X: -1.8154948 Y: 9.762867title: Enhancement of anti-cholinesterase activity of Zingiber cassumunar essential oil using a microemulsion technique publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aim of the present study was to enhance the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Zingiber cassumunar (ZC) oil using a microemulsion (ME) technique. Pseudoternary phase diagrams of the oil, water, and surfactant/ co-surfactant mixture were constructed using a water titration method. Effects of co-surfactant, surfactant/co-surfactant ratio, ionic strength, and pH were examined by means of the microemulsion region which existed in the phase diagrams. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were tested by Ellman's colorimetric assay. It was found that ZC oil possesses inhibitory activity against not only AChE but also BChE. Formulation of ZC oil as ME revealed that alkyl chain length and number of hydroxyl groups of co-surfactant exhibited a remarkable effect on the pseudoternary phase diagram. Longer alkyl chains and more hydroxyl groups gave smaller regions of MEs. Ionic strength also affected the ME region. However, the phase behavior was hardly influenced by pH. The suitable ZC oil ME was composed of Triton X-114 in combination with propylene glycol. The anticholinesterase activity of this ME was much higher than that of native ZC oil. It exhibited twenty times and twenty five times higher inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE, respectively. ZC oil loaded ME is an attractive formulation for further characterization and an in vivo study in an animal model with Alzheimer's disease.


X: 1.2610365 Y: 7.9794283title: In vitro propagation and microrhizome induction in Zingiber cassumunar (Roxb.) - an antioxidant-rich medicinal plant publish year: 2005 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rhizomatous buds of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. -a medicinally important aromatic herb -were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with plant growth regulators for inducing microshoots. Explants inoculated in 4.44 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) showed 100% response giving both multiple shoots (70%) and single shoots (30%). However, single shoots were induced in higher percentage (80%) in 2.32 µM kinetin supplemented medium. The most effective media for multiplication of microshoots were MS media fortified with 0.54 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 4.44 µM BAP and 2.69 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BAP producing at the rate of 8 microshoots per explant. Microrhizomes were observed at the base of all in vitro derived shoots cultured on the media supplemented with a range of sucrose concentration (3-9%) within eight weeks of incubation. The best responses in terms of number (up to 6 microrhizomes per culture tube) were obtained in the media supplemented with 7 and 9% sucrose. Average fresh weight of 0.81g was observed in MS medium supplemented with 5% sucrose.


X: -0.755631 Y: 10.2040615title: Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from leaf and rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The composition of the essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Bangladesh was examined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Sixty-four components were identified in leaf oil and 32 components were identified in the rhizome oil, accounting for 94.60% and 98.56% of the total yields, respectively. The main component in leaf oil was sabinene (14.99%), beta-pinene (14.32%), caryophyllene oxide (13.85%) and caryophyllene (9.47%). On the other hand, rhizome oil contained triquinacene 1,4-bis (methoxy) (26.47%), (Z)-ocimene (21.97%) and terpinen-4-ol (18.45%). The compositions of both oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively.


X: -0.39643022 Y: 10.184958title: Topical Niosome Gel of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Extract for Anti-inflammatory Activity Enhanced Skin Permeation and Stability of Compound D publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: An extract of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (ZC) was encapsulated in niosomes of which a topical gel was formed. (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol or compound D detected by a gradient HPLC was employed as the marker and its degradation determined to follow zero-order kinetics. Niosomes significantly retarded thermal-accelerated decomposition of compound D in the gel (p < 0.05) but did not change the activation energy of compound D. Niosomes enhanced in vitro permeation rate of compound D from the gel. Topical applications of ZC noisome gel gave a faster change in tail flick latency than piroxicam gel and hydrocortisone cream (p < 0.05) while there were insignificant differences in anti-inflammatory activity up to 6 h using croton oil-induced ear edema model in mice (p > 0.05). Thus, encapsulation of ZC extract in niosomes enhanced chemical stability and skin permeation with comparable topical anti-inflammatory effects to steroid and NSAID.


X: -0.73528105 Y: 10.167188title: Optimisation and Kinetics Studies on the Extraction of Essential Oil from Zingiber Cassumunar publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Three operating parameters of hydrodistillation have been optimised by a response surface method using a central composite design to obtain high yields of essential oil from a rhizome of the Zingiberaceae species Zingiber cassumunar (Z. cassumunar). The optimal conditions for the maximum essential oil produced (6.64 g) were found to be an extraction time of 4 hr, a solid-to-solvent ratio of 3:150 and a hydrodistillation rate of 78 ml/hr. The study was subsequently continued with the three proposed models of the extraction process. Kinetics models proposed by Milojevi et al. and Hervas et al. were suitable for the process under low (20 ml/hr) and high distillation rates (70 ml/hr), whereas the model by Ana et al. was valid for all ranges of rates studied (20–70 ml/hr). It can be concluded that the hydrodistillation rate was one of the important parameters for determining the extraction kinetics.


X: 0.015607536 Y: 10.169026title: Anti-inflammatory activity of (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2003 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD), isolated from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., using in vivo and in vitro models. The results show that DMPBD dose-dependently inhibited the rat ear edema induced by ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP), arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and it was more potent than any other standard drugs being used. In EPP-induced edema IC(50) of DMPBD and oxyphenbutazone were 21 and 136nmol per ear, respectively. The IC(50) of DMPBD and phenidone were 60 and 2520nmol per ear, respectively, in AA-induced edema whereas DMPBD was 11 times more potent than diclofenac in TPA-induced edema (IC(50)=660 and 7200pmol per ear, respectively). DMPBD and diclofenac inhibited the rat paw edema induced by carrageenan but not by platelet activating factor (PAF). In in vitro study DMPBD, aspirin and phenidone inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation with IC(50) of 0.35, 0.43 and 0.03mM, respectively. Whereas IC(50) of these agents in ADP, AA and PAF inductions were 4.85, 3.98 and 1.30mM; 0.94, 0.13 and 0.04mM; and 1.14, 6.96 and 2.40mM, respectively. These results indicate that DMPBD possesses a potent anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of CO and LO pathways and seems to have more prominent effects on the LO pathway.


X: -0.7628128 Y: 10.904454title: Zingiber cassumunar, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Murraya paniculata Extracts as Antiobesity: In Vitro Inhibitory Effect on Pancreatic Lipase Activity publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Bangle), Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. (Jati belanda), and Murraya paniculata (Kemuning) have been used as slimming agents in jamu. A few researches have performed studies on their potency as antiobesity. The aim of this research was to investigate the potency of Z. cassumunar rhizome, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata leaf extracts as antiobesity agent based on in vitro inhibition activity of the extracts on pancreatic lipase activity. In this research, water content determination, phytochemical assay, toxicity assay and in vitro assay of inhibition activity on pancreatic lipase were performed toward single and mixture extracts of Z. cassumunar, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata resulted by water, ethanol, and saponin extractions. The results indicated that 100 ppm of ethanol extraction of Z. cassumunar had highest inhibition effect on the activity of pancreatic lipase (29.17%), followed by 100 ppm of water extraction of M. paniculata (25.66%), 60 ppm of ethanol extraction of G. ulmifolia leaves (25.13%) and ethanol extraction mixture of Z. cassumunar, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata leaves with ratio of 25:25:25 (21.58%). These inhibition effects were higher than inhibitory effect of 100 ppm of Xenical®/orlistat as the positive control, with the inhibition value of 17.53%. Saponin crude extracts had lower inhibitory effect than the other extractions. It was suggested that ethanol extraction of Z. cassumunar, and G. ulmifolia and water extraction of M. paniculata had potency as antiobesity agent.


X: -0.8742395 Y: 10.305764title: Antibacterial Activity and Active Fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Against Propionibacterium acnes publish year: 2022 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a commensal bacteria that play a role in developing acne vulgaris on the skin. Antibacterial activity assay in the last decades have shown that Propionibacterium acnes is resistant to several antibiotics. Potential zingiber genera such as Z. officinale, Z. montanum, and Z. zerumbet have potential as antibacterial. Objective: This study aims to compare the antibacterial activity of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet against Propionibacterium acnes, the active fraction, and the components of the active fraction of the plant. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity test using agar diffusion method, extracts with high antibacterial activity were partitioned with water: n-hexane, n-hexane: methanol, water: ethyl acetate. The fraction was tested for antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The active fraction obtained was identified for its phytochemical content using TLC and GC-MS methods. Results: The results of the antibacterial activity test of Z. officinale extract had a larger inhibition zone. The test results of the active fraction Z. officinale had a higher activity than the extract. The results of screening using the GC-MS method obtained that the main components identified from Z. officinale were volatile oil components (α-curcumene, α-zingiberene and zingerone) and oleoresin (6-shogaol). Conclusion: Extracts of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity in Z. officinale both extract and ethyl acetate fraction which is known to contain terpenoids and oleoresin compounds (6-shogaol). © 2022 Phcogj.Com. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.


X: -1.735046 Y: 8.579586title: The Rhizome Oil of Kaempferia rotunda Val publish year: 2005 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The chemical composition of the rhizome oil of Kaempferia rotunda isolated by hydrodistillation was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main constituents found in the oil were pentadecane (25.4%), bornyl acetate (24.9%), benzyl benzoate (15.3%) and camphor (12.1%).


X: 0.07713171 Y: 9.919924title: Active Compound of Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb. Down-Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Joint Erosion in a Human Synovial Fibroblast Cell Line publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the synovium. It is involved in up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), resulting in joint inflammation and erosion. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has long been used to reduce joint pain and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activities of an active compound of Z. cassumunar, (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (compound D), against cytokine-induced up-regulation of catabolic genes involved in cartilage degradation in RA. Synovial fibroblast cell line, SW982, was cultured in media containing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in the presence or absence of compound D at the concentration range of 1 to 100 µM. After 24 hours, the cells were analyzed for the expressions of MMPs, IL-1β and interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) by RT-PCR. MMPs activities in the culture media were analyzed by zymographic techniques. Dexamethasone was used as the positive control. It was found that compound D at the concentration of 10 - 100 µM significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -13 which was induced by IL-1β (P<0.05) concomitantly with a decrease in activities of these MMPs in the culture media. An increase in the mRNA expression of IL-1β and ICE was also suppressed by compound D. The results suggest that the potent activities of this compound may be involved in the reduction of IL-1β protein synthesis in both pro-form and active form which played an important role in up-regulation of MMPs. This study first revealed the chondroprotective activity of Z. cassumunar in the transcriptional level by suppressing cytokine-induced catabolic genes which caused cartilage erosion in RA.


X: -0.2224609 Y: 10.584292title: Method validation of (E)-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol in Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. with different extraction techniques publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objective: To comparison of the RP-HPLC validation method of (E)-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) from different extraction methods. The compound D is the major compound of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. The compound D was separated by HPLC instrument and separation with column chromatography on silica gel techniques. Methods: First method, the Z. cassumunar powder was dissolved in absolute ethanol and then was injected into HPLC instrument for compound D collection at appropriated time elution. Second method, the Z. cassumunar powder was separated by column chromatography on silica gel technique with different ratio between hexane and ethyl acetate as eluted solvent to compound D collection. Then, the structure of compound D was identified by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS. The compound D was dissolved in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4, and incubated in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and new born pig skin by sonication method. It was validated with HPLC in term of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision in ranges of 1-10 μg/mL. Results: The FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS were identified structure of compound D which related to previous publication. The validation methods of different techniques were good linearity with good correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.999 in ranges of 1-10 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.3, 0.8 μg/mL, respectively. The accuracy and precision were 95.38-104.76% and <2%, respectively for intraday preparation. The accuracy and precision were 88.94-102.43% and <5%, respectively for interday preparation. Conclusion: This research successfully compared the RP-HPLC validation method using a gradient elution of 2% acetic acid in ultrapure water and methanol.


X: -1.9540068 Y: 6.985459title: A comparative study of upright counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for preparative isolation and purification of phenolic compounds fromMagnoliae officinalis publish year: 2006 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A comparative study of preparative isolation and purification of the phenolic compounds magnolol and honokiol from the Chinese medicinal plant Magnoliae officinalis by upright counter-current chromatography (CCC) and semi-preparative HPLC is presented. The comparison reveals that with a two-phase solvent system composed of light petroleum (bp 60-90 degrees C)-ethyl acetate-tetrachloromethane-methanol-water (1:1:8:6:1, v/v), 1250 mg of honokiol and 520 mg of magnolol, with a purity of 98.7 and 99.5%, respectively, were obtained from 2.0 g of a crude sample of Magnoliae officinalis in a single CCC separation. In contrast, semi-preparative HPLC allowed isolation and purification of these two phenolic compounds with significantly lower productivity and higher solvent consumption. Structures of the purified compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR.


X: -0.6764574 Y: 8.971451title: Repellent, larvicidal and adulticidal activities of essential oil from Dai medicinal plant Zingiber cassumunar against Aedes albopictus publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar is an important plant used in traditional medicine and as a natural mosquito repellent. However, the compounds responsible for the repellent activity of the plant are still unknown. The aim of the study is to identify the components of Z. cassumunar essential oil that show repellent activity against Aedes albopictus. We also evaluated the larvicidal and adulticidal activities of Z. cassumunar essential oil against Ae. albopictus. In-cage mosquito repellent experiments showed that Z. cassumunar essential oil possessed moderate repellent activity with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.16 ± 0.01 mg/cm², compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET, 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/cm²). Bioassay-guided fractionation identified the major active compound of Z. cassumunar essential oil as (−)-terpinen-4-ol (1) (MED: 0.19 ± 0 mg/cm²). We also found that Z. cassumunar essential oil showed moderate larvicidal activity against first instar larvae of Ae. albopictus with a LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of 44.9 μg/L after 24 h. Fumigation bioassays showed that Z. cassumunar essential oil exhibits moderate adulticidal activity against Ae. albopictus with a LC50 of 5.44%, while (−)-terpinen-4-ol showed significant adulticidal activity with a LC50 of 2.10% after 24 h. This study verifies that the Z. cassumunar essential oil has mosquito repellent activity, and that (−)-terpinen-4-ol is mainly responsible for this activity. Furthermore, this study provides scientific support for the folk usage of Z. cassumunar essential oil as mosquito repellent and indicates that Z. cassumunar essential oil and (−)-terpinen-4-ol can be used as plant-derived repellents and insecticides for mosquito control.


X: -0.28906292 Y: 11.6992655title: Effect of drying temperature and drying method on drying rate and bioactive compounds in cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum) publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In this study, influences of drying of cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum) slices using a hot air dryer at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C, a large-scale greenhouse solar dryer, and sun drying on drying kinetics, color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacities were investigated. The Page model was adequate for describing the drying kinetics and increasing of the temperature accelerated the drying rate, therefore the drying time at 80 °C was shortest (1.5 h). The hot air drying effectively preserved curcumin content and color of the dried products. Drying at higher temperatures, however, resulted in losses of essential oil yield. In contrast, solar and sun drying significantly degraded curcumin and therefore adversely affected the color of dried products. Although, all conditions of drying resulted in volatile oil losses of 18-36%, different drying conditions did not affect the obtained oil compositions. In addition, it was found that the dried sample from the hot air dryer and the greenhouse solar dryer exhibited slightly higher antioxidant capacities than those from sun drying.


X: 0.25032875 Y: 10.092192title: Pharmacokinetics of Compound D, the Major Bioactive Component of Zingiber cassumunar, in Rats publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar have been used for many years in traditional Thai medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. The major bioactive component of this plant is Compound D [E-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol], which is a strong smooth muscle relaxant, and has antihistamine and anti-inflammatory actions. There is, however, incomplete information available for the pharmacokinetics of Compound D in mammals. In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of Compound D in male Wistar rats. A standardized extract of Z. cassumunar containing 4 % w/w Compound D was administered intravenously at 25 mg/kg or by oral gavage at 25, 75, or 250 mg/kg to Wistar rats. Blood, tissues, urine, and feces were collected from 0 to 48 h after dosing and the level of Compound D was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of Compound D ranged from 10-100 µg/L, reached a maximum approximately 0.15 h after oral dosing. Compound D exhibited an excellent tissue to plasma ratio, ranging from 1- to 1000 in several organs at 1-4 h after oral dosing. Less than 1 % of unchanged Compound D was excreted in the urine and feces. Further studies on tissue uptake and metabolite identification are required to obtain complete pharmacokinetic information and to develop appropriate dosing strategies of Compound D and the standardized extract of Z. cassumunar.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.


X: -0.6550303 Y: 10.292319title: Mechanism and Stability of Antimicrobial Activity of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract Against Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms publish year: 2024 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome extract has high potential as an antimicrobial agent, which can be applied in various food production processes and plays role in inhibiting various foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this research was to study the mechanism and stability of the extract’s antimicrobial activity, especially when observed from the degradation of microbial cells. Specimens were extracted by maceration method with three types of solvents with different polarities and steam distillation. The 25% extract using ethyl acetate solvent showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp.); Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes); and fungi (Rhizopus oryzae and Penicillium spp.) in well-diffusion assays. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was lower than several commercially used antibiotics such as antibacterial (penicillin G and streptomycin) and antifungal (nystatin) but exhibited broad inhibition spectrum against pathogen samples. The antimicrobial activity of the extract will increase at a low pH condition (pH 4–5) and is stable in 1–4% salt solution. Although the inhibitory activity was decreased slightly upon heating, the antimicrobial activity was stable up to 15 min of exposure to high temperatures (80○C and 100○C). Antimicrobial activity of the extract was reported to be higher in a spheroplast and protoplast condition. Leakage of metal ions such as calcium and potassium ions indicated that the activity of the extract could interfere with cell permeability so that the cells become lysed. The extract caused some damage to the bacteria and fungi cell bodies such as holes, curls, shrinkage, elongation, and swelling.

Graphical Abstract


X: -0.37088975 Y: 10.477845title: Potential bengle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) rhizomes for sunscreen and antioxidant compounds publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Bengle(Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.)rhizome is one of rhizomes commonly used to maintain healthy for skin, this activities are possibly due to its abilities to inhibit the harmful effect of the sun light and the occurrence of oxidative reaction. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the ability to protect skin from the sun (sun screen) and antioxidant activity of Z. cassumunar ethanol extract (Et-B) compared to that of Temu giring (Curcuma heyneana) extract (Et-Tg) that has been clinically used. Sunscreen activities were evaluated by spectrophotometric method as the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values. Antioxidant potential was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method, and vitamin C used as reference. Et-B showed activity as a sunscreen having SPF value 8.81±0.25 and antioxidant activity at IC50value 0.793±0.105mg/ml that were better than that of Et-Tg (SPFvalue, 2.33±0.31andIC50, 1.119±0.195mg/ml). Et-B was then fractionated in a mixture of n-hexane: ethanol: water (28:8:2v/v), to give 2layers, the upper (non-polar) and lower (polar) layers. The upper layershows theSPFvalue of36.30±0.35, that is better than that ofthe lower layer(12.27±1.68), and the lower layer is more antioxidant active(IC50 =0.996±0.121mg/ml) than that of the upper layer(IC50=2.842±0.228mg/ml). Research results indicates that Z. cassumunar potential to be developed in preparation for sunscreen represented by the non-polar substances of the upper layer and antioxidants represented by the more polar substances in the lower layer.


X: 0.15729876 Y: 10.8229265title: Potent Modulation of P-glycoprotein Activity by Naturally Occurring Phenylbutenoids from Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Five phenylbutenoid derivatives from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) were evaluated for their P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory effects in a P-gp over-expressing multidrug resistant (MDR) human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7/ADR. As a result, a phenylbutenoid dimer, (+/-)-trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (1), exhibited highly potent P-gp inhibitory activity, decreasing the IC(50) value of daunomycin (DNM) to 4.31 +/- 0.40 microm in the cells (DNM IC(50) = 37.1 +/- 0.59 microm). The positive control, verapamil decreased the IC(50) value of DNM to 6.94 +/- 0.40 microm. Three phenylbutenoid monomers, 2-4 from this plant, also resulted in a significant decrease in the IC(50) values of DNM compared with the control. In particular, compound 1 markedly enhanced [(3)H]-DNM accumulation and significantly reduced [(3)H]-DNM efflux compared with the control, and this effect was more potent than that of verapamil, a well-known P-gp inhibitor. These results suggest that compound 1 of Z. cassumunar can be developed as a potent chemo-sensitizing agent that reverses P-gp-mediated MDR in human cancer chemotherapy.


X: -1.0417253 Y: 10.229348title: Development of Microemulsion Delivery System of Essential Oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome for Improvement of Stability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The present study aims to investigate the major constituents of the essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar rhizome (EO) and to develop microemulsions with enhanced chemical stability and anti-inflammatory activity of EO. The major constituents of EO were terpinen-4-ol (40.5 ± 6.6%) and sabinene (17.4 ± 1.4%) as determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These compounds were responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities of EO. Sabinene and terpinen-4-ol significantly reduced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) expression by 47 ± 5 and 78 ± 8%, respectively (p < 0.001) and significantly reduced the interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion levels to 64 ± 4% (p < 0.05) and 50 ± 1% (p < 0.001), respectively. EO microemulsions, developed using the system of EO/Tween 20 and propylene glycol (2:1)/water, showed the internal droplet size in the range of 211.5 ± 63.3 to 366.7 ± 77.8 nm. Both EO and EO microemulsions were shown to be safe for human use since there was no apparent toxic effect on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, EO microemulsion could significantly protect sabinene from the evaporation after heating–cooling stability test, which leads to a good stability and high efficacy. Moreover, EO microemulsions significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect comparing to the native EO. Therefore, microemulsions were attractive delivery system for natural anti-inflammatory compounds since they could enhance both efficacy and stability of EO.


X: 0.020960396 Y: 10.242322title: The Neuroprotective Effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Extract on LPS-Induced Neuronal Cell Loss and Astroglial Activation within the Hippocampus publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been recognized to induce neuroinflammation which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the protective effect of Zingiber cassumunar (Z. cassumunar) or Phlai (in Thai) against LPS-induced neuronal cell loss and the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of astrocytes in the hippocampus. Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered with Z. cassumunar extract at various doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days before a single injection of LPS (250 μg/kg/i.p.). The results indicated that LPS-treated animals exhibited neuronal cell loss and the activation of astrocytes and also increased proinflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 1β in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with Z. cassumunar markedly reduced neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. In addition, Z. cassumunar extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW significantly suppressed the inflammatory response by reducing the expression of GFAP and IL-1ß in the hippocampus. Therefore, the results suggested that Z. cassumunar extract might be valuable as a neuroprotective agent in neuroinflammation-induced brain damage. However, further investigations are essential to validate the possible active ingredients and mechanisms of its neuroprotective effect.


X: 0.091110006 Y: 10.007293title: Active Compound of Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb. Down-Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Joint Erosion in a Human Synovial Fibroblast Cell Line publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the synovium. It is involved in up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), resulting in joint inflammation and erosion. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has long been used to reduce joint pain and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activities of an active compound of Z. cassumunar, (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (compound D), against cytokine-induced up-regulation of catabolic genes involved in cartilage degradation in RA. Synovial fibroblast cell line, SW982, was cultured in media containing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in the presence or absence of compound D at the concentration range of 1 to 100 µM. After 24 hours, the cells were analyzed for the expressions of MMPs, IL-1β and interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) by RT-PCR. MMPs activities in the culture media were analyzed by zymographic techniques. Dexamethasone was used as the positive control. It was found that compound D at the concentration of 10 - 100 µM significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -13 which was induced by IL-1β (P<0.05) concomitantly with a decrease in activities of these MMPs in the culture media. An increase in the mRNA expression of IL-1β and ICE was also suppressed by compound D. The results suggest that the potent activities of this compound may be involved in the reduction of IL-1β protein synthesis in both pro-form and active form which played an important role in up-regulation of MMPs. This study first revealed the chondroprotective activity of Z. cassumunar in the transcriptional level by suppressing cytokine-induced catabolic genes which caused cartilage erosion in RA.


X: -0.36327288 Y: 10.747422title: Lipogenesis inhibition and adipogenesis regulation via PPARγ pathway in 3T3-L1 cells by Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome extracts publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar (ZC) is used by tribal people in northern Thailand in traditional remedies for anti-obesity and in food recipes. Extracts from this plant have been studied for several pharmacological effects including anti-obesity, but with no clear evidence on cellular mechanism of activity. This study aim to investigate the lipolytic and anti-adipogenic activity of crude extracts from ZC on in vitro cultures of the mouse adipocyte cell-model, 3T3-L1. Dry rhizome powder was extracted with absolute ethanol and boiled-water. On the exposed pre-adipocytes to the extracts, cytotoxicity was not detected by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Lipid content and glycerol release were assessed using Oil Red-O and a commercial Adipolysis Assay kits respectively. The extracts exhibited no significant lipolytic activity on the exposed mature-adipocytes, in serial dilutions ranging from 1 to 800 µg/ml. However, anti-lipogenic activity was presented. All extracts significantly reduced the lipid content of exposed differentiating-adipocytes. This anti-lipogenic activity was confirmed by the expression of selected genes, determined by using real-time PCR techniques, in four groups namely: adipocyte differentiation genes, glucose uptake genes, lipid metabolism genes and fatty acid oxidation genes. 1H NMR spectrum of the extracts exhibited the prominent olefinic protons of phenylbutanoids, the group of compounds previously proved with several bioactivities. This study provided evidences of mechanisms that apparently verify the traditional use of ZC to prevent obesity. Keywords: Zingiber cassumunar, Zingiber montanum, 3T3-L1, PPARγ, Lipogenesis, Adipogenesis, Cassumunar ginger, Obesity


X: 0.31208992 Y: 10.223126title: Zingiber cassumunar ROXb. and its active constituent inhibit MMP-9 direct activation by house dust mite allergens and MMP-9 expression in PMA-stimulated human airway epithelial cells publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: House dust mite (HDM) inducedmatrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays a role in asthma. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Phlai in Thai) has been used in folk medicine for asthma treatment.
We investigated effects of Phlai and its constituent (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) on the cleavage of pro- MMP-9 by HDM. The effects of these compounds on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- induced MMP-9 gene and protein expression in airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were also investigated.
Pro-MMP-9 was directly activated in vitro with HDM in the presence or absence of the ethanolic extracts of Phlai or compound D for 1 hour. The amount of activated MMP-9 was determined using gelatin zymography. To study the cellular response of Phlai, NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with crude Phlai extracts or compound D for 2 hours, and then the cells were stimulated with PMA for 48 hours. The mRNA RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. MMP-9 activity was determined by gelatin zymography.
Crude Phlai extracts (0.25 - 2.0 mg/ml) and compound D (0.5 - 4.0 mg/ml) inhibited pro- MMP-9 cleavage by HDM. Furthermore, crude Phlai extracts (100 mg/ml) and compound D, at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml, attenuated the PMA-induced MMP-9 gene and expression in NCI-H292 cells. These compound also suppressed MMP-9 release from PMA-induced NCI-H292 cells.
The crude ethanolic extract of Z. cassumunar and its active constituent compound D inhibited the cleavage of pro-MMP-9 by HDM. They also inhibited PMA-induced MMP-9 gene and protein synthesis in human airway epithelial cells.


X: -1.0537957 Y: 10.230427title: Potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Thai plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) essential oil publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of essential oils of plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) compared to eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.). The antioxidant activities of the essential oils were determined through an ABTS cation radical decolorisation assay and measuring scavenging H2O2 in a monocyte cell line (U937) with DCFH-acetate. The anti-inflammatory activity was assayed in a lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cell line (J744), in which nitric oxide and COX II levels were determined by Griess reagent and an ELISA kit. Plai essential oil had the highest antioxidant activity (11.46 ± 0.72 mmol Trolox/ml oil) on scavenging the ABTS cation radical, followed by eucalyptus (9.30 ± 2.20 mmol Trolox/ml oil) and lime (0.00 ± 0.58 mmol Trolox/ ml oil) oils. Plai essential oil also displayed activity on scavenging H2O2 generated by ultrasound exposure (3.0 W/cm 2, continuous mode, 20 min). Dilutions of 1:2,000 and 1:1,000 (v:v) of plai oil demonstrated H2O2 scavenging activity by reducing emissions of DCFH-fluorescence within U937 cells, compared with the cell control. Plai essential oil inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production at 1:100 (v:v) (24.20 ± 1.42 μmol/l) and 1:1,000 (v:v) (28.56 ± 3.8 μmol/l) in the macrophage cell line (J774), compared with untreated cells (35 ± 5.2 μmol/l). However, high concentrations of plai oil (1:1 and 1:10), were toxic to U937 and J744 cell lines. Additionally, plai oil at dilutions of 1:1,000 and 1:2,000, significantly inhibited COX II activity in treated cells (42 ± 0.2% inhibition) compared to the untreated cells (22 ± 0.3% inhibition). Three major compounds of plai essential oil, namely sabinene (18.79%), terpinen-4-ol (48.17%) and (E)-I-(3,4-dimethyoxyphenyl) butadiene (15.09%), were determined by GC/MS analysis.


X: -0.20735176 Y: 10.416835title: Study of Functional Ingredient of Zingiber cassumunar Extract as A Natural Anti-Agingand Color Source publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The objectives of this research were to study the phenolics and curcuminoids content from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract for natural anti-aging and color ingredient. Z. cassumunar was extracted with ethanol. It was found that the total phenolics and curcuminoids contents were 2.13±0.02 g GAE/g crude extract and 40.01±0.04 mg TCC/100g crude extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity by DPPH • and ABTS •+ were 85.69±1.69% and 70.08±4.12%, respectively. The collagenase (collagen and gelatin substrate) inhibition activities was 85.69±1.69% and 70.08±4.12 %, respectively. Color physical characterization measured by colorimeter (L*, a*, b* and hue) of Z. cassumunar extract was 72.31±0.22, 11.11±0.11, 32.49±0.19 and 71.13±0.08, respectively which was yellow color.


X: 0.5148307 Y: 4.9005446title: Molecular cloning and expression levels of the monoterpene synthase gene (ZMM1) in Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr.) publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr.) is a native
Thai herb with a high content and large variety of terpenoids in its
essential oil. Improving the essential oil content and quality of cassumunar
ginger is difficult for a breeder due to its clonally propagated nature. In
this research, we describe the isolation and expression level of the
monoterpene synthase gene that controls the key step of essential oil
synthesis in this plant and evaluate the mechanical wounding that may
influence the transcription level of the monoterpene synthase gene. To
isolate the gene, the selected clones from DNA derived from young leaves were
sequenced and analyzed and the monoterpene synthase gene from cassumunar
ginger (ZMM1) was identified. The ZMM1 CDS containing 1 773 bp (KF500399) is
predicted to encode a protein of 590 amino acids. The deduced amino acid
sequence is 40-74% identical with known sequences of other angiosperm
monoterpene synthases belonging to the isoprenoid biosynthesis C1
superfamily. A transcript of ZMM1 was detected almost exclusively in the
leaves and was related to leaf wounding. The results of this research offer
insight into the control of monoterpene synthesis in this plant. This finding
can be applied to breeding programs or crop management of cassumunar ginger
for better yield and quality of essential oil.


X: 0.35813603 Y: 8.063602title: Unravelling the identity and nomenclatural history of Zingiber montanum, and establishing Z. purpureum as the correct name for Cassumunar ginger publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Cassumunar is a well‐known and widely cultivated medicinal ginger. Historically, many names have been applied to this species. Over the past two decades, Zingiber montanum (≡ Amomum montanum) has been mostly accepted as the correct scientific name for Cassumunar ginger in spite of numerous discrepancies between the protologue and the plants to which the name was applied. We re‐investigated the identity, taxonomy and nomenclatural history of Z. montanum, Z. purpureum and Z. cassumunar and their synonyms. We show that the correct name for Cassumunar ginger is Z. purpureum and that Z. montanum is a different species. A specimen at C previously regarded as the holotype of A. montanum is not original material, and represents Z. purpureum, which partly explains the confusion between these two names. Zingiber montanum is characterized by scarlet inflorescence bracts and flowers with labellum and lateral staminodes being dark purplish‐red, and mottled cream‐white. Unlike Z. purpureum, Z. montanum is not known in cultivation and has no known medicinal properties. Zingiber newmanii, Z. nudicarpum and Z. peninsulare are placed in synonymy with Z. montanum, expanding the distribution significantly in Southeast Asia and into China. Zingiber purpureum is readily distinguished from Z. montanum by dark red to maroon, purplish or almost brown bracts often with greenish margins, and flowers with cream‐white labellum and lateral staminodes. Zingiber cassumunar, Z. cassumunar var. subglabrum, Z. cliffordiae, Z. paucipunctatum and Z. pubisquamum are treated as synonyms of Z. purpureum. Neotypes are designated for A. montanum and Z. purpureum, and lectotypes are designated for Z. cassumunar, Z. cassumunar var. subglabrum, Z. cliffordiae, Z. peninsulare and Z. pubisquamum.


X: -3.5304005 Y: 9.896849title: Simulation Study of Interactions Between Two Bioactive Components from Zingiber cassumunar and 5-Lipoxygenase publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Introduction
Compound D and DMPBD are compounds extracted from Plai or Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., which have antiasthmatic properties. Thai herbal pharmacopoeia have indicated that approximate 50% of Thai prescriptions for asthma contain Plai. However, the inhibition mechanisms of these compounds are not clearly known.

Methods
In this study, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to simulate complex systems and analyze molecular interactions between these compounds and protein target, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme, which is an enzyme involved with asthma symptoms.

Results
From our MD simulations, Compound D and DMPBD molecules bind at the same binding site of its natural substrate (arachidonic acid) on 5-LO enzyme, which is similar to the binding of commercial asthma drug (Zileuton). Molecular mechanics generalized born surface area binding energy calculations of the 5-LO complex with Compound D and DMPBD are −26.83 and −29.15 kcal/mol, respectively.

Conclusions
This work indicated that Compound D and DMPBD are competitive inhibitors, which are able to bind at the same 5-LO substrate binding site. This reveals opportunities for using Compound D and DMPBD as novel antiasthmatic drugs.


X: -0.30086088 Y: 10.467979title: Pressurized Liquid and Superheated Water Extraction of Active Constituents from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Active compounds, terpinene-4-ol and (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD), displaying anti-inflammatory activity, were successfully extracted from the rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using methanol or ethanol and by superheated water extraction (SWE). Optimum conditions of both techniques were 1 mL/min flow rate and 5 min static time. The extraction temperature and dynamic time of the PLE and the SWE were 100°C 5 min and 140°C 20 min, respectively. Compared with water distillation, solvent sonication, and Soxhlet extraction, the PLE produced the highest amount of DMPBD and terpinene-4-ol, whereas the SWE and water distillation provided similar results.


X: -0.14364459 Y: 10.574895title: NMR‐based stability evaluation of ( E )‐1‐(3′,4′‐dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (DMPBD) from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Introduction
The active compound ( E )‐1‐(3′,4′‐dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (DMPBD) isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has potent anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activities. Although DMPBD is one of the promising drug candidates for phytomedicine, its limited stability impedes its widespread use. For the development of new drugs, the assessment of their chemical stability is essential, ensuring they maintain their properties within specified limits throughout the period from production until use.

Objective
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the stability of DMPBD under various conditions, including different solvents, temperatures, and lighting conditions, to identify the factors affecting stability and optimize the storage and handling conditions.

Methodology
DMPBD samples subjected to the different conditions tested were monitored by quantitative ¹ H NMR (qHNMR), using an internal standard for the determination of the absolute quantity of DMPBD as a function of time and the changes thereof within 1 month.

Results
Significant decomposition of DMPBD was observed in chloroform‐ d 1 , whereas its content remained constant in methanol‐ d 4 . The content of DMPBD was maintained upon storage at temperatures below 4°C, both as methanolic solution and in the crude extract. Exposure to light had a slight negative impact on its contents. Some degradation products could be identified as resulting from O 2 ‐induced cleavage of the diene moiety.

Conclusions
For pharmacological/therapeutic applications, DMPBD should be stored in the form of the crude extract or as a purified material in methanolic solution. Ideally, the storage temperature should be below 4°C and O 2 should be excluded.


X: 0.39569655 Y: 10.364693title: Zingiber cassumunar ROXb. and its active constituent inhibit MMP-9 direct activation by house dust mite allergens and MMP-9 expression in PMA-stimulated human airway epithelial cells publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: House dust mite (HDM) inducedmatrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays a role in asthma. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Phlai in Thai) has been used in folk medicine for asthma treatment.
We investigated effects of Phlai and its constituent (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) on the cleavage of pro- MMP-9 by HDM. The effects of these compounds on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- induced MMP-9 gene and protein expression in airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were also investigated.
Pro-MMP-9 was directly activated in vitro with HDM in the presence or absence of the ethanolic extracts of Phlai or compound D for 1 hour. The amount of activated MMP-9 was determined using gelatin zymography. To study the cellular response of Phlai, NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with crude Phlai extracts or compound D for 2 hours, and then the cells were stimulated with PMA for 48 hours. The mRNA RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. MMP-9 activity was determined by gelatin zymography.
Crude Phlai extracts (0.25 - 2.0 mg/ml) and compound D (0.5 - 4.0 mg/ml) inhibited pro- MMP-9 cleavage by HDM. Furthermore, crude Phlai extracts (100 mg/ml) and compound D, at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml, attenuated the PMA-induced MMP-9 gene and expression in NCI-H292 cells. These compound also suppressed MMP-9 release from PMA-induced NCI-H292 cells.
The crude ethanolic extract of Z. cassumunar and its active constituent compound D inhibited the cleavage of pro-MMP-9 by HDM. They also inhibited PMA-induced MMP-9 gene and protein synthesis in human airway epithelial cells.


X: 0.40197065 Y: 10.0160675title: The effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract on in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb (bengle) is one of the plants with the potential as an immunomodulator. It contain curcumin and some volatile compounds which previously reported to be potential as immunomodulator. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract on phagocytic activity of macrophages and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The bengle rhizome is macerated with 96% etanol solvent and then followed by ethyl acetate fractionation. The macrophage and lymphocyte were used in this study was isolated from male Balb/C strain mice. The macrophage phagocytosis activity was carried out using latex bead assay, and lymphocyte proliferation assay was carried out using MTT assay method. The concentration of extract was used in this study were 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. The effect of treatment was compared to negative control group. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages was shown by increasing of active phagocytes cells (SFA) and phagocytosis index. The highest percentage of SFA and phagocytic index results were shown at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract could increase lymphocyte proliferation significantly compare to the negative control (p


X: 0.34161434 Y: 10.055482title: The immunomodulatory effect of Zingiber cassumunar ethanolic extract on phagocytic activity, nitrit oxide and reaxtive oxygen intermediate secretions of macrophage in mice publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Immunomodulators could protect the body from a variety of infectious agents and boost immunity. Zingiber cassumunar rhizome or bangle potentially showed as an immunomodulator through increasing of macrophage activity in vitro. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of Z. cassumunar rhizome ethanolic extract on phagocytic activity, nitrite oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) secretions in macrophages in vivo. A total of 200 g of Z. cassumunar rhizome was powdered, macerated in 96% ethanol and evaporated to get concentrated extract. Mice were divided into 5 groups as follow: the normal group was given by water only, the negative control group was given by a 0.94% CMC-Na suspension, the treatment groups were given by 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kgBW, respectively, of Z. cassumunar ethanolic extract. The extract was administered orally for 7 days. On the 8th day the mice were injected intraperitoneally 0.7 mg/kg BW of lipopolysaccharide. Four hours later macrophage was isolated. Furthermore, the determination of the phagocytic activity, NO and ROI secretions levels of macrophage were performed. The treatments of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW of Z. cassumunar ethanolic extract significantly increase the ROI and NO secretions levels (p<0.05), but did not increase the phagocytic activity (p>0.05) of macrophage. Z. cassumunar ethanolic extract have immunomodulatory effect in vivo.


X: -1.8058791 Y: 10.506653title: Microencapsulation of ginger-based essential oil (Zingiber cassumunar roxb) with chitosan and oil palm trunk waste fiber prepared by spray-drying method publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In this research, microencapsulation of Zingiber cassumunar roxb essential oil (EO) with chitosan and waste oil-palm trunk waste fiber as a packaging materials were examined. Encapsulation process was done by spray drying method with ratio between oil palm trunk, chitosan, ginger essential oil denoted as OPT, Chi and EO, respectively namely 3:0:1, 0:3:1 and 2:2:1 were investigated. The material characterisations using FTIR, GC-MS, XRD, PSA and SEM. The results suggested that or ginger EO, the strong and sharp absorption peak at 1743 cm⁻¹, the absorption peak at 1154 cm⁻¹ and the absorption peak at 721 cm⁻¹ were assigned to CO stretching vibration peak, C–O stretching vibration peak and the deformation vibration peak of ortho-substituted phenyl ring respectively. The ratio of OPT:Chi:EO of 3:0:1 shows significant decrease of quantity of terpinen-4-ol, which suggested that OPT matrix alone is not able to capsulate ginger EO. The XRD confirmed of OPT:Chi:EO (3:0:1) that the primary and secondary peaks are 19.8° and 9.6° correspond to the cellulose crystallography. The morphologies conformation of the microcapsules is influenced by the ginger EO content, which influences in the roughness surface of the microcapsules with particle size more than 15 μm.


X: 0.26638502 Y: 10.858559title: ChemInform Abstract: Invasion Inhibitors of Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 Cells from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar: Structures of Phenylbutanoids, Cassumunols. publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The methanolic extract and its EtOAc-soluble fraction from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar inhibited invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cells. From the EtOAc-soluble fraction, eight new phenylbutanoids, cassumunols A-H, were isolated together with 30 known constituents. The structures of new phenylbutanoids were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Principal constituents were examined the inhibitory effects on the invasion of HT 1080 cells. Among them, phlain I and III, (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene, (E)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene, and (-)-β-sesquiphellandrene showed anti-invasion effects. Interestingly, (E)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene [inhibition (%) 46.8 ± 7.2 (p<0.05) at 30 µM] significantly inhibited the invasion, and only a weak cytotoxic effect was observed.


X: -0.4459672 Y: 10.486768title: Study of antibacterial activity and identification of the most active fraction from ethanol extraction of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizomes by vacuum liquid chromatography publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the antibacterial fractions' activity of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizomes against both Bacillus cereus bacteria and Klebsiella pneumoniae and to identify the most active fraction of them. The rhizome's powder was macerated with 96% ethanol, then the resulting extract was evaporated and fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography with comparation of hexane : ethyl acetate as eluent. The antibacterial activities were evaluated using diffusion method and then the most active fraction was evaluated by inhibition zone. The most active fraction was evaluated for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and its' equivalent value compared to amoxicillin. Then, it was identified with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The F fraction showed the most active antibacterial fraction against two testing bacteria. The F fraction had MIC 0.075% against two testing bacteria. The F fraction antibacterial activity value was 5.864x10-3 % compared to amoxicillin for Bacillus cereus and 3.094x10-3 % for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The GC-MS result showed that the F fraction contained phenylbutenoid compounds and phenylbutenoid dimer compounds.


X: -1.2380561 Y: 10.444175title: Bioadhesive dermal patch as promising approach for improved antibacterial activity of bioactive compound of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb in ex vivo Staphylococcus aureus skin infection model publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Infected burn injury has become a significant challenge among skin health problems. Recently, the use of a natural product, as an antibacterial alternative, has increased, particularly in the management of skin infections. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has been reported to possess a high amount of curcumin, showing an excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium associated with skin infections. With respect to the selection of drug dosage form, the use of a bioadhesive patch could be beneficial as this system can easily adhere to the infected site in the skin. Here, we present the development of bioadhesive patches containing Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract with different types of bioadhesive polymers, namely HPMC, NaCMC, chitosan and Carbopol. The characterization results indicated that the patches were uniform in their drug content, weight and thickness, indicating the reproducibility of the method used. Importantly, the patches were found to have excellent folding endurance values, which were more than 300 times, with surface pH values close to skin pH. The ex vivo dermal delivery showed that among the four bioadhesive polymers studied, HPMC and NaCMC were 1.3–2 times better than chitosan and Carbopol in terms of delivery of curcumin. Essentially, more than 80% of bacterial burdens were killed following the application of HPMC and NaCMC patches in an ex vivo Staphylococcus aureus infection model in rat skin. However, considering that HPMC patches showed lowest bioadhesion property, patches prepared from NaCMC were considered as the optimized formulation. To conclude, this work shows a promising delivery approach for a natural product in the treatment of the skin infections.


X: 0.3675563 Y: 10.039073title: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract increase the reactive oxidant level and interleukins expression in vitro publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (bangle) has a variety of active compounds, including curcumin and phenylbutenoid. Bangle rhizoma reported exhibiting immunomodulatory activities. This research aims to determine the mechanism of bangle extract as an immunomodulator by the secretion of Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI), Nitric Oxide (NO), and interleukin (IL-10 and IL-14) expression level. Bangle extract (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) was made by the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. This research was administered in vitro using macrophage cells from male mice with Balb/C strain divided into 2 groups: normal control and treatment group (receiving 25, 50, and 100 ppm of extract). The administration of bangle extract can function as an immunomodulator by an increase of ROI in 25 and 50 ppm of the extract significantly than the control group (p <0.05), the treatment groups decrease NO level (p <0.05), it also was found to increase expression of IL-10 and IL-14 expression levels (p <0.05). Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract was potentially to be developed as an immunomodulator.


X: -0.13242705 Y: 10.656203title: Method validation of (E)-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol in Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. with different extraction techniques publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objective: To comparison of the RP-HPLC validation method of (E)-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) from different extraction methods. The compound D is the major compound of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. The compound D was separated by HPLC instrument and separation with column chromatography on silica gel techniques. Methods: First method, the Z. cassumunar powder was dissolved in absolute ethanol and then was injected into HPLC instrument for compound D collection at appropriated time elution. Second method, the Z. cassumunar powder was separated by column chromatography on silica gel technique with different ratio between hexane and ethyl acetate as eluted solvent to compound D collection. Then, the structure of compound D was identified by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS. The compound D was dissolved in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4, and incubated in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and new born pig skin by sonication method. It was validated with HPLC in term of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision in ranges of 1-10 μg/mL. Results: The FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS were identified structure of compound D which related to previous publication. The validation methods of different techniques were good linearity with good correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.999 in ranges of 1-10 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.3, 0.8 μg/mL, respectively. The accuracy and precision were 95.38-104.76% and <2%, respectively for intraday preparation. The accuracy and precision were 88.94-102.43% and <5%, respectively for interday preparation. Conclusion: This research successfully compared the RP-HPLC validation method using a gradient elution of 2% acetic acid in ultrapure water and methanol.


X: 0.41492295 Y: 7.7396255title: Study of clonally propagated cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr.) and its relation of wild Zingiber species from Thailand revealed by RAPD markers publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The genetic relatedness among 51 accessions, 14 species of the genus Zingiber and genetic variability of a clonally propagated species, Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr., from Thailand were studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles. Twenty-nine random
primers gave reproducible amplification banding patterns of 607 polymorphic bands out of 611 scored bands accounting for 99.40%
polymorphism across the genotypes. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity varied from 0.119 to 0.970, indicative of distant genetic
relatedness among the genotype studied. UPGMA clustering indicated eight distinct clusters of Zingiber, with a high cophenetic correlation (r=1.00) value. Genetic variability in Z. montanum was exhibited by the collections from six regions of Thailand. High molecular variance (87%) within collection regions of
Z. montanum accessions was displayed by AMOVA and also explained the significant divergence among the sample from six collection regions.
Our results indicate that RAPD technique is useful for detecting the genetic relatedness within and among species of Zingiber and that high diversity exists in the clonally propagated species, Z. montanum.

KeywordsGenetic diversity-Genetic variability-RAPD-
Zingiber
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Z. montanum


X: -0.22005643 Y: 9.736802title: Effect of topical Zingiber cassumunar on painful diabetic neuropathy: a double-blind randomized-controlled trial publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Background : Plai or Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. was registered into the Thai Traditional Medicine list since 2011. However, there is limited evidence regarding Plai as a treatment in painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical Zingiber cassumunar .
Methods : A RCT was conducted in patients with PDN during February to March 2019. All participants received oral gabapentin 300 mg before bed as a standard regimen. The intervention group (n=16) received Plai balm 15%w/w 0.5 gram to apply on their feet three times a day and the control group (n=15) received placebo balm to similarly apply. Pain score at baseline, 2 nd and 4 th weeks were assessed and compared. Patients’ quality of life, and adverse events, were collected. Mean pain scores before and after treatment in each group and between groups were also analyzed.
Results : At the end of week two and week four, the Plai group showed statistically significant lesser mean pain scores than the placebo group by -1.47 (95%CI: -1.96 to -1.30, p-value < 0.001), and by -1.51 (95%CI: -1.92 to -0.13, p-value = 0.027), respectively. Moreover, the Plai group had more cases number/ percentages with at least 50% pain score reduction than the placebo group [12/16 (75%) vs 3/15 (20%), p-value = 0.004]. However, there was no statistically significant difference in quality of life between the two groups (overall p-value = 0.366). Adverse event was not found in any groups.
Conclusions : Zingiber cassumunar balm (Plai) was efficacious for pain reduction in painful diabetic neuropathy.
Registration : Registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry; TCTR20200221001.


X: -1.014717 Y: 10.115529title: Investigation of enhancing activity and skin irritation of Zingiber officinale, Zingiber cassumunar and Curcuma zedoaria publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The penetration enhancing effect of essential oils extracted from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, Zingiber cassumunar and Curcumar zedoaria on the skin permeation of diclofenac sodium was evaluated in vitro using modified Franz diffusion cell and Wistar rat skin. The essential oils were tested at 1, 3 and 5% (w/v) in the vehicle hydroalcoholic mixture (ethanol: water (1:1 v/v)). The skin permeation of diclofenac sodium was remarkably enhanced in the presence of these three essential oils. Overall, the rank order of the enhancing activities of these oils was Zingiber officinale > Zingiber cassumunar > Curcuma zedoaria. Furthermore, the essential oil at 5% appeared to give the greatest enhancement. For the in vivo skin irritation study, these oils were tested at 1 and 5% in the vehicle and at 100%. These test solutions including the vehicle were applied to the abdominal surfaces of the Wistar rats and kept in contact with these areas for 24 It. After a biopsy technique, the skin irritation was evaluated under microscopic observation and histological scores were used as an index of skin damage caused by the test compounds. The skin irritation study revealed that the vehicle had no discernible effects in histological appearance in rat skin. The essential oils at concentrations of 1 and 5% in hydroalcoholic mixture and at 100% were found to cause skin irritation in different degrees. The most severe skin damage was observed with the 1% of these oils whereas the 5% of these oils were classified as mild irritants.


X: -1.0870395 Y: 10.170129title: Potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Thai plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) essential oil publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of essential oils of plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) compared to eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.). The antioxidant activities of the essential oils were determined through an ABTS cation radical decolorisation assay and measuring scavenging H2O2 in a monocyte cell line (U937) with DCFH-acetate. The anti-inflammatory activity was assayed in a lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cell line (J744), in which nitric oxide and COX II levels were determined by Griess reagent and an ELISA kit. Plai essential oil had the highest antioxidant activity (11.46 ± 0.72 mmol Trolox/ml oil) on scavenging the ABTS cation radical, followed by eucalyptus (9.30 ± 2.20 mmol Trolox/ml oil) and lime (0.00 ± 0.58 mmol Trolox/ ml oil) oils. Plai essential oil also displayed activity on scavenging H2O2 generated by ultrasound exposure (3.0 W/cm 2, continuous mode, 20 min). Dilutions of 1:2,000 and 1:1,000 (v:v) of plai oil demonstrated H2O2 scavenging activity by reducing emissions of DCFH-fluorescence within U937 cells, compared with the cell control. Plai essential oil inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production at 1:100 (v:v) (24.20 ± 1.42 μmol/l) and 1:1,000 (v:v) (28.56 ± 3.8 μmol/l) in the macrophage cell line (J774), compared with untreated cells (35 ± 5.2 μmol/l). However, high concentrations of plai oil (1:1 and 1:10), were toxic to U937 and J744 cell lines. Additionally, plai oil at dilutions of 1:1,000 and 1:2,000, significantly inhibited COX II activity in treated cells (42 ± 0.2% inhibition) compared to the untreated cells (22 ± 0.3% inhibition). Three major compounds of plai essential oil, namely sabinene (18.79%), terpinen-4-ol (48.17%) and (E)-I-(3,4-dimethyoxyphenyl) butadiene (15.09%), were determined by GC/MS analysis.


X: 0.15756817 Y: 10.671793title: Growth Inhibition and Induction of G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Lung Cancer Cells by a Phenylbutenoid Dimer Isolated from Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2007 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In our previous study, a novel phenylbutenoid dimer (+/-)-trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (PSC), isolated from Zingiber cassumunar ROXB. (Zingiberaceae), inhibited proliferation of various human cancer cells with the IC(50) values ranging 10 to 30 microM. Prompted by these anti-proliferative effects, we performed additional studies in A549 human lung cancer cells in order to investigate the mechanism of action. PSC arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. PSC dose-dependently induced cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 expression, whereas the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin A, CDK4, CDK2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were decreased by treatment with PSC. These results suggest that one of the anti-proliferative mechanisms of PSC is to suppress cell cycle progression by increasing p21 expression and down-regulating cyclins and CDKs. This study characterizes additional biological activity of this novel phenylbutenoid dimer and expands its therapeutic potential for cancer as a chemotherapeutic agent derived from natural products.


X: -0.87189347 Y: 9.883769title: Chemical composition and antibacterial, antifungal, allelopathic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of cassumunar-ginger publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Background:
Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as cassumunar-ginger, is a folk remedy for the treatments of inflammations, sprains, rheumatism and asthma. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, and antibacterial, antifungal, allelopathic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the essential oil of Z. montanum originated from India.

Results:
The hydrodistilled essential oil of Z. montanum rhizome was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of forty-nine constituents, forming 98.7-99.7% of the total oil compositions were identified. The essential oil was characterised by higher amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons (32.6-43.5%), phenylbutanoids (27.0-41.2%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (11.4-34.1%). Major constituents of the oil were sabinene (13.5-38.0%), (E)-1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (DMPBD; 20.1-35.3%), terpinen-4-ol (9.0-31.3%), γ-terpinene (1.1-4.8%) and β-phellandrene (1.0-4.4%). The oil was evaluated against eight pathogenic bacteria and two fungal strains. It exhibited low to good antibacterial activity (MIC: 125-500 µg/mL) and moderate antifungal activity (250 µg/mL) against tested strains. The oil reduced germination (69.8%) and inhibited the root and shoot growth of lettuce significantly (LD50 : 3.58μL/plate). However, it did not show acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity up to the concentration of 10 mg/mL.

Conclusions:
The essential oil of Z. montanum can be used as a potential source of DMPBD, terpinen-4-ol and sabinene for pharmaceutical products. The results of this study add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Z. montanum native to India.


X: -0.117077425 Y: 10.521408title: Protective effects of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract against UVB‐induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats (Rattus novergicus Berkenhout, 1769) publish year: 2024 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Protecting the skin from the effects of UVB radiation using natural products is crucial in the cosmeceutical industry. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) against UVB‐induced skin damage in Wistar albino rats. The rhizomes were macerated using 70% ethanol v/v, followed by n‐hexane to obtain n‐hexane soluble and n‐hexane insoluble fraction. The antioxidant properties of the ethanol extracts and n‐hexane soluble fraction were evaluated using a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The study also examined the antiphotoaging properties through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging assay, matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) expression, and tyrosinase expression against UVB radiation in Wistar albino rats. The results demonstrated that the Z. cassumunar extract and fraction effectively converted DPPH radicals into a more stable compound. Analysis revealed the presence of Benzene, 4‐(1Z)‐1,3‐butadien‐1‐yl‐1,2‐dimethoxy‐ and (E)‐4‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl) but‐3‐en‐1‐ol as the primary compounds in both the extract and fraction, suggesting their contribution to the observed activity. Furthermore, Z. cassumunar compounds could reduce UVB‐induced ROS production and may protect against skin photoaging by changing the expression of MMP‐1 and tyrosinase levels in Wistar albino rats. These findings suggest that Z. cassumunar holds promise for preventing skin aging.


X: 0.15836611 Y: 10.760173title: Structures of New Phenylbutanoids and Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitors from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The methanolic (MeOH) extract from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar showed nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effects induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse peritoneal macrophages. From the MeOH extract, six new phenylbutanoids, phlains I-VI, were isolated together with 16 known constituents. The structures of new phenylbutanoids were determined on the basis of physicochemical and chemical evidence. In addition, the inhibitory effects of the principal constituents on the NO production were examined. Among them, phlain III (IC50=24 microM), (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (69 microM), (E)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (83 microM), and cassumunaquinone 1 (47 microM) were found to show the inhibitory effects.


X: -0.2899615 Y: 10.445556title: Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effect of Zingiber Cassumunar Rhizome Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats: The Role of Antioxidant Activity publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are major risk factors for the onset of cardiovascular diseases, and the oxidative stress caused by high level of lipids can cause liver damage. Zingiber cassumunar has been reported to contain a high antioxidant content that may provide therapeutic advantages. The present study was to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemicrats model and investigate the mechanism through its effect on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, the rhizomes of Z. cassumunar was extracted using ethanol 96% (v/v) and evaporated to get the concentrated Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE). Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was performed to determine the curcumin content in the extract. High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia model was used to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotectiveactivities of ZCRE in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control; High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (HFD); High Fat Diet and 100 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 100 mg/kgBW); High Fat Diet and 200 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 200 mg/kgBW); and High Fat Diet and 400 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 400 mg/kgBW). The antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of ZCRE were assessed through a series of analyses of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, which include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT) and glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) were assessed on the liver homogenate. Data of the study were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test for multiple comparisons. The TLC analysis showed that ZCRE contained a significant amount of Curcumin. In addition, the study has also shown that ZRCE was able to significantly lower the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, SGPT, and SGOT as compared to hyperlipidemic rats (p <0.05). Concomitantly, the activity of CAT and GSH-Px was found significantly increased (p <0.05) when compared to hyperlipidemic control, with the dose of 400 mg/kg BW being the most effective. This study showed the significant antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of ZCRE in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats, which mechanism might possibly connect to the increased antioxidant enzyme activities.


X: 0.47839132 Y: 10.301195title: Zingiber cassumunar ROXb. and its active constituent inhibit MMP-9 direct activation by house dust mite allergens and MMP-9 expression in PMA-stimulated human airway epithelial cells publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: House dust mite (HDM) inducedmatrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays a role in asthma. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Phlai in Thai) has been used in folk medicine for asthma treatment.
We investigated effects of Phlai and its constituent (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) on the cleavage of pro- MMP-9 by HDM. The effects of these compounds on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- induced MMP-9 gene and protein expression in airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were also investigated.
Pro-MMP-9 was directly activated in vitro with HDM in the presence or absence of the ethanolic extracts of Phlai or compound D for 1 hour. The amount of activated MMP-9 was determined using gelatin zymography. To study the cellular response of Phlai, NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with crude Phlai extracts or compound D for 2 hours, and then the cells were stimulated with PMA for 48 hours. The mRNA RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. MMP-9 activity was determined by gelatin zymography.
Crude Phlai extracts (0.25 - 2.0 mg/ml) and compound D (0.5 - 4.0 mg/ml) inhibited pro- MMP-9 cleavage by HDM. Furthermore, crude Phlai extracts (100 mg/ml) and compound D, at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml, attenuated the PMA-induced MMP-9 gene and expression in NCI-H292 cells. These compound also suppressed MMP-9 release from PMA-induced NCI-H292 cells.
The crude ethanolic extract of Z. cassumunar and its active constituent compound D inhibited the cleavage of pro-MMP-9 by HDM. They also inhibited PMA-induced MMP-9 gene and protein synthesis in human airway epithelial cells.


X: -1.7653655 Y: 10.286358title: Electrospun poly(lactic acid) nanofiber mats for controlled transdermal delivery of essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A controlled release system of Plai ( Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) oil based on electrospun poly(lactic) acid (PLA) nanofiber mat was successfully developed. The physicochemical properties of the nanofibers loaded with select amounts of oil (15%, 20%, and 30% wt) were characterized using various techniques, including a morphological study using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), structural determination using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as thermal properties study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The loading content and the entrapment efficiency of Plai oil within the fiber mats were evaluated and were found to be remarkably high, ensuring that PLA was an appropriate material for Plai oil loading. The ability of the nanofiber mats to release ( E )-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD) was also examined and the fiber mats showed controlled release characteristics. As the nanofiber mats have particularly high specific surface area with fully accessible and interconnected pore structures, a liquid medium with active ingredients will not be trapped in blind pores but can be fully released out of the fiber matrix. Furthermore, in vitro skin permeation of the active compound as well as a skin irritation were assessed using reconstructed human epidermis (EpiSkin TM ). It was found that DMPBD could efficiently penetrate through the skin model. Moreover, the nanofiber mats containing Plai oil also showed no skin irritation, indicating them as promising prototypes for medical applications.


X: -0.29357702 Y: 10.425059title: Phytochemical studies and pharmacognostical evaluation of Zingiber Cassumunar ROXB publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objective: Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb is a well known medicinal plant employed to cure various diseases were reported to possess good medicinal value in traditional system of medicine. The present investigation deals with microscopic, macroscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigation of rhizome to give clear standards for identification of the drug.Method: For the microscopic evaluation, the powder was soaked in a solution of 20% chloral hydrate and then mounted on a glass slide with the help of glycerine. The mounted slides were then observed under a photographic microscope. Microscopic sections were cut by free hand sectioning.Result: The research paper study revealed that the yellow colour inside the rhizome is the main characteristic feature. The presence of central cylinder region containing yellow coloured oleo-resin and oil cells in cortex are the main characteristic feature. The presence irregularly rounded, ovoid starch grains and oil globulues situtated inside the parenchyma are the distinguishing features and can be used as anatomical markers. Rhizome powder showed some of the characteristic features such as starch grains with a rounded shape situated at narrow end and parenchymatous cells with characteristically wrinkled wall, air spaces. Cork, cortex, cork cells, and floem fibres also shows pharmacognostical characteristics of Z. cassumunar Roxb. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the rhizomes revealed the presence of glycosides, sterols, triterpenes, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids and volatile oils.Conclusion:The present study signifies the use of TLC (Thin layer chromatography) profiles for determining the identity of active chemical constituents.


X: -0.21615246 Y: 10.165369title: Bioactive Compounds from Zingiber montanum and Their Pharmacological Activities with Focus on Zerumbone publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The genus Zingiber consists of about 85 species and many of these species are used as food, spices, and medicines. One of the species, Zingiber montanum (J. Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr. is native to Southeast Asia and has been extensively used as traditional medicines and food. The aim of this review was to collect and critically analyze the scientific information about the bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities of Z. montanum with focus on one of the main components, zerumbone (ZER). Various studies have reported the analysis of volatile constituents of the essential oils from Z. montanum. Similarly, many phenylbutanoids, flavonoids and terpenes were also isolated from rhizomes. These essential oils, extracts and compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities among others. Zerumbone has been studied widely for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological activities. Future studies should focus on the exploration of various pharmacological activities of other compounds including phenylbutanoids and flavonoids. Bioassay guided isolation may result in the separation of other active components from the extracts. Z. montanum could be a promising source for the development of pharmaceutical products and functional foods.


X: 0.5320811 Y: 10.244088title: Crude ethanolic extracts of Zingiber cassumunar ROXB. inhibit PMA-induced MUC2 and MUC5AC expression via ERK inhibition in human airway epithelial cells publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Over expression of mucin often leads to serious airway pathologies. The rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. ("Phlai" in Thai) has been used as an anti-asthmatic drug in Thai traditional medicine. However, the effect of this plant on mucin production has not been reported.
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether crude ethanolic extracts of Zingiber cassumunar (CEZE) suppress phorbol12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced mucin production and gene expression in human airway epithelial cells and if so, to examine whether the suppression of mucin gene expression is mediated via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways.
Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with CEZE for 2 hours and then stimulated with 100 or 200 nmol/l PMA for 8 h. The levels of MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA were determined by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Levels of total mucin; MUC2 and MUC5AC inculture supernatants were measured using ELLA and ELISA assays, respectively. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, p38 MAPK protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting.
CEZE (5-100?g/ml) significantly inhibited total mucin production, including MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA and proteins induced by PMA in NCI-H292 cells. The extracts obviously inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, but not JNK and p38 in PMA-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. Our results suggest that Z. cassumunar-mediated suppression of PMA-induced MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA operates via ERK inhibition.
Z. cassumunar suppresses PMA-induced MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression in human airway epithelial cells via inhibition of ERK MAPK-dependent pathway.


X: -0.58744675 Y: 10.949134title: Variation in DPPH scavenging activity and major volatile oil components of cassumunar ginger, Zingiber montanum (Koenig), in response to water deficit and light intensity publish year: 2010 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Cassumunar ginger, Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr. (Zingiberaceae), is called Phlai in Thailand. The current study investigates the levels of antioxidant activity and major volatile oil components in cassumunar ginger exposed to varying water deficits (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days before harvest) and light intensities (100%, 50% and 25% sunlight). A 120-day water deficit resulted in high volatile oil content and increased sabinene content, but DPPH scavenging activity was not affected. The quantity of volatile oil in the cassumunar ginger exposed to a 120-day water deficit was almost twice that of both the control and the sample exposed to a 30-day deficit. The highest terpinen-4-ol content was obtained after a 60-day water deficit, and (E)-1-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene content tended to decrease with prolonged water deficiency. The antioxidant activities of cassumunar ginger were 52.98%, 41.75% and 42.93% in plants grown at 100%, 50%, and 25% sunlight, respectively. Light intensity of 50% or 25% increased the biomass of cassumunar ginger but decreased the volatile oil content; antioxidant activity was not significantly affected.Research highlights▶ Antioxidant activity and volatile oil in cassumunar ginger were investigated during growth. ▶ Water deficit has no effect on antioxidant activity or DMPBD content. ▶ Water deficit affect the volatile oil content of sabinene and terpinen-4-ol. ▶ Light intensity has no effect on antioxidant activity. ▶ Lower light intensity decreased volatile oil content.


X: 0.37922728 Y: 9.970248title: INTERLEUKIN LEVELS IN THE Zingiber cassumunar-TREATED MICE publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The cytokine is one of the proteins responsible for the immune system. Several types of cytokines acting as key regulators of infection include IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14. The chemical content of Zingiber cassumunar shows potential immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of Zingiber cassumunar (EEZC) on the expressions of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14. The test animals were BALB/c mice, which were divided into five groups, i.e., normal group (untreated), negative control group (treated with 10% of tween 80), and three treatment groups that respectively received 1.25 mg, 2.5mg, and 5mg/20g BW of EEZC. The treatment was carried out for 21 days. On the 22ndday, the mice were induced with LPS intraperitoneally (except for the normal group). The interleukin expression was observed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies, and the expressed cells were counted under a microscope. The administration of EEZC at the doses of 1.25 mg, 2.5mg, and 5mg/20g BW for 21 days increased the expression of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14 significantly and proportionally to the dose. and suggested the potency of extract to induce both innate and adaptive immunity. This activity may be attributable to curcumin as an active compound in this extract.Â


X: 0.933491 Y: 13.447109title: Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction publish year: 2003 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were evaluated. The extracts were obtained using supercritical CO(2) with and without ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol as cosolvent. The extracts' antioxidant power was assessed using the reaction between beta-carotene and linolenic acid, the antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis was measured by the MABA test, and their anticancer action was tested against nine human cancer ancestries: lung, breast, breast resistant, melanoma, colon, prostate, leukemia, and kidney. The rosemary extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant and the lowest antimycobacterial activities. Turmeric extracts showed the greatest antimycobacterial activity. Ginger and turmeric extracts showed selective anticancer activities.


X: -1.8371688 Y: 10.089279title: One-step preparation of chitosan/sodium dodecyl sulfate-stabilized oil-in-water emulsion of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. oil extract publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Chitosan/sodium dodecyl sulfate (CS/SDS)-stabilized emulsions of oil extract from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. or plai oil were prepared in a one-step emulsification process. The effects of CS, SDS, and plai oil amounts on average droplet size, CS/SDS adsorption and colloidal stability of resulting emulsions were investigated using laser light scattering and zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Emulsion stability, loading capacity, and emulsification efficiency were also determined. This one-step approach of involving positively charged CS macromolecules associated with negatively charged surfactant molecules, SDS, as an emulsifying system for micronic and submicronic oil-in-water emulsions brought new scientific insights about interfacial adsorption of polymer/surfactant complexes and the interplay between bulk solution behavior and emulsion fabrication and stability.


X: -0.22004464 Y: 10.549821title: Thin-Layer Chromatography-Densitometry Analysis of Dimethoxyphenylbutadiene Content in Zingiber cassumunar Rhizomes publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar (Zingiberaceae) has been widely used as a traditional medicine in southeast Asia, especially Thailand, for treatment of asthma, inflammation, and joint pain. (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene, or DMPBD, a major component in the rhizome, has been reported to be an active anti-inflammatory agent. This research developed a TLC-densitometry method for the simultaneous quantification of DMPBD in the rhizome extracts of four varieties of Z. cassumunar. DMPBD was found in the range of 1.80 +/- 0.01 to 3.23 +/- 0.10% (w/w). The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. The linearity was indicated by a good regression coefficient 0.9940 and covered the range of 130 to 703 ng/band. Intraday and interday precision (RSD) were less than 2%. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by a recovery study conducted at three different levels; the average recovery was 103.1%. The LOD and LOQ were 10 and 40 ng, respectively. The proposed TLC-densitometry method was simple, precise, specific, sensitive, and inexpensive. This method can be used for routine QC of raw materials of Z. cassumunar rhizomes, extracts, and its products, especially Prasaplai, a Thai traditional medicine for relieving dysmenorrhea.


X: -0.18197443 Y: 10.60237title: Rapid screening of bioactive components from Zingiber cassumunar using elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography (EECCC) takes full advantages of the liquid nature of the stationary phase. It effectively extends the solute hydrophobicity window that can be studied and renders the CCC technique particularly suitable for rapid analysis of complex samples. In this paper, EECCC was used to screen the crude ethanol extract of Zingiber cassumunar and to isolate milligram-amounts of bioactive components. The two column volume (2V(C)) EECCC method was applied to rapidly optimize the composition of the biphasic liquid system in both reversed- and normal-phase separation mode. With the n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water 1/1/1/1 (v/v) system, 100mg of crude Z. cassumunar extract were fractionated on a 140 mL-capacity semi-preparative hydrodynamic CCC column and 0.5 g on a 1600 mL column for large-scale preparation. Satisfactory separation efficiency was achieved in both cases, producing milligram-amounts of four phenylbutenoids over 90% pure and of a mixture of diastereoisomers (phenylbutenoid dimers). However, the global throughputs of the two columns were 8 and 11 mg/h, not very different. This is due to the fact that the 1600 mL column could not retain the liquid stationary phase as well as the smaller 140 mL column. It was necessary to work at much lower flow rate than calculated. Methanol was added as a post-column clarifying reagent for stable continuous UV detection. A lipophilic biphasic liquid system composed of n-hexane/acetonitrile/water (5/3/2, v/v) allowed to resolve the pair of diastereoisomers with the larger preparative instrument producing 35 mg of the (+/-)-trans form 99.1% pure and 28 mg of the (+/-)-cis isomer 98.1% pure. Compared with classical elution, the EECCC approach exhibits strong separation efficiency and great potential to be a high-throughput separation technique in the case of complex samples.


X: -0.038775824 Y: 10.044623title: ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR ROXB. INHIBITS HYALURONAN PRODUCTION IN HUMAN ORAL FIBROBLASTS publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. was previously shown to possess potent anti-infl ammatory activity. We investigated the effect of its ethanol extract on hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix compound with proinfl ammatory activity synthesis in human oral fi broblasts. Cultured fi broblasts were treated at various times with different concentrations of the extract (0.1-50 μg/mL) with or without retinoic acid (RA; 10 μM), or left untreated as a control. Culture medium was analyzed for HA quantities by the ELISA-based assay. Total RNA was harvested and RT-PCR analyses were performed to determine mRNA expression of hyaluronan synthase (HAS) -1, -2, and –3. Z. cassumunar extract, at 25 and 50 μg/mL, with or without 10 μM of RA, signifi cantly decreased HA levels (p < 0.05). Consistent with decreased HA levels, mRNA expression of HAS-2, but not HAS-1 or HAS-3, was selectively down-regulated by the extract. Collectively, these data indicate that the ethanol extract of Z. cassumunar inhibits HA synthesis in human oral fi broblasts, which may be involved in chronic infl ammatory disorders, particularly in the oral cavity. Chiang Mai Medical Journal 2008;47(4):177-187.


X: 0.09090983 Y: 10.83019title: Differentiation of configurations of the phenylbutenoid dimer derivatives from Zingiber cassumunar by tandem mass spectrometry publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed to distinguish isomers and compounds of similar structures with different configurations in the rhizomes of Z. cassumunar. Energy-resolved breakdown curves were utilized to differentiate four compounds. Compounds 2 (3R,4S) and 4 (3R,4R) were a pair of stereoisomers which could be distinguished easily by breakdown curves. The breakdown curve of compound 1 was identical to that of compound 2, which suggested that the configuration of compound 1 was (3R,4S) or (3S,4R). The breakdown curve of compound 3 was completely different from those of compounds 1, 2 and 4, and it might be that the configuration of the double bond of compound 3 was different from the other three compounds. Hence, the described method using breakdown curves has great potential in the distinguishing of isomers and compounds of similar structure with different configurations.


X: -0.31861648 Y: 11.715351title: Effect of drying temperature and drying method on drying rate and bioactive compounds in cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum) publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In this study, influences of drying of cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum) slices using a hot air dryer at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C, a large-scale greenhouse solar dryer, and sun drying on drying kinetics, color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacities were investigated. The Page model was adequate for describing the drying kinetics and increasing of the temperature accelerated the drying rate, therefore the drying time at 80 °C was shortest (1.5 h). The hot air drying effectively preserved curcumin content and color of the dried products. Drying at higher temperatures, however, resulted in losses of essential oil yield. In contrast, solar and sun drying significantly degraded curcumin and therefore adversely affected the color of dried products. Although, all conditions of drying resulted in volatile oil losses of 18-36%, different drying conditions did not affect the obtained oil compositions. In addition, it was found that the dried sample from the hot air dryer and the greenhouse solar dryer exhibited slightly higher antioxidant capacities than those from sun drying.