a potential extraction method for extracting the essential oil from K. galanga.


X: -1.9681813 Y: 8.296511title: Ultrasound-enhanced subcritical water extraction of essential oils from Kaempferia galangal L. and their comparative antioxidant activities publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galangal L., belonging to family Zingiberaceae, has many bioactivities beneficial to human health. The main purpose of this study was to extract essential oils from K. galangal using ultrasound-enhanced subcritical water extraction (USWE) and investigate the antioxidant ability of the essential oils. An ultrasonic probe was introduced into the subcritical water extraction device to help the extraction process. The effects of temperature, extraction time, pressure, ultrasonic power density and frequency on the extraction yield was investigated. The USWE method was also compared with the other two methods, subcritical water extraction and steam distillation extraction, in terms of the extraction conditions, recovery yields and composition. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was evaluated by the assays of the DPPH scavenging ability and the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. The maximum yields (25.80 mg/g) of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate were obtained at an extraction condition of temperature 120 °C, extraction time 20 min, extraction pressure 10 Mpa, ultrasonic power density 250 W/L, and ultrasound frequency 20 kHz. USWE was found to be superior to the other extraction methods in terms of its higher recovery yields of essential oil and its stronger antioxidant ability.


X: -2.556741 Y: 8.704769title: Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) extracts publish year: 2011 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Zingiberaceas that are still included in un-utilized herbs inspite of the variety of useful pharmacological
properties it possesses. Extracts of KG have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nematicidal, mosquito
repellent, larvicidal, vasorelaxant, sedative, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antiallergic and
wound healing properties. Here, we have reviewed all the reported pharmacological properties of this
valuable herb with an intention to highlight the effectiveness and potentials of this herb. Ethyl-pmethoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found to be the most vital constituents responsible for
most of these pharmacological properties. Antinociceptive effect of KG extracts is comparable with that
of aspirin whereas its nematicidal effect is even more potent than Carbofuran and metham sodium.


X: -2.4870958 Y: 9.243128title: Enhancing resilient property of Kaempferia galanga rhizome starch by succinylation publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The present study investigates on the succinylation of native starch isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga. Succinylated starch with different degree of substitution in the range of 0.030–0.189 was prepared using varying concentrations of succinic anhydride. Morphological study showed the formation of porous structure on the outer surface of the starch granules, whereas FTIR spectra showed the presence of ester group on the modified starches. With the increase in degree of substitution, there was an increased amylose content and less fraction of amylopectin and thereby modified starch samples showed relatively less water retention capacity and faster disintegration. The swelling and solubility power of native and modified starches were found to increase with increase in temperature. From the TGA analysis, the succinylated starches were found to be more thermally stable than native starch. In vitro drug release study also supports the disintegration pattern and proves the potential of succinylated Kaempferia galanga starch as resilient material in sustained-drug release systems.


X: 1.5525689 Y: 7.864207title: Shoot tip cryopreservation by vitrification in Kaempferia galanga L. An endangered, overexploited medicinal plant in Tropical Asia publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Shoot tips from the established in vitro shoot cultures of Kaempferia galanga L., an endangered medicinal plant were successfully cryopreserved using the vitrification procedure. Effect of concentration of sucrose for preculture, vitrification treatment with PVS2(Plant vitrification solution 2) and recovery medium on cryopreservation of shoot tip meristems has been analyzed. Overnight preculturing of the dissected shoot tips in MS medium containing 0.4 M sucrose, osmoprotection with loading solution for 20 minutes, dehydration with PVS2 for 20 minutes at 0 oC were found to be optimum among the various treatments tested. The cryoprotected shoot tips upon rapid freezing in LN (liquid nitrogen) followed by rapid thawing produced 50-60% survival and 30-40% regeneration rates. Incorporation of GA3 (giberellic acid) in the post-thaw culture medium was essential to induce shoot emergence in the initial phase. Subculturing of the recovered shoot tips in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl -1 BA (6-benzyl adenine) and 0.5 mgl -1 NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid) resulted plantlet production. The regenerated shoots grew to mature plants were free of any morphogenetic variation upon field transfer.


X: -0.76787 Y: 8.102132title: Optimization Growth, Yield and Secondary Metabolites Quality of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) with Various Levels of Shade and Sulfur Fertilizer publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kencur can grow well in the lowlands or upper lands with loose soil which does not contain much air. The quality of yield of kencur rhizome is determined by its maturity level. An addition of sulfur and the provision of shading could increase the quality and yield of rhizome. The purpose of this study was to study and determine the response of two accessions to the application of sulfur fertilizer and different shade treatments in increasing yield and quality of the rhizome. The research was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021 in Jatikerto Agro Techno Park of Brawijaya University, Malang. A split-split-plot design was used in this study. The design consisted of main plots at 25% and 50% shades, subplots: Banyuwangi and Blitar accessions, and sub-subplots: 0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 MgSO4. The yields obtained indicated that there were interactions between treatments that occured in dry weight parameters of the rhizome, total plants and kencur productivity. By contrast, other treatments such as fresh weight only interacted in the treatment of accession and sulfur fertilizers without the presence of shade treatment. In both accesions, an increase in sulfur fertilizer doses could increase the percentage of total antioxidant activity. However, the antioxidant content was higher at 25% shade compared to that at 50% shade. The dose of sulfur fertilizer at both the shade and accession used was able to increase ethyl p-methoxycinnamate content.


X: -1.9501977 Y: 8.310659title: KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga) DAN BIOAKTIVITASNYA publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: p>Kaempferia galanga (KG) atau kencur telah lama digunakan masyarakat Asia termasuk Indonesia sebagai obat tradisional dan bumbu masak. Informasi yang konfrehensif botani, metabolit sekunder dan bioaktivitas KG sangat penting untuk pengembangannya sebagai obat tradisional sehingga dapat meminimalisasi efek sampingnya. Penulisan artikel ini didasarkan studi literatur yang diperoleh secara on line maupun off line berupa buku, jurnal maupun hasil penelitian lainnya. KG merupakan tanaman herba aromatis dengan daun biasanya 2-3(-5) dengan seludang 1,5-5 cm, daun sering horizontal dan menutupi permukaaan tanah. Ethyl-trans-p-methoxy cinnamate dan trans-ethyl cinnamate merupakan senyawa utama yang sangat penting pada KG dan merupakan komponen yang memiliki sifat pharmakologi, oleh karena itu penting dilakukan pemilihan aksesi dengan kandungan senyawa bioaktif yang tinggi. Secara etnobotani KG digunakan sebagai obat ekspektorat, karminatif, obat batuk, rematik, dan anti kanker, kolera, vasorelaksasi, anti mikroba, antioksidan, anti alergi penyembuhan luka. Walaupun secara etnobotani banyak manfaat dari KF, namun bioaktivitasnya membuktikan aktivitas KG sebagai anti kanker, anti oksidan, anti inflamasi, analgesik dan anti bakteri</p


X: -2.9232821 Y: 8.218947title: Recent Advances in Kaempferia Phytochemistry and Biological Activity: A Comprehensive Review publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Abstract: Background: Plants belonging to the genus Kaempferia (family: Zingiberaceae) are
distributed in Asia, especially in the southeast region, and Thailand. They have been widely used
in traditional medicines to cure metabolic disorders, inflammation, urinary tract infections, fevers,
coughs, hypertension, erectile dysfunction, abdominal and gastrointestinal ailments, asthma,
wounds, rheumatism, epilepsy, and skin diseases. Objective: Herein, we reported a comprehensive
review, including the traditional applications, biological and pharmacological advances, and
phytochemical constituents of Kaempheria species from 1972 up to early 2019. Materials and
methods: All the information and reported studies concerning Kaempheria plants were summarized
from library and digital databases (e.g., Google Scholar, Sci-finder, PubMed, Springer, Elsevier,
MDPI, Web of Science, etc.). The correlation between the Kaempheria species was evaluated via
principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), based on the
main chemical classes of compounds. Results: Approximately 141 chemical constituents have been
isolated and reported from Kaempferia species, such as isopimarane, abietane, labdane and clerodane
diterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenyl-heptanoids, curcuminoids, tetrahydropyranophenolic,
and steroids. A probable biosynthesis pathway for the isopimaradiene skeleton is illustrated. In addition, 15 main documented components of volatile oils of Kaempheria were
summarized. Biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
anticholinesterase, antioxidant, anti-obesity-induced dermatopathy, wound healing,
neuroprotective, anti-allergenic, and anti-nociceptive were demonstrated. Conclusions: Up to date,
significant advances in phytochemical and pharmacological studies of different Kaempheria species
have been witnessed. So, the traditional uses of these plants have been clarified via modern in vitro
and in vivo biological studies. In addition, these traditional uses and reported biological results
could be correlated via the chemical characterization of these plants. All these data will support the
biologists in the elucidation of the biological mechanisms of these plants.


X: -2.115384 Y: 8.150084title: Combination of supercritical fluid extraction with high speed countercurrent chromatography for extraction and isolation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia Galanga L. publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with high speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was successfully used for the extraction and isolation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and ethyl cinnamate (EC) from Kaempferia Galanga L.. The SFE parameters including extraction temperature, extraction pressure and entrainer volume were optimized by central composite design (CCD). Then the crude extract was separated by HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (7:3:8:2, v/v/v/v) in one-step within 60 min. 13 mg of EPMC and 2 mg of EC were isolated from 100 mg of crude extract with purities of 98.4 and 98.1 %, as determined by HPLC. The structural identification was carried out by UV, MS, and NMR spectra.


X: -2.0511618 Y: 8.239173title: THE DETERMINATION OF ETHYL P-METHOXY CINNAMATE IN KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L. RHIZOME EXTRACT HARVESTED IN RAINY AND DRY SEASONS publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (KGR), has been empirically used in Indonesia, particularly by Javanese, to cure inflammation. KGR contains various secondary metabolites which explain its pharmacology activities, among them is ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). However, due to the different seasons of our country, the yield of extraction is often unalike. In this work, we determined the percentage of yield (w/w), the water content (thermogravimetric method), and the concentration of EPMC in the Ethanol extract of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome (EEKG) harvested from the rainy (EEKG-R) and dry seasons (EEKG-D). Methods: The sun-dried rhizomes were cold macerated for 3x24 h with 70% ethanol, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated at 40-45 °C until a viscous extract was obtained. The determination of EPMC in the extract was carried out using the RP-HPLC standard addition method. Detection was set at 308 nm; injection volume 20 µl; flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The column used is C18 (length 250 mm, internal diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm). Results: The yield of EEKG-R (harvested in the rainy season) = 14.56% w/w, water content = 4.37%, and the EPMC = 0.01%. Meanwhile the yield of EEKG-D (harvested in the dry season) = 5.79% w/w, water content = 18.76%, and the EPMC = 0.001%. Conclusion: Different climates affect the percentage yield and the quality of the extract. In our work, the EEKG-R (harvested in the rainy season) revealed a better quality compared to that of EEKG-D (harvested in the dry season) This study gives important information to standardize and optimize the harvest time of KG rhizomes for drugs development, which are strongly influenced by seasonal differences.


X: -3.005576 Y: 7.7146435title: Kaempferia galanga L. extract and its main component, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, inhibit the proliferation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by suppressing TFAM expression publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga L. shows anti-cancer effects; however, the underling mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanism of the anti-cancer effects of Kaempferia galanga L. Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome extracts (KGEs) suppressed Ehrlich ascites tumor cell (EATC) proliferation by inhibiting S-phase progression. The main component of KGE is ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC), which exhibits the same anti-proliferative effect as KGE. Furthermore, EMC induced the downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21. EMC also decreased the expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) but did not significantly change mitochondrial DNA copy number and membrane potential. Phosphorylation at Ser62 of c-Myc, a transcription factor of TFAM, was decreased by EMC treatment, which might be due to the suppression of H-ras expression. These results indicate that EMC is the active compound responsible for the anti-cancer effect of KGE and suppresses EATC proliferation by regulating the protein expression of cyclin D1 and p21; TFAM may also regulate the expression of these genes. In addition, we investigated the anticancer effects of KGE and EMC in vivo using EATC bearing mice. The volume of ascites fluid was significantly increased by intraperitoneal administration of EATC. However, the increase in the volume of ascites fluid was suppressed by oral administration of EMC and KGE. This study provides novel insights into the association between the anti-cancer effects of natural compounds and TFAM, indicating that TFAM might be a potential therapeutic target.


X: -0.4991475 Y: 9.221582title: THE The Effect of Foot Massage and Warm Water Mixed with Aromatic Ginger Foot Bath on Edema in Pregnancy publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Swelling or edema in the legs often occurs in third trimester pregnant women because uterine pressure inhibits venous return causing fluid retention. The incidence of edema in RSIA Kemang Medical Care between December 2021 and January 2022 was third ranked in cases of discomfort for pregnant women. Handling swollen feet by means of complementary therapies, one of which is foot massage and warm water foot bath mixed with aromatic ginger.This quasi-experimental study used a two-group pretest and posttest design with control group. The population of this study was all registered pregnant women with third trimester edema which was 80 people. There are 20 experimental samples and 20 control samples. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The instrument was SOP and pitting scale tables. Data analysis had been done by using Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney test. The average degree of leg edema was 3+ before the intervention and 1+ after the intervention. According to Wilcoxon, the results showed pvalue =0.000 (<0.05) so that statistically there was a significant decrease in leg edema before and after foot massage and footbath in warm water mixed with aromatic ginger in third trimester pregnant women. The Mann-Whitney test for the significant difference p = 0.000 < 0.05 there was a difference between the post- experimental group and the post control group, which means that statistically there was a decrease in swelling in the third trimester of RSIA Kemang Medical Care 2022 with foot massage


X: 1.4324803 Y: 7.910273title: In Vitro Multiplication in Kaempferia galanga Linn publish year: 2004 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is an important medicinal plant that is facing threat of extinction owing to indiscriminate and unsustainable harvesting in the wild. Conventional breeding is difficult in this plant, and in vitro multiplication is important to conservation and propagation. Leaf and rhizome explants of Kaempferia were aseptically cultured on MS medium with various combinations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2-4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/L. High-frequency organogenesis and multiple shoot regeneration was induced from rhizome explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of IAA and 2.5 mg/L of BAP. Rooting was induced in MS medium with 0.5 mg/L of IAA and 2 mg/L of BAP.


X: -2.2691748 Y: 8.434811title: PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTIC OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA RHIZOME DRIED BY OVEN AND COMBINATION METHODS publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Objective: The research objective was to determine the effect of the drying process on the pharmacognostic characteristic of dried Kampferia galanga produced in the Post-Harvest Processing Center of Medicinal Plants facility. Methods: The drying methods were oven-based drying in 80 °C temperature and a combination-based drying process, which included greenhouse drying for 6-8 h and transfered to 80 °C oven. The pharmacognostic characteristic of products were evaluated based on Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia standard, which included macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, thin-layer chromatography, water and ethanol soluble content, total ash and acid-insoluble ash content, volatile oil content, ethyl para-methoxycinnamate content, total plate count, and total yeast and mold count. Results: The result showed dried K. galanga from both drying methods met the quality standard. Interestingly, the combination-based methods possed 6-7 h quicker in drying time compared to oven-based methods despite lower temperatures was used at the greenhouse. Conclusion: It can be concluded that both methods could retain the quality of K. galanga rhizome.


X: -1.8920137 Y: 8.861941title: Antidandruff potential of kaempheria galanga ethanolic extracts for hair cream formulation publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: The evaluation of Kaempferia galanga, Citrus hystrix and Cinnamomum zeylanicum ethanolic extracts on antifungal activities and zone of inhibition were conducted. The yield for K. galanga, C. hystrix and C. zeylanicum were 0.4, 0.7 and 0.43 % of raw dried samples respectively. All the extracts demonstrated 5 mg/mL MIC with C. zeylanicum, K. galanga and C. hystrix average holozones diameter of 14.5 + 3.8, 12.0 + 1.8 and 12.0 + 0.8 mm after 3 days of incubation respectively with no effect on negative control. On the other hand, Zinc Pyrithione being more potent than imidazaole as a positive control with inhibition of 32.8 + 2.2 and 21.8 + 3.4 respectively. Based on the findings, the anti-fungal hair cream containing K. galanga ethanolic extract was formulated into oil-in-water cream and the physicochemical properties were evaluated. The cream demonstrated desirable characteristic with no separation between oil and water after vigorously shaken at 14,600 rpm for half an hour. Furthermore the viscosity and pH were 543.7 + 19.2 and 5.46 + 0.01 respectively. In conclusion, K galanga ethanolic extract has a potential to be used as an anti-fungal oil in water cream formulation.


X: -2.1493504 Y: 8.520482title: Isolation and Antibacterial Activity Test of The Extract Ethyl Acetate of Endophytic Fungi from Kencur (Kaempferia Galanga L.) publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi jamur endofit yang terdapat pada daun dan rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) serta menguji aktivitas antibakterinya. Isolasi jamur endofit dilakukan dengan kultivasi dan subkultivasi jamur yang tumbuh dari daun dan rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) yang sebelumnya telah disterilkan pada media potato dextrose agar (PDA). Identifikasi jamur endofit dilakukan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis terhadap morfologinya. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar. Dari daun dan rimpang kencur diperoleh lima isolat jamur endofit yang diidentifikasi sebagai Torulla sp. (KG001), Mucor sp. (KG002), Fusarium sp. (KG003), Geotricum sp. (KG004), dan Drechslera sp. (KG005). Tiga ekstrak etil asetat jamur endofit Torulla sp. (KG001), Fusarium sp. (KG003), dan Drechcera sp. (KG005) memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram positif (Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholera) dan Gram negatif (Bacillus subtilis and Eschericia coli) pada konsentrasi 3.75 %. Jamur endofit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri kuat (diameter hambat 10-20 mm) adalah Torulla sp. (KG001) dan Drechslera sp. (KG005). Sedangkan, jamur endofit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri sedang (diameter hambat 5-10 mm) adalah ekstrak etil asetat jamur Fusarium sp. (KG003). Aktivitas antibakteri terbesar ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etil asetat isolat jamur Drechslera Sp. dengan diameter hambat 16 mm terhadap bakteri uji Vibrio cholera.


X: -0.62338257 Y: 8.041401title: Dry-matter production and accumulation in different parts of galangal (Kaempferia galanga) as influenced by agronomic practices when grown as an intercrop in coconut garden publish year: 2000 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: A field experiment was conducted to study the response of galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.), grown as intercrop, to agronomic practices in coconut garden during 1995-98. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content did not differ significantly when mother rhizome and finger rhizome used as planting material. Plant population levels of 333,000 and 500,000/ha had the same effect with respect to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Organic manures like farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC) and combination of FYM + NPK and NPK applied alone had significantly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content. The total dry-matter production increased significantly when mother rhizome, with 333,000/ha population, was used as planting material. Among organic manure treatments, FYM, VC and FYM+NPK significantly contributed to the increase in dry matter compared to composted coir pith (CCP) and NPK treatments. Freshrhizome yield was significantly superior with mother rhizome and with 500,000 population level. FYM + NPK combination recorded significantly higher fresh-rhizome yield. The harvest index improved significantly with mother rhizome treatment and at 333,000/ha population. Among organic manures, FYM, VC, FYM+NPK and NPK improved harvest indices compared to CCP and control treatments.


X: -1.5300257 Y: 8.532376title: Isolation of nematicidal constituents from essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L rhizome and their activity against Heterodera avenae Wollenweber publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Purpose: To explore the nematicidal activities of the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga rhizomes and its isolated constituents against Heterodera avenae Methods: Essential oil of K. galanga rhizomes was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis using HP-5MS column. Evaluation of nematicidal toxicity was performed against juveniles (J2) of H. avenae. The bioactive constituent compounds were isolated and identified from the oil based on bioactivity-directed fractionation. Results: Forty-one components were identified and the main components of the essential oil of K. galanga are as follows: ethyl-ρ-methoxy cinnamate (34.79%), ethyl cinnamate (20.72%), 1,8-cineole (8.96%), trans-cinnamaldehyde (7.03%) and borneol (5.64%). The essential oil exhibited nematicidal activity against the cereal cyst nematode with an LC50 value of 91.78 μg/mL. Ethyl cinnamate, ethyl ρ-methoxy cinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde (median lethal concentration LC50 = 100.60 µg/ml, 83.04 µg/mL and 94.75 µg/mL, respectively) exhibited stronger nematicidal toxicity than borneol (LC50 = 734.89 µg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (LC50 = 921.21 µg/mL) against the cereal cyst nematode. Conclusion: The results indicate that the essential oil of K. galanga and its isolated constituents have a potential for development into natural nematicides for the control of cereal cyst nematodes. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved.


X: 1.5990332 Y: 7.7648454title: Rapid multiplication and in vitro production of leaf biomass in Kaempferia galanga through tissue culture publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: An efficient protocol has been established for rapid multiplication and in vitro production of leaf biomass in Kaempferia galanga L, a rare medicinal plant. Different plant growth regulators like Benzyladenine (BA), Indoleacetic acid (IAA), Indolebutyric acid (IBA), Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and adenine sulphates (Ads) have been tried for induction of multiple shoots using lateral bud of rhizome as explants. The highest rate of shoot multiplication (11.5 +/- 0.6) shoot/explant as well as leaf biomass production (7.4 +/- 0.3) gram/explant was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with Benzyladenine (1 mg/l) and Indoleacetic acid (0.5 mg/l). Data of shoot multiplication and leaf biomass production were statistically analysed. Upon excission of leaves after 2 months of culture under sterile condition, the base of each plantlet was transferred to fresh media which could produce the same leaf biomass within another 2 months in a 50 ml culture tube containing 20 ml and 250 ml conical flasks containing 30 ml Murashige and Skoog medium. The rate of multiplication and leaf biomass production remained unchanged in subsequent subcultures. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in greenhouse and subsequently transferred to the field. Survival rate of the plantlets under ex vitro condition was 95 percent. Genetic fidelity of the regenerants was confirmed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The protocol could be commercially utilized for large scale production of true-to-type plantlets and as an alternative method of leaf biomass production in Kaempferia galanga.


X: -1.3568113 Y: 8.365328title: Identification and Registration of the Novel High-Rhizome-Yielding Variety Bharamputra-1 of Kaempferia galanga L. publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is an endangered plant whose recognition as a flavoring agent and perfumery ingredient has increased its demand greatly. Therefore, the present investigation aimed at the identification of high-rhizome-yielding varieties of K. galanga. A total of forty-nine germplasms were collected from different parts of India and planted at CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat experimental farm, during 2013. The two-year evaluation of essential morphological and chemical data was recorded for the selection of superior rhizomes with a high rhizome yield during 2014 and 2015. Subsequently, multi-location field trials were conducted with the selected elite germplasm along with controls using a randomized complete block design, and relevant morphological traits as well as essential oil quality data were recorded for all the lines for three consecutive years during 2016, 2017 and 2018. The essential oil quality was analyzed by using GC/MS. The data obtained were statistically analyzed for stability based on rhizome yield, essential oil yield and days to maturity. A high-rhizome-yielding variety of K. galanga was identified and named Bharamputra-1.Itwas found to be stable in multi-locational trials conducted in Northeast India. The variety showed a mean rhizome yield of 10.01 tones/ha. Stability parameters, namely, βi = 1.13 and σ2di = −0.07 were recorded and found to be superior to those of the other examined varieties. The chemical profiling of the rhizome essential oil of the selected germplasm was also performed using GC/MS, which revealed ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (37.25%), trans-ethyl cinnamate (28.35%), endo-borneol (8.91%), eucalyptol (6.83%), (-)-camphor (3.98%) and 3-carene (3.77%) as the main components. The cultivation of this identified variety could help in the successful commercial cultivation of the crop.


X: -2.101701 Y: 8.223979title: Biotransformation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. using Aspergillus niger International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Studies were carried out on the extraction of the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L. using steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After purification, the major compound of the K. galanga L. extract, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) was identified by NMR and MS spectrometry. Biotransformation of EPMC using Aspergillus niger afforded ethyl p-hydroxycinnamate in 24% yield.


X: -1.534635 Y: 8.298774title: Identification of the New High Oil and Rhizome Yielding Variety of Kaempferia galanga (Jor Lab K-1): A Highly Important Indigenous Medicinal Plants of North East India publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is very important medicinal and aromatic plants of throughout Asia. It is used in skin diseases, piles, cough, fever, epilepsy, spleen disorders, wounds, asthma and rheumatism; and also useful in digestion. Our investigation objective was to identify the high herbage and high essential oil genotypes. The thirty-five germplasm were evaluated during the year 2013–14. After two years of evaluation high oil and rhizome yielding genotype of K. Galanga was identified and named “Jor Lab K-1″ which was propagated through vegetative means using the rhizome as explant. This elite new genotype was evaluated in four different locations of North East India during the year, 2015 and 2016. The identified germplasm has shown 35 percent superiority over the check variety with rhizome herbage yield of 7.156 tons/ha and dry rhizome recovery of 25 % from fresh rhizomes and the average 2.38 % essential oil in dry rhizome. The essential oil of the dry rhizome, obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC-MS. The major components found were Ethyl trans-cinnamate (31.12 %), Ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate (14.3 %), 1,8-Cineole (10.57 %), Delta-3-Carene (5.12 %) and n-pentadecane (4.8 %).


X: -3.103334 Y: 8.912694title: THE EFFECT OF KAEMPFEROL, ETHYL-pMETHOXYCINNAMATE, AND THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Kaempferia galanga RHIZOME ON THE PRODUCTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN BY In-vitro AND In-silico STUDY publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, the substrate. COX has two isoforms which are targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs exhibit their antiinflammatory activity by blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Overall, NSAIDs are well tolerated, especially when used short-term, nevertheless due to their global use, they are frequently involved in adverse drug reactions. Kaempferia galanga has been traditionally used to cure various inflammatory-related disorders by consuming the boiled rhizome tea or applying the rhizome powder paste topically on the inflamed site. This plant has been proven to contain flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds that are considered to have pharmacological activities. This work studied the effect of kaempferol (KAE), ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), and K. galanga rhizome ethanolic extract (EKG) on prostaglandin production and compared the results with that of celecoxib and triamcinolone acetonide by in vitro and in silico technique. Results revealed that both KAE and EPMC could occupy the catalytic site of COX-2 by building hydrogen bonds with important amino acid residues. Moreover, in vitro study confirmed that lower concentrations of EKG could reduce the production of prostaglandin PGG2, while higher concentration does not. It is proven that KAE inhibits the production of prostaglandin PGG2 in both concentration and time-dependent manners. Taken together, the EKG can be further developed as a COX-2 inhibitor drug.


X: -1.8856139 Y: 9.141892title: Nanoemulsification of Kaempferia galanga essential oil: Characterizations and molecular interactions explaining fungal growth suppression publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Present study envisaged the development of nanoemulsions (NEs) based on essential oil (EO) of Kaempferia galanga using biosurfactant, saponin. Aromatic components of the distilled EO were characterized in GC-MS and the oil was formulated to prepare NEs with saponin at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) using ultrasonic acoustic energy at three individual time points (3, 5 and 10 min). NEs prepared with ≥1% saponin solution with ≥10 min ultrasonication were found stable even after accelerated storage condition at 54±1 °C for 14 days. Briefly, NEs at 400 µg/mL concentration, showed hydrodynamic droplet diameter of 71.68 nm with the corresponding PDI 0.52 and zeta potential -20.05 mV. TEM images confirmed the spherical morphology and droplet diameters. NEs exhibited excellent efficacy against A. flavus 2547 (32.3 µg/mL) followed by A. flavus 2838 (45.6 µg/mL), A. flavus 8601 (56.2 µg/mL) and A. flavus 6641 (69.7 µg/mL). Molecular modelling studies revealed the most promising binding complexes of 6IV7-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (-56.22 kcal/mol), the key component responsible for interfering functional properties of the native ligand. Additive interaction effect of 4QBJ-pentadecane (-50.15 kcal/mol) and 6JOH-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (-45.91 kcal/mol) attributed to the extraordinary favourable binding energy for non-bonded covalent and lipophilic interactions towards the selective target proteins.


X: -3.3396876 Y: 8.705826title: Antithrombotic Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on Collagen-epinephrine Induced Thromboembolism In Mice publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. have been proven to possess antiplatelet activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effect of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in a mouse thrombotic model. Methods: The ethanol extracts of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza were orally administered with three different doses (7, 14 and 28 mg/20 g BW) in two experimental mouse models. Bleeding time prolongation was observed on mice tail that had been cut and the survival rate of mice was observed after thromboembolism induction by collagen-epinephrine. These two experiments were observed after 7 days extracts pre-treatment and compared to the positive control, aspirin. Results: A potent effect of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts were demonstrated through significant bleeding time prolongation compared to control group. C. xanthorrhiza extract exhibited better activity than K. galanga extract. Moreover, both K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts significantly protected mice from thromboembolic death, where the protective effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract was stronger than K. galanga extract in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts have a potential to be developed as antithrombotic agents against platelet thromboembolism.


X: -1.3238773 Y: 8.602009title: Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia galanga publish year: 1999 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Four fractions of Kaempferia galanga (hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction 1, dichloromethane fraction 2 and methanolic fraction) were tested for larvicidal activity toward fourth instar Culex quinquefasciatus. The hexane fraction was found to exhibit the highest larvicidal effect with the LC50 of 42.33 ppm. Testing for adulticidal activity, the hexane fraction did not show any promising adulticidal effect. However, it caused a knockdown effect which might be useful as a repellent. It was then tested for repellent activity in human volunteers both in laboratory and field studies. In a laboratory study, the hexane fraction possessed repellency against Aedes aegypti (ED50 value of 30.73 microg/cm2), and provided biting protection for 3 hours. In a field study, it could protect against certain mosquitos, ie, Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles barbirostris, An. aconitus, Mansonia uniformis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. aegypti. The hexane fraction did not cause dermal irritation when applied on human skin.


X: -1.6407801 Y: 8.533708title: Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil incorporation on sensory and physical properties of dark chocolate bar publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Chocolate is the world’s most popular confectionery product of processed cocoa. The antioxidant content of cocoa flavanols in dark chocolate is higher than other types of chocolate. Widely cultivated in Indonesia, kencur ( Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizome has many health benefits, including antitussive, expectorant, antioxidant, and hypocholesterolemic. The aims of this research were to evaluate the effects of variation concentration of kencur ( Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizomes essential oil incorporation on sensory and physical properties of dark chocolate bar. Three formulas of dark chocolate bar with an addition of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes essential oil (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) were studied. The results showed that the addition of variation of the essential oil concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) had no significant effect on the overall sensory properties. However, dark chocolate bar with the addition of 0.3% Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil (F3) showed the highest panelist acceptance on aroma attributes. It had very small color difference and the lowest hardness based on the result of physical characterization, suggesting that dark chocolate bar with the addition of 0.3% Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil (F3) is expected to be developed as one of chocolate-based functional food products.


X: 1.3613245 Y: 7.8824363title: In Vitro Propagation of Kaempferia Galanga (Zingiberaceae) and Comparison of Larvicidal Activity and Phytochemical Identities of Rhizomes of Tissue Cultured and Naturally Grown Plants publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Vegetative propagation of K. galanga Linn (Zingiberaceae) cannot fulfill the current demand for planting material and tissue culture offers an alternative means for mass propagation. Experiments were carried out on propagation of plants through direct organogenesis and comparison of larvicidal activity and phytochemicals present in rhizome of natural and tissue cultured plants in order to confirm the potential use of tissue cultured plants as an alternative to natural plants in commercial scale productions. In vitro shoot induction was optimized with rhizomee bud explants grown on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L Benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/L IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). MS medium supplement with 1.0 mg/L IAA and 0.2 mg/L Indol-3-butric acid (IBA) was identified as the best medium for root induction. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized successfully (100%) in a mixture of soil: sand: compost (1: 1: 1). Hexane found to be a better solvent for extraction of phytochemicals over methanol and the 50% hexane extract showed the highest larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti. GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of the nine key compounds in both samples tested confirming the possibility of using tissue cultured plants as a substitute for natural plants in medicinal purposes.


X: -2.9557858 Y: 7.62115title: Analysis of the anti-cancer effect of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate extracted cekur (Kaempferia galanga) on cancer cell lines with wild- type and null p53 publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: This study aimed to examine the in-vitro anti-cancer potential of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), the major constituent of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) in selected human lung adenocarcinoma cells line A549 (p53 wild-type) and H1299 (p53 null). The involvement of p53 pathway in the anti-cancer effect of EPMC on selected cells was determined using MTT assay and Real-time PCR. The MTT results show that EPMC induces cytotoxicity in a dose- dependent manner in A549 cancer cell lines containing the p53 wild-type gene. Meanwhile, our RT-PCR results indicate that the apoptotic activity of EPMC does not involve the p53 pathway. Overall, these results indicate that EPMC compounds of K. galanga stimulates in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic activity unrelated to the p53 pathway


X: -2.658895 Y: 8.303087title: Biofunctional properties and plant physiology of Kaempferia spp.: Status and trends publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia spp. have traditionally played a role in treating various ailments and are attracting increasing economic and scientific interest. This review evaluates the traditional use, phytochemical compounds, and biological properties of Kaempferia parviflora, Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia rotunda, Kaempferia pulchra, and Kaempferia angustifolia. The health benefits associated with consuming Kaempferia spp. and their active components, namely flavonoids and other volatile compounds, include antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protective, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and skin-whitening effects, suggesting the use of Kaempferia spp. as a potential health aid for the aging population. As agricultural production is important to ensure consistent quality of Kaempferia produce, resource management techniques related to species identification, cultivation, storage, and processing were also highlighted. It was suggested that the value-added concept in agricultural production may be limited. Investigations into plant biology and physiology are required to provide a solid theoretical basis for the sustainable production of Kaempferia.


X: -3.19417 Y: 8.584288title: Inhibitory Effect on Melanogenesis of Rhizoma Bletillae publish year: 2003 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Recently many efforts were focused to understand the mechanical insights of melanogenesis to develop the agents for hyper-pigmentation and hypo-pigmentation. In the melanin biosynthetic pathway, tyrosinase is the rate limiting enzyme, and -melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH) or cAMP-elevating agents stimulate melanogenesis and enhance the melanin synthesis and the tyrosinase activity. The author has analyzed the effects of Rhizoma Bletillae on the basal melanogenic activities of B16 mouse melanoma cells. Rhizoma Bletillae alone markedly suppressed melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the cells with Rhizoma Bletillae. The decrease in the tyrosinase activity was paralled by a decrease in the abundance of tyrosinase protein and tyrosinase promoter activity. These results suggest that Rhizoma Bletillae inhibits melanogenesis of B16 melanoma cells via suppression of tyrosinase activity.