X: -3.9804175 Y: 8.615741title: Inhibitory effects of Kaempferia parviflora extract on monocyte adhesion and cellular reactive oxygen species production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Purpose:
The rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is used in traditional Thai medicine. In this study, we investigated the effects of an ethanol KP extract and two of its components [5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF)] on monocyte adhesion and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which provide an in vitro model of events relevant to the development and progression of atherosclerosis.

Methods:
RAW264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells were incubated with various concentrations of KP extract or polymethoxyflavonoids and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide prior to measuring nitrite levels in the culture media. Monocyte adhesion was evaluated by measuring the fluorescently labeled human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells that is attached to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated HUVECs. Cellular ROS production was assessed by measuring cellular antioxidant activity using pyocyanin-stimulated HUVECs.

Results:
KP extract and DMF reduced nitrite levels (as indicator of nitric oxide production) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and also inhibited THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs. These treatments induced mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs and downregulated that of various cell adhesion molecules, inflammatory mediators, and endothelial function-related genes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was inhibited by KP extract in vitro. Furthermore, KP extract, DMF, and TMF inhibited the production of cellular ROS in pyocyanin-stimulated HUVECs.

Conclusion:
KP extract, DMF, and TMF showed potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in these in vitro models, properties that would inhibit the development and progression of atherosclerosis.


X: -4.2986665 Y: 7.9797134title: Effect of methoxyflavones contained in Kaempferia parviflora on CRE-mediated transcription in PC12D cells publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The cAMP-response element (CRE) is critical in the formation of long-term memory. To prove the pharmacological effects of the methoxyflavones-rich residue (MRR) and its constituent methoxyflavones (1–9) extracted from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora on the nervous system, we examined the effects of the MRR and methoxyflavones (1–9) on CRE-mediated transcription in PC12D cells. The MRR increased CRE-mediated transcription in PC12D cells. In addition, among methoxyflavones (1–9) isolated from MRR, compounds 1–4 increased CRE-mediated transcription. These results suggest that K. parviflora and methoxyflavone might be very useful materials for preventing and recovering from cognitive decline.


X: -2.7204747 Y: 9.5981865title: A monolithic drug-in-adhesive patch of methoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora: In vitro and in vivo evaluation publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The aim of this study was to design and develop a suitable monolithic drug-in-adhesive type patch of methoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora) using acrylic polymer Durotak(®) 87-2852. The absence of interaction between components in K. parviflora extract and the adhesive polymer was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Thirteen K. parviflora patches with different extract loading and permeation enhancers were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. All formulations showed good physicochemical properties, good stability and satisfactory adhesive properties. The effect of K. parviflora loading and permeation enhancers on methoxyflavones transport across porcine ear skin was also evaluated. The permeation of methoxyflavones increased with the amount of K. parviflora. Among the permeation enhancers investigated, oleic acid increased permeation flux of total methoxyflavones by 1.25 fold compared to the control; whereas menthol shortened the lag time. When oleic acid and menthol were combined, the maximum flux of methoxyflavones and shortest lag time were observed, suggesting a synergistic effect of menthol with oleic acid. The optimal patch formulation contained 15% K. parviflora, 3% oleic acid and 3% of menthol, and this was evaluated via an in vivo pharmacokinetic study using rats. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of total methoxyflavones was 218.08ng/ml with Tmax at 8h. The concentrations of methoxyflavones in plasma continued to increase until the end of the experiment, indicating a sustained release into the systemic circulation.
Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.


X: -4.741146 Y: 9.101183title: Effects of ethyl acetate extract of Kaempferia parviflora on brown adipose tissue publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: We have previously reported the effects of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), including anti-obesity, preventing various metabolic diseases, and regulating differentiation of white adipose cells. In this study we used Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice-an animal model of spontaneous obese type II diabetes-and primary brown preadipocytes to examine the effects of the ethyl acetate extract of KP (KPE) on brown adipose tissue, which is one of the energy expenditure organs. TSOD mice were fed with MF mixed with either KPE 0.3 or 1 % for 8 weeks. Computed tomography images showed that whitening of brown adipocytes was suppressed in the interscapular tissue of the KPE group. We also examined mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and β3-adrenalin receptor (β3AR) in brown adipose tissue. As a result, mRNA expression of UCP-1 significantly increased in the KPE 1 % treatment group, indicating that KPE activated brown adipose tissue. We then evaluated the direct effects of KPE on brown adipocytes using primary brown preadipocytes isolated from interscapular brown adipocytes in ICR mice. Triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in primary brown preadipocytes was increased by KPE in a dose-dependent manner. Each mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), UCP-1, and β3AR exhibited an upward trend compared with the control group. Moreover, some polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs), the main compound in KP, also increased TG accumulation. This study therefore showed that KPE enhanced the thermogenesis effect of brown adipocytes as well as promoted the differentiation of brown adipocyte cells.


X: -4.7870555 Y: 8.963682title: Standardized Kaempferia parviflora Extract Enhances Exercise Performance Through Activation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Exercise enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. Increased mitochondrial function and content can contribute to the improvement in skeletal muscle function and the benefits of exercise by increasing the response to energy demands. The effect of standardized Kaempferia parviflora extract (KPE) on exercise performance was accessed in L6 myotubes and C57BL/6J mice. KPE significantly activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and increased mitochondrial density in L6 myotubes. KPE also upregulated the expression of transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis (estrogen-related receptor-α [ERRα], nuclear respiratory factor-1 [NRF-1], and mitochondrial transcription factor A [Tfam]) through activation of PGC-1α in L6 myotubes. In vivo models including normal diet mice and high-fat diet obese mice showed that KPE effectively enhanced running endurance and increased the skeletal muscle weight/body weight ratio. Furthermore, these observations were associated with a significant upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory genes in skeletal muscle tissue. KPE enhanced the protein expression of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/PGC-1α/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) signaling pathway components in vitro and in vivo, acting as an exercise metabolism regulator. These results suggest that KPE has the potential to enhance exercise performance through mitochondrial biogenesis and the SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α/PPARδ signaling pathways.


X: -4.5580244 Y: 8.268178title: Pharmacokinetic interaction between Kaempferia parviflora extract and sildenafil in rats publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia
parviflora (KP) is a plant widely used in Southeast Asia. Its major compounds are 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), 5,7,4′-trimethoxylflavone (TMF), and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF). This study investigated the effect of KP extract on the blood levels and pharmacokinetics of sildenafil co-administration in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were given sildenafil 20 mg/kg daily for 9 days. On days 4–9 of each treatment period, the treated rats received KP extract (250 mg/kg) and vehicle (groups 2 and 3, respectively). Group 4 received KP extract only (250 mg/kg daily for 9 days). Daily blood concentrations of sildenafil, PMF, TMF, and DMF were determined by HPLC to evaluate the daily blood level interactions. Additional blood samples were collected at various times on the last day of treatment to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions. The KP extract decreased blood levels of sildenafil on the first day of co-administration by 95 % but the percentage reduction was insignificant on subsequent days. When co-administered with KP extract, the area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (C
max), and half-life (T
1/2) of sildenafil were decreased by 60–65, 40–52, and 32–54 %, respectively, with the elimination rate constant (K
e) increased by 37–77 %. In addition, PMF, TMF, and DMF concentrations and their AUC, C
max, T
max, K
e, and T
1/2 values were changed after co-administration of KP extract and sildenafil.


X: -4.3102303 Y: 8.118438title: Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Extract Inhibits Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Neuronal Cells and Extends Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP) or “Kra-chai-dam” has been shown to exhibit several pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, and sexual-enhancing activity. The objectives of this study included an investigation of the effect of KP rhizome extract against glutamate-induced toxicity in mouse hippocampal HT-22 neuronal cells, determination of the underlying mechanism of neuroprotection, and an evaluation of the effect of KP extract on the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. HT-22 cells were co-treated with glutamate (5 mM) and KP extract (25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) for 14 h. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and Western blotting were performed. The longevity effect of KP extract on C. elegans was studied by lifespan measurement. In HT-22 cells, co-treatment of glutamate with KP extract significantly inhibited glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity and decreased intracellular ROS production. Additionally, the glutamate-induced apoptosis and apoptotic-inducing factor (AIF) translocation were blocked by KP extract co-treatment. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that KP extract significantly diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation induced by glutamate, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was recovered to the control. Moreover, this KP extract treatment prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Altogether, this study suggested that KP extract possesses both neuroprotective and longevity-inducing properties, thus serving as a promising candidate for development of innovative health products.


X: -4.030159 Y: 7.621422title: Induction of apoptosis in the human Leukemic U937 cell line by Kaempferia parviflora Wall.ex.Baker extract and effects of paclitaxel and camptothecin publish year: 2009 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall.ex.Baker is a Thai medicinal herb that has high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Apoptotic effects of the herbal extract alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, paclitaxel and camptothecin, were here studied in the human promonocytic leukemic U937 cell line. K. parviflora extract suppressed cell proliferation and decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner as assessed using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Staining of extract-treated cells with propidium iodide and examination under a fluorescence microscope showed condensed nuclei and apoptotic bodies. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) decreased after treatment and the number of cells with decreased MTP also increased. Furthermore, activation of caspase-3 was found in herbal extract-treated cells. When the extract was combined with paclitaxel, an additive effect on U937 cell apoptosis was obtained, whereas camptothecin exerted an antagonistic effect.


X: 1.5982969 Y: 8.040958title: Influence of N6-Benzyladenine and Sucrose on In Vitro Direct Regeneration and Microrhizome Induction of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker, An Important Ethnomedicinal Herb of Asia publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is an ethnomedicinally important plant. Conventional propagation of K. parviflora is hindered by slow growth rate, long dormancy periods and dual use of rhizomes for seeds as well as marketable produce. In our study, we developed a promising dual-phase micropropagation protocol to increase number of plantlets, survivability, biomass and quality plantlets for mass production. Multiple shoot regeneration was found most successful on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 35.52 μM N6-benzyladenine (BA) in terms of highest number of shoots (22.4 ± 1.84), leaves (29.27 ± 1.30), and roots (17.8 ± 1.72) per explant. High survivability was observed with an acclimatisation percentage of 100% in sterile perlite medium. This method was shown to be preferable compared to conventional propagation in terms of propagation time and number of plantlets. Regenerated in vitro plantlets were then successfully induced to form microrhizomes in MS media with an optimal concentration of 6% (w/v) sucrose. Increase in microrhizome biomass (35.7 ± 2.59 g per flask), number of microrhizomes (5.2 ± 0.78), shoots (8.5 ± 1.58) and roots (8.5 ± 1.58) were observed for this treatment. This investigation successfully highlights the manipulation of single factors in short time frame to produce a simple and efficient alternative propagation method for K. parviflora.


X: -4.165255 Y: 8.100755title: In vivo effect of Kaempferia parviflora extract on pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is widely used as a food supplement and a herbal medicine for vitalization. Previous study has shown that K. parviflora had CYP2E1 inducer activity. It is likely to affect the metabolism of CYP2E1 substrates such as acetaminophen which is a common household pain relief medicine. This study investigated the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between K. parviflora and acetaminophen in rats. Acetaminophen (100 mg/kg, p.o) was administered to rats for nine consecutive days. On days 4–9, K. parviflora extract (250 mg/kg, p.o) was given to the acetaminophen-treated rats. After co-administration with K. parviflora, the concentrations of acetaminophen during day 5–8 markedly decreased compared with acetaminophen-only group. At day 9, the pharmacokinetic parameters of acetaminophen in the presence of K. parviflora extract also decreased, including area under the concentration-time curve (from 1.68 ± 0.16 to 0.34 ± 0.04 mg.min/mL), the maximum concentration (from 19.10 ± 1.90 to 4.48 ± 0.56 µg/mL), and half-life (from 21.29 ± 1.36 to 10.81 ± 1.24 min). In addition, clearance and the elimination rate constant of acetaminophen were significantly increased (from 0.003 ± 0.000 to 0.006 ± 0.001 L/min and 0.03 ± 0.00 to 0.07 ± 0.01 min⁻¹, respectively) in the presence of K. parviflora extract. These findings provide the data for in vivo herb-drug interaction between K. parviflora extract and acetaminophen. Therefore, the concomitant use of K. parviflora as a food supplement and acetaminophen should occasion therapeutic and safety concerns.


X: -3.9510043 Y: 8.4776title: Improvement in blood fluidity by Kaempferia parviflora rhizome publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Improvement in blood fluidity leads to the prevention of various lifestyle-related diseases. A raw material for improving blood fluidity has been long desired in the research area of functional and supplemental foods. We successfully showed an improvement in blood fluidity by the Zingiberaceae plant, Kaempferia parviflora. The rhizome of the plant reduced the blood passage time through a micro slit using a disseminated intravascular coagulation model. The mechanism was attributed to the activation of fibrinolysis, as demonstrated by elongation of the euglobulin lysis time and an in-vitro fibrinolysis assay. The active principles were determined to be methoxyflavones. The results show that the rhizome of K. parviflora is a promising candidate preventive agent for treating lifestyle-related diseases.


X: -3.3126693 Y: 8.307243title: Analysis of Lipophilic Antioxidants in the Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using LC-MRM-MS and GC-FID/MS publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Lipophilic metabolites such as carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamin K1, phytosterols, and tocopherols are important antioxidants that are used in the cosmetics, foods, and nutraceutical industries. Recently, there has been a growing demand for the use of byproducts (wastes) as a potential source of industrially important compounds. The leaves of Kaempferia parviflora (black ginger) (KP-BG) are major byproducts of KP-BG cultivation and have been reported to contain several bioactive metabolites; however, the composition of lipophilic metabolites in KP-BG leaves has not been examined. In this study, the lipophilic antioxidant profile was analyzed in the leaves of KP-BG plants grown in vitro and ex vitro. Lipophilic compounds, namely carotenoids (80.40–93.84 µg/g fresh weight (FW)), tocopherols (42.23–46.22 µg/g FW), phytosterols (37.69–44.40 µg/g FW), and vitamin K1 (7.25–7.31 µg/g FW), were quantified using LC–MRM–MS. The fatty acid profile of the KP-BG leaves was identified using GC–FID/MS. The content of individual lipophilic compounds varied among the KP-BG leaves. Ex vitro KP-BG leaves had high levels of lutein (44.38 µg/g FW), α-carotene (14.79 µg/g FW), neoxanthin (12.30 µg/g FW), β-carotene (11.33 µg/g FW), violaxanthin (11.03 µg/g FW), α-tocopherol (39.70 µg/g FW), α-linolenic acid (43.12%), palmitic acid (23.78%), oleic acid (12.28%), palmitoleic acid (3.64%), total carotenoids (93.84 µg/g FW), and tocopherols (46.22 µg/g FW) compared with in vitro KP-BG leaves. These results indicate that ex-vitro-grown KP-BG leaves could be used as a valuable natural source for extracting important lipophilic antioxidants.


X: -4.048545 Y: 8.447889title: Kaempferia parviflora Extract Alleviated Rat Arthritis, Exerted Chondroprotective Properties In Vitro, and Reduced Expression of Genes Associated with Inflammatory Arthritis publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP) has been reported to attenuate cartilage destruction in rat model of osteoarthritis. Previously, we demonstrated that KP rhizome extract and its active components effectively suppressed mechanisms associated with RA in SW982 cells. Here, we further evaluated the anti-arthritis potential of KP extract by using multi-level models, including a complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis and a cartilage explant culture model, and to investigate the effects of KP extract and its major components on related gene expressions and underlying mechanisms within cells. In arthritis rats, the KP extract reduced arthritis indexes, with no significant changes in biological parameters. In the cartilage explant model, the KP extract exerted chondroprotective potential by suppressing sulfated glycosaminoglycans release while preserving high accumulation of proteoglycans. In human chondrocyte cell line, a mixture of the major components equal to their amounts in KP extract showed strong suppression the expression of genes-associated inflammatory joint disease similar to that of the extract. Additionally, KP extract significantly suppressed NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The suppressing expression of necroptosis genes and promoted anti-apoptosis were also found. Collectively, these results provided supportive evidence of the anti-arthritis properties of KP extract, which are associated with its three major components.


X: -0.3524122 Y: 11.86502title: Performance Analysis of a Forced Convection Mixed Mode Horizontal Solar Cabinet Dryer for Drying of Black Ginger (Kaempferia Parviflora) using Two Successive Air Mass Flow Rates publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The main aim of this paper is to accelerate the drying process of black ginger in a forced convection mixed mode horizontal solar dryer (FCMHSD) by using two successive air mass flow rates. When the drying rate attains the falling rate period, air mass flow rate has minimal effect on drying rate. To diffuse bound moisture present in the product, air mass flow rate has to be reduced for raising the air temperature in the solar dryer. In this manuscript, two cases were considered for drying; Case – 1 with constant air mass flow rate of 0.062 kg/s and Case – 2 with two successive air mass flow rates of 0.062 kg/s during the initial period of drying and 0.018 kg/s during the falling rate period. The performance of FCMHSD was evaluated in terms of drying time, drying efficiency, specific energy consumption (SEC) and moisture diffusivity. The estimated SECs for Case – 1 and Case – 2 were 1.07 kWh/kg and 0.56 kWh/kg, respectively. A significant improvement in thermal performance and moisture diffusivity were observed when the FCMHSD operated under Case – 2 than under Case – 1. The use of two successive air mass flow rate is a new approach for accelerating the drying process.


X: -3.6687677 Y: 7.9222608title: Simultaneous quantitative analysis of 12 methoxyflavones with melanogenesis inhibitory activity from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: A methanol extract from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (Zingiberaceae) has shown inhibitory effects against melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated murine B16 melanoma 4A5 cells (IC50 = 9.6 μg/mL). Among 25 flavonoids and three acetophenones isolated previously (1-28), several constituents including 5-hydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone (6, IC50 = 8.8 μM), 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (7, 8.6 μM), 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (12, 2.9 μM), and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (13, 3.5 μM) showed inhibitory effects without notable cytotoxicity at the effective concentrations. Compounds 6, 7, 12, and 13 inhibited the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosine-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 mRNA, which could be the mechanism of their melanogenesis inhibitory activity. In addition, a quantitative analytical method for 12 methoxyflavones (1, 2, 4-11, 13, and 14) in the extract was developed using HPLC. The optimal condition for separation and detection of these constituents were achieved on an ODS column (3 μm particle size, 2.1 mm i.d. × 100 mm) with MeOH-0.1 % aqueous acetic acid solvent systems as the mobile phase, and the detection and quantitation limits of the method were estimated to be 0.08-0.66 ng and 0.22-2.00 ng, respectively. The relative standard deviation values of intra- and interday precision were lower than 0.95 and 1.08 %, respectively, overall mean recoveries of all flavonoids were 97.9-102.9 %, and the correlation coefficients of all the calibration curves showed good linearity within the test ranges. For validation of the protocol, extracts of three kinds of the plant's rhizomes collected from different regions in Thailand (Leoi, Phetchabun, and Chiang Mai provinces) were evaluated. The results indicated that the assay was reproducible, precise, and could be readily utilized for the quality evaluation of the plant materials.


X: -4.697996 Y: 8.992654title: Daily intake of Kaempferia parviflora extract decreases abdominal fat in overweight and preobese subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Purpose
Obesity is a serious problem, which is now a worldwide health problem. Kaempferia parviflora extract (KPE) exhibits anti-obesity effects in animals. However, as no clinical trials have evaluated the anti-obesity effects of KPE in humans, we examined the effects of KPE in reducing abdominal fat in overweight and preobese Japanese subjects.

Materials and methods
A 12-week, single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Seventy-six subjects (males and females aged 20 to <65 years) with a body mass index ≥24 and <30 kg/m² were randomly assigned into two groups. The subjects in each group ingested one capsule of placebo or active KPE (containing 150 mg of KPE) once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was reduction in visceral fat area as determined by computed tomography scanning. The key secondary outcomes were reductions in subcutaneous fat area and total fat area. Subgroup analysis was also performed in healthy subjects without dyslipidemia, hypertension, or hyperglycemia. The safety of KPE ingestion was also evaluated.

Results
Compared with the placebo group, the active KPE group exhibited significant reduction in abdominal fat area (visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat) and triglyceride levels after 12 weeks. Subgroup analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in abdominal fat area and triglyceride levels in healthy subjects compared with the placebo group after 12 weeks. Neither group exhibited adverse events related to the test foods or clinically relevant abnormal changes in physical, biochemical, or hematologic parameters, or in urinalysis results and medical interview.

Conclusion
Daily ingestion of KPE safely reduces body fat, particularly abdominal fat, in Japanese overweight and preobese subjects.


X: -2.7882707 Y: 9.548133title: Enhancing Oral Absorption of Poorly Water-Soluble Herb ( Kaempferia Parviflora ) Extract using Self-Nanoemulsifying Formulation publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora, a medicinal herb, treats hypertension and promotes longevity with good health and well-being. Its bioactive component is poorly soluble in water, resulting in poor absorption. This study aimed to enhance the bioavailability of K. parviflora dichloromethane extract (KPD) using a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). KPD was dissolved in diethylene glycol monoethyl polyoxyl-35 castor oil and caprylic/capric glyceride, and clear yellow SNEDDS solution was obtained. The methoxyflavone markers were used for content and dissolution analysis. Solid SNEDDS was prepared by stepwise mixing of KPD using a mortar and pestle (1:1 ratio) with five solid carriers: Aerosil® 200, Florite® RE, Neusilin® US2 (NEUS), Fujicalin®, and Neusilin® UFL2. The USP apparatus II with simulated gastric fluid USP (SGF without pepsin, pH 1.2) was used in order to perform the in vitro dissolution. The methoxyflavones dissolution at 60 min from KPD, SEDDS, and SNEDDS/NEUS were approximately 16%, 92%, and 73%, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profiles of methoxyflavones for oral administration were studied using Wistar rats; the areas under the curve of SNEDDS/NEUS (1.77-fold) and SNEDDS (5.38-fold) were significantly higher than that of KPD. The developed formulations showed good stability after storage for 6 months under accelerated and normal conditions.


X: -4.249268 Y: 8.1351185title: Kaempferia parviflora Extracts Protect Neural Stem Cells from Amyloid Peptide-Mediated Inflammation in Co-Culture Model with Microglia publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: The existence of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress surrounding amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been demonstrated and may result in the activation of neuronal death and inhibition of neurogenesis. Therefore, dysregulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is one possible therapeutic target for AD. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, possesses health-promoting benefits including anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation in vitro and in vivo with a high level of safety; however, the role of KP in suppressing Aβ-mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal differentiation has not yet been investigated. The neuroprotective effects of KP extract against Aβ42 have been examined in both monoculture and co-culture systems of mouse neuroectodermal (NE-4C) stem cells and BV-2 microglia cells. Our results showed that fractions of KP extract containing 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone protected neural stem cells (both undifferentiated and differentiated) and microglia activation from Aβ42-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in both monoculture and co-culture system of microglia and neuronal stem cells. Interestingly, KP extracts also prevented Aβ42-suppressed neurogenesis, possibly due to the contained methoxyflavone derivatives. Our data indicated the promising role of KP in treating AD through the suppression of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by Aβ peptides.


X: -4.7633786 Y: 9.1148205title: Effects of ethyl acetate extract of Kaempferia parviflora on brown adipose tissue publish year: 2015 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: We have previously reported the effects of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), including anti-obesity, preventing various metabolic diseases, and regulating differentiation of white adipose cells. In this study we used Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice-an animal model of spontaneous obese type II diabetes-and primary brown preadipocytes to examine the effects of the ethyl acetate extract of KP (KPE) on brown adipose tissue, which is one of the energy expenditure organs. TSOD mice were fed with MF mixed with either KPE 0.3 or 1 % for 8 weeks. Computed tomography images showed that whitening of brown adipocytes was suppressed in the interscapular tissue of the KPE group. We also examined mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and β3-adrenalin receptor (β3AR) in brown adipose tissue. As a result, mRNA expression of UCP-1 significantly increased in the KPE 1 % treatment group, indicating that KPE activated brown adipose tissue. We then evaluated the direct effects of KPE on brown adipocytes using primary brown preadipocytes isolated from interscapular brown adipocytes in ICR mice. Triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in primary brown preadipocytes was increased by KPE in a dose-dependent manner. Each mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), UCP-1, and β3AR exhibited an upward trend compared with the control group. Moreover, some polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs), the main compound in KP, also increased TG accumulation. This study therefore showed that KPE enhanced the thermogenesis effect of brown adipocytes as well as promoted the differentiation of brown adipocyte cells.


X: 1.5885724 Y: 8.003399title: Mass propagation of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker by in vitro regeneration publish year: 2007 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: An efficient micropropagation protocol for a potential medicinal plant, Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker, was established. We investigated the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and the duration of PGR treatment on shoot regeneration. Terminal buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 35.52 uM 6-benzylaminopurine for 8 weeks then transferred to PGR-free MS for a further 4 weeks. After a second cycle, we obtained 47.3 ± 3.4 shoots per initial explant, after a total of 24 weeks of culture. Rooting was spontaneous. Approx. 20,000 regenerants were successfully transferred to soil and subsequently grown in the field.


X: -4.6867323 Y: 9.005487title: Polymethoxyflavone purified from Kaempferia parviflora reduces visceral fat in Japanese overweight individuals: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Visceral fat is a more important factor in obesity-associated disorders in Japanese individuals than in Caucasian individuals. The objective of this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study, conducted in Japanese overweight adults, was to investigate the effects of polymethoxyflavone purified from Kaempferia parviflora on visceral fat. A total of 80 subjects (aged 20 – 64 years, 23.0 ≤ body mass index < 30 kg/m2) were randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to either the active (polymethoxyflavone purified from K. parviflora) or placebo group. Over a 12-week period, each subject received two capsules containing polymethoxyflavone purified from K. parviflora (12 mg polymethoxyflavone per day) or placebo. The primary outcome was a reduction in visceral fat area (VFA), while the secondary outcome was a reduction in subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and total fat area (TFA). VFA was measured at 0, 8, and 12 weeks using computed tomography scanning. Results showed that VFA significantly reduced after 12 weeks in the active group and was significantly lower than in the placebo group at 8 and 12 weeks. A significant reduction was observed in SFA and TFA after 8 and 12 weeks in the active group; TFA was significantly lower than that in the placebo group at 8 and 12 weeks. No adverse events associated with the test supplements were observed in either group. Our study shows that administration of polymethoxyflavone purified from K. parviflora reduces visceral fat in Japanese overweight adults.


X: -3.9225957 Y: 8.127049title: Polymethoxyflavones in black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) regulate the expression of circadian clock genes publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Circadian rhythms are endogenous oscillations of approximately 24-h periods and regulate diel changes in physiological biochemical processes. We examined the effects of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) on the expression of circadian clock genes and the disruption of circadian rhythms using in vitro and in vivo assays. K. parviflora extract increased the amplitude of circadian rhythms, extended the circadian period, and caused phase delays in NIH3T3 cells. We identified chemical components involved in the circadian clock gene expression using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. 3,5,7,3′,4′-Pentamethoxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone were identified as components that regulated the circadian clock gene expression. In addition, we examined the effects of K. parviflora on behavioral entrainment in mice subjected to experimental jet lag (6-h phase advance), finding that K. parviflora enhanced adaptation to jet lag. These results suggested that polymethoxyflavones in K. parviflora could regulate the circadian clock and reduce circadian disruption.


X: -3.6191866 Y: 8.001514title: A thermostable lectin from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora, or black galingale (Kra-Chai-Dam), belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is used as both a food ingredient and a medicinal plant. There are diverse reports on the biological activities of compounds extracted from the plant, such as antimalarial, antifungal and an effective sexual-enhancing role, but not on the lectins.
A lectin was isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora using affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-100. The molecular weight of the purified lectin was about 41.7 kDa. This lectin showed haemagglutinating activity against erythrocytes from several sources, with the highest level being against those from rabbits. Moreover, the lectin was thermostable, with significant haemagglutinating activity detectable up to 75 degrees C. The results of trypsin digestion and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis suggested that this protein could be a member of the lectin/endochitnase1 family.
A lectin that showed thermotolerant haemagglutinating activity against erythrocytes from several sources was successfully purified from K. paviflora rhizomes. Peptide sequence analysis indicated that this lectin is similar to lectin/endochitinase 1 (Urtica dioica) or Hevein-like protein (Hevea brasiliensis).


X: -3.639162 Y: 7.8504486title: Chemical constituents of the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Five coumpounds including 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (1), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (2), di-O-methylpinocembrin (3), bisdemethoxycurcumin (4), aloe-emodin (5) were isolated from the n hexane extract of Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes. Their structures were elucidated by ESI-MS, 1D & 2D-NMR spectra and compared their spectra with published data. Among them, compounds 4, 5 were reported for the first time from Kaempferia parviflora species.


X: -4.3448405 Y: 8.177263title: Toxicological evaluation of standardized Kaempferia parviflora extract: Sub-chronic and mutagenicity studies publish year: 2019 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP), also known as Krachai-dam in Thailand, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and has been used traditionally to improve blood flow and treat inflammatory, allergic, and gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety profile of a standardized hydroalcoholic KP rhizome extract via mutagenicity and sub-chronic toxicity evaluations using in vitro and in vivo techniques. The in vitro mutagenicity of KP extract was assessed via reverse mutation tests using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. The sub-chronic toxicity profile was evaluated after daily oral administration of KP extract to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. General toxicological parameters were monitored weekly. After the treatment period, blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analyses and certain organs were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analyses.
Reverse mutation tests revealed that KP extract did not induce gene mutations at any of the concentrations tested. In the sub-chronic toxicity test, a few changes were observed, including increased salivation in the animals administered high-dose KP extract (249 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day). No toxicologically relevant changes were observed in the biochemical analysis. Sub-chronic administration of KP extract increased platelet levels in animals administered low-dose KP extract (25 mg/kg bw/day). However, the hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal physiological ranges for the animal species. No toxicological changes were observed in the macroscopic and histopathological analyses performed in this study. These results demonstrate that KP extract is not genotoxic and that 90-day oral administration of the doses tested did not result in toxicity. Therefore, KP extract has a high safety margin for daily use.


X: -5.1233006 Y: 8.081412title: Efficacy assessment of Kaempferia Parviflora for the management of Erectile Dysfunction publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Age-related decline in erectile function is a noted phenomenon worldwide. A variety of medicinal plants have been identified as having strong aphrodisiac properties along with the ability to improve erectile functioning. Kaempferia Parviflora (KP) has famous as a Thai Viagra and use it to increase male impotency. However, there is limited scientific evidence regarding the efficacy of this herb on this issue in aging healthy men. This study therefore investigated the effect of KP extract administration on erectile response of male elderly volunteers. Total 45 male healthy elderly volunteers will be divided into 3 separated groups including placebo and the different doses of ethanolic extracts of KP (25 and 90 mg) once daily at a period of 2 months. The erectile function tests including the response latency time to visual erotic stimuli, size and length of penis both in flaccid and erection states were assessed after single administration, 1 and 2 months of treatment. In order to investigate the possible underlying mechanism, we also determined the alteration of testosterone, FSH and LH concentrations. KP at a dose of 90 mg day −1 treated group exhibited a significant enhanced all parameters after 1 and 2 months of treatment. Moreover, the penile length at erection states and the response latency to sexual erotic stimuli appeared to be the parameters that showed significant changes during the delay period. Unfortunately, our study failed to show the significant changes on hormones concentration. Our study clearly demonstrates that KP is a potential resource for the development of nutraceutical compound against aged related male erectile dysfunction.


X: -3.5183437 Y: 7.9824286title: Effects of gamma irradiation under vacuum and air packaging atmospheres on the phytochemical contents, biological activities, and microbial loads of Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora is a traditional herb for health promotion and therapy attributed to its methoxyflavone and phenolic constituents. This study was performed to determine the effects of gamma irradiation (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy) under vacuum and air packaging atmospheres on the phytochemical contents, biological activities, and microbial loads of K. parviflora rhizomes. The optimal extraction condition for achieving high antioxidant activity was: ethanolic concentration, 40% v/v; solid/solvent ratio, 1 : 10 g/ml; extraction temperature, 30 °C; and extraction time, 1 h. This condition was used to prepare extracts of K. parviflora rhizomes for further determination. The high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method was employed for the determination of methoxyflavones in rhizome extracts. The contents of methoxyflavones and phenolic compounds were found to increase with increasing gamma irradiation dose. In contrast, the antioxidant activities decreased with increasing gamma radiation dose. However, all three doses applied did not affect total flavonoid contents and albumin denaturation inhibitory activities in all extracts. The highest contents of methoxyflavones and phenolic compounds were observed in 7.5 kGy irradiated rhizomes packaged under air atmosphere. Irradiation treatment at doses of 5–10 kGy was sufficient to control microbial contamination and Tribolium castaneum infestation in dried rhizomes. This study suggests that 7.5 kGy irradiation is the effective treatment to improve the quality of K. parviflora rhizomes.


X: -3.4771044 Y: 8.392215title: Antioxidant Activity and Development of Cosmetic Materials of Solvent Extracts from Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: To confirm the antioxidant activity and potential of cosmetic materials of Kaempferia parviflora, ethanol extracts of K. parviflora were fractionated with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The extraction yield of the ethanol extract was 32.46%, while those of the other fractions were ≤10%. The total phenol content was 19.48∼92.26 gallic acid equivalent mg/g, with the highest content being found in the dichloromethane fraction. The flavonoid contents were 15.66∼67.73 catechin equivalent mg/g, with the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest levels. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant potential activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was highest, whereas it was lowest in the water fraction. Evaluation of the tyrosinase inhibition activity, based on the whitening effect, revealed values of 52.89 to 79.68% at 1 mg/mL, with ethanol extract having the highest value. At the same concentration, elastase inhibition activity was significantly higher, with values of 38.60%, 36.85%, and 34.62% being observed in the dichloromethane, water, and n-butanol fractions, respectively. These results imply that the ethanol extracts and solvent fractions of K. parviflora are potential sources of natural antioxidants with free radical scavenging activity that might be useful for inhibiting tyrosinase and elastase. © 2018, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.


X: -4.368813 Y: 7.955356title: Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract and Myristica fragrans volatile oil increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and impact the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus: Mechanistic insights into their neuroprotective effects publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Potentially useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, Kaempferia parviflora and Myristica fragrans have been shown to possess a wide spectrum of neuropharmacological activities and neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we determined whether and how K. parviflora ethanolic extract and M. fragrans volatile oil could influence the levels of neurotransmitters and the whole proteomic profile in the hippocampus of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The effects of K. parviflora and M. fragrans on protein changes were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-gel), and proteins were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The target proteins were then confirmed by Western blot. The levels of neurotransmitters were evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that K. parviflora, M. fragrans and fluoxetine (the control drug for this study) increased serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the rat hippocampus compared to that of the vehicle-treated group. Our proteomic data showed that 37 proteins in the K. parviflora group were up-regulated, while 14 were down-regulated, and 27 proteins in the M. fragrans group were up-regulated, while 16 were down-regulated. In the fluoxetine treatment group, we found 29 proteins up-regulated, whereas 14 proteins were down-regulated. In line with the proteomic data, the levels of GFAP, PDIA3, DPYSL2 and p-DPYSL2 were modified in the SD rat groups treated with K. parviflora, M. fragrans and fluoxetine as confirmed by Western blot. K. parviflora and M. fragrans mediated not only the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters but also the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus, thus shedding light on the mechanisms targeting neurodegenerative diseases.


X: 1.5389186 Y: 8.003206title: In Vitro Shoot and Root Induction of Kaempferia parviflora (Zingiberaceae) Rhizome Using 6-Benzylaminopurine publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker is a medicinal plant from the Zingiberaceae family. This plant is native to Thailand and currently gaining high popularity in Malaysia. Its popularity is mainly due to the discovery of medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergies, anti-cancer, anti-plasmodial and anti-fungal. This plant is conventionally propagated via rhizome. However, conventional propagation of K. parviflora is time consuming due to the long dormancy period thus difficult to fulfill the market demand for raw materials. To overcome this problem, the tissue culture technique was introduced in this study as a propagation tool to mass-produce and break its dormancy. This study aimed to establish an aseptic culture of K. parviflora using different concentrations of Clorox® and to induce the shoot and root of K. parviflora buds using different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The results showed that 50% Clorox® was the best concentration to reduce the contamination by microorganisms and produce a high survival rate. In the subsequent experiment, the Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP was found to exhibit the best results on the numbers of shoot, length of shoot and number of roots. In conclusion, this study proved that the rhizome explant was successfully sterilised using Clorox®, and root and shoot formation was induced in the presence of cytokinin, particularly 6-benzylaminopurine.


X: -4.7643337 Y: 8.325206title: Effects of Kaempferia parviflora on physical and psychological stresses in adults publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Although Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora) has been known as one of health-promoting herbs, a clinical trial is needed to confirm its beneficial effect on stress reduction. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Kaempferia parviflora on the physiological and psychological stresses. Eighty healthy adult participants with moderate stress level were randomly allocated into two groups; either ingested with extracted Kaempferia parviflora at doses of 360 mg/day for 14 days (Kaempferia parviflora group) or placebo capsules (placebo group). The results indicated both groups had significantly decreased stress based upon Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Suanprung Stress Test-20 (SPST-20). Heart rate variability measures exhibited non-significant between-group comparison, except RMSSD and LF/HF of which the placebo group had significantly lower and higher respectively than the Kaempferia parviflora group. This study suggests that Kaempferia parviflora may be useful for both physiological and psychological stress reduction.


X: -3.4880278 Y: 7.8987103title: Methoxyflavones from Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker) and their Inhibitory Effect on Melanogenesis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as Thai ginseng or black ginger, is a tropical medicinal plant in many regions. It has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including ulcers, dysentery, gout, allergies, abscesses, and osteoarthritis. As part of our ongoing phytochemical study aimed at discovering bioactive natural products, we investigated potential bioactive methoxyflavones from K. parviflora rhizomes. Phytochemical analysis aided by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) led to the isolation of six methoxyflavones (1–6) from the n-hexane fraction of the methanolic extract of K. parviflora rhizomes. The isolated compounds were structurally determined to be 3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (2), 7,4′-dimethylapigenin (3), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (4), 3,7,4′-trimethylkaempferol (5), and 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (6), based on NMR data and LC-MS analysis. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-melanogenic activities. In the activity assay, 7,4′-dimethylapigenin (3) and 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (4) significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin content in IBMX-stimulated B16F10 cells. In addition, structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that the methoxy group at C-5 in methoxyflavones is key to their anti-melanogenic activity. This study experimentally demonstrated that K. parviflora rhizomes are rich in methoxyflavones and can be a valuable natural resource for anti-melanogenic compounds.


X: -4.4674706 Y: 7.941102title: Anti-stress effects of kaempferia parviflora in immobilization subjected rats publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: It is well known that intense and prolonged stress can produce hippocampal neuronal damage and cognitive impairments, few studies have investigated possible ways to prevent its deleterious effects. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of a Thai traditional herb, Kaempferia Parviflora (KP) extract, commonly known as Kra-Chai-Dum, on learning and memory loss and the induction of neurodegeneration in the hippocampus by chronic stress. Rats were orally administered KP extract (100, 200 and 300 mg kg −1) or vehicle over a period of 21 days while being exposed to chronic restraint stress (6 h day −1). Investigated learning and memory using Morris water maze test after 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment and then the rats were sacrificed for determining the densities of survival and cholinergic neurons in the all regions of hippocampus. Treatment with KP extract at a dose of 200 mg kg −1 blocked the ability of chronic stress to impair spatial learning and memory retention and enhanced both neuron densities as mention earlier, in all areas of the hippocampus. Present study highlights the modest activity of KP extract against chronic restraint stress induced modification. Thus, using these substances may be useful in neuroprotective strategy in the treatment of stress.


X: -3.410122 Y: 8.2201title: Optimum shade enhances growth and 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone accumulation in Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker cultivars publish year: 2016 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Light is one of the main limiting factors for phenolic compound biosynthesis in plants and shade levels play an important role in the cultivation of medicinal plants. Kaempferia parviflora a popular rhizomatous medicinal plant was investigated for secondary metabolite and plant biomass accumulation in response to shading and cultivar type. Two cultivars KPM (K.parviflora Malysia) and KPT (K.parviflora Thai) were analyzed for growth and secondary metabolite content under four shade levels (0%, 30%, 50%, and 70%). Photosynthetic capability, plant biomass and total flavonoid content were highest both cultivars under 30% shade after 9 months of growth cycle. 0% shade induced stress on plant growth and reduced photosynthetic capability and the flavonoid accumulation in both cultivars. 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) was used as a chemical marker to quantify secondary metabolite content in K. parviflora cultivars. DMF was greatest in KPM grown under 30% shade. KPT had higher biomass than KPM under 30% but lower DMF content. In conclusion, K. parviflora is a semi shade loving plant suitable to grow under 30% shading for high yield and secondary metabolite production.


X: -4.21465 Y: 8.397011title: Kaempferia parviflora and Its Methoxyflavones: Chemistry and Biological Activities publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP), a health-promoting herb, has been traditionally used for treating a variety of diseases. Pharmacological studies have claimed the various benefits from KP and its main effective methoxyflavones, including cellular metabolism-regulating activity, anticancer activity, vascular relaxation and cardioprotective activity, sexual enhancing activity, neuroprotective activity, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activity, antiosteoarthritis activity, antimicroorganism activity, and transdermal permeable activity. These might be associated with increased mitochondrial functions and activated cGMP-NO signaling pathway. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of KP and its methoxyflavones are still under investigation. The clinical applications of KP and its methoxyflavones may be limited due to their low bioavailability. But promising strategies are on the way. This review will comprehensively discuss the biological activities of KP and its methoxyflavones.


X: -4.910064 Y: 8.485539title: Supplementation of Kaempferia parviflora Extract Enhances Physical Fitness and Modulates Parameters of Heart Rate Variability in Adolescent Student-Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: This randomized double-blind controlled study aimed to investigate the effects of a standardized Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract on the physical fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in adolescent sport school students. 194 male students were recruited and randomized into two groups (n = 97), matched by age and sports. The KP-treated group received KP extract capsules at a dose of 360 mg/day and the control group received placebo capsules, continuously for 12 weeks. Physical fitness performance and HRV parameters were monitored with blood biochemical analysis for product safety. KP extract significantly increased the right-hand grip strength, the back-leg strength and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and decreased the time used for 50-meter sprint test without changing the sit-and-reach test and the 40 yard technical test. For HRV parameters, KP extract significantly increased standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), square root of the mean of square of successive normal to normal interval differences (RMSSD) and high frequency (HF) norm, without changing low frequency (LF) norm and LF/HF ratio. The increase in stress resistance and decrease in stress index were found in the KP-treated group, without changing the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and balance. Blood biochemical analysis showed normal values of all participants. This data indicates the safety and positive effects of KP on muscle strength, endurance and speed, but not on the flexibility and agility. The modulatory effects of KP extract on HRV parameters suggest its anti-stress effects and would encourage the application in a sport training and exercise.


X: -4.156766 Y: 7.9187174title: Inhibition of CYP3A-mediated Midazolam Metabolism by Kaempferia Parviflora publish year: 2022 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract has recently attracted attention in Japan as a dietary supplement; however, there is little information regarding food-drug interactions (FDIs). The current study was conducted to clarify the FDI of KP extract via inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), a typical drug-metabolizing enzyme. The inhibitory effects of KP extract and its main ingredients, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) and 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (3,5,7,3',4'-PMF), on CYP3A-mediated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation (MDZ 1'-OH) activity were investigated in human liver microsomes. In addition, the effect of a single oral treatment with KP extract (135 mg/kg) on oral MDZ (15 mg/kg) metabolism was investigated in rats. Serum MDZ concentration was analyzed and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with the control group. KP extract competitively inhibited MDZ 1'-OH activity with an inhibition constant value of 78.14 µg/ml, which was lower than the estimated concentration in the small intestine after ingestion. Furthermore, KP extract, 5,7-DMF, and 3,5,7,3',4'-PMF inhibited the activity in a time-, NADPH-, and concentration-dependent manner. In vivo study showed that administration of KP extract to rats 2 h before MDZ significantly increased the area under the serum concentration-time curve and the maximum concentration of MDZ significantly by 2.3- and 1.9- fold, respectively (p < 0.05). Conversely, administration of MDZ 18 h after KP extract treatment displayed a weaker effect. These results suggest that KP extract competitively inhibits CYP3A-mediated MDZ metabolism, and that this inhibition may be time-dependent but not irreversible. This work suggests an FDI through CYP3A inhibition by KP extract.


X: -5.093875 Y: 8.049431title: EFFICACY ASSESSMENT OF KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION publish year: 2012 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Age-related decline in erectile function is a noted phenomenon worldwide. A variety of medicinal plants have been identified as having strong aphrodisiac properties along with the ability to improve erectile functioning. Kaempferia Parviflora (KP) has famous as a Thai Viagra and use it to increase male impotency. However, there is limited scientific evidence regarding the efficacy of this herb on this issue in aging healthy men. This study therefore investigated the effect of KP extract administration on erectile response of male elderly volunteers. Total 45 male healthy elderly volunteers will be divided into 3 separated groups including placebo and the different doses of ethanolic extracts of KP (25 and 90 mg) once daily at a period of 2 months. The erectile function tests including the response latency time to visual erotic stimuli, size and length of penis both in flaccid and erection states were assessed after single administration, 1 and 2 months of treatment. In order to investigate the possible underlying mechanism, we also determined the alteration of testosterone, FSH and LH concentrations. KP at a dose of 90 mg day⁻¹ treated group exhibited a significant enhanced all parameters after 1 and 2 months of treatment. Moreover, the penile length at erection states and the response latency to sexual erotic stimuli appeared to be the parameters that showed significant changes during the delay period. Unfortunately, our study failed to show the significant changes on hormones concentration. Our study clearly demonstrates that KP is a potential resource for the development of nutraceutical compound against aged related male erectile dysfunction.


X: -3.9190264 Y: 8.575845title: Standardized Kaempferia parviflora Extract Inhibits Intrinsic Aging Process in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Hairless Mice by Inhibiting Cellular Senescence and Mitochondrial Dysfunction publish year: 2017 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Intrinsic skin aging is a complex biological phenomenon mainly caused by cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Kaempferia parviflora Wall ex. Baker ethanol extract (KPE) on H 2 O 2 -stimulated cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction both in vitro and in vivo. KPE significantly increased cell growth and suppressed senescence-associated β -galactosidase activation. KPE inhibited the expression of cell-cycle inhibitors (p53, p21, p16, and pRb) and stimulated the expression of cell-cycle activators (E2F1 and E2F2). H 2 O 2 -induced hyperactivation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway was suppressed by KPE through regulated expression of forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). KPE attenuated inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κ B), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) and increased the mRNA expression of PGC-1 α , ERR α , NRF1, and Tfam, which modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Consequently, reduced ATP levels and increased ROS level were also reversed by KPE treatment. In hairless mice, KPE inhibited wrinkle formation, skin atrophy, and loss of elasticity by increasing the collagen and elastic fibers. The results indicate that KPE prevents intrinsic aging process in hairless mice by inhibiting cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting its potential as a natural antiaging agent.


X: -4.6391225 Y: 8.7499895title: 5‐Hydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavone derivatives from Kaempferia parviflora induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in locomotion and energy metabolism. Maintenance or enhancement of skeletal muscle mass contributes to the improvement of mobility and prevents the development of metabolic diseases. The extracts from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes contain at least ten methoxyflavone derivatives that exhibit enhancing effects on ATP production and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ten K. parviflora‐derived methoxyflavone derivatives (six 5,7‐dimethoxyflavone (DMF) derivatives and four 5‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavone (HMF) derivatives) on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Murine C2C12 myotubes and senescence‐accelerated mouse‐prone 1 (SAMP1) mice treated with methoxyflavones were used as experimental models to determine the effects of HMF derivatives on myotube diameter and size and muscle mass. The four HMF derivatives, but not the six DMF derivatives, increased myotube diameter. The 5‐hydroxyflavone, 7‐methoxyflavone, and 5,7‐dihydroxyflavone had no influence on myotube size, a result that differed from HMF. Dietary administration of the mixture composed of the four HMF derivatives resulted in increase in the soleus muscle size and mass in SAMP1 mice. HMF derivatives also promoted protein synthesis in myotubes, and treatment with the intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator BAPTA‐AM, which depletes intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, inhibited this promotion. Furthermore, BAPTA‐AM inhibited HMF‐promoted protein synthesis even when myotubes were incubated in Ca²⁺‐free medium. These results indicate that HMF derivatives induce myotube hypertrophy and that both the 5‐hydroxyl group and the 7‐methoxy group in the flavones are necessary for myotube hypertrophy. Furthermore, these results suggest that HMF‐induced protein synthesis requires intracellular Ca²⁺, but not extracellular Ca²⁺.


X: -4.66189 Y: 8.270367title: Effects of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker on electrophysiology of the swine hearts publish year: 2013 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Background & objectives:
Pre-clinical studies in swine have demonstrated that a supratherapeutic concentration of sildenafil citrate decreased defibrillation efficacy and facilitated cardiac arrhythmia. We therefore, decided to investigate the effects of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract on these parameters in the swine heart. The underlying assumption was that in the heart, KP might be producing effects similar to sildanafil citrate as KP has long been used in southeast Asian traditional medicine to correct erectile dysfunction.

Methods:
The study was conducted as the defibrillation study, and ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction study. In both studies, the defibrillation threshold (DFT), the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) and VF threshold were determined before and after KP extract administration.

Results:
In both studies KP extract at high concentrations (100 and 50 mg/kg) significantly increased the DFT and ULV, without altering the VF threshold. At these concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also attenuated.

Interpretation & conclusions:
High concentrations of KP extract attenuated defibrillation efficacy and increased cardiac vulnerability to arrhythmia in a normal swine heart. When used in appropriate concentrations, its blood pressure lowering effect may be useful in hypertensive states. Further studies need to be done to elucidate its mechanism of action.


X: -4.890216 Y: 8.595594title: No effect of acute ingestion of Thai ginseng (Kaempferia parviflora) on sprint and endurance exercise performance in humans publish year: 2010 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Thai ginseng, Kaempferia parviflora, is widely believed among the Mong hill tribe to reduce perceived effort and improve physical work capacity. Kaempferia parviflora is consumed before their daily work. Therefore, we conducted an acute study on the effects of K. parviflora on repeated bouts of sprint exercise and on endurance exercise time to exhaustion. Two studies were conducted in college males using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Ninety minutes after consumption of K. parviflora or a starch placebo, participants in study 1 (n = 19) completed three consecutive maximum 30-s sprint cycling Wingate tests, separated by 3 min recovery, while participants in study 2 (n = 16) performed submaximal cycling exercise to exhaustion. Peak and mean power output decreased with successive Wingate tests, while percent fatigue and blood lactate concentration increased after the third Wingate test (P < 0.05). There were no detectable differences in any measures with or without K. parviflora. There was also no effect of K. parviflora on time to exhaustion, rating of perceived exertion or heart rate during submaximal exercise. Our results indicate that acute ingestion of K. parviflora failed to improve exercise performance during repeated sprint exercise or submaximal exercise to exhaustion. However, chronic effects or actions in other populations cannot be excluded.


X: -2.7371986 Y: 9.458548title: Kaempferia parviflora Nanosuspension Formulation for Scalability and Improvement of Dissolution Profiles and Intestinal Absorption publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is an herbal medicine for enhancement of physical fitness and male sexual function improvement with low oral absorption of the main active compounds, methoxyflavones. The purpose of this study is to optimize the preparation of nanosuspensions of KP extract for enhancing intestinal absorption using antisolvent precipitation technique which is an accessible nanomanufacturing methodology in the small industrial factory. Nanosuspensions were prepared using various types and concentrations of stabilizers. Then, the dry powder of KP nanosuspension was produced by spray drying. Its dissolution rate was determined using USP dissolution apparatus II. The rat everted intestinal sac was tested to confirm the improvement of intestinal absorption of KP nanosuspension. The result showed that 3% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was the optimal condition for covering the nano-size of KP nanosuspension. KP nanosuspensions had particle sizes ranging from 100 to 300 nm with narrow size distribution (PDI < 0.60) and zeta potential at - 58 to - 70 mV. These characteristics were stable at 4°C and 25°C/60%RH for 1-month storage. Its methoxyflavones content also unchanged at 4°C and 25°C/60%RH for 1-month storage. KP nanosuspension released > 80% of the methoxyflavones within 30 min both in 0.1 N HCl and 0.01 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8). Moreover, the developed nanosuspension dramatically improved the rat intestinal absorption about 10-fold. Therefore, the KP nanosuspension was successfully prepared. It has relatively high stability, fast dissolution rate, and high intestinal absorption.


X: -3.5435557 Y: 8.718874title: Kaempferia parviflora Extracellular Vesicle Loaded with Clarithromycin for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Purpose
Kaempferia parviflora extracellular vesicles (KPEVs) have been reported as promising nanovesicles for drug delivery. This study aimed to load clarithromycin (CLA) into KPEVs (KPEVS-CLA) and determine the physical properties, drug-releasing efficiency, gastric cell uptake, anti-H. pylori activities, and anti-inflammatory responses in comparison with free CLA and KPEVs.

Methods
The size and surface charge of KPEVs-CLA were evaluated using dynamic light scattering and visualized using a transmission electron microscope. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%), loading capacity (LC%), and drug release of KPEVs-CLA were examined using HPLC. Anti-H. pylori growth and anti-adhesion were evaluated. IL-8 gene expression, NF-κB signaling proteins, and anti-inflammatory profiles were examined using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and Bio-Plex immunoassay, respectively. Anti-chemotaxis was then examined using a Transwell assay.

Results
KPEVs-CLA were intact and showed a negative surface charge similar to that of KPEVs. However, slightly enlarged KPEVs were observed. CLA was successfully loaded into KPEVs with EE of 93.45% ± 2.43%, LC of 9.3% ± 3.02%. CLA release in the PBS and gastric mimic buffer with Fickian diffusion (n ≤ 0.43) according to Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model (R²=0.98). KPEVs-CLA was localized in the gastric cells’ cytoplasm and perinuclear region. Anti-H. pylori growth and anti-H. pylori adhesion of KPEVs-CLA were compared with those of free CLA with no cytotoxicity to adenocarcinoma gastric cells. KPEVs-CLA significantly reduced IL-8, G-CSF, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β levels. Moreover, KPEVs-CLA showed a superior effect over CLA in reducing G-CSF, MIP-1α, and NF-κB phosphorylation and monocyte chemotactic activities.

Conclusion
KPEVs serve as potential carriers of CLA. They exhibited a higher efficiency in inhibiting gastric cell inflammation mediated by H. pylori infection than free CLA. The establishment of KPEVs-CLA as a nanodrug delivery model for H. pylori treatment could be applied to other plant extracellular vesicles or loaded with other cancer drugs for gastric cancer treatment.


X: -0.4204483 Y: 7.941896title: Effect of different photoperiod regimes in combination with natural and artificial light on nutrient uptake in bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) using an internet of things-based hydroponics system publish year: 2024 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: In the present study, we analyzed the effect of using a hydroponic system inside a greenhouse and different photoperiod regimes with artificial light on the nutrient uptake of bok choy. Light duration treatment consisting of both sunlight and artificial light was applied to determine the optimal photoperiod for bok choy. Advanced technology—a wireless sensor network and Internet of Things—was used to monitor and maintain nutrient concentrations. Additionally, plant growth was evaluated using image processing technology. A higher amount of P was observed to be accumulated in plants grown in plots without photoperiod. Meanwhile, excessive photoperiod was found to reduce K content in plants. The optimal photoperiod in this study was 20:4 (light:dark), which is a combination of 12 h of sunlight and 8 h of artificial light. Additionally, image processing technology helped monitor plant growth. Pixel information in images can represent plant growth with a R2 value of >0.8. Further, the addition of photoperiod affects the dry weight of yields and growth rate, which is highly correlated to nutrient uptake, with R2 values of 0.84 and 0.72, respectively. The combination of artificial light and sunlight along with the optimal photoperiod can optimize the growth of bok choy with appropriate NPK uptake.


X: -3.8852458 Y: 8.2046385title: Potential antiaggregatory and anticoagulant activity of Kaempferia parviflora extract and its methoxyflavones publish year: 2023 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Scientific evidence on the antithrombotic activity of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) remains limited. The present study investigated the antiplatelet aggregation effect and anticoagulant activity of this plant on human blood. Among four tested fractions, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation (percentage of inhibition %I = 95.07% at 0.4 mg/mL and 94.44% at 0.2 mg/mL for ADP and collagen, respectively, p > 0.05 compared with the positive control) and blood coagulation (mean activated partial thromboplastin time - APTT, 43.23 vs. 46.70 s with heparin, p > 0.05). From this extract, 6 known methoxyflavones were isolated: 5-hydroxy-3,7- dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7,4′- trimethoxyflavone (2), 5-hydroxy-3,7,4′- trimethoxyflavone (3), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (4), 3,5,7- trimethoxyflavone (5) and 3,5,7,4′- tetramethoxyflavone (6). Four compounds 1 – 4 were tested for their activities. Compounds 2, and 3 showed a stronger inhibitory effect than compounds 1 and 4 on both agonists used (p < 0.05). For anticoagulant activity, 1, 3 and 4 at 0.4 mg/mL had capacity to extend APTT value (p < 0.05 compared to DMSO 0.1%). Moreover, only 3 possessed a similar anticoagulant effect to the positive control (mean APTT, 45.15 vs. 46.70 s, p > 0.05). No compounds could lengthen prothrombin time and thrombin time parameters. The LC-MS analysis indicated that EA contained the highest content of methoxyflavones (119.85 mg/g, DW) compared to other fractions. Compound 2 (41% of total methoxyflavones) was the most abundant component among 6 isolated compounds. Molecular docking indicated that all 4 tested methoxyflavones were tightly bound to several platelet receptors such as COX-1, P2Y12, GPVI while their interaction with coagulation factors such as ATIII, FIX or VKOR was less efficient. In conclusion, KP is rich in methoxyflavones which are potential antithrombotic agents. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the in vivo activity and mechanism of action of these compounds.


X: 1.7270069 Y: 8.014207title: Establishment and Optimization Growth of Shoot Buds-Derived Callus and Suspension Cell Cultures of Kaempferia parviflora publish year: 2014 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: Callus and suspension cells culture of Kaempferia parviflora was successfully established. Meristematic shoots can be used for utilization of plant cell biosynthetic capabilities for obtaining useful products from valuable medicinal plant to meet out the pharmaceutical demand and also for studying the metabolism. The medium containing combination of 0.2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.2 mg/L napthyleneacetic acid (NAA) promoted the highest callus induction at 20%. Transferring the initiated callus on the medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D enhanced the proliferation rate up to maximum fresh weight of 6.71 gm. Growth curve of cultured cells revealed that the cells continued to grow until 50 days of culture and showed the highest peak (fresh weight) at 40 days in all different initial weight tested ( 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 gram). Isolated embryogenic callus was found to produce the highest in weight when suspended in liquid medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D at 110 rpm resulted 13.5 gram fresh weight and 1080 mg dry weight.


X: -4.104003 Y: 7.8901443title: Effect of the active ingredient of Kaempferia parviflora, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF), one of the major components of Kaempferia parviflora, has anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic effects. On the other hand, in vitro studies have reported that it directly inhibits the drug metabolizing enzyme family cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3As. In this study, its safety was evaluated from a pharmacokinetic point of view, based on daily ingestion of 5,7-DMF. Midazolam, a substrate of CYP3As, was orally administered to mice treated with 5,7-DMF for 10 days, and its pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. In the group administered 5,7-DMF, the area under the curve (AUC) of midazolam increased by 130% and its biological half-life was extended by approximately 100 min compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, 5,7-DMF markedly decreased the expression of CYP3A11 and CYP3A25 in the liver. These results suggest that continued ingestion of 5,7-DMF decreases the expression of CYP3As in the liver, consequently increasing the blood concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3As.


X: -5.210275 Y: 7.994296title: Oral Administration of Kaempferia parviflora did not Disturb Male Reproduction in Rats publish year: 2008 keyword: Kaemferia_parviflora content: To investigate the androgenic effect of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), a Thai herbal plant, adult male rats were randomized into control and KP-treatment groups. Rats were treated orally with water in the control group and with 1,000 mg/kg/day of KP in the treatment group for 45 days. Blood samples were collected on days 10, 20, 30 and 45 for measurement of the serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, progesterone and corticosterone levels. The reproductive and non-reproductive organs were dissected on day 45 and weighed. Mating behavior was also observed on days 20 and 30. Body weight was measured throughout the study period. The results showed that KP induced an increase in body weight compared with the controls. There were no significant differences in the weights of either reproductive (testis, seminal vesicle plus coagulating gland, levator ani muscle plus bulbocarvernosus muscle and glans penis, except the prostate gland) or non-reproductive organs (kidney, adrenal gland and gastracnemius muscle). There were no significant differences in serum levels of either FSH or LH between the two groups. The serum testosterone and progesterone levels were insignificantly lower in the KP group during the first 30 days. The serum corticosterone levels in the KP group were lower than those in the controls throughout the study period and were significantly low on days 20 and 30. There were no significant changes in mating behavior in the rats treated with KP. Although KP affected the body weight and serum corticosterone level, it did not affect mating behavior, reproductive and non-reproductive organ weights or hormones related to the reproductive system in the adult male rats. Therefore, we conclude that the testosterone-like effect of KP did not disturb the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis or male reproduction.