X: 0.22468328 Y: 6.541629title: Floral Development of Stephania (Menispermaceae): Impact of Organ Reduction on Symmetry publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania is the sole genus in the basal eudicot family Menispermaceae that possesses both actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers. Variation in perianth merism can have an important impact on flower symmetry and thus eminent biological significance in evolution of Menispermaceae. Using SEM, we studied the floral development of four representative species, which present the two predominant floral patterns of the genus, namely, homomorphy of both male and female flowers (actinomorphy) or heteromorphy (actinomorphy/zygomorphy). The sepals of the male flowers are arranged mostly in two alternate whorls of three or four each, whereas in female flowers they are in a single whorl of three or four or there is only a single sepal. Petals of male flowers are in a whorl of three or four organs, whereas female flowers of some species have only two petals. Trimerous and tetramerous perianths can coexist in the same umbellets of some species. Variation in perianth merism and loss of perianth parts of the female flowers may result in flower symmetry switching from actinomorphy to zygomorphy. The two main floral patterns are consistent with a distinction of two subclades within Stephania. The unicarpellate genera of the Menispermaceae share a unique combination of characters, including a synandrium, unitegmic ovules, and absence of vestigial sexual organs. However, Stephania differs from its unicarpellate relatives by two features: a two-whorled arrangement of floral organs of the male flowers and a free perianth. The investigation provides new and valuable developmental information on flowers of the little-known Menispermaceae and provides a background for a discussion of the evolution of merism and unisexual flowers in the basal eudicots.


X: -2.907924 Y: 5.1522293title: Two new glycoalkaloids from Stephania succifera publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Two new glycoalkaloids, manshurienine C (1) and 8-oxotetrahy-corydalmine-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with eleven known alkaloids (3–13), were isolated from the tubers of Stephania succifera. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including NMR and MS spectra. Compounds 5, 6, 8, and 10 showed in vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).


X: -2.3812373 Y: 4.8609467title: Recent Advances in the Search for Newer Antimalarial Agents publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria is a serious global health problem. Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal of the four species of plasmodium that infects humans. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strain of plasmodium falciparum and insecticidal resistance in the mosquito further aggravate the problem. The situation, thus, makes it imperative to discover new antimalarial drugs and the search goes on to find new leads from natural products, plants, fungi, and marine sources; semisynthetics and synthetics. Newer molecules with better potential than the existing antimalarial drugs have been discovered. Bisquinolines, bisacridines, 8-aminoquinolines and endoperoxides hold promise in this direction. Several new biochemical targets have been identified. The concept of chemosensitization, which is addition of structurally variant compounds representing different pharmacological groups in the antimalarial drug regimen, is being explored. The significant genomic advances resulting in genome sequencing of anopheles gambiae—the major mosquito vector—and plasmodium falciparum—the parasite for deadliest form of malaria—have opened new hopes toward the control of malaria.


X: -4.3252606 Y: 5.879477title: Natural AChE Inhibitors from Plants and their Contribution to Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: As acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are an important therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer’s disease, efforts are being made in search of new molecules with anti-AChE activity. The fact that naturally-occurring compounds from plants are considered to be a potential source of new inhibitors has led to the discovery of an important number of secondary metabolites and plant extracts with the ability of inhibiting the enzyme AChE, which, according to the cholinergic hypothesis, increases the levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain, thus improving cholinergic functions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and alleviating the symptoms of this neurological disorder. This review summarizes a total of 128 studies which correspond to the most relevant research work published during 2006-2012
(1st semester) on plant-derived compounds, plant extracts and essential oils found to elicit AChE inhibition.


X: -2.349929 Y: 4.969107title: Prospect of Natural Compounds against Malaria: A Review publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria is one of the leading life-threatening vectors borne diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The traditional system of medicine uses drugs of plant origin. Quinine and artemisinin, two naturally occurring plant chemicals, are traditionally used to treat malaria. The present reviews have emphasised the anti-malarial activity of plants that are effective against emerging resistance. The aim of the present study was to analyze the concept and objectives of isolated natural compounds, their mechanism of action, and plant parts used for malaria treatment in the traditional system of medicine. 113 isolated compounds,
plant parts used from 49 species, and molecular mechanism of 70 anti-malarial natural compounds from various plant species were explored. These plants were traditionally used for malaria treatment worldwide. They are therapeutically more effective, safer, and traditionally reported for having high cure rates. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs to treat malaria. These isolated compounds may be explored for the development of antimalarial drugs against plasmodium-resistant strains.


X: 0.26249743 Y: 6.7380886title: Strengthening Structures in the Petiole–Lamina Junction of Peltate Leaves publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Peltate- or umbrella- shaped leaves are characterised by a petiole more or less centrally attached to the lamina on the abaxial side. The transition from the petiole to lamina in peltate leaves resembles a significant and abrupt geometrical change from a beam to a plate in a very compact shape. Since these leaves have not been subject of many studies, the distribution of that specific leaf morphology in the plant kingdom was investigated. Furthermore, the connection between the petiole and lamina of several peltate species was studied anatomically and morphologically, focusing on the reinforcing fibre strands. We found peltate leaves in 357 species representing 25 orders, 40 families and 99 genera. The majority are herbaceous perennials growing in shady, humid to wet habitats mainly distributed in the subtropical–tropical zones. Detailed anatomical investigation of 41 species revealed several distinct principles of how the transition zone between the petiole and lamina is organised. In-depth analysis of these different types accompanied by finite element-modelling could serve as inspiration for supporting structures in lightweight construction.


X: 1.454105 Y: 4.616729title: Endophytic Actinomycetes: A Novel Source of Potential Acyl Homoserine Lactone Degrading Enzymes publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria employ N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone (HSL) quorum sensing (QS) system to control their virulence traits. Degradation of acyl-HSL signal molecules by quorum quenching enzyme (QQE) results in a loss of pathogenicity in QS-dependent organisms. The QQE activity of actinomycetes in rhizospheric soil and inside plant tissue was explored in order to obtain novel strains with high HSL-degrading activity. Among 344 rhizospheric and 132 endophytic isolates, 127 (36.9%) and 68 (51.5%) of them, respectively, possessed the QQE activity. The highest HSL-degrading activity was at 151.30 ± 3.1 nmole/h/mL from an endophytic actinomycetes isolate, LPC029. The isolate was identified as Streptomyces based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The QQE from LPC029 revealed HSL-acylase activity that was able to cleave an amide bond of acyl-side chain in HSL substrate as determined by HPLC. LPC029 HSL-acylase showed broad substrate specificity from C6- to C12-HSL in which C10HSL is the most favorable substrate for this enzyme. In an in vitro pathogenicity assay, the partially purified HSL-acylase efficiently suppressed soft rot of potato caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum as demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HSL-acylase activity derived from an endophytic Streptomyces.


X: 0.1654946 Y: 6.5168633title: The world checklist of Stephania (Menispermaceae), with notes on types publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: We provide in this article the catalogue of the species names currently accepted in the genus Stephania (Menispermaceae), together with information relative to their types. Sixty-nine species of Stephania are recognized and 36 lectotypes are designated here. This checklist constitutes the basis for a future taxonomical revision of the genus Stephania.


X: -2.6221223 Y: 5.506699title: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of tuber extract of Stephania pierrei diels publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Aqueous extract of Stephania pierrei tubers was studied for phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities as well as for cepharanthine concentration. The results revealed that the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, tannins, polyphenols, phenolic compounds of 41.49±0.66 mg GAE/g extract and cepharanthine content of 33.68 mg/g extract was found in the extract. The extract exhibited dose dependent microbial activities, moreover, the antibacterial activities were observed against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) using disc diffusion assay. Especially, S. epidermidis was more sensitive to the extract than S. aureus. S. epidermidis was susceptible to the extract with the MIC and MBC of 2 and 6 mg, respectively. The ultrastructure alteration in extract-treated S. epidermidis cells was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The bacterial cell wall was ruptured after treated with the extract for 24 h. The characterization of functional groups was achieved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR spectra revealed changes in spectral regions corresponding to changes in fatty acid and polysaccharide on cell wall.


X: -3.063544 Y: 5.133072title: Bisbenzylisoquinoline and hasubanane alkaloids from Stephania abyssinica (Dillon & A. Rich) (Menispermeceae) publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Two bisbenzylisoquinoline and one hasubanane alkaloids: (-)-pseudocurine (1), (-)-pseudoisocurine (2) and (-)-10-oxoaknadinine (3), were isolated from leaf extract of Stephania abyssinica, a plant used in traditional medicine in South Nyanza region of Kenya. They were characterized using 1D ((1)H, (13)C and DEPT) and 2D (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) NMR techniques. (-)-Pseudocurine (1) and (-)-pseudoisocurine (2) exhibited strong to moderate anti-plasmodial activity while (-)-10-oxoaknadinine (3) showed moderate to mild activity.


X: -0.78161967 Y: 8.555439title: Training and Performance of Public Procurement Professionals in Tanzania: The Mediating Role of Career Development publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Training and career development have been considered to improve employee performance because better-quality human capital is vital in enhancing employee performance. This study analysed the influence of training on the performance of public procurement professionals when mediated by career development in Tanzania. The study used a cross-sectional research design involving 204 public procurement professionals from Dodoma city in Tanzania. The study applied Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as a part of Covariance Based-Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) and Hayes' PROCESS macro to analyse the data and determine the relationship between the training and performance of public procurement professionals when mediated by career development in Tanzania. The results show that training and career development determine the performance of public procurement professionals. Training facilitates the career development of public procurement professionals, whereas career development mediates the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals. This study only considers training and career development, among other aspects of human resource development practices. This excludes the other human resource development practices in public organisations. This study brings together human resource development concepts (training and career development) and the performance of public procurement professionals. Thus, it adds value to the literature on human resource management concerning the performance of public procurement professionals.


X: -2.817132 Y: 6.1892147title: Anticancer properties of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds against breast cancer: a review on recent investigations publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common and recurring diseases and the second leading cause of death in women. Despite prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutic options such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the number of occurrences increases every year. Therefore, novel therapeutic drugs targeting specifically different checkpoints should be developed against breast cancer. Among drugs that can be developed to treat breast cancer, natural products, such as plant-derived compounds, showed significant anti-breast cancer properties. These substances belong to different chemical classes such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. They exert their in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cell lines via different mechanisms, including the inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, the arrest of the cell cycle, and the activation of autophagy. Moreover, they also exhibit anti-angiogenesis and antimetastatic action. Moreover, chemoprevention effects of these bioactive compounds were signaled only for certain drugs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds on breast cancer. Moreover, the role of these substances in breast cancer chemoprevention was also discussed.


X: -4.3961754 Y: 5.8293886title: Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Medicinal Plants publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The predominant role of the central cholinergic pathway in learning and memory and the creation of severe cholinergic deficits with several neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment contribute to the development of symptomatic cholinergic therapy. Inhibition of brain cholinesterase (ChE) serves as a strategy for the treatment of several cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), senile dementia, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, and Parkinson disease. ChE inhibitors are the drugs for the management of AD-type of dementia. The chapter highlights on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants and the phytoconstituents derived from this.


X: 0.054625716 Y: 6.4948635title: Stephania kaweesakii (Menispermaceae), a new tuberous species from Thailand publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania kaweesakii (Menispermaceae), a new tuberous species from Thailand, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to S. pierrei but can be distinguished by having thick-scaled (vs. smooth and papery) tuber bark, male flowers with 3 or 4 petals (vs. absence of petals).


X: -2.2238195 Y: 5.1371317title: Production of carbazole alkaloids through callus and suspension cultures in Clausena harmandiana publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Carbazole alkaloids are major constituents in Clausena spp. and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. The roots of Clausena harmandiana are a rich source of active carbazole alkaloids. However, its roots take several years to grow to be able to harvest. To obtain an alternative source of carbazole alkaloids, in vitro callus cultures of C. harmandiana were induced, and the formation of two active carbazole alkaloids was investigated. The effects of precursor, concentrations of sucrose, elicitors and light were studied to improve carbazole alkaloids formation. In this study, light had a strong effect on the formation of both carbazole alkaloids. The highest yields of clausine K and 7-methoxymukonal were 4.74 ± 0.26 and 0.92 ± 0.04 mg/g DW, respectively, which have more than 10-fold found in intact roots. According to the results of this study, C. harmandiana callus cultures can be used as an alternative source of carbazole alkaloids for additional biological studies.


X: -2.738574 Y: 5.574019title: Anti-allergic Effects of a Hot Water Extract of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore in RBL-2H3 Cells and an Allergic Rhinitis Mouse Model publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: We investigated the anti-allergic activities of a hot water extract of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore using RBL-2H3 cells and an allergic rhinitis mouse model. The degranulation levels were significantly lower in the water-solvent fraction (WEx) and 99% ethanol fraction (99% EtEx) extracted from S. tetrandra than in the control. However, the cell viability of 99% EtEx was significantly lower than the control. In an ovalbumin allergic rhinitis mouse model, the frequency of sneezing after the fifth nasal ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in the groups intragastrically administered WEx and 99% EtEx decreased significantly compared to the control, although this decrease was lost following the sixth or seventh challenge. Plasma levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E in the WEx and 99% EtEx groups were significantly lower than the control at the experimental end point. Thus, S. tetrandra was proposed to be an effective anti-allergic natural medicine.


X: 0.18771021 Y: 6.5634785title: Phylogeny and a revised tribal classification of Menispermaceae (moonseed family) based on molecular and morphological data publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Menispermaceae, a largely tropical family of dioecious and predominantly climbing plants, have been the subject of various molecular studies that confirmed its monophyly and the para- and polyphyly of most of the currently recognized tribes. The newly recognized assemblages have been variously named informally in different studies. Here we present a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis of the Menispermaceae based on the analyses of three molecular markers ( matK, trnL-F, ndhF) and 41 morphological characters for the most extensive taxonomic and geographic sampling of the family as compared to earlier studies. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Our results of the combined molecular and total-evidence datasets corroborate earlier findings, with an improved support for major clade contents. A new tribal classification of the Menispermaceae is proposed, in which nine clades are grouped within the subfamilies Chasmantheroideae and Menispermoideae, forming themselves two well-supported clades. Within the Chasmantheroideae, the two clades recovered are here recognized as tribes Burasaieae and Coscinieae; within the Menispermoideae the seven identified clades are recognized as tribes Anomospermeae, Cissampelideae, Limacieae, Menispermeae, Pachygoneae, Spirospermeae, and Tiliacoreae. Of these, Spirospermeae is newly described, while the names, if not the circumscriptions, of the remaining tribes are adopted from earlier treatments. The subfamilies and most tribes here identified are further diagnosed by unique combinations of morphological characters. A few genera not sampled for the molecular analysis are provisionally assigned to the recognized tribes based on their floral, fruit, endocarp, and seed features.


X: -2.777383 Y: 4.983242title: Chapter 2 Alkaloids with Antiprotozoal Activity publish year: 2008 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This chapter discusses the alkaloid natural products that are particularly active against Leishmania sp., Trypanosomacruzi, Trypanosomabrucei, and Plasmodium falciparum. The alkaloids with antiprotozoal activity are grouped according to their structures or origin in several categories such as quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids, indole alkaloids, steroidal alkaloids, alkaloids from marine organisms, and other alkaloids. A discussion on structure-antiprotozoal activity relationships is included, and the mechanism of action of several of these metabolites is described in the chapter. Recent developments, as well as new experimental strategies in discovery and development of antiprotozoal compounds, are also discussed in the chapter. Some of the in vitro antitrypanosomal or cytotoxic activities have been transformed into molar concentrations to allow a better comparison, independent of their molecular weight. Nevertheless, direct comparison remains complex because of the different assay procedures used in various laboratories. Alkaloids are one of the most important groups of natural products, already providing many drugs for human use. Although they can be seriously toxic for the host, alkaloid-containing plants and their biosynthesized alkaloids have a remarkable potential to provide pharmaceutical and biological agents contributing to the development of future antiparasitic drugs. Natural alkaloids will continue to play an important role in the development of a new generation of antiprotozoal drugs.


X: 0.16866279 Y: 7.0723457title: DNA barcoding as a means for identifying medicinal plants of Pakistan publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: DNA barcoding involves the generation of DNA sequencing data from particular genetic regions in an organism and the use of these sequence data to identify or “barcode” that organism and distinguish it from other species. Here, DNA barcoding is being used to identify several medicinal plants found in Pakistan and distinguished them from other similar species. Several challenges to the successful implementation of plant DNA barcoding are presented and discussed. Despite these challenges, DNA barcoding has the potential to uniquely identify medicinal plants and provide quality control and standardization of the plant material supplied to the pharmaceutical industry.


X: -3.2656617 Y: 5.140766title: Protoberberine Alkaloids publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This chapter presents chemotaxonomic compilation of protoberberine alkaloids, 13C NMR data of the protoberberine alkaloids and discusses biological activity of the protoberberine alkaloids. The protoberberine alkaloids are comprised of a tetracyclic ring system, which is based on the dibenzo[a,g]quinolizidine system. These tetracyclic alkaloids are derived from benzylisoquinolines through phenolic oxidation and coupling with the isoquinoline N-methyl group, which becomes the ‘‘berberine bridge’’ carbon. This group of alkaloids consists of a series of variations of the main tetracyclic ring system. The most commonly found are: the protoberberines (sensu strictu), such as berberine; the tetrahydroprotoberberines, such as tetrahydropalmatine; and 14-oxo derivatives, such as cryptopine. It was observed that some protoberberine alkaloids act against some pathogenic agents, with very important activities such as antiparasitic, antitrypanosomal, and antileishmaniasis. Other very important biological activities are observed on different specific organic systems. Activities such as analgesic, anticonvulsant, antiamnesic, narcotic, antiarrhythmic, antihemorrhagic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, smooth muscle relaxant, not to mention many other important activities, are found for this class of alkaloids.


X: -3.198748 Y: 4.9025655title: 13C NMR spectroscopic data of aporphine alkaloids publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This study involves aporphine alkaloids identified through ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data. For the present publication, articles were selected from several databases on aporphine alkaloids from 1994 to 2021. In this class, more than 700 compounds have been registered, with 221 were included in this section, among which 122 were characterized for the first time in the investigated period. The study also addresses their biosynthetic pathways, classifying substances according to their structural characteristics based on established literature. Furthermore, pharmacological activities related to the aporphine alkaloids highlighted in this section are also presented, giving an overview of the various applications of these compounds.


X: -2.781801 Y: 5.9297295title: Syringa microphylla Diels: A comprehensive review of its phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological characteristics and an investigation into its potential health benefits publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background
Syringa microphylla Diels is a plant in the family Syringa Linn. For hundreds of years, its flowers and leaves have been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of cough, inflammation, colds, sore throat, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, early liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, and oesophageal cancer.

Purpose
For the first time, we have comprehensively reviewed information on Syringa microphylla Diels that is not included in the Pharmacopoeia, clarified the pharmacological mechanisms of Syringa microphylla Diels and its active ingredients from a molecular biology perspective, compiled in vivo and in vitro animal experimental data and clinical data, and summarized the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of Syringa microphylla Diels. The progress in toxicology research is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs from Syringa microphylla Diels, a natural source of compounds that are potentially beneficial to human health.

Methods
The PubMed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, SciFinder Scholar and Thomson Reuters databases were utilized to conduct a comprehensive search of published literature as of July 2021 to find original literature related to Syringa microphylla Diels and its active ingredients.

Results
To date, 72 compounds have been isolated and identified from Syringa microphylla Diels, and oleuropein, verbascoside, isoacteoside, echinacoside, forsythoside B, and eleutheroside B are the main active components. These compounds have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, and their safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated in long-term traditional applications. Molecular pharmacology experiments have indicated that the active ingredients of Syringa microphylla Diels exert their pharmacological effects in various ways, primarily by reducing oxidative stress damage via Nrf2/ARE pathway regulation, regulating inflammatory factors and inducing apoptosis through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.

Conclusion
This comprehensive review of Syringa microphylla Diels provides new insights into the correlations among molecular mechanisms, the importance of toxicology and pharmacokinetics, and potential ways to address the limitations of current research. As Syringa microphylla Diels is a natural low-toxicity botanical medicine, it is worthy of development and utilization and is an excellent choice for treating various diseases.


X: -2.3127928 Y: 4.9326506title: Antimalarial Activity of Plant Metabolites publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria, as a major global health problem, continues to affect a large number of people each year, especially those in developing countries. Effective drug discovery is still one of the main efforts to control malaria. As natural products are still considered as a key source for discovery and development of therapeutic agents, we have evaluated more than 2000 plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. As a result, we discovered dozens of plant leads that displayed antimalarial activity. Our phytochemical study of some of these plant extracts led to the identification of several potent antimalarial compounds. The prior comprehensive review article entitled “Antimalarial activity of plant metabolites” by Schwikkard and Van Heerden (2002) reported structures of plant-derived compounds with antiplasmodial activity and covered literature up to the year 2000. As a continuation of this effort, the present review covers the antimalarial compounds isolated from plants, including marine plants, reported in the literature from 2001 to the end of 2017. During the span of the last 17 years, 175 antiplasmodial compounds were discovered from plants. These active compounds are organized in our review article according to their plant families. In addition, we also include ethnobotanical information of the antimalarial plants discussed.


X: 0.05752247 Y: 6.4754214title: Stephania subpeltata H. S. Lo (Menispermaceae): A new record for the Flora of Vietnam (http://e-kjpt.org/upload/pdf/kjpt-46-3-288.pdf) publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Vietnamese occurrence of Stephania subpeltata H. S. Lo (Menispermaceae) is reported here forthe first time. It is morphologically allied to S. japonica but differs in having subpeltate, ovate deltoid or broadlydeltoid to subdeltoid leaves, shorter petiole, fewer leaf veins, conspicuously pedicellate umbelliform cymeswhich are seldom compound, and purple flowers and endocarp with a reduced number of abaxial rows. A tax-onomic description, distribution details, ecology, and a key to the Vietnamese species of Stephania are provided


X: -1.8354515 Y: 5.5651035title: Enhancement of Taxol production by applying amino acid complex along with chitosan in suspension culture of Taxus baccata L. publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background: Taxol (Paclitaxel) has been highly recommended to control and treat a wide range of cancers. Taxus baccata L. is primary and natural origin of Taxol. Objective: Due to severe restriction and prohibition of cutting T. baccata, the alternative way for Taxol production is to apply in vitro culture method which was implemented at the current study. Here, for the first time, the effect of amino acid complex as elicitor along with chitosan in cell suspension culture of T. baccata for enhancing Taxol production was studied. Methods: Young leaves of T. baccata as explants were cultured in different callus induction treatments. At the next step, the calli from the best callus induction treatment were transferred to cell suspension cultures containing chitosan and amino acid complex alone or in combination with each other. Taxol content in treatments were measured by HPLC. Results: MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D at 2 mg/L and NAA at 1 mg/L proved to be the best treatment of callus induction (100 %), fresh weight (495 mg) and dry weight (272 mg) of calli. Also, HPLC analysis confirmed the maximum production of Taxol (1.96 mg/g) in MS medium having 2 ml/L amino acids complex with 10 mg/L chitosan. Conclusion: Applying amino acid complex as elicitor with chitosan is suggested for enhancing Taxol production in cell suspension culture of T. baccata.


X: -3.022099 Y: 5.1585217title: Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 6. Biologically active marine and terrestrial alkaloid glycosides publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This review article presents 209 alkaloid glycosides isolated and identified from plants, microorganisms, and marine invertebrates that demonstrate different biological activities. They are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and/or pharmaceutical industries. These biologically active glycosides have good potential for future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antioxidants, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. These glycosidic compounds have been subdivided into several groups, including: acridone; aporphine; benzoxazinoid; ergot; indole; enediyne alkaloidal antibiotics; glycosidic lupine alkaloids; piperidine, pyridine, pyrrolidine, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid glycosides; glycosidic quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids; steroidal glycoalkaloids; and miscellaneous alkaloid glycosides.


X: -4.392396 Y: 5.861795title: A Current Perspective on the Inhibition of Cholinesterase by Natural and Synthetic Inhibitors publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Majority of the observed cognitive and behavioral changes in Alzheimer's diseaseare postulated to be due to the deficiencies in cholinergic pathways of the brain. Enhancement of cholinergic transmission may thus stimulate the cholinergic receptors or prolong the availability of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft and hence improve the Alzheimer's disease associated symptoms. Of these two, the inhibition of cholinesterases (Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase) by cholinesterase inhibitors is suggested to be a promising strategy. In this regard, various agents both natural and non-natural have been evaluated for the inhibition of cholinesterases. Phytochemical studies of some of the medicinal plants have shown the presence of many valuable compounds that show a wide range of pharmacological activity against cholinesterase enzymes. Interestingly, a good number of potent synthetic inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes reported so far are natural-product based. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both natural and synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors reported so far. Presenting a comparative overview of synthetic and natural cholinesterase inhibitors may provide some leads for the synthesis of new cholinesterase inhibitors from medicinal plants. Structural activity relationship of the active cholinesterase inhibitors is also discussed with some insights from simulation studies. Insights for possible future research have also been highlighted.


X: -3.1041732 Y: 5.3223877title: Anticancer and Reversing Multidrug Resistance Activities of Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids and their Structure-activity Relationship publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The severe anticancer situation as well as the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells has created an urgent need for the development of novel anticancer drugs with different mechanisms of action. A large number of natural alkaloids, such as paclitaxel, vinblastine and camptothecin have already been successfully developed into chemotherapy agents. Following the success of these natural products, in this review, twenty-six types of isoquinoline alkaloid (a total of 379 alkaloids), including benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, aporphine, oxoaporphine, isooxoaporphine, dimeric aporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline, tetrahydroprotoberberine, protoberberine, protopine, dihydrobenzophenanthridine, benzophenanthridine, benzophenanthridine dimer, ipecac, simple isoquinoline, pavine, montanine, erythrina, chelidonine, tropoloisoquinoline, azafluoranthene, phthalideisoquinoline, naphthylisoquinoline, lycorine, crinane, narciclasine, and phenanthridone, were summarized based on their cytotoxic and MDR reversing activities against various cancer cells. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of different types of isoquinoline alkaloid were also discussed. Interestingly, some aporphine, oxoaporphine, isooxoaporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and protoberberine alkaloids display more potent anticancer activities or anti-MDR effects than positive control against the tested cancer cells and are regarded as attractive targets for discovery new anticancer drugs or lead compounds.


X: 0.060297597 Y: 6.5862575title: The Flowering Plant Genus Gaultheria (Ericaceae) in the Gaoligong Shan, along the Border Region of China and Myanmar publish year: 2008 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: A taxonomic revision of the flowering plant genus Gaultheria (Ericaceae) in the Gaoligong Shan region of western Yunnan Province and extreme southeastern Xizang Province (Tibet) in China, and eastern Kachin State in northern Myanmar (Burma), is presented. Twenty-four species, three of which (G. bryoides, G. notabilis, and G. pseudonotabilis) are endemic, and two varieties (of G. leucocarpa) are recog-nized from the region. One new species (G. bryoides) is described from northern Myanmar, one new combination (G. eciliata) is made, and lectotypes are designated for G. dumicola, G. forrestii, G. hookeri, G. repens, G. suborbicularis, G. tetramera, and G. veitchiana. The treatment includes a key to species, descriptions, specimen cita-tions, and images or illustrations of some species. Also included are species distribu-tion maps based on estimates of geographic coordinates of old collections and GPS-derived coordinates of more recent collections.


X: -3.0928104 Y: 5.898488title: Dual roles of oxostephanine as an Aurora kinase inhibitor and angiogenesis suppressor publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Aurora kinases, including Aurora A, B and C, play critical roles in cell division. They have been found overexpressed in a number of types of cancer and may thus be potential targets in cancer therapy. Several Aurora kinase inhibitors have been identified and developed. Some of these have been used in clinical trials and have exhibited certain efficacy in cancer treatment. However, none of these has yet been applied clinically due to the poor outcomes. Oxostephanine is an aporphine alkaloid isolated from several plants of the genus Stephania. This compound has been reported to inhibit Aurora kinase activity in kinase assays and in cancer cells. The present study aimed to investigate the real‑time effects of oxostephanine extracted from Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu leaves on the growth of an ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR‑8, human ovarian carcinoma); these effects were compared to those of the well‑known Aurora kinase inhibitor, VX‑680. The effects of oxostephanine on stromal cells, as well as endothelial cells were also examined. The results demonstrated that oxostephanine was an Aurora kinase inhibitor through the prevention of histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10, the mislocalization of Aurora B and the induction of aneuploidy. Moreover, this substance was selectively cytotoxic to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hUVECs), whereas it was less cytotoxic to human fibroblasts and umbilical cord‑derived mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, this compound significantly attenuated the migration and tube formation ability of hUVECs. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that oxostephanine plays dual roles in inhibiting Aurora kinase activity and angiogenesis. Thus, it may have potential for use as a drug in cancer treatment.


X: -3.1741714 Y: 5.922671title: Crebanine induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the AKT/FoxO3a signaling pathway publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as an aggressive cancer with a high mortality rate, needs high-efficiency and low-toxicity drug therapy. Natural products have great potential as candidate lead compounds for the development of new HCC drugs. Crebanine is an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from Stephania with various potential pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying crebanine-induced liver cancer cells apoptosis has not been reported. Here, we investigated the effect of crebanine on HCC and identified a potential mechanism of action.
Methods: In this paper, we intend to detect the toxic effects of crebanine on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through a series of in vitro experiments, including detecting the effects of crebanine on the proliferation of HepG2 cells using the CCK8 method and plate cloning assay, observing the growth status and morphological changes of crebanine on HepG2 cells by inverted microscopy; and using the Transwell method to determine the the effect of crebanine on the migration and invasion ability of HepG2 cells; using Hoechst 33258 assay to stain cancer cells, thus observing the effect of crebanine on the morphology of HepG2 apoptotic cells, and detecting the apoptotic state and level of HepG2 cells by flow cytometry; using ROS kit and JC-1 assay kit to detect the changes of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential of HepG2 The immunofluorescence assay was taken to verify whether crebanine had an effect on the expression of p-FoxO3a in cancer cells; the Wetern blot assay was also used to examine the effect of crebanine on proteins related to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and its effect on the regulation of the relative protein expression of AKT/FoxO3a axis; after this, NAC and AKT inhibitor LY294002 were used to cells were pretreated with NAC and AKT inhibitor LY294002, respectively, in order to further validate the inhibitory effect of crebanine.
Results: It was shown that crebanine effectively inhibited the growth and capacity of HepG2 cells migration and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the effect of crebanine on the morphology of HepG2 cells was observed through microscopy. Meanwhile, crebanine induced apoptosis by causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disrupt. We found that crebanine could down-regulate Bcl-2 and up-regulate Bax, cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-9, but these effects were overturned by ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Crebanine also down-regulated p-AKT and p-FoxO3a, and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 significantly enhances this effect. We also found that the expression of AKT/FoxO3a signaling pathway was ROS-dependent. As shown by Western blots, NAC could partially attenuate the inhibitory effect of crebanine on AKT and FoxO3a phosphorylation.
Conclusion: Based on our results, our results suggest that crebanine, as a compound with potential anticancer activity, has significant cytotoxic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma,and it likely induces apoptosis via ROS in the mitochondrial pathway and simultaneously affects the biological function of HCC via the ROS-AKT-FoxO3a signaling axis.


X: -3.4753861 Y: 9.233367title: A Novel Active Peptide from Rapana venosa Protects Against Gentamicin-Induced Sensory Hair Cell Loss in Zebrafish publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Gentamicin is a common aminoglycoside antibiotic used in clinical practice. However, its use is being increasingly restricted owing to its adverse effect on the inner ear. In this study, we tried to elucidate the mechanism behind the otoprotective effects exerted by a novel active peptide from Rapana venosa in zebrafish larvae. Our results showed that the combined application of gentamicin and this novel peptide helped the sensory hair cells reduce the uptake of gentamicin and subsequently restore the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2 (Nrf2), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD). This, in turn, reduced excessive reactive oxygen species production and the incidence of apoptosis in sensory hair cells upon gentamicin administration. As a result, this peptide protected the sensory hair cells from gentamicin-induced loss. Our findings provide new insight into the application potential of an active peptide derived from marine food resources in the field of hearing protection.


X: -4.25905 Y: 5.7726645title: Binding interaction of protoberberine alkaloids against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using molecular dynamics simulations and QM/MM calculations publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a vital role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is one of the most common causes of dementia. Discovering new effective inhibitors against AChE activity is seen to be one of the effective approaches to reduce the suffering from AD. Protoberberine alkaloids isolated from natural resources have previously been reported as potent AChE inhibitors. In order to gain insights into how these alkaloids could inhibit AChE, berberine, palmatine, and cyclanoline were selected to investigate in terms of binding orientation and their key interactions with AChE using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical calculations. The results revealed that the molecular dynamics structures of palmatine and berberine indicated that their equilibrated structures did not occupy the gorge but they slightly moved away from the catalytic site (CAS). For cyclanoline, the binding mode was quite different from those of donepezil and the other protoberberine alkaloids: it preferred to stay deeper in the CAS site. Interaction energies and residual interaction energies confirmed that the key interactions for palmatine and berberine were π-π interactions with Trp286 and Tyr341 and H-bond interactions with Tyr124. Cyclanoline formed π-π interactions with Trp86 and H-bonds to the amino acids in the CAS site. The results suggested the importance of aromaticity in the core structure and the flexibility of the core structure or the substituents in order to fit into the narrow gorge. The HOMO, LUMO, bioavailability, drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics were also predicted. The results obtained will be useful for further AD drug development.


X: -2.992756 Y: 4.8792114title: ANTIBACTERIAL APORPHINOIDS – PROGRESS AND PERSPECTIVES BASED ON STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY ANALYSIS publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Aporphinoids are obtained from three sources. There are the large class of natural alkaloids, the semi-synthetic ones prepared throughout biosynthesis-inspired ways and the fully synthetic aporphines. Up to this date antimicrobial data have almost exclusively been available for the natural aporphinoids. Here we would like to draw the attention with proper structure-activity conclusions to the excellent opportunity of synthesizing designed aporphine derivatives against as crucial pathogens of the forthcoming ages as different strains of Staphylococcus aureus.


X: -4.3950577 Y: 5.7508464title: Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Medicinal Plants publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The predominant role of the central cholinergic pathway in learning and memory and the creation of severe cholinergic deficits with several neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment contribute to the development of symptomatic cholinergic therapy. Inhibition of brain cholinesterase (ChE) serves as a strategy for the treatment of several cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), senile dementia, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, and Parkinson disease. ChE inhibitors are the drugs for the management of AD-type of dementia. The chapter highlights on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants and the phytoconstituents derived from this.


X: -2.6917887 Y: 5.341315title: Chemical constituents and biological activities of Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: To study the chemical constituents of Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo and their in vitro antibiotic activities. Silica gel, alumina and Sephadex LH-20 chromatographic methods are used to isolate alkaloidal constituents. Structures of the compounds are identified based on physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. Kirby-Bauer test and porous plate method are used to study the inhibitory activities of isolated chemical constituents on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Five chemical constituents are isolated from the tuber extract of Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo, namely tetrahydropalmatine (1), palmatine (2), sinoacutine (3), dicentrine (4) and jatrorrhizine (5). Inhibition zone diameters of tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine against MRSA are larger at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, which are 13 mm and 16 mm, respectively; tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine both have inhibitory effects on MRSA, with MIC of 0.312 μg/ml and 0.156 μg/ml. In the porous plate method, IC50 of tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine are 0.436 μg/ml and 0.201 μg/ml. Alkaloidal constituents in Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo are mainly berberine type, morphinan type and protoberberine type alkaloids. Besides, tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine have rather significant anti-MRSA activities.


X: -2.8465757 Y: 5.270512title: Application of a proton quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy method for the determination of actinodaphnine in Illigera aromatica and Illigera henryi publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Illigera aromatica S. Z. Huang et S. L. Mo and Illigera henryi W. W. Sm., belonging to the genus Illigera (Hernandiaceae), are used as herbal medicines for promoting blood circulation and treating tuberculosis. Actinodaphnine, the major bioactive alkaloid, plays an important role in the quality controls of the herbs. In the present study, a rapid, simple, accurate, and precise proton quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-qNMR) method was developed to determine the content of actinodaphnine in I. aromatica and I. henryi. DMSO-d6 enabled satisfactory separation of the signals to be integrated in ¹H NMR spectrum. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene was selected as an internal standard. The limits of determination and quantitation were 0.005 and 0.038 mg/mL, respectively. This work implied that ¹H-qNMR represents a feasible alternative to HPLC-based methods for quantitation of actinodaphnine in I. aromatica and I. henryi and is suitable for the quality control of I. aromatica and I. henryi.


X: -3.0129597 Y: 5.886503title: Mohan et al RJLBPCS 2018 DISCOVERY OF NOVEL ANTI-CANCER COMPOUND FROM THE IDENTIFIED PHYTOCONSTITUENT OF "JABUNG" AN HERBAL MEDICINAL PLANT publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The everlasting herbal rich northeast India has many successful stories on herbal medicines towards the treatment of different ailments, which was evidentially proven by many herbal medicinal practitioners. The Pakyntein Indigenous Herbal Medicine and Research clinic is the one among many herbal clinics. The rhizome of Stephania Hernandifolia is actively used by Dr. Pakyntein as a traditional medicine for the treatment to cure cancer in the tribal area of Meghalaya, northeast India. Jabung is the local name of this rhizome. The potential curing action of this rhizome for the various types of cancer treatment led us to undertake a thorough study and identified a major phytochemical namely, dl-Tetrahydropalmitine (THP) of molecular mass 355Da and its hydroxyl analogue (Stepholidine) present in the trace level. Cell-line studies showed that THP has anti-cancer activities with respect to colorectal, lung and breast cancer. During the induced-fit docking analysis, the Glide energy score showed that the molecular interactions were found to be in the increasing order, when the stimulation was done with the replacement of methoxy group with hydroxyl group one by one in the identified structure of THP. The results led us to design a novel anti-cancer compound by replacing the entire four methoxy groups in THP with hydroxyl groups. This newly discovered compound with molecular mass 299Da was synthesized from the tetrahydropalmatine isolated from the extract of Jabung through chemical synthesis and completely characterized though LCMS and LCMSMS analyses. The work on cell-line studies is being carried out for this novel compound.


X: -2.8134496 Y: 6.2358127title: Roles of Plant Extracts and Constituents in Cervical Cancer Therapy publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Cervical cancer is a major health problem worldwide and is the most frequent cause of cancer in women in India. Early detection and affordable drugs with clinical efficacy have to go hand-in-hand in order to comprehensibly address this serious health challenge. Plant-based drugs with potent anticancer effects should add to the efforts to find a cheap drug with limited clinical side effects. Keeping this very purpose in mind, an attempt has been made in this review to explore the potential of plant extracts or constituents known to exhibit antitumorigenic activity or exert cytotoxic effect in human cervical carcinoma cells. Alkaloids such as those isolated from C. vincetoxicum and T. Tanakae, naucleaorals A and B, isolated from the roots of N. orientalis, (6aR)-normecambroline, isolated from the bark of N. dealbata appear promising in different human cervical carcinoma cells with the IC50 of 4.0-8 μg/mL. However, other compounds such as rhinacanthone and neolignans isolated from different plants are not far behind and kill cervical cancer cells at a very low concentrations. Among plant extracts or its constituents that enhance the effect of known anticancer drugs, noni, derived from the plant M. citrifolia perhaps is the best candidate. The cytotoxic potency and apoptotic index of cisplatin was found to significantly enhanced in combination with noni in different human cervical carcinoma cells and it therefore holds significance as promising herbal-based anticancer agent. However, efficacy needs to be further investigated in various cervical cell lines and more importantly, in in vivo cervical cancer models for possible use as an alternative and safe anticancer drug.


X: -4.359916 Y: 5.851448title: Current Concepts on Selected Plant Secondary Metabolites With Promising Inhibitory Effects Against Enzymes Linked to Alzheimer's Disease publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become one of the deadliest diseases for human beings with special incidence in elderly population. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most prevalent cause of dementia. The neuropathology of AD has not been fully elucidated yet, however, cholinergic hypothesis is the most accepted theory nowadays, resulting from the cholinergic deficit emerging in the brains of AD patients. Shortage of the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and butyrylcholine has been demonstrated, and therefore, inhibition of the enzymes; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) that break down acetylcholine and butyrylcholine has become a standard approach for AD treatment. However, cholinesterase inhibitors are only effective in symptomatic treatment and have no ability to impede the disease. The pathogenesis of AD is highly complex and another hypothesis is the formation of amyloid plaques containing beta-amyloid peptide, which causes neurolesions in the brains of AD patients. Beta-amyloid peptide is generated after the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein, especially by the beta- and gamma-secretase in the amyloidogenic pathway. The secretases involved in the processing of amyloid precursor protein are of particular interest and, consequently, the inhibition of secretase enzyme family of protease type has become another desired treatment strategy for AD. On the other hand, medicinal plants are attractive sources for drug research and development as they produce chemically-varying molecules with preferred biological activities. The aim of this article is to review the available data on selected inhibitors from plant secondary metabolites with emphasis on cholinesterase, prolyl endopeptidase, and secretase enzyme families as being the current treatments of AD.


X: -2.5704527 Y: 6.417706title: Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of biophytum sensitivum (L) DC publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC (Family: Oxalidaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of various health aliments throughout the world. The plant extract showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenes, steroids, amino acids, essential oil, polysaccharides and pectin. The plant has been extensively studied by various researchers for its biological activities and therapeutic potentials such as analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antihypertensive, chemoprotective, radioprotective and antifertility. The present review is an effort to provide detailed information on folkloric uses, chemical compositions, pharmacological activities of the extracts and isolated compounds and safety profile of Biophytum sensitivum for further research studies. © 2014, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All right reserved.


X: -4.3374944 Y: 5.860853title: Flavonoids as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Current therapeutic standing and future prospects publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background:
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a serine hydrolase, is primarily responsible for the termination of signal transmission in the cholinergic system, owing to its outstanding hydrolyzing potential. Its substrate acetylcholine (ACh), is a neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system, with a predominant effect on motor neurons involved in memory formation. So, by decreasing the activity of this enzyme by employment of specific inhibitors, a number of motor neuron disorders such as myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's disease, among others, can be treated. However, the current-available AChE inhibitors have several limitations in terms of efficacy, therapeutic range, and safety.

Scope and approach:
Primarily due to the non-compliance of current therapies, new, effective and safe inhibitors are being searched for, especially those which act through multiple receptor sites, but do not elicit undesirable effects. In this regard, the evaluation of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, can be a rational approach. The therapeutic potential of flavonoids has already been recognized agaisnt several ailments. This review deals with various plant-derived flavonoids, their preclinical potential as AChE inhibitors, in established assays, possible mechanisms of action, and structural activity relationship (SAR).

Results and conclusions:
Subsequently, a number of plant-derived flavonoids with outstanding efficacy and potency as AChE inhibitors, the mechanistic, their safety profiles, and pharmacokinetic attributes have been discussed. Through derivatization of these reported flavonoids, some limitation in efficacy or pharmacokinetic parameters can be addressed. The selected flavonoids ought to be tested in clinical studies to discover new neuro-therapeutic candidates.


X: -2.9364321 Y: 6.1495123title: Natural Compounds as Versatile Potential Therapeutic Agents of Lung Cancer publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Cancer is a condition in which cell proliferation becomes unregulated and leads to unchecked and non-terminating growth. It is considered one of the most important causes of death throughout the world. Among all sorts of cancers, lung cancer is the most common and foremost cause of mortality. Late diagnosis and lack of efficient therapeutic intervention are the chief players that cause limitations in the treatment of this type of cancer. Two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Various therapeutic approaches have been evaluated against lung cancer treatment such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy. Cancer cells manifest resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs and become unable to halt the metastasis of tumor cells. In this notion, natural compounds always act as an alternative approach with fewer side effects from history. Natural compounds such as phytochemicals have been shown as promising therapeutic agents due to their apoptotic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this chapter, the role of these natural compounds is elaborated and well-defined with their therapeutic targets. Flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, quinones, naphthaquinones, bibenzyl, and carotenoids have been extensively used that may target apoptotic signaling pathways, halt metastasis, prevent the formation of new blood vessels and invasion of a tumor to the surrounding area. Moreover, the synergistic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs and natural compounds also potentially inhibits the growth and progression of tumor cells. All these aspects have been discussed in the present segment.


X: 1.9034405 Y: 13.44334title: Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Pharmacological Actions of Phytoconstituents on Neurodegenerative Disorders publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have over the years become a growing cause for concern and
it is increasingly becoming a major health problem associated with impairment, ageing of the
brain and other neuropathological conditions. These include Parkinson’s disease, Dementia,
Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer disease, and Depression. Due to increase in prevalence of
various NDs over the years, there is growing need to provide suitable means by which the
disease can be mitigated. Various pharmacological agents are being researched on to investigate
the most suitable and effective means to curb these diseases. This review was aimed at perusing
therapeutic potentials of various pharmacological agents in the treatment of NDs. Over a
hundred research papers, from Pubmed, NCBI, BMC med, Neurosci etc published on NDs
treatments via phytochemicals within the past two decades were analysed. This review will help
guide research on pharmacological agents with a wider range treatment options for NDs.
Curcumins were most frequently studied for all NDs management. Other commonly used
pharmacological agents are resveratrol, epigallocatechin n-gallate (ECGC) and l-theanine. In the
management of NDs, curcumin is found to normalize altered mechanisms associated with
caspase-3 level, TNF-α, COX-2, NO, iNOS, PGE2, IL-6, Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
IL-1β, insulin-degrading enzymes, apoptosis, inflammation, mitochondria dysfunction,
inhibitory activity of AChE, and cell viability. It was surmised from the study that curcumin,
resveratrol, ECGC and L-theanine are the most common and effective classes of phytochemicals
for a wide range of NDs management.
Keywords: Neurodegenerative disease, pharmacological agents, phytochemicals, curcumin,
resveratrol.


X: 0.25328234 Y: 6.550634title: Seed Diversity in Menispermaceae: Developmental Anatomy and Insights into the Origin of the Condyle publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Most members of the Menispermaceae, a family of predominantly dioecious climbers, are characterized by having seeds that are diverse in form, many of which have an adaxial intrusion of the endocarp known as the condyle. The condyle is a distinctive feature of variable shape that has historically played a prominent role in the taxonomy and classification of the family. To understand the morphological basis of the condyle, I undertook a developmental study of carpels and fruits in selected lineages in Menispermaceae and in related families in the Ranunculales. The results indicated that the condyle is the outcome of differential development of the adaxial portion of the ovary wall, which corresponds to the placentary region. Condyles can be grouped into two general types. In the Calycocarpum condyle type, a broad region of the middle zone of the adaxial ovary wall proliferates, resulting in a convex condyle, and the anatropous ovules develop into concave-convex seeds. In the Menispermum condyle type, proliferation is accentuated in the inner zone of the adaxial ovary wall. Unequal growth in the middle and inner zones of the lateral ovary wall results in bilaterally compressed, laminiform condyles, and the hemianatropous ovules develop into curved seeds. Further variation in condyle shapes in the Menispermum condyle type originates by differential development of areas above and below the funicle. Additionally, endocarp ornamentation, a common feature in many Menispermaceae, results from differential lignification patterns of the inner zone of the fruit wall. Within Ranunculales, the condyle represents a shift in ovary wall development that took place on the branch leading to the Menispermaceae. The two types of condyles described here are potential synapomorphies for the two subfamilies recognized in the Menispermaceae.


X: -2.7985084 Y: 6.513202title: Antiproliferative activity of Thai medicinal plant extracts on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Ethanolic extracts of selected nine Thai medicinal plants were tested for antiproliferative activity against SKBR3 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line using MTT assay. Garcinia mangostana showed the most potent activity. However, all plant extracts showed activity in potential range for further investigation on cancer cells.


X: -4.1297355 Y: 5.7995725title: In vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of the alkaloid fraction of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichler publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts on cholinergic hydrolysis, whose changes in its functions are related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Another important component in these pathologies is oxidative stress, responsible for extensive cellular damage, caused by free radicals. Alkaloids represent an important active source in the search for compounds that act in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, having established antioxidant and AChE inhibitory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activities of the alkaloid fraction of Cissampelos sympodialis roots (FARCs). Methods: Modified Ellman and DPPH inhibition assays were used, respectively to assess the AChE inhibitory and antioxidant activities of FARCs. Results: Through assessment of the AChE inhibitory activity, FARCs was able to promote clinically relevant inhibition with an IC50 of 25.19 ± 0.02 µg/mL. In addition, FARCs led to a lasting effect, maintaining the levels of inhibition, through readings taken at 15 and 30 min after the reaction. In the antioxidant assay, the FARCs presented an IC50 of 161.2 ± 3.17 µg/mL, similar to that of the control (BHT), with an IC50 of 171.5 ± 4.96 µg/mL. The non-alkaloid fraction did not show any significant activity. Conclusion: These results indicate that FARCs is a source of alkaloids with AChE inhibitory properties and natural antioxidants, in addition, it can be said that the fraction properties are due to the presence of alkaloids, being necessary studies for the isolation and structural determination of these compounds.


X: -0.79370534 Y: 3.5460758title: Effect of adrenergic and nitrergic blockade on experimental ileus in rats publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: In a rat model of experimental ileus, the effect of blockade of adrenergic and nitrergic neurotransmission was studied on the intestinal transit of Evans blue.
Ether anaesthesia and skin incision had no influence on the transit. Laparotomy significantly inhibited the transit of Evans blue. This inhibition was even more pronounced when the small intestine was manipulated.
Reserpine (5 mg kg ⁻¹ ), a drug that blocks adrenergic neurotransmission, completely reversed the inhibition of the transit induced by laparotomy but only partially reversed that induced by laparotomy with manipulation of the small intestine.
N ω ‐nitro‐L‐arginine (L‐NOARG, 5 mg kg ⁻¹ ), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, completely reversed the reserpine‐resistant inhibition induced by laparotomy with manipulation of the small intestine. The effect of L‐NOARG was prevented by concomitant administration of L‐arginine. L‐Arginine itself slightly, but significantly enhanced the inhibition. S‐methylisothiourea and aminoguanidine, selective inhibitors of the inducible NO synthase, had no effect on the transit after the three operations.
Treatment of the rats with reserpine plus L‐NOARG had no additional effect on the transit after laparotomy as compared to reserpine alone. However, reserpine plus L‐NNA completely reversed the inhibition of the transit induced by laparotomy with manipulation of the small intestine.
These findings support the involvement of adrenergic pathways in the pathogenesis of ileus and suggest that the additional inhibitory effect of mechanical stimulation results from an enhanced release of NO by the constitutive NO synthase.


X: -4.200321 Y: 5.769194title: Spatial Distribution and Stability of Cholinesterase Inhibitory Protoberberine Alkaloids from Papaver setiferum publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: During a research program to identify new cholinesterase inhibitors of natural origin, two new 7,8-didehydroprotoberberine alkaloids (1 and 2) and nine known compounds (3–11) were isolated from the capsules of the common ornamental poppy, Papaver setiferum (previously P. pseudo-orientale). Despite their reported instability, the 7,8-didehydroprotoberberines isolated herein appeared relatively stable, particularly as their trifluoroacetic acid salts. The spatial distributions of the isolated alkaloids were also analyzed using desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry. The alkaloids were localized predominantly within the walls and vascular bundles of the capsules, with the highest relative abundances occurring in the lower half of the capsules toward the peduncle. The relative abundances of the alkaloids were also compared across plant development stages. Although most alkaloids did not show clear patterns in their concentration across development stages, the concentration of suspected oxidation products clearly spiked upon plant death. Finally, all isolated natural products were screened for inhibitory activities against a panel of cholinesterases, from both human and animal sources. These studies identified several competitive inhibitors of cholinesterases with potency in the low micromolar range (1–4, 6, 7), offering new lead compounds for the development of cholinesterase inhibitory drugs.


X: -0.2125702 Y: 4.8364267title: Chemistry of Secondary Metabolites publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Medicinal plants, are known to deliver a wide scope of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) connected as bug sprays, medications, colors and poisons in farming, prescription, industry and bio-fighting in addition to bio-fear mongering, separately. Be that as it may, creation of PSMs is for the most part in little amounts, so we have to discover novel approaches to increment both amount and nature of them. Luckily, biotechnology proposes a few choices through which secondary metabolism in plants can be built in imaginative approaches to: 1) over-produce the valuable metabolites, 2) down-produce the poisonous metabolites, 3) produce the new metabolites. Secondary metabolites are extensively characterized as natural products integrated by a life form that is not basic to help development and life. The plant kingdom fabricates more than 200,000 unmistakable chemical compounds, a large portion of which emerge from particular metabolism. While these compounds assume critical jobs in interspecies challenge and safeguard, many plant natural products have been abused for use as prescriptions, scents, flavors, supplements, repellants, and colorants. In spite of this immense chemical decent variety, numerous secondary metabolites are available at low focuses in plant a, taking out yield based assembling as methods for achieving these imperative products. The basic and stereo chemical unpredictability of particular metabolites frustrates most endeavors to get to these compounds utilizing chemical blend. Albeit local plants can be built in amass target pathway metabolites. This Update gives a concise outline of designing plant secondary metabolism in microbial frameworks. We quickly diagram biosynthetic pathways intervening arrangement of the real classes of natural products with an accentuation on high-esteem terpenoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides. We additionally feature basic topics, techniques, and provoke hidden endeavors to reproduce and build these pathways in microbial hosts. We center mostly around again biosynthetic methodologies in which plant specific metabolites are combined straightforwardly from sugar feed stocks instead of enhanced forerunners or intermediates.


X: -4.266973 Y: 5.937363title: Plants traditionally used in age-related brain disorders (dementia): An ethanopharmacological survey publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Context:
Epidemiological studies have shown that despite mortality due to communicable diseases, poverty and human conflicts, the incidence of dementia increases in the developing world in tandem with the ageing population. Although some FDA approved drugs are available for the treatment of dementia, the outcomes are often unsatisfactory. In traditional practices of medicine, numerous plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other memory-related disorders. In western medicine most of the drugs used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders are derived from plant sources.

Objective:
This article reviews plants and their active constituents that have been used for their reputed cognitive-enhancing and antidementia effects.

Methods:
A literature survey in Science Direct, Pubmed, and Google Scholar was performed to gather information regarding drug discovery from plants sources for the treatment of congnitive disorders and dementia.

Results:
More than forty herbal remedies were identified with cholinesterase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant activities. Bioactive compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, and essential oils. About eleven herbal plants with multipotent activity against AD are discussed.

Conclusion:
Literature surveys show that most of the research has been conducted on herbal remedies effect on cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Studies regarding the effect of herbal drugs on β-secretase inhibitory activity and antiaggregation property are lacking. This review provides leads for identifying potential new drugs from plant sources for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.


X: -2.5509539 Y: 7.0414524title: Anti-HIV-1 integrase activity of Mimusops elengi leaf extracts publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Context:
Integrase (IN) is one of the three human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enzymes that, together with a reverse transcriptase and protease, allow the virus to reproduce itself after infecting the host cells. Any new knowledge on inhibitors of this enzyme could provide essential clues for the development of anti-HIV drugs.

Objective:
To evaluate the anti-HIV-1 IN activity of some Thai medicinal plant extracts, and to isolate the active compounds from the extract that possessed the strongest anti-HIV-1 IN activity.

Materials and methods:
Ethanol extracts of eight Thai medicinal plants (10-100 µg/mL) were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against HIV-1 IN. An extract of Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae) leaves that possessed the strongest anti-HIV-1 IN activity was fractionated to isolate the active compounds by an anti-HIV-1 IN assay-guided isolation process.

Results and discussion:
The leaf extract from M. elengi had the strongest anti-HIV-1 IN activity with an IC₅₀ value of 62.1 µg/mL. A bioassay-guided isolation of the active compounds from M. elengi leaf extract resulted in the isolation of active compounds, identified as a mixture of gallocatechin and epigallocatechin. This mixture of gallocatechin and epigallocatechin showed satisfactory anti-HIV-1 IN activity with an IC₅₀ value of 35.0 µM. A flavanol glycoside, mearnsitrin was also isolated but was inactive at a concentration of 100 µM.


X: -4.300523 Y: 5.874918title: Plant Alkaloids and Their Derivatives Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible age-related form of dementia that slowly damages
the brain, robs the person of memory and cognitive skills, and causes changes in personality and
behavior (George, 2016). Formation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaque, with drastic neuronal
and synaptic reduction in the cholinergic system of the brain is considered to be the major
pathological hallmark of AD (Puchchakayala et al., 2012). During the past decade, significant
growth in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has stimulated research into the search for new
medicines.
One of the major clinical advances in the treatment of AD have been the use of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors to increase the ACh levels in the
brain, although cholinergic compounds with nicotinic and muscarinic agonist properties have also
attracted some interest (Mahesh et al., 2014; Ferri et al., 2006). Several synthetic compounds are
available, but they may cause several other health issues. Therefore, natural molecules from plants
or other sources are valuable resources with which to replace available medicines as they are considered
to be safe and relatively inexpensive. The structural diversity of phytochemicals makes
them a valuable source of novel lead compounds in the quest for drugs to treat AD (Bush, 2003;
Fariba et al., 2012).


X: -4.2129316 Y: 6.138148title: Natural products in the management of neurodegenerative diseases publish year: 2024 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the utmost imperative well-being health issues and apprehensions due to their escalating incidence of mortality. Natural derivatives are more efficacious in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative illnesses. These natural compounds include phytoconstituents in herbs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and marine and freshwater flora, with remarkable efficacy in mitigating neurodegeneration and enhancing cognitive abilities in preclinical models. According to the latest research, the therapeutic activity of natural substances can be increased by adding phytoconstituents in nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanostructured lipid carriers. They can enhance the stability and specificity of the bioactive compounds to a more considerable extent. Nanotechnology can also provide targeting, enhancing their specificity to the respective site of action. In light of these findings, this article discusses the biological and therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive derivatives to exert neuroprotective effects and some clinical studies assessing their translational potential to treat neurodegenerative disorders.

Graphical Abstract
Common mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and molecular pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. It is focused on the biological and therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive derivatives to exert a neuroprotective effect on the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases.


X: -2.2987237 Y: 6.0118885title: Antimicrobial activities of some Thai traditional medical longevity formulations from plants and antibacterial compounds from Ficus foveolata publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Context:
Medicinal plants involved in traditional Thai longevity formulations are potential sources of antimicrobial compounds.

Objective:
To evaluate the antimicrobial activities of some extracts from medicinal plants used in traditional Thai longevity formulations against some oral pathogens, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. An extract that possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity was fractionated to isolate and identify the active compounds.

Materials and methods:
Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of 25 medicinal plants used as Thai longevity formulations were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion (5 mg/disc) and broth microdilution (1.2-2500 µg/mL) methods. The ethyl acetate extract of Ficus foveolata Wall. (Moraceae) stems that exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity was fractionated to isolate the active compounds by an antibacterial assay-guided isolation process.

Results and discussion:
The ethyl acetate extract of F. foveolata showed the strongest antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 19.5-39.0 and 39.0-156.2 µg/mL, respectively. On the basis of an antibacterial assay-guided isolation, seven antibacterial compounds, including 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (1), syringaldehyde (2), sinapaldehyde (3), coniferaldehyde (4), 3β-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one (5), umbelliferone (6), and scopoletin (7), were purified. Among these isolated compounds, 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (1) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activities against S. pyogenes, S. mitis, and S. mutans with MIC values of 7.8, 7.8, and 15.6 µg/mL, and MBC values of 7.8, 7.8, and 31.2 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, this is the first report of these antibacterial compounds in the stems of F. foveolata.


X: 1.1066105 Y: 4.99139title: Molecular Markers Used for Identification and Genomic Profiling of Plant Associated Endophytic Actinobacteria publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Molecular markers are defined as the fragments of DNA sequence associated with a genome that are used to identify a particular DNA sequence. There is great genetic diversity of microorganisms associated with various plant species around the world and these diverse genetic variations can be exploited to develop molecular markers. Thus, for this purpose, the identification, characterization, and documentation of the gene pool of endophytic actinobacteria are essential. Genomic study of endophytic actinobacterial species has developed rapidly in the past decade and specific regions of DNA (genetic markers) are used to identify up to species level as well as to study their evolutionary relationships. Hence, DNA based molecular markers such as 16S rRNA, RAPD, and REP-PCR (BOX-PCR & ERIC-PCR) have proved useful for identification of endophytic actinobacteria up to species level and for establishing genetic relatedness among the isolates. Moreover, they can be used in diversity analysis of endophytic actinobacteria on the basis of even a single nucleotide polymorphism. Here, we have explored various molecular markers for genomic profiling of endophytic actinobacteria, including genes of 16S rRNA, 16S rRNA-RFLP, RAPD, and REP-PCR (BOX-PCR & ERIC-PCR).


X: -2.4907658 Y: 7.1131title: Anti - HIV-1 integrase activity of Thai Medicinal Plants publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: For the purpose of discovering anti-HIV-1 agents from natural sources, the aqueous and EtOH extracts of eight Thaiplants including Clerodendron indicum (whole plant), Tiliacora triandra (stem), Capparis micracantha (wood), Harrissoniaperforata (wood), Ficus glomerata (wood), Diospyros decandra (wood), Dracaena loureiri (heartwood), and Tinospora crispa (stem) were screened for their inhibitory activities against HIV-1 integrase (IN) using the multiplate integration assay(MIA). Of the EtOH extracts, Ficus glomerata (wood) was the most potent with an IC50 value of 7.8 g/ml; whereas the water extract of Harrisonia perforata (wood) was the most potent aqueous extract with an IC50 value of 2.3 g/ml. The isolation of active principles against HIV-1 IN from Ficus glomerata is now actively pursued.


X: -2.2908502 Y: 4.972829title: Natural Products as a Source for Antimalarial Drug Development Process – An Overview publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria is an infectious disease which is still common in tropical and subtropical countries. The disease kills over one million people and sickens between 350 and 500 million individuals in more than 90 countries. For many years, major antimalarial drugs consisted of natural products but these drugs have been largely replaced with a series of synthetic drugs. Natural products, including medicinal plants, have been used in the traditional treatment of malaria for thousands of years due to their efficacy, safety, lower cost, and availability. In fact, medicinal plants are the source for the two most successful antimalarial drugs, artemisinin and quinine. Studies into the antimalarial activity of natural products (extracts and compounds) derived from medicinal plants, animals, or microorganisms therefore become quite expedient. The development of new antimalarial natural products is however handicapped by a lack of understanding of their mechanism of action. This focused review aims to summarize the recent development of natural products as antimalarial in last five years, covering various phytochemical classes. Representative compounds that possess chemotherapeutically relevant activity have been presented. Apart from that, various traditional systems of medicines and their ways to treat malaria are overviewed.


X: -3.3354473 Y: 5.608709title: Research Progress on Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Alkaloids from Chinese Medical Herbs publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: As the spectrum of diseases keeps changing and life pace keeps going faster, the probability and frequency of diseases caused by human inflammatory reactions also keep increasing. How to develop effective anti-inflammatory drugs has become the hotspot of researches. It has been found that alkaloids from Chinese medical herbs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, anticonvulsant, diuretic, and antiarrhythmic effects, among which the anti-inflammatory effect is very prominent and commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other rheumatic immune diseases, but its mechanism of action has not been well explained. Based on this, this paper will classify alkaloids according to structural types and review the plant sources, applicable diseases, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of 16 kinds of alkaloids commonly used in clinical treatment, such as berberine, tetrandrine, and stephanine, with the aim of providing a reference for drug researches and clinical applications.


X: 1.4425178 Y: 7.819443title: Tissue culture and rapid propagation in vitro of Clinacanthus nutans publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The regeneration system of tissue culture of Clinacanthus nutans was established by utilizing its in vitro-derived stem as explant. We analyzed the differentiations characteristics of explant, and discussed affecting factors of tissue culture of hormone and additional nutrient. The results showed the optimal proliferation medium for C. nutans was MS with 1.0 mg L ⁻¹ BAP and 0.1 mg•L ⁻¹ NAA. The plantlets grew well when the organics was adding, 0.5 g•L ⁻¹ peptone, 30 g•L ⁻¹ coconut juice and 30 g•L ⁻¹ banana were good for cultivating strong seedling. A rooting medium composed of MS with 0.5 mg•L ⁻¹ NAA and 2.0 mg•L ⁻¹ IBA provided 90% rooting and vigourous plantlets. Plantlets were transplanted to a potting mixture (3:2:2:1, peat: coconut coir: perlite: sand) in trays with about 97% survival percentage.


X: -2.865005 Y: 6.125706title: Clove Extract Inhibits Tumor Growth and Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) have been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for thousands of years. Cloves possess antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, but their potential anticancer activity remains unknown. In this study, we investigated
the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects and biological mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract of cloves (EAEC) and the potential bioactive components responsible for its antitumor activity. The effects of EAEC on cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were investigated using human
cancer cell lines. The molecular changes associated with the effects of EAEC were analyzed by Western blot and (qRT)-PCR analysis. The in vivo effect of EAEC and its bioactive component was investigated using the HT-29 tumor xenograft model. We identified oleanolic acid (OA) as one of the
components of EAEC responsible for its antitumor activity. Both EAEC and OA display cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. Interestingly, EAEC was superior to OA and the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil at suppressing growth of colon tumor xenografts. EAEC promoted G0/G1
cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with EAEC and OA selectively increased protein expression of p21WAF1/Cip1 and γ-H2AX and downregulated expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins. Moreover, many of these changes were at the mRNA
level, suggesting transcriptional regulation by EAEC treatment. Our results demonstrate that clove extract may represent a novel therapeutic herb for the treatment of colorectal cancer, and OA appears to be one of the bioactive components.


X: 0.24172041 Y: 6.5102754title: Phylogeny and morphological evolution of tribe Menispermeae (Menispermaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear sequences publish year: 2007 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Menispermaceae family contains ca. 72 genera with 450 species that are almost entirely tropical. Its phylogeny at the tribal level has never been examined using molecular data. Here we used DNA sequences of the chloroplast matK gene and trnL-F regions, and the nuclear ITS region to study the delimitation and position of the tribe Menispermeae within the family and its subtribal monophyletic groups. Family-wide phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast data produced two strongly supported clades. The first clade contains two subclades: Coscinieae including Arcangelisia and Anamirta, and Tinosporeae sensu lato including Fibraureae, supported by morphological characters, such as traits of the cotyledon, stylar scar and embryo. The second clade consists of the tribes Menispermeae sensu DC. and Tiliacoreae Miers. All our analyses surprisingly recognized that tribe Menispermeae is not monophyletic unless tribe Tiliacoreae is included, suggesting that characters of cotyledon and stylar scar are very important for the infrafamilial classification, and that endosperm presence vs. absence was over-emphasized in traditionally tribal division of the family. Our topologies indicate a secondary loss of endosperm. The monophyly of two subtribes of the tribe Menispermeae, Stephaniinae and Cissampelinae, is supported by the cpDNA and ITS data, as well as by morphological characters, including aperture types and shapes, and colpal membrane features of pollen grains, and sepal number of male flowers. The Cocculinae was recognized as a paraphyletic group containing the remaining genera of the tribe Menispermeae.


X: -4.2733297 Y: 6.0060277title: Enzymatic Inhibitors (Protease Inhibitors, Amylase Inhibitors, Cholinesterase Inhibitors) publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Enzyme inhibitory agents are appealing since they can be used to treat a variety of ailments. A variety of diseases are caused by a lack of enzymes. Plants are considered to have a large number of secondary metabolites and phytochemical compounds, which have been extensively studied at the biochemical and molecular genetics levels, in addition to being widely used in human healthiness. Secondary metabolites produced by plants have been shown to have broad-spectrum enzyme inhibitory potential. Since these compounds have been used to treat a variety of physiological disorders, enzyme inhibitors hold a significant role as new drugs. Bioactive secondary metabolites can provide excellent pharmacophore patterns for drugs that treat a variety of diseases. The enzyme inhibitory capacity of natural compounds, plant extracts, and isolated compounds will be recorded in this book chapter.


X: 0.24334295 Y: 6.462764title: Jacques Frédéric M.B1., Wang Wei1, Ortiz Rosa Del C. 1, Li Honglei, Zhou Zhekun, Chen Zhiduan*. 2011. Integrating fossils in a molecular-based phylogeny and testing them as calibration points for divergence time estimates in Menispermaceae. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 49: 25-49. publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The phylogeny of extant Menispermaceae (Ranunculales) is reconstructed based on DNA sequences of two chloroplast genes (rbcL and atpB) from 94 species belonging to 56 genera. Fossilized endocarps represent 34 genera. The positions of these are inferred using 30 morphological characters and the molecular phylogeny as a backbone constraint. Nine of the thirteen nodes that are each dated by a fossil are used as calibration points for the estimates of molecular divergence times. BEAST is used to estimate stem age (121.2 Myr) and crown age (105.4 Myr) for Menispermaceae. This method does not require an input tree topology and can also account for rate heterogeneity among lineages. The sensitivity of these estimates to fossil constraints is then evaluated by a cross-validation procedure. The estimated origin for Menispermaceae is dated to the mid-Jurassic if the customary maximum age of 125 Myr for eudicots is not implemented. All constraints when used alone failed to estimate node ages in some parts of the tree. Fossils from the Palaeocene and Eocene impose strict constraints. Likewise, the use of Prototinomiscium as a dating constraint for Menispermaceae appears to be a conservative approach.


X: -0.80934906 Y: 5.6241417title: Increasing Amounts of Secondary Metabolites and Medicinal Compounds in Callus Culture of Moringa Oleifera (Lam.) Using Abiotic Elicitors publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Moringa oleifera Lam. tree has often been considered a medicinal and economical plant for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This study is intended to use plant tissue culture and elicitation technologies to increase secondary metabolites in the callus cultures of the M. oleifera. Young nodal segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). A combination of 1.5 mg/l NAA plus 0.5 mg/l TDZ resulted in a high callusing rate (70%) with the largest size. Various concentrations of Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl jasmonate (MeJa) were individually added to the growth medium to evaluate their impact on the biomass of callus cultures, DPPH antioxidant activity, and accumulation of some flavonoids. Results indicated that all elicitors doses reduced weights and growth index of callus. While DPPH assay recorded high significant values at high concentrations of SA and MeJa compared to other treatments. HPLC analysis revealed that every concentration of SA and MeJa used led to rising flavonoids content, including Baicalin, Rutin, Hesperidin, Rosmarinic acid, Quercitrin, Quercetin, and Kaempferol. It should be noted that 20 mg/l MeJa gave the highest flavonoid content compared to the control and other treatments. In conclusion, the in vitro elicitation by SA or MeJa can improve beneficial biological substances like flavonoids and other antioxidant compounds in Moringa callus cultures.


X: -2.772313 Y: 6.3404226title: Invitro Anticancer and Cytotoxicity Screening and Comparison of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract From Ficus Religiosa (Peepal Tree) by Using Cancer Cell line Culture (Breast Cancer) publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Herbs and Plants have been principle form of medicine in India since ancient times. Hundred of medicinal plants have been used to cure diseases. Medicinal plants played a dynamic role in manufacturing human health and improving the quality of human life for thousands of years. Medicinal plants have curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substance of different composition. Medicinal plants have served humans well as valuable components of medicines, flavorings, beverages, cosmetics and dyes. Ficus religiosa is one of the medically important plants belonging to the family of Moraceae. It has been used broadly in Ayurvedic practitioner in India to treat various disease. The present work is an endeavor to compare the Invitro anticancer and cytotoxicity impact from different extracts of Ficus religiosa.


X: -4.417353 Y: 5.7713904title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by medicinal plants: A Review publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the predominant cholinesterase in the brain, hydrolyzes ACh to choline and acetate, thereby terminating the effect of this neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses. Therefore, AChE is the target of cholinesterase inhibitors used for addressing the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Despite decades of research and advances in our understanding of its aetiology and pathogenesis, current pharmacotherapeutic options for AD are still very limited and represent an area of need that is currently unmet. The leading AD therapeutics involves AChE inhibitors, resulting in increased acetylcholine concentrations in the synaptic cleft and enhanced cholinergic transmission. Compounds showing an AChE inhibitory effect are also used for the treatment of senile dementia, myastenia gravis, Parkinson’s disease and ataxia. Taking into account that the inhibition of AChE has been one of the most used strategies for treating AD and that existing drugs are effective only against mild to moderate type of disease while presenting considerable side effects, the search for new sources of effective and selective anti acetylcholinesterase agents with fewer side effects is imperative. Various plants and phytochemical substances have demonstrated AChE inhibitory activity and thus could be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.