X: -1.8835213 Y: 7.067869title: Phenolic compounds in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood publish year: 2006 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Three new phenolic compounds (4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O-syringoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl-6-O-syringoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 4-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O-syringoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) and 15 known phenolic compounds (two phenyl glucoside esters, five lignans, three diarylheptanoids and five simple aldehydes or ketones) were isolated from the secondary xylem of mature Betula pendula Roth. The compounds were identified on the basis of their NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectral data. In total, 23 phenolic extractives present in the sapwood of two winter-dormant B. pendula trees felled at different growing sites (rich in nutrients and scarce in nutrients) were quantified by GC. Their amounts were mostly low, 0.01–0.18 mg g−1 of dry wood. Total amounts of the phenolic extractives isolated were 1.2 mg g−1 of dry wood (5.6% of the total methanol-soluble extractives) in the tree felled at the site rich in nutrients, and 1.9 mg g–1 of dry wood (10% of the total methanol-soluble extractives) in the tree felled at the site scarce in nutrients.


X: 0.046862297 Y: 6.783508title: Comparative foliar micromorphological studies of some Bauhinia (Leguminosae) species publish year: 2013 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: A comparative foliar epidermal micromorphology of 5 species of Bauhinia L. belonging to family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) was conducted with a view to elucidating their taxonomic significance and presenting complementary data to aid in the identification of the species. The epidermal cells in all species were polygonal with straight walls except in B. tomentosa L., which had an undulating outline. The stoma types were mainly anisocytic, anomocytic, and paracytic. Among the 5 species, B. blakeana L. was hypostomatic with anisocytic and paracytic stomata. Stomatal indices, frequencies, and sizes were determined. The frequency of stomata differed markedly between different species, with the highest frequency in B. malabarica L. and the lowest in B. tomentosa L. Trichomes were either unicellular or multicellular or both. B. malabarica L. can be identified by its unicellular hooked trichome. Based on the characteristic features, a diagnostic key for identification of the studied species was prepared.


X: 5.751006 Y: 13.1417465title: Effects of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), Larvae Incorporated Feed on Histomorphology, Gut Microbiota and Blood Chemistry of Cultured Fishes: A Review publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Inadequate availability and unreasonable prices made fish meal an unreliable feed ingredient in aquaculture. Consequently, researchers have tested different plant and animal-derived protein sources as an option over the fish meal. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), larva, has been identified as a reliable protein source for fish meal replacement. Many studies have revealed the growth and microbiological impacts of H. illucens larvae as a protein source in finfish culture. However, a review of knowledge on histopathology, haematology and microbial changes modulated by H. illucens larvae when incorporated as a feed ingredient in finfish aquaculture is not available. Therefore, this study reviews the effects on the histopathology, haematology and gut-microbial properties of finfish fed diet incorporated with H. illucens larvae. A review of different finfish species tested up to 100 % inclusion of H. illucens larvae meal in their diets revealed mixed results in blood chemistry, gut microbiota, and gut histology. Most studies stated common positive effects such as reduced plasma cholesterol levels, increased microbial diversity, and increased intestinal absorption up to 50 % incorporation level. Despite the possibility of incorporating H. illucens larvae meal without any negative impacts on some carnivore fish species, most studies disclosed adverse effects beyond 50 % fish meal replacement due to high chitin and crude fat levels in H. illucens larval diets.


X: -2.24009 Y: 11.120649title: Biological synthesis of Ag-nanoparticles using Stachys parviflora and its inhibitory potential against Xanthomonas campestris publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles are considered comparatively more effective, eco-friendly and non-hazardous than current physicochemically synthesized nanoparticles. Among several other approaches, green plants have been observed to be comparatively more proficient in the synthesis of nanomaterials. This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract of Stachys parviflora (Sp-AgNPs). The experimental plant was also tested for its qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals, its anti-oxidant potential through DPPH activity and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The synthesis of Sp-AgNPs was confirmed by using UVÀvisible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron micros-copy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMSÀ). The plant extract of S. parviflora was found sustaining a highest DPPH scavenging activity (88.64%) and owning roughly 23 potential bioactive compounds. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of important functional groups and XRD pattern indicated the formation of spherical crystal, while, EDX confirmed the presence of Ag and other elements in Sp-AgNPs. The spherical morphological shape of the nanoparticle with size below 100 nm range was confirmed through SEM and TEM while, its stability was verified by TGA. The in-vitro and in-planta antibacterial activities of the particles against Xanthomonas campestris showed maximum inhibition by uncentrifuged silver nanoparticles in combination with S. parviflora plant extracts (Sp-AgNPs+PE) followed by centrifuged nanoparticles (Sp-AgNPs) and plants extract alone (PE). These findings suggest that biosynthe-sized Sp-AgNPs can be used to control X. campestris effectively.


X: -2.0502625 Y: 10.137018title: Applying Design of Experiments on the Mechanical Properties of Mefenamic Acid-Loaded Transdermal Films publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: The Design-Expert® program version 11 was used to analyze and optimize the mechanical properties of mefenamic acid-loaded transdermal films. The dependent variables were ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation at break and folding endurance, whereas the independent variables were silicone rubber, mefenamic acid and dibutyl sebacate (DBS). While quadratic models predicted elongation at break and folding endurance more accurately, a linear model predicted the highest correlation relationship for UTS. The design of experiments (DOE) estimated that the optimal silicone rubber, mefenamic acid and DBS ratio would be 5.3:2.5:5.2. By demonstrating that the prediction value of the ratio was more than 4, the model was proved to be suitable for forecasting results inside the design space without the requirement for additional trials. Experimental values of UTS, elongation at break and folding endurance were 6.20 ± 0.50 MPa, 711.22 ± 102.00 % and 857 ± 64 folds, respectively. The percent error was determined to be 8.50, 6.70 and 9.28 %, respectively. The DOE successfully demonstrated a low percent error of prediction (less than 10 %) from the Design-Expert® approach, which was satisfactory and accepted for preparation in drug delivery systems. HIGHLIGHTS Transdermal film formulations containing mefenamic acid had been optimized and enhanced As polymer matrix and plasticizer, silicone rubber and dibutyl sebacate were utilized, respectively While quadratic models predicted more correctly elongation at break and folding endurance, a linear model predicted the greatest correlation relationship for ultimate tensile strength Ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break and folding endurance experimental values were 20 ± 0.50 MPa, 711.22 ± 102.00 % and 857 ± 64 folds, respectively Less than 10 % was successfully demonstrated, which was enough and acceptable GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


X: -2.1189513 Y: 10.187216title: Modelling Mechanical Properties of Topical Films Containing Ganoderma applanatum using the Design of Experiments publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: With the guidance of Design-Expert® software version 11, the mechanical properties of topical films containing Ganoderma applanatum (G. applanatum) extracts were investigated. While ethyl cellulose (EC), G. applanatum extracts, and triethyl citrate (TEC) were independent factors, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation at break, and folding endurance were dependent variables. The best relationships between UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance could be predicted more accurately using quadratic, 2FI, and linear models, respectively. The ratio of EC, G. applanatum extracts, and TEC was predicted by the Design of Experiments (DoE) to be 2.6: 2.8: 2.8. The model’s suitability for predicting outcomes inside the design space without necessitating extra trials was established by proving that the ratio’s value of prediction was more than 4. The experimental values of UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance were 82.15±7.42 MPa, 87.40±15.56 %, and 79±6 folds, respectively. The percent errors of prediction were 12.27, 15.49, and 11.82 %, respectively. The Design-Expert® software’s DoE effectively demonstrated a low percent error of the prediction of less than 20 %. This was suitable and acceptable for developing film formulation in drug delivery systems. HIGHLIGHTS The formulations of topical films containing applanatum extract were optimized, and they were improved EC and TEC were used as polymer matrix and plasticizer, respectively The best relationships between UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance could be predicted more accurately using quadratic, 2FI, and linear models, respectively UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance experimental values were 82.15±7.42 MPa, 87.40±15.56 %, and 79±6 folds Less than 20 % was effectively proven which was enough and acceptable GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


X: 0.37101007 Y: 11.739405title: Natural radioactivity concentration in traditional Thai herbal medicine publish year: 2019 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: The aim of this study is to create a database of radioactivity concentration and annual effective dose of the naturally occurring radionuclides: ²²⁶ Ra, ²²⁸ Ra, ⁴⁰ K and ²¹⁰ Po in Thai medicinal herb plants. 99 types of popular Thai medicinal herb plants (total of 214 samples) such as Curcuma comosa Roxb., mucuna, white kwao krua, barbed grass, black galingale, lingzhi mushroom, Ginkgo biloba, jiaogulan, plu kaow, turmeric, ginger, safflower, moringa, gotu kola and garlic were randomly collected from drug stores and herbal fair. The activity concentration of ²²⁶ Ra, ²²⁸ Ra and ⁴⁰ K in all herb samples was determined by gamma-ray spectrometry while that of ²¹⁰ Po was determined by alpha spectrometry. The activity concentration was found to range from <0.20 to 89.92 Bq kg ⁻¹ for ²²⁶ Ra, from <0.10 to 39.62 Bq kg ⁻¹ for ²²⁸ Ra and from 4.83 to 2761.33 Bq kg ⁻¹ for ⁴⁰ K and from 0.32 to 47.13 Bq kg ⁻¹ for ²¹⁰ Po. The highest activities concentration of ²²⁶ Ra, ²²⁸ Ra, ⁴⁰ K and ²¹⁰ Po were found in the white kwao krua, jiaogulan, plu kaow and ginkgo, respectively. The average total annual effective dose due to ingestion of these herbal plants was assessed to range from 0.0001 to 0.0327 mSv y ⁻¹ , with highest dose found in jiaogulan.


X: -2.2344441 Y: 10.110219title: Effect of Ionic Liquid on Silver-Nanoparticle-Complexed Ganoderma applanatum and Its Topical Film Formulation publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Imidazolium-based ionic liquids have been widely utilized as versatile solvents for metal nanoparticle preparation. Silver nanoparticles and Ganoderma applanatum have displayed potent antimicrobial activities. This work aimed to study the effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide-based ionic liquid on the silver-nanoparticle-complexed G. applanatum and its topical film. The ratio and conditions for preparation were optimized by the design of the experiments. The optimal ratio was silver nanoparticles: G. applanatum extract: ionic liquid at 97:1:2, and the conditions were 80 °C for 1 h. The prediction was corrected with a low percentage error. The optimized formula was loaded into a topical film made of polyvinyl alcohol and Eudragit®, and its properties were evaluated. The topical film was uniform, smooth, and compact and had other desired characteristics. The topical film was able to control the release of silver-nanoparticle-complexed G. applanatum from the matrix layer. Higuchi’s model was used to fit the kinetic of the release. The skin permeability of the silver-nanoparticle-complexed G. applanatum was improved by about 1.7 times by the ionic liquid, which might increase solubility. The produced film is suitable for topical applications and may be utilized in the development of potential future therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases.


X: -2.1980174 Y: 10.633583title: Incorporation of spray‐dried encapsulated bioactive peptides from coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) meal by‐product in bread formulation publish year: 2024 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: This study aimed to stabilize and mask the bitterness of peptides obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut‐meal protein with maltodextrin (MD) and maltodextrin‐pectin (MD‐P) as carriers via spray‐drying. Essential (~35%), hydrophobic (~32%), antioxidant (~15%), and bitter (~45%) amino acids comprised a significant fraction of the peptide composition (with a degree of hydrolysis of 33%). The results indicated that the peptide's production efficiency, physical and functional properties, and hygroscopicity improved after spray‐drying. Morphological features of free peptides (fragile and porous structures), spray‐dried with MD (wrinkled with indented structures), and MD‐P combination (relatively spherical particles with smooth surfaces) were influenced by the process type and feed composition. Adding free and microencapsulated peptides to the bread formula (2% W/W) caused changes in moisture content (35%–43%), water activity (0.89–0.94), textural properties (1–1.6 N), specific volume (5.5–6 cm ³ /g), porosity (18%–27%), and color indices of the fortified product. MD‐P encapsulated peptides in bread fortification resulted in thermal stability and increased antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS ⁺ radical scavenging: 4.5%–39.4% and 31.6%–46.8%, respectively). MD‐P (as a carrier) could maintain sensory characteristics and mask the bitterness of peptides in the fortified bread. The results of this research can be used to produce functional food and diet formulations.


X: -3.5752845 Y: 10.52307title: Antidiabetic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Plants are known to possess relatively high efficacy in the treatment of several chronic diseases with fewer adverse effects. In the recent years, numerous medicinal plants have been reported to be effective in treating diabetes. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic property of hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg, b.w), in male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were administered daily oral doses of HS (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) and Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Then, blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance test and lipid profiles were determined. Treatment with HS resulted in a significant dose dependent reduction of blood glucose levels accompanied by a significant improvement in body weight. The extract also enhanced the glucose tolerance and significantly decreased cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins levels while the high-density lipoproteins level significantly increased. From the results obtained, it can therefore be concluded that Hibiscus sabdariffa has an antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.


X: -2.0464315 Y: 10.087195title: Mechanical Design Optimization of Capsaicin Extract-Loaded Topical Films Using Design of Experiments Approach publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: We evaluated and optimized the mechanical characteristics of capsaicin extract-loaded topical films using the Design-Expert ® software version 11. Dependent variables included UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance, whereas independent variables included EC, capsaicin extracts, and TEC. While a quadratic model provided a more accurate prediction of elongation at break, the best linear correlation was found for both UTS and folding endurance. The DoE estimated that the proportion of EC, capsaicin extracts, and TEC would be 2.3: 1.4: 2.4. The model was proved to be acceptable for forecasting results inside the design space without the requirement for additional trials by demonstrating that the ratio's value of prediction was more than 4. UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance experimental values were 70.50±4.53 MPa, 41.10±10.18%, and 101±6 folds, respectively. The calculated percent errors were 9.25%, 9.20%, and 9.49%, respectively. The DoE from Design-Expert ® software successfully proved a low percent error of the prediction—less than 10%—and this was satisfactory and accepted for designing in drug delivery systems.


X: -2.102567 Y: 11.074442title: Inhibition of Enzymatic Acetylation-Mediated Resistance to Plazomicin by Silver Ions publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Plazomicin is a recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved semisynthetic aminoglycoside. Its structure consists of a sisomicin scaffold modified by adding a 2(S)-hydroxy aminobutyryl group at the N1 position and a hydroxyethyl substituent at the 6′ position. These substitutions produced a molecule refractory to most aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. The main enzyme within this group that recognizes plazomicin as substrate is the aminoglycoside 2′-N-acetyltransferase type Ia [AAC(2′)-Ia], which reduces the antibiotic’s potency. Designing formulations that combine an antimicrobial with an inhibitor of resistance is a recognized strategy to extend the useful life of existing antibiotics. We have recently found that several metal ions inhibit the enzymatic inactivation of numerous aminoglycosides mediated by the aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib [AAC(6′)-Ib]. In particular, Ag+, which also enhances the effect of aminoglycosides by other mechanisms, is very effective in interfering with AAC(6′)-Ib-mediated resistance to amikacin. Here we report that silver acetate is a potent inhibitor of AAC(2′)-Ia-mediated acetylation of plazomicin in vitro, and it reduces resistance levels of Escherichia coli carrying aac(2′)-Ia. The resistance reversion assays produced equivalent results when the structural gene was expressed under the control of the natural or the blaTEM-1 promoters. The antibiotic effect of plazomicin in combination with silver was bactericidal, and the mix did not show significant toxicity to human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells.


X: -3.6584597 Y: 10.600104title: Insights on the Hypoglycemic Potential of Crocus sativus Tepal Polyphenols: An In Vitro and In Silico Study publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Post-prandial hyperglycemia typical of diabetes mellitus could be alleviated using plant-derived compounds such as polyphenols, which could influence the activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion and of intestinal glucose transporters. Here, we report on the potential anti-hyperglycemic effect of Crocus sativus tepals compared to stigmas, within the framework of valorizing these by-products of the saffron industry, since the anti-diabetic properties of saffron are well-known, but not those of its tepals. In vitro assays showed that tepal extracts (TE) had a greater inhibitory action than stigma extracts (SE) on α-amylase activity (IC50: TE = 0.60 ± 0.09 mg/mL; SE = 1.10 ± 0.08 mg/mL; acarbose = 0.051 ± 0.07) and on glucose absorption in Caco-2 differentiated cells (TE = 1.20 ± 0.02 mg/mL; SE = 2.30 ± 0.02 mg/mL; phlorizin = 0.23 ± 0.01). Virtual screening performed with principal compounds from stigma and tepals of C. sativus and human pancreatic α-amylase, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and sodium glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) were validated via molecular docking, e.g., for human pancreatic α-amylase, epicatechin 3-o-gallate and catechin-3-o-gallate were the best scored ligands from tepals (−9.5 kcal/mol and −9.4 kcal/mol, respectively), while sesamin and episesamin were the best scored ones from stigmas (−10.1 kcal/mol). Overall, the results point to the potential of C. sativus tepal extracts in the prevention/management of diabetes, likely due to the rich pool of phytocompounds characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry, some of which are capable of binding and interacting with proteins involved in starch digestion and intestinal glucose transport.


X: -2.0725875 Y: 10.148019title: Formulation Design of Oral Strip-Films Based on PVA/PVP Polymer Blends for Nicotine Delivery publish year: 2022 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: This work prepared oral strip-film for nicotine delivery using polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone as polymeric film and glycerin as a plasticizer. The formulas were optimized by Design-Expert® program with regard to different dependent variables such as moisture content, swelling in distilled water, swelling in artificial saliva, weight variation, film thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, folding endurance, surface pH, and drug content. Obtained results demonstrated that it was possible to accurately optimize the characteristics of nicotine oral strip-films related to polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and glycerin with a low percent error value. Tg was lowered when the polyvinylpyrrolidone amount was decreased, but Tm became still smaller and shifted to a higher temperature. Increase in amorphicity was observed and become halo broad peak. Homogeneous, smooth, and dense films were observed. Nicotine content was found to be in the range of 2.49 to 2.68 mg/cm2 depending on the ingredients. In vitro release and permeation of nicotine from the oral strip-films depended on polyvinylpyrrolidone and glycerin amount. The kinetic model of nicotine release and permeation was fitted to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model.


X: 0.21329115 Y: 7.069965title: Genetic structure and relationships among Melissa officinalis accessions using AFLP markers publish year: 2019 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Melissa officinalis, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal herbs that are applied in different fields of industry worldwide. Genetic diversity and structure of 21 M. officinalis accessions were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. For this purpose, 15 primer combinations generated a total of 1592 scorable bands, of which 1402 bands were polymorphic. The primer combination P66/M48 showed the highest markers polymorphism values (PIC = 0.28, DI = 0.34, and I = 0.51), while the lowest values (PIC = 0.17, DI = 0.20, and I = 0.32) is obtained from the P14/M49 combination. The marker index (MI) values with an average of 18.46 showed high values for both primer combinations E/M and P/M. All of the accessions, based on Neighbor-Net clustering method and structure analysis, are assigned to five clusters; with the maximum genetic dissimilarity of 0.51 belonging to accessions from Gilan (Roodbar and Damash). In addition, the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) data confirmed the results of the clustering. In this study, the genetic distance was not often related to geographical distance. More likely the relationship among them is due to seed dispersal through human interactions. Our findings indicate that high genetic diversity of M. officinalis accessions provides important baseline data and a better understanding of conservation, management, and collection strategies for germplasm of this species.


X: -3.6392004 Y: 10.641286title: Effects of 6-Shogaol on Glucose Uptake and Intestinal Barrier Integrity in Caco-2 Cells publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: As the main bioactive component in dried ginger, 6-shogaol has potential hypoglycemic activity, but its mechanism is still unclear. The process of carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption is closely related to the enzymatic activity of epithelial brush cells, expression of glucose transporters, and permeability of intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, this study explored the hypoglycemic mechanism of 6-shogaol from the perspective of glucose uptake, absorption transport, and protection of intestinal barrier function. Based on molecular docking, the binding energy of 6-shogaol and α-glucosidase is −6.24 kcal/mol, showing a high binding affinity. Moreover, a-glucosidase enzymatic activity was reduced (−78.96%) when the 6-shogaol concentration was 500 µg/mL. After 6-shogaol intervention, the glucose uptake was reduced; the relative expression of glucose transporters GLUT2 and SGLT1 were down regulated; and tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin were up regulated in differentiated Caco-2 cells. This study confirmed that 6-shogaol effectively inhibits the activity of α-glucosidase and has beneficial effects on glucose uptake, protection of intestinal barrier function, and promotion of intestinal material absorption.


X: -2.1721058 Y: 10.1818title: Enhancing transmucosal delivery of CBD through nanoemulsion: in vitro and in vivo studies publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained significant attention as a complementary and alternative medicine due to its promising therapeutic properties. However, CBD faces obstacles when administered orally due to its poor solubility in water, leading to limited absorption into the bloodstream and low and variable bioavailability. Therefore, the development of innovative delivery approaches that can enhance CBD’s bioavailability, facilitate administration, and promote patient adherence is crucial. We propose a new approach for buccal delivery of CBD based on a self-assembling nanoemulsion (NE) made of a mixture of surfactants (Tween 80 and Labrasol) and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). The NE formulation showed properties suitable for buccal administration, including appropriate size, CBD content, and surface properties, and, if compared to a CBD-MCT solution, it exhibited better control of administered doses, faster dissolution in buccal medium, and enhanced stability. The CBD-NE effectively released its active load within 5 h, remained stable even when diluted in simulated buccal fluids, and could be easily administered through a commercially available spray, providing consistent and reproducible doses of NE with optimized properties. In vitro permeation studies demonstrated that the CBD-NE facilitated swift and consistent permeation through the buccal mucosa, resulting in a higher concentration in the acceptor compartment compared to CBD-MCT. Furthermore, the in vivo study in mice showed that a single buccal administration of CBD-NE led to a quicker onset of action than a CBD solution in MCT, while maintaining the same plasma levels over time and leading to typically higher plasma concentrations compared to those usually achieved through oral administration. In conclusion, our CBD-NE represents a promising alternative formulation strategy for buccal CBD administration, overcoming the challenges associated with conventional formulations such as variable bioavailability and low control of administered doses.


X: -3.7306943 Y: 10.683929title: Renin–Angiotensin System Antagonism Protects the Diabetic Heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Variable Hyperglycemia Duration Settings by a Glucose Transporter Type 4-Mediated Pathway publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Background:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, specifically, the ischemic heart diseases (IHD). The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) affects the heart directly and indirectly. However, its role in the protection of the heart against I/R injury is not completely understood. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and Angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) blocker or a combination thereof in protection of the heart from I/R injury.

Methods:
Hearts isolated from adult male Wistar rats (n = 8) were subjected to high glucose levels; acute hyperglycemia or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were used in this study. Hearts were subjected to I/R injury, treated with Captopril, an ACE inhibitor; Losartan, an AT1R antagonist; or a combination thereof. Hemodynamics data were measured using a suitable software for that purpose. Additionally, infarct size was evaluated using 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The levels of apoptosis markers (caspase-3 and -8), antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) protein levels were evaluated by Western blotting. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:
Captopril and Losartan alone or in combination abolished the effect of I/R injury in hearts subjected to acute hyperglycemia or STZ-induced diabetes. There was a significant (p < 0.05) recovery in hemodynamics, infarct size, and apoptosis markers following the treatment with Captopril, Losartan, or their combination. Treatment with Captopril, Losartan, or their combination significantly (p < 0.05) reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased GLUT-4 protein levels.

Conclusions:
The blockade of the RAS system protected the diabetic heart from I/R injury. This protection followed a pathway that utilizes GLUT-4 to decrease the apoptosis markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to increase the anti-inflammatory cytokines. This protection seems to employ a pathway which is not involving ERK1/2 and eNOS.


X: -4.3887177 Y: 9.749971title: Germinated millet flour (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. BR.) improves adipogenesis and glucose metabolism and maintains thyroid function in vivo publish year: 2021 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: This study investigated the effects of germinated millet flour on adipogenesis, insulin resistance, glucose tolerance and thyroid function in Wistar rats fed with a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF). The experiment was divided into two phases. Phase 1: control group, which received an AIN-93M diet (n = 10) and HFHF group (n = 20), which received a diet rich in saturated fat (31%) and fructose (20%), for eight weeks. Phase 2: intervention: the control group maintained the AIN-93M diet (n = 10) and the HFHF group was divided into two groups: the HFHF (n = 10) and the germinated millet group (n = 10), for 10 weeks. The germinated millet flour maintained (p > 0, 05) the plasma levels of thyroid hormones, increased (p < 0.05) the insulin receptor (INSR) mRNA expression, protein kinase B (AKT) mRNA expression and the phospho-AKT1 protein concentration, phosphofructokinase (PFK) mRNA, pyruvate kinase (PK) mRNA and activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA expression, and the brown adipose tissue and reduced (p < 0.05) the glucose triglyceride index (TyG), glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and hypercorticosteronemia, compared to the HFHF group. These effects contributed to reduce the gluconeogenesis, hyperinsulinemia and adiposity. Thus, germinated millet flour is a good alternative for modulating the adipogenesis and glucose metabolism, without interfering with the thyroid hormones, in rats with an insulin resistance condition with a high-fat high-fructose diet.


X: -2.2342334 Y: 10.067967title: Plaster Gel Loaded with Silver Nanoparticle-Mediated Ganoderma applanatum: from Fabrication to Evaluation publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Traditional Asian remedies have mainly employed the macrofungus Ganoderma applanatum, which belongs to the family Ganodermataceae, as a medicinal mushroom due to its high antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Extracts of the fungus can be synthesized into nanoparticles, which are subsequently produced as plaster gels. Synthesized silver nanoparticle-mediated G. applanatum was discovered to have the greatest ability to inhibit bacterial growth in S. epidermidis. When applied to the skin, the prepared plaster gel converted from a gel to a film; thus, both gel and film generation are characteristic of its formulation. The plaster gel that was made was found to be consistent and attractive, and the yellow color had darkened. Its viscosity and pH were appropriate for the application and allowed it to remain on the skin without dripping or reacting with the skin until it dried. A shorter duration for film formation is possible. The film's tensile was slightly reduced, and it exhibited excellent thermal stability. Decomposition of the generated film occurred at a slower rate, which constrained the polymer chain's ability to move. The semi-crystalline structure was characteristic of the film. It was found that particles were distributed in the film. Rapid release from plaster gel within 4 h was seen, and this was followed by a period of a slowly declining release rate over 12 h. The accurate first-order kinetic used to estimate the release rate of the formulation. The plaster gel demonstrated greater antibacterial activity than the MIC value indicated. The in vivo evaluation was positive and showed no skin irritation. The formulation showed good stability. Therefore, this indicated that the prepared plaster gel is appropriate for topical pharmaceutical delivery and safe for skin application.


X: -4.2962165 Y: 5.797311title: Progress in acetylcholinesterase reactivators and in the treatment of organophosphorus intoxication: a patent review (2006-2016) publish year: 2017 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Introduction: Organophosphorus compounds act as irreversible inhibitors of the vital enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This leads in the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) leading to cholinergic crisis and death. The main therapeutic approach is based on immediate administration of an AChE reactivator as an antidote enabling recovery of the AChE function.
Areas covered: This review covers the development of AChE reactivators in order to introduce a new efficient drug that will overcome significant failures of common antidotes. Further options together with methods of detection are also discussed in order to assure a complete insight into the treatment of intoxication.
Expert opinion: Since organophosphates belong to the most toxic chemical warfare agents, efficient antidotes are a matter of importance. The solution of how to limit the basic drawbacks of clinically used reactivators remained a spotlight for many researches worldwide. Recent strategies of the treatment of OP exposure bring us new possibilities which may overcome classic antidotes. The importance of detection of OP also has to be taken into consideration. Especially, with the fast spreading toxic effect when death can occur within minutes.


X: -2.199943 Y: 10.049844title: Challenges in Optimizing Nanoplatforms Used for Local and Systemic Delivery in the Oral Cavity publish year: 2024 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: In this study, we focused on innovative approaches to improve drug administration in oral pathology, especially by transmucosal and transdermal pathways. These improvements refer to the type of microneedles used (proposing needles in the saw), to the use of certain enhancers such as essential oils (which, besides the amplifier action, also have intrinsic actions on oral health), to associations of active substances with synergistic action, as well as the use of copolymeric membranes, cemented directly on the tooth. We also propose a review of the principles of release at the level of the oral mucosa and of the main release systems used in oral pathology. Controlled failure systems applicable in oral pathology include the following: fast dissolving films, mucoadhesive tablets, hydrogels, intraoral mucoadhesive films, composite wafers, and smart drugs. The novelty elements brought by this paper refer to the possibilities of optimizing the localized drug delivery system in osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint, neuropathic pain, oral cancer, periodontitis, and pericoronitis, as well as in maintaining oral health. We would like to mention the possibility of incorporating natural products into the controlled failure systems used in oral pathology, paying special attention to essential oils.


X: -3.6663826 Y: 10.596854title: Effect of lowering postprandial hyperglycemia on insulin secretion in older people with impaired glucose tolerance publish year: 2004 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Glucose tolerance declines with age, resulting in a high prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in the older population. Hyperglycemia per se can lead to impaired beta-cell function (glucose toxicity). We tested the role of glucose toxicity in age-related beta-cell dysfunction in older people (65 +/- 8 yr) with IGT treated with the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose (n = 14) or placebo (n = 13) for 6 wk in a randomized, double-blind study. Baseline and posttreatment studies included 1) an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 2) 1-h postprandial glucose monitoring, 3) a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (insulin sensitivity, or S(I)), and 4) glucose ramp clamp (insulin secretion rates, or ISR), in which a variable glucose infusion increases plasma glucose from 5 to 10 mM. The treatment groups had similar baseline body mass index; fasting, 2-h OGTT, and 1-h postprandial glucose levels; and S(I). In these carefully matched older people with IGT, both fasting (5.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 6.3 +/- 0.2 mM, P = 0.002) and 1-h postprandial glucose levels (6.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 8.2 +/- 0.4 mM, P = 0.02) were significantly lower in the acarbose than in the placebo group. Despite this reduction of chronic hyperglycemia in the acarbose vs. placebo group, measures of insulin secretion (ISR area under the curve: 728 +/- 55 vs. 835 +/- 81 pmol/kg, P = 0.9) and acute insulin response to intravenous glucose (329 +/- 67 vs. 301 +/- 54 pM, P = 0.4) remained unchanged and impaired. Thus short-term improvement of chronic hyperglycemia does not reverse beta-cell dysfunction in older people with IGT.


X: 0.44544816 Y: 4.39496title: TM4: A Free, Open-Source System for Microarray Data Management and Analysis publish year: 2003 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Microarrays have emerged as the
premier tool for studying gene expression
on a genomic scale. Advances in
the precision of array printers and scanners
as well as improved laboratory
protocols (11) allow for assays of
tremendous complexity and scope. Scientists
seeking to harness the potential
of this technique are often challenged
by the large quantities of data produced.
Well-designed, user-friendly software
is the key to tracking, integrating, qualifying,
and ultimately deriving scientific
insight from the experimental results. In
support of our ongoing work in microarray
analysis of gene expression,
we developed a suite of software that
allow users in the laboratory to capture,
manage, and analyze effectively data
from DNA microarray experiments.
The TM4 suite of tools consist of four
major applications, Microarray Data
Manager (MADAM), TIGR_Spotfinder,
Microarray Data Analysis System
(MIDAS), and Multiexperiment Viewer
(MeV), as well as a Minimal Information
About a Microarray Experiment
(MIAME)-compliant MySQL database,
all of which are freely available to
the scientific research community at
http://www.tigr.org/software.


X: -0.15601619 Y: 6.7819595title: Vascular Plants in Petrified Forest Park, Ban Tak District, Tak Province. พืชมีท่อลำเลียงในวนอุทยานไม้กลายเป็นหิน อำเภอบ้านตาก จังหวัดตาก publish year: 2019 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Plant diversity in Petrified Forest Park, Ban Tak District, Tak Province was studied. Forty plots of 20x20 meters, 5x5 meters and additional survey were used for studying tree and understory species, respectively. The study showed the diversity of trees was 43 families 77 genera 87 species. The most diverse families were Fabaceae with 10 species, Rubiaceae with 9 species, Anacardiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Phyllanthaceae with 4 species for each family. The highest important value index was Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume, Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W.Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C.Nielsen) and Shorea siamensis Miq., respectively. The diversity of understory plants was 63 families 183 genera 235 species. The most diverse families were Fabaceae with 32 species, Apocynaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae with 14 species per each, and Acanthaceae with 11 species. The species diversity index, evenness value, and species diversity value of tree were 3.1301, 0.7009, and 22.8755; which of understory plant were 3.9855, 0.7289, and 53.8126, respectively. The forest type of studied area is dry dipterocarp forest with Cycas siamensis Miq. and Selaginella sp. High diversity of plants may be conserved for keeping on the species richness and permanently usefulness.
การศึกษาความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวนอุทยานไม้กลายเป็นหิน อำเภอบ้านตาก จังหวัดตาก ด้วยการวางแปลงตัวอย่างแบบสี่เหลี่ยมขนาด 20x20 เมตร เพื่อสำรวจไม้ต้น และขนาด 5x5 เมตร เพื่อสำรวจไม้พื้นล่าง จำนวน 40 แปลง ร่วมกับการสำรวจทั่วทั้งพื้นที่ พบไม้ต้น จำนวน 43 วงศ์ 77 สกุล 87 ชนิด วงศ์ที่พบมากที่สุด คือ Fabaceae จำนวน 10 ชนิด รองลงมา คือ วงศ์ Rubiaceae จำนวน 9 ชนิด วงศ์ Anacardiaceae Dipterocarpaceae และ Phyllanthaceae จำนวนวงศ์ละ 4 ชนิด ไม้ต้นที่มีค่าดัชนีความสาคัญทางนิเวศวิทยาสูงสุด คือ เต็ง (Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume) รองลงมา คือ แดง (Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W.Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C.Nielsen) และ รั ง (Shorea siamensis Miq.) พบไม้พื้นล่ าง จำนวน 63 วงศ์ 183 สกุล 235 ชนิด วงศ์ที่พบมากที่สุด คือ Fabaceae จำนวน 32 ชนิ ด รองลงมา คือ วงศ์ Apocynaceae Malvaceae Poaceae จำนวน วงศ์ละ 14 ชนิด และวงศ์ Acanthaceae จำนวน 11 ชนิด การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลไม้ต้นและไม้ พื้นล่าง พบว่า ค่าดัชนีความหลากหลายของชนิดพันธุ์มีค่าเท่ากั บ 3.1301 และ 3.9855 ค่าความสม่ำเสมอในการกระจายตั ว มีค่าเท่ากั บ 0.7009 และ 0.7289 และค่าความ หลากหลาย มีค่าเท่ากั บ 22.8755 และ 53.8126 ตามลำดั บ สภาพเป็นป่าเต็งรังที่มีปรงป่าและตีนตุ๊กแกกระจายปกคลุมพื้นล่าง ทั่วทั้งพื้นที่พื้นที่ป่ามีความหลากหลายของพรรณไม้สูงและควรค่าแก่การอนุรักษ์อย่างยั่งยืน


X: -1.1203449 Y: 7.170873title: Automedicación y uso de plantas medicinales en estudiantes universitarios de la Amazonía Peruana durante la primera ola por COVID-19 publish year: 2023 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Introducción:
La expansión acelerada del SARS-CoV-2 trajo consigo una crisis mundial, y una serie de estudios y recomendaciones para manejarlo; mientras que estudios previos a la pandemia, evidencia elevada prevalencia de automedicación en estudiantes universitarios.

Objetivo:
Identificar la frecuencia y características de automedicación contra la COVID-19 con fármacos y/o plantas medicinales en los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Loreto-Perú, durante la primera ola por COVID-19.

Material y Métodos:
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 338 estudiantes mediante una encuesta semiestructurada ad-hoc con preguntas distribuidas en 3 dimensiones: características sociodemográficas, características de COVID-19 y características del uso de fármacos/plantas medicinales. Resultados: El promedio de la edad fue 22,39 años (DE ± 5,59), predomino el sexo femenino con 61,2 % (n=207), el 55,3% (n=187) presentaron síntomas sugestivos de COVID-19. Además, el 76,9% (n=260) utilizaron medicación, distribuido de mayor a menor 65,4 % (n=170) fármacos y plantas, 25,8 % (n=67) solo plantas, y 8,8 % (n=23) solo fármacos; incurrieron en automedicación el 79,2% (n=206). Los principales fármacos empleados fueron dexametasona, paracetamol, azitromicina, e ivermectina. Las plantas medicinales principalmente empleadas fueron eucalipto, kion, manzanilla y matico. Se presentó probable asociación a la automedicación con antecedente de síntomas sugestivos de COVID-19 (p=0.001, IC 95%), y contacto de COVID-19 (p=0,011, IC 95%).

Conclusión:
Entre los estudiantes de una universidad de la Amazonía Peruana, se identificó elevada prevalencia y los factores asociados a la automedicación con fármacos y plantas medicinales.


X: -1.4087347 Y: 7.154233title: Review: Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia Beberapa Tanaman dari Arboretum Garut publish year: 2021 keyword: Lysiphyllum_strychnifolium content: Hiperurisemia merupakan suatu kondisi berlebihnya kadar asam urat dalam darah. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena adanya kelebihan produksi asam urat dan kekurangan ekskresi asam urat, yaitu ditandai dengan kadar asam urat yang tinggi (> 7 mg/ dL). Jika hal tersebut terjadi secara terus-menerus maka akan terjadi gout arthritis. Di Arboretum Garut Terdapat banyak tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai antihiperurisemia seperti sirsak (Annona muricata L.), kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii), temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria), jamblang (Syzigium cumini), kersen (Muntingia calabura L.), pucuk merah (Syzigium myrrtifolium), dan salam (Syzigium polyanthum). Review jurnal ini membahas aktivitas antihiperurisemia beberapa tanaman yang berada di Arboretum Garut. Metode yang digunakan yaitu studi literatur beberapa jurnal yang didapat melalui situs google scholar, sciencedirect, Elsevier, dan sebagainya. Hasil yang didapat dari beberapa tanaman tersebut memiliki aktivitas antihiperurisemia dan tanaman yang memiliki persentase penurunan asam urat terbesar yaitu daun S. polyanthum dengan nilai persentase penurunan asam urat sebanyak 79,35%. Daun S. polyanthum memiliki potensi antihiperurisemia paling baik, sehingga perlu dikembangkan lebih banyak di Arboretum Garut. Kata Kunci: Arboretum, Asam Urat, Gout, Hiperurisemia, Tanaman Obat Hyperuricemia is a condition of excessive levels of uric acid in the blood. This can occur due to an overproduction of uric acid and a lack of uric acid excretion, which is characterized by high uric acid levels (> 7 mg / dL). If it happens continuously, gout arthritis will occur. In Garut Arboretum, there are many plants that can be used as antihyperuricemia such as soursop (Annona muricata L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii), white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria), java plum (Syzigium cumini), cotton candy berry (Muntingia calabura L.), pucuk merah (Syzigium myrrtifolium), and indian baywatch (Syzigium polyanthum). This journal review discusses the antihyperuricemia activity of several plants in Garut Arboretum. The method used is a literature study of several journals obtained from the google scholar site, sciencedirect, Elsevier, etc. The results show that several plants have antihyperuricemia activity and among those plants the S. polyanthum) have the highest reducing effect on blood uric acid with the reducing percentage of 79.35%. The leaves of S. polyanthum plant have the best potential for antihyperuricemia, so this plant is suggested to be developed in the Garut Arboretum.


X: 0.0053826817 Y: 9.792437title: Clinical effects of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai): A systematic review publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. known locally as “Plai” in Thai, has been used for treating bruise, sprain and musculoskeletal pain. Several pre-clinical studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of Plai. However, current evidence of clinical effects of Plai is still unclear. This study aimed to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of Plai among all identified indications. Of the 808 articles identified by a systematic review, six studies were included. Four studies were randomized controlled trials, while two studies were quasi-experimental studies involving 178 patients in intervention group and 177 patients in control group. Duration of treatment ranged from 7 days to 2 months. Our findings showed that 14% Plai cream had a strong trend of benefits in pain reduction for muscle pain and ankle sprain. However, evidence supporting the effects of Plai on acne vulgaris treatment and anti-histamine effect are still unclear.


X: -0.22051024 Y: 10.220492title: Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), is an important medicinal plant known as “Plai (Phlai)” in Thailand, “Bangle” in Indonesia, and “Bulei” in China. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat inflammation, pain, and respiratory problems. The rhizomes are the primary part of the plant that has been used for medicinal purposes due to their constituents with therapeutic properties, including phenylbutenoids, curcuminoids, and essential oils. Since the 1970s, many studies have been conducted on the phytochemicals and bioactivities of Z. cassumunar to establish fundamental scientific evidence that supports its use in traditional medicine. The accumulated biological studies on the extracts, solvent fractions, and constituents of Z. cassumunar have described their diverse medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective/neurotrophic, cosmeceutical, and antifungal/antimicrobial bioactivities. In this review, we summarize information on the phytochemicals of Z. cassumunar and the bioactivities of its extracts and constituents.


X: -0.22378045 Y: 10.1945305title: Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), is an important medicinal plant known as “Plai (Phlai)” in Thailand, “Bangle” in Indonesia, and “Bulei” in China. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat inflammation, pain, and respiratory problems. The rhizomes are the primary part of the plant that has been used for medicinal purposes due to their constituents with therapeutic properties, including phenylbutenoids, curcuminoids, and essential oils. Since the 1970s, many studies have been conducted on the phytochemicals and bioactivities of Z. cassumunar to establish fundamental scientific evidence that supports its use in traditional medicine. The accumulated biological studies on the extracts, solvent fractions, and constituents of Z. cassumunar have described their diverse medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective/neurotrophic, cosmeceutical, and antifungal/antimicrobial bioactivities. In this review, we summarize information on the phytochemicals of Z. cassumunar and the bioactivities of its extracts and constituents.


X: 0.5117504 Y: 12.134865title: Antimicrobial activity and essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma mangga, and Zingiber cassumunar from Malaysia publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: To analyze the chemical composition of the essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa (C. aeruginosa), Curcuma mangga (C. mangga), and Zingiber cassumunar (Z. cassumunar), and study their antimicrobial activity.
Essential oils obtained by steam distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated against four bacteria: Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa); and two fungi: Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Cyptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), using disc-diffusion and broth microdilution methods.
Cycloisolongifolene, 8,9-dehydro formyl (35.29%) and dihydrocostunolide (22.51%) were the major compounds in C. aeruginosa oil; whereas caryophyllene oxide (18.71%) and caryophyllene (12.69%) were the major compounds in C. mangga oil; and 2,6,9,9-tetramethyl-2,6,10-cycloundecatrien-1-one (60.77%) and α-caryophyllene (23.92%) were abundant in Z. cassumunar oil. The essential oils displayed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. C. mangga oil had the highest and most broad-spectrum activity by inhibiting all microorganisms tested, with C. neoformans being the most sensitive microorganism by having the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 0.1 μL/mL. C. aeruginosa oil showed mild antimicrobial activity, whereas Z. cassumunar had very low or weak activity against the tested microorganisms.
The preliminary results suggest promising antimicrobial properties of C. mangga and C. aeruginosa, which may be useful for food preservation, pharmaceutical treatment and natural therapies.


X: -0.92152315 Y: 10.159057title: Essential Oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. and Zingiber officinale Rosc.: A Comparative Study on Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity, Biofilm Formation, and Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing System publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Pseudomonas aeruginosa can regulate its pathogenicity via quorum sensing (QS) system. Zingiber cassumunar and Z. officinale have been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. The study aimed to evaluate and compare the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and QS inhibitor of Z. cassumunar essential oils (ZCEO) and Z. officinale essential oils (ZOEO). The chemical constituent was analysed using GC-MS. Broth microdilution and spectrophotometry analysis were used to evaluate their antibacterial and QS inhibitor activities. The main constituent of ZOEO with percent composition above 6% (α-curcumene, α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and β-bisabolene, α-citral, and α-farnesene) were exist in a very minimal percentage less than 0.7% in Z. cassumunar. All major components of ZCEO with percentages higher than 5% (terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, γ-terpinene) were present in low proportion (<1.18%) in Z. officinale. ZCEO demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The combination of ZCEO and tetracycline showed a synergistic effect (FICI of 0.5). ZCEO exhibited strong activity in inhibiting biofilm formation. ZCEO at ½ MIC (62.5 μg/mL) was able to reduce pyoverdine, pyocyanin, and proteolytic activity. This is the first report on the activity of ZCEO in the inhibition of P. aeruginosa QS system and it may be used to control the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa.


X: 1.437476 Y: 12.869567title: New Curcuminoids Isolated from Zingiber cassumunar Protect Cells Suffering from Oxidative Stress: A Flow-Cytometric Study Using Rat Thymocytes and H2O2 publish year: 1998 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Effects of new complex curcuminoids (cassumunin A and cassumunin B) isolated from tropical ginger, Zingiber cassumunar, were examined in dissociated rat thymocytes suffering from oxidative stress induced by 3 mM hydrogen peroxide by using a flow cytometer and ethidium bromide. The effects were compared with those of curcumin, a natural antioxidant, whose chemical structure is included in those of cassumunins A and B. Pretreatment of rat thymocytes with the respective cassumunins at concentrations ranging from 100 nM to 3 microM dose-dependently prevented the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced decrease in cell viability. It had the same action, although less effective, against the treatment with cassumunin A or B (3 microM) immediately after or 60 min after start of the oxidative stress. Respective potencies of cassumunins A and B in protecting the cells suffering from H2O2-induced oxidative stress were greater than that of curcumin. It is suggested that cassumunins A and B may possess a potent protective action on living cells suffering from oxidative stress.


X: -0.040049322 Y: 10.701569title: Antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of phenylbutanoids from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Bioautography was employed as the screening method for purifying bioactive substances of the crude extract of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Purification procedures included silica gel 60 column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and medium pressure liquid chromatography. Identification of purified compounds was achieved by spectroscopic methods. Three phenylbutanoids were purified and identified as (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl] cyclohex-1-ene (1), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol (2) and (E)-4-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-yl acetate (3). Compound 1 showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with both MIC (16 μg/ml) and MBC (32 μg/ml). These were followed by the MIC values (32 μg/ml) and MBC values (128 μg/ml) for compounds 2 and 3 against the same microorganisms. These compounds revealed bacteriolytic effects on the assayed strains, causing evident damage to cell walls and membranes using SYTOX Green. The cytotoxicity activity of purified compounds was determined using MTT colorimetric assay against L929 and Vero cell lines. They showed weak cytotoxicity activity with IC50 values of 1263.42 to 2857.83 μg/ ml and 1537.83 to 2698.45 μg/ml toward L929 and Vero cell lines, respectively.


X: -0.7354584 Y: 10.1910715title: Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. against Agricultural and Foodborne Pathogens publish year: 2022 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. is a powerful medicinal plant that has been used as traditional medicine to cure respiratory problems, pain, and inflammation in China, Indonesia, Thailand and other Asian countries by using the crude extracts. The objective of this research is to identify phytochemical composition of Z. cassumunar Roxb. and to analyze antibacterial activity of crude extract, purified compounds, and their microencapsulated products of Rhizome Z. cassumunar Roxb. Identification of phytochemical composition in crude extract of rhizome Z. cassumunar Roxb. was achieved by chromatography-mass spectrophotometer. The major phytochemical composition in crude extract of Z. cassumunar Roxb. is essential oils, including terpinen4-ol (37.7%), β-pinene (20.8%), and (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene (13.3%). Crude extract of Z. cassumunar Roxb. was purified with silica gel flash column chromatography, resulting two purified compounds. The antibacterial activity of crude extract, purified compounds, and their microencapsulated products of Rhizome Z. cassumunar Roxb. were evaluated against agricultural and foodborne pathogens by using disc agar diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. All of the samples studied (crude extracts, purified compounds, and microencapsulated of Z. cassumunar Roxb.) were effective against all the bacteria. Based on the results of the disc-diffusion assay suggested that amongst the samples studied, purified compounds (compound 1 and 2) and microencapsulated purified compounds (compound 1 and 2) exhibited more effective against all the bacteria compared to the crude extracts. Antibacterial activity of the rhizome of Z. cassumunar Roxb. was contributed mainly by the essential oils components as the active compounds. Gram-negative bacteria (X. oryzae, X. translucens, Pseudomonas spp, E. coli, and S. typhimurium) appeared to the most resistant to the crude extracts, purified compounds, and microencapsulated of Z. cassumunar Roxb. compared to the gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes). Microencapsulated of the tested samples (crude extract, purified compound 1, and purified compound 2) of the rhizome Z. cassumunar Roxb. exhibited high antibacterial activity with no significantly different with the tested samples without microencapsulation. These results suggest potential antibacterial properties of Z. cassumunar Roxb., which useful for agricultural plant health, food preservation, natural therapies, and pharmaceuticals.


X: -0.7019608 Y: 9.973377title: Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Zingiber cassumunar Gel publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This study aimed to investigate the antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Zingiber cassumunar gel. The gel was prepared from essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar rhizome by the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. Antifungal activity of the gel was firstly determined by the well diffusion method against Candida albicans ATCC 10238 and candida strain isolated from the patient’s lesion. Then, the Agar overlay technique was used to test the cytotoxicity of Z. cassumunar gel on mouse fibroblasts (ATCC clone 929) according to ISO 7405. For anti-inflammatory effect of the gel, TPA (carrageenan lambda type IV, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate)-induced mouse ear edema method was used. The results of well diffusion showed that Z. cassumunar gel was quite a potent antifungal agent against both strains of tested C. albicans with inhibition zones of 12-13 mm. In the cytotoxicity test, the gel exhibited no toxicity to cell culture. In addition, topical administration of Z. cassumunar gel could decrease mouse ear edema induced by TPA. At 30 and 60 min-time points, Z. cassumunar gel showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than triamcinolone which was used as reference anti-inflammatory drug. In conclusion, gel prepared from Z. cassumunar oil showed antifungal activity against both strains of C. albicans. In addition, its anti-inflammatory effect was demonstrated within 30 min by the TPA-induced mouse ear edema model. The gel was non-toxic to cell culture after 24-h incubation. Further studies are needed to clarify the safety and benefit of this gel for clinical use in the treatment of candidal infection and inflammation.


X: 0.034454215 Y: 10.584935title: Phytochemicals and cytotoxic studies of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Absract Zingiber cassumunar belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and is locally known as 'bonglai' in Malay and 'plai' among Thais. It has been traditionally used as treatment for women after giving birth or during confinement. Extraction and isolation of phytochemical compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. using various chromatographic techniques identified five compounds, namely,1-ene (1), (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-ol (2), 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid (3), 8-(13,14-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methoxynaphto-1,4-quinone (4) and β-sitosterol (5). Structure elucidation of these compounds was carried out by various spectroscopic means. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds against human T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cancer cells (CEMss) and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were carried out using MTT assay. Only the chloroform extract showed strong activity against CEMss cancer cells with IC 50 values of 9.20 ± 0.02 μg/ml. Compounds (1), (2) and (4) showed strong cytotoxicity activity against HeLa cancer cells with IC 50 values <15 μg/ ml whilst compounds (1) and (4) demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity activity against CEMss cells with 1C 50 values of 28.34 ± 0.39 μg/ml and 25.96 ± 0.94 μg/ml respectively. Therefore, Zingiber cassumunar has high potential to be commercially domesticated based on the anti-cancer properties of its compounds.


X: 0.043483898 Y: 10.779793title: Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory Phenylbutenoids from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2005 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Phenylbutenoids isolated previously from the CHCl3 extracts of the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar, were evaluated for their cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity along with a new isolate, from the n-BuOH extracts of this plant. The COX-2 inhibitory assay was performed by measuring prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Two phenylbutenoid dimers, and, exhibited considerable activity with IC50 values of 2.71 and 3.64 microM. Two phenylbutenoid monomers, and, showed moderate activity (IC50 14.97, 20.68 microM, respectively). The other three phenylbutenoids, were found to be inactive. Compound was elucidated as a new phenylbutenoid glycoside, namely, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside by spectral analysis including various 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments.


X: -0.16297643 Y: 10.248572title: Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), is an important medicinal plant known as “Plai (Phlai)” in Thailand, “Bangle” in Indonesia, and “Bulei” in China. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat inflammation, pain, and respiratory problems. The rhizomes are the primary part of the plant that has been used for medicinal purposes due to their constituents with therapeutic properties, including phenylbutenoids, curcuminoids, and essential oils. Since the 1970s, many studies have been conducted on the phytochemicals and bioactivities of Z. cassumunar to establish fundamental scientific evidence that supports its use in traditional medicine. The accumulated biological studies on the extracts, solvent fractions, and constituents of Z. cassumunar have described their diverse medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective/neurotrophic, cosmeceutical, and antifungal/antimicrobial bioactivities. In this review, we summarize information on the phytochemicals of Z. cassumunar and the bioactivities of its extracts and constituents.


X: -0.9610263 Y: 9.976574title: In Vitro antimicrobial activity ofZingiber cassumunar (Plai) oil and a 5% Plai oil gel publish year: 2007 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai oil) exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, dermatophytes and yeasts. Dermatophytes were found to be the most susceptible microorganisms followed by yeasts, whereas bacteria were the least susceptible. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone determined by the disc diffusion screening method increased with increasing Plai oil concentration between 6.25 and 50 vol %. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined by the broth macrodilution method ranged from 0.62 to 2.5 vol % for Plai oil and from 52 to 79 mg/mL for the 5 wt % Plai oil gel, whereas the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) ranged from 0.31 to 1.25 vol % for Plai oil and from 13.8 to 39.5 mg/mL for the 5% Plai oil gel.


X: -1.0725439 Y: 10.032508title: In vitro synergistic antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In this study, we determined the antibacterial and synergistic activities of the essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar against the extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii strains. The antibacterial and synergistic properties of the essential oil from Z. cassumunar were examined by agar disc diffusion tests. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated by broth microdilution using the resazurin assay. The in vitro time–kill antibacterial kinetics was analyzed using the plate count technique. We found that the essential oil from Z. cassumunar had antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, with MIC and MBC ranging from 7.00 to 9.24mg/ml. The essential oil could completely inhibit A. baumannii at 1h, and coccoid-shaped bacteria were found after treatment. In addition, the essential oil had a synergistic effect when combined with antibiotics, e.g., aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and folate pathway inhibitors. Thus, the essential oil from Z. cassumunar has strong antibacterial and synergistic activities against XDR A. baumannii, which may provide the basis for the development of a new therapy against drug-resistant bacteria.


X: -0.6770151 Y: 10.345528title: Essential Oil and Antioxidant Activity of Cassumunar Ginger (Zingiberaceae: Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr.) Collected from Various Parts of Thailand publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr. is widely found in tropical Asia and is used commonly in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in the essential-oil component and the antioxidant activity of rhizome extracts from Z. montanum collected from various regions of Thailand. Essential oils were obtained using a microwave extraction method (ME). Samples collected from western Thailand contained the highest amount of essential oil (11.07 mL/kg), the accession from Kanchanaburi province gave the highest volume (21 mL/kg), whereas those from eastern Thailand contained the lowest volume (4.95 mL/kg). The constituents of the essential-oil samples were determined by GC analysis. This technique identified 15 compounds in Z. montanum essential oils. The major constituents of the oil consisted of sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and DMPBD ((E)-1(3, 4-dimethylphenyl) butadiene). No significant differences in essential-oil components among the original sources of rhizomes were found. The antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extracts were screened by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Samples from different sources showed significantly different DPPH scavenging activities (p< 0.05). The antioxidant activities of the rhizome extract obtained from the north showed the highest activity (80.88%), followed by those from the east (76.47%), the south (72.51%), the northeast (67.38%), the west (66.66%) and the central region (57.63%).


X: -0.8304764 Y: 10.314929title: Phytochemical and Safety Evaluations of Volatile Terpenoids from Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb. On Mature Carp Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Embryonic Zebrafish publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Pharmaceutical products of essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. are extensively being developed, while the research on their safety is seldom documented. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and the effect of cassumunar ginger oil on cell-based assay and the zebrafish model. The essential oil was isolated from fresh rhizomes of Z. cassumunar using simultaneous steam-distillation. Chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Effect of cassumunar ginger oil on adult carp fish peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated using MTT assay. The embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of cassumunar ginger oil were studied in zebrafish embryos. GC-MS results showed that the essential oil was composed of sabinene (43.54%) and terpinen-4-ol (29.52%) as the major phytoconstituents. No fish PBMC cytotoxic effect was observed with the concentration less than 50 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger oil. Our results showed for the first time the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of cassumunar ginger oil in zebrafish embryos. The result indicated that the cassumunar ginger oil induced zebrafish embryotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. At 500 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger oil demonstrated significantly moderated embryotoxicity within 24 h (p < 0.05). The survival rate of 100 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger group was markedly declined to zero at 96-h post-fertilization (log-rank test, p = 0.001). However, survival rates of zebrafish embryo in the 1 and 10 µg/mL cassumunar ginger groups were more than 90% throughout the trial period. Moreover, very low teratogenicity to the zebrafish embryo was also observed in 1 and 10 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger groups. Our findings suggest that there is hardly any cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity at concentrations less than 10 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger oil. However, the toxicity assessment of its pharmaceutical product should prove for further consumer protection.


X: -0.37394175 Y: 11.79089title: Experimental and simulated investigations of the performance of the solar greenhouse dryer for drying cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This paper presents experimental performance of the greenhouse solar dryer for drying of cassumunar ginger (Plai). The dryer consists of a parabolic roof structure covered with polycarbonate plates on a concrete floor. The base of the dryer is a concrete floor with an area of 9×12.4 m^2. Nine DC fans powered by three 50-W PV module were used to ventilate the dryer. The dryer was installed at Sa Kaeo province (13.49°N, 102.21°E), east of Thailand. To investigate the experimental performances, 300 kg of cassumunar ginger was dried in the solar greenhouse dryer. The drying air temperature varied from 30 °C to 55 °C during drying. The drying time in the solar greenhouse dryer was 1 day to dry cassumunar ginger from an initial moisture content of 90% (wb) to a final moisture content of 10% (wb), whereas it required 1 day of natural sun drying under similar conditions to reach a moisture content of 40% (wb). A system of partial differential equations describing heat and moisture transfer during drying of cassumunar ginger in the solar greenhouse dryer was developed and solved numerically using the finite difference method. Good agreement was found between experimental and simulated moisture contents.


X: 0.4170629 Y: 7.7705593title: Assessment of genetic diversity in cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) in Thailand using AFLP markers publish year: 2010 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The genetic relationship among cassumunar gingers (Zingiber cassumunar) in Thailand was assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Twelve AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 309 fragments, of which, 242 bands were polymorphic with an average of 20.2 bands per primer pair. Genetic similarities were obtained using Jaccard similarity coefficients, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the UPGMA clustering method. Pairwise similarity estimated between cassumunar gingers ranged from 0.7644 to 1.00 with an average of 0.879. Cluster analysis divided the samples into five groups with a high co-phenetic correlation value (r = 0.99). Genetic variability within and among collection regions was estimated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). High molecular variance (84%) was found within samples from the same region. The results implied dispersal of plant materials between collection regions. The genetic similarity assessed by AFLP showed that there are duplicate accessions in the germplasm collection. This genetic information is very useful for germplasm maintenance and a crop improvement program.


X: 0.1376591 Y: 10.926262title: Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory Phenylbutenoids from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2005 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Phenylbutenoids isolated previously from the CHCl3 extracts of the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar, were evaluated for their cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity along with a new isolate, from the n-BuOH extracts of this plant. The COX-2 inhibitory assay was performed by measuring prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Two phenylbutenoid dimers, and, exhibited considerable activity with IC50 values of 2.71 and 3.64 microM. Two phenylbutenoid monomers, and, showed moderate activity (IC50 14.97, 20.68 microM, respectively). The other three phenylbutenoids, were found to be inactive. Compound was elucidated as a new phenylbutenoid glycoside, namely, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside by spectral analysis including various 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments.


X: 0.20764473 Y: 10.718473title: A potential cytotoxic principle of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2003 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A bioassay-guided fractionation of the active chloroform extracts of the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. led to the isolation of a potential cytotoxic principle, curcumin (1), along with two inactive compounds, (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (2) and (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl acetate (3). Curcumin (1) showed a significant cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines (Col2; 2.30, A549; 12.30, SNU638; IC50 18.80 μg/ml).


X: 0.40666178 Y: 10.126156title: A Phase I Study of Oral Phlai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Capsule in Healthy Adult Volunteers publish year: 2022 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., called Phlai in Thai, is a traditional herb, has multiple bioactive properties including anti-inflammatory activity, smooth muscle relaxation, antihistamine activity, and mucin secretion lowering properties. As a result, Phlai may have the potential to treat asthma. Our phase I study aimed to study the safety profile of oral Phlai capsules in healthy adult volunteers during 12 weeks of consumption. Ten participants, aged 18-50, were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples were taken to measure complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolyte, liver function and fasting blood sugar; urinary analyses for all, and urine pregnancy testing for female volunteers, were done. With normal lab results, the volunteers commenced taking two oral Phlai capsules once daily (200 mg/day) over 12 weeks. The same blood and urine tests were performed at 1, 2, 4, 12 and 14 weeks. The mean age (SD) of participants was 36.10 (7.26) years old. There were no laboratory abnormalities during the study and follow-up period except in one volunteer, a 25-year-old male with a slightly decreased white blood count of 3.6 x103/μl (neutrophil 39.8%) in the 1st week and 3.9 x10 3 /μl (neutrophil 40.6%) in the 14th week. Four participants reported somnolence 4-5 hours after taking the drug during the first two weeks. In conclusion oral Phlai capsules (200 mg/day) for 12 weeks did not cause serious adverse events, including the laboratory abnormalities in our healthy volunteers. However, somnolence was found in 40% of the participants during the first 2 weeks and improved over time.


X: -0.90418386 Y: 10.313729title: Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Oil from Plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Obtained by Hydro Distillation and Hexane Extraction publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This research studied essential oils of three native varieties of plai obtained by hexane extraction and hydro distillation and collected from Sa Kaco (S1), Chiang Mai (S2) and Prachuap Khiri Khan (S3) provinces in Thailand. The results showed that the yield of oil obtained from S1, S2 and S3 by hexane extraction was 0.983%, 0.900% and 0.857% (w/w), respectively, while by hydro distillation the yield was 1.137%, 1.262% and 1.373% (w/w), respectively. The chemical constituents of essential oils isolated by hexane extraction and hydro distillation were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that essential oils in the plai rhizomes isolated by hexane extraction and by hydro distillation were rather similar in their major composition, but different in minor components. The plai oil obtained by hexane extraction contained mainly: sabinene (24.05-39.11%), γ-terpinene (6.68-7.74%), terpinen-4-ol (33.11-49.36%) and (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD) (5.31-8.28%), whereas that obtained by hydro-distillation contained: sabinene (36.71-53.50%), γ-terpinene (5.27-7.25%), terpinen-4-ol (21.85-29.96%) and DMPBD (0.95-16.16%).


X: 0.099031605 Y: 10.56226title: Inhibitory Effect of Phenylbutanoid-rich Zingiber cassumunar Extracts on Nitric Oxide Production by Murine Macrophage-like RAW264.7 Cells publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Four phenylbutanoids, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-ol (I), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-yl acetate (II), (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (III) and (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (IV), isolated from Zingiber cassumunar, were used as standard markers for quantitative determination and preparation of phenylbutanoid-enriched Z. cassumunar extracts (PZEs). A reversed-phase HPLC method was established for the simultaneous determination of the phenylbutanoids in Z. cassumunar extracts. Systematic extraction studies to maximize phenylbutanoid content revealed that hexane was the most appropriate solvent for extraction. A one-step purification of the hexane crude extract of Z. cassumunar, using silica gel vacuum chromatography, provided the PZEs. The content of phenylbutanoids in the PZEs was up to 48.3% w/w dry weight. The anti-inflammatory activity of PZEs via inhibition of nitric oxide production by murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells was stronger than those of the four individual phenylbutanoids, the crude hexane extract and the essential oil of Z. cassumunar. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: -0.78407526 Y: 10.185253title: Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from leaf and rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The composition of the essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Bangladesh was examined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Sixty-four components were identified in leaf oil and 32 components were identified in the rhizome oil, accounting for 94.60% and 98.56% of the total yields, respectively. The main component in leaf oil was sabinene (14.99%), beta-pinene (14.32%), caryophyllene oxide (13.85%) and caryophyllene (9.47%). On the other hand, rhizome oil contained triquinacene 1,4-bis (methoxy) (26.47%), (Z)-ocimene (21.97%) and terpinen-4-ol (18.45%). The compositions of both oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively.


X: 0.18649176 Y: 10.842062title: A New Cytotoxic Phenylbutenoid Dimer from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2004 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A new phenylbutenoid dimer, (+/-)- trans-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene, was isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar along with the three known compounds, (+/-)- trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene, 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1,3-diene, and 4-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1,3-diene by bioassay-directed fractionation using the A549 human cancer cell line cytotoxicity assay. Structure of the new compound was elucidated by spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments.


X: 0.42107812 Y: 12.771991title: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicines (jamu). They have similar color for their rhizome and possess some similar uses, so it is possible to substitute one for the other. The identification and discrimination of these closely-related plants is a crucial task to ensure the quality of the raw materials. Therefore, an analytical method which is rapid, simple and accurate for discriminating these species using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with some chemometrics methods was developed. FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid-IR region (4000-400cm(-1)). Standard normal variate, first and second order derivative spectra were compared for the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for the classification of the three species. Samples could be discriminated by visual analysis of the FTIR spectra by using their marker bands. Discrimination of the three species was also possible through the combination of the pre-processed FTIR spectra with PCA and CVA, in which CVA gave clearer discrimination. Subsequently, the developed method could be used for the identification and discrimination of the three closely-related plant species.


X: -0.6930093 Y: 10.183446title: Antibacterial secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus, Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 isolated from Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Forty-four endophytes were isolated from Zingiber cassumunar and identified morphologically. The ethyl acetate extracts of all endophytes were obtained. The ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to study antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate extract of the Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, the minimum inhibition concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 31.25 and 7.81 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the crude extract showed highest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging at IC50 value of 28.47 µg/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the extract of the Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 contains various antibacterial and antioxidant compounds which are β-cyclocitral, 3E-cembrene A, laurenan-2-one, sclareol, 2Z,6E-farnesol, cembrene, β-isocomene and γ-curcumene. The fungus Arthrinium sp. MFLUCC16-1053 was also identified by molecular and phylogenetic methods.


X: -1.5146515 Y: 10.345998title: Zingiber cassumunar blended patches for skin application: Formulation, physiochemical properties, and in vitro studies publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Our work was to study the preparation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro characteristic of Zingiber cassumunar blended patches. The Z. cassumunar blended patches incorporating Z. cassumunar Roxb. also known as Plai were prepared from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol with glycerin as plasticizer. They were prepared by adding all ingredients in a beaker and homogeneously mixing them. Then, they were transferred into Petri-dish and dried in hot air oven. The hydrophilic nature of the Z. cassumunar blended patches was confirmed by the moisture uptake, swelling ratio, erosion, and porosity values. The FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM studies showed revealed blended patches with amorphous region that was homogeneously smooth and compact in both surface and cross section dimensions. They exhibited controlled the release behavior of (E)-4-(3’,4’-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-l-ol (compound D) that is the main active compound in Z. cassumunar for anti-inflammation activity. However, in in vitro skin permeation study, the compound D was accumulated in newborn pig skin more than in the receptor medium. Thus, the blended patches showed the suitable entrapment and controlled release of compound D. Accordingly, we have demonstrated that such chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol formulated patches might be developed for medical use.


X: 0.11871991 Y: 10.68306title: Structures of New Phenylbutanoids and Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitors from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The methanolic (MeOH) extract from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar showed nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effects induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse peritoneal macrophages. From the MeOH extract, six new phenylbutanoids, phlains I-VI, were isolated together with 16 known constituents. The structures of new phenylbutanoids were determined on the basis of physicochemical and chemical evidence. In addition, the inhibitory effects of the principal constituents on the NO production were examined. Among them, phlain III (IC50=24 microM), (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (69 microM), (E)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (83 microM), and cassumunaquinone 1 (47 microM) were found to show the inhibitory effects.


X: -1.3512903 Y: 9.557344title: Comparison of antibacterial activity against food-borne bacteria of Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa, and Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial action of Alpinia galanga Linn., Curcuma longa Linn. and Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. against food-borne bacteria and to search for the most effective fraction from these plants. The crude extracts and the essential oils of the plant rhizomes were used as test fractions. Several strains of food-borne bacteria were used as test microorganisms. The crude ethanolic extract of A. galanga inhibited Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus aureus and four strains of Escherichia coli. C. longa and Z. cassumunar inhibited only Corynebacterium sp. The essential oils of the two plants exhibited dramatically stronger antibacterial activity than their crude extracts. The antibacterial activity of only 40 μg of A. galanga essential oil was as effective as 15,000 μg of its crude extract in inhibiting E. coli. The essential oil of Z. cassumunar inhibited E.coli and Pasteurella multocida, whereas its crude extract did not. The essential oils of A. galanga and Z. cassumunar offered the highest potential for further investigating their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The antibacterial action of the oils appears to be a bactericidal effect. Of the plants studied, A. galanga was the most effective at inhibiting food-borne bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil of A. galanga was two times higher than that of Z. cassumunar.


X: -0.98182607 Y: 10.202508title: Essential Oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. and Zingiber officinale Rosc.: A Comparative Study on Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity, Biofilm Formation, and Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing System publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Pseudomonas aeruginosa can regulate its pathogenicity via quorum sensing (QS) system. Zingiber cassumunar and Z. officinale have been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. The study aimed to evaluate and compare the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and QS inhibitor of Z. cassumunar essential oils (ZCEO) and Z. officinale essential oils (ZOEO). The chemical constituent was analysed using GC-MS. Broth microdilution and spectrophotometry analysis were used to evaluate their antibacterial and QS inhibitor activities. The main constituent of ZOEO with percent composition above 6% (α-curcumene, α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and β-bisabolene, α-citral, and α-farnesene) were exist in a very minimal percentage less than 0.7% in Z. cassumunar. All major components of ZCEO with percentages higher than 5% (terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, γ-terpinene) were present in low proportion (<1.18%) in Z. officinale. ZCEO demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The combination of ZCEO and tetracycline showed a synergistic effect (FICI of 0.5). ZCEO exhibited strong activity in inhibiting biofilm formation. ZCEO at ½ MIC (62.5 μg/mL) was able to reduce pyoverdine, pyocyanin, and proteolytic activity. This is the first report on the activity of ZCEO in the inhibition of P. aeruginosa QS system and it may be used to control the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa.


X: 0.35820052 Y: 10.137407title: Isolation and identification of Bengle (Zingiber cassumunar roxb) as a stimulant in phagocytic activity of macrophages publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Immunomodulators are pharmacological agents that modulate the immune system, with stimulated the immune response and on the other ways can inhibit excessive immune responses. This study was conducted to determine the bengle active compound responsible for increasing the immune system with the parameters of phagocytic activity. The isolation method begins with fractionation. The fractionation method was carried out by extraction with ethanol, followed by successive fractionation with hexane and chloroform. Bengle extract, hexane fraction and chloroform fraction tested on mice macrophage cells to evaluate the activity of macrophage. Phagocytic activity of macrophages was measured by active phagocytic cells and obtained successively with an average value of 39.194 ± 1.597; 27.923 ± 2.941 and 62.090 ± 6.947. and phagocytosis index in a row with an average value of 47,513 ± 2,844; 41.129 ± 7.195 and 101.527 ± 10.555. The results obtained are bangle extract, fractions of hexane and chloroform fractions have a significant phagocytic activity of macrophages (p <0.05) compared with the normal group. The best results were shown by fractions of chloroform, then chloroform fraction is separated by column chromatography. Results chloroform fraction column chromatography yield 5 sub-fraction namely F1, F2, F2C, F3, and F4 tested the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Active phagocytic cells of F1, F2, F2C, F3 and F4, respectively 18.860 ± 3.191; 27.077 ± 4.482; 15.749 ± 3.026; 64.333 ± 1.780 and 44.943 ± 2.944. And phagocytic index of phagocytosis 30.0249 ± 3.4231; 44.5969 ± 8.3646; 24.5597 ± 5.4487; 102.7447 ± 1.0806 and 76.5007 ± 4.7293. F3 showed the best results and identified using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The identification results showed the active compound (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxy phenyl) but-3-en-1-ol.


X: 0.25654683 Y: 10.182036title: Safety Evaluation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies in Rats publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has been used for traditional medicine, but few studies have described its potential toxicity. In this study, the acute and chronic oral toxicity of Z. cassumunar extract granules were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during the 14-day observation period. However, a decrease in body weights was observed in treated males

(
P
<
0.05
)
. The weights of lung and kidney of treated females were increased

(
P
<
0.05
)
. Treated males were increased in spleen and epididymis weights

(
P
<
0.05
)
. In repeated dose 270-day oral toxicity study, the administration of the extracts at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 11.25, 112.5, and 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day revealed no-treatment toxicity. Although certain endpoints among those monitored (i.e., organ weight, hematological parameters, and clinical chemistry) exhibited statistically significant effects, none was adverse. Gross and histological observations revealed no toxicity. Our findings suggest that the Z. cassumunar extract granules are well tolerated for both single and chronic administration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the extract was 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females.


X: -0.85778826 Y: 10.245483title: Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Oil from Plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Obtained by Hydro Distillation and Hexane Extraction publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This research studied essential oils of three native varieties of plai obtained by hexane extraction and hydro distillation and collected from Sa Kaco (S1), Chiang Mai (S2) and Prachuap Khiri Khan (S3) provinces in Thailand. The results showed that the yield of oil obtained from S1, S2 and S3 by hexane extraction was 0.983%, 0.900% and 0.857% (w/w), respectively, while by hydro distillation the yield was 1.137%, 1.262% and 1.373% (w/w), respectively. The chemical constituents of essential oils isolated by hexane extraction and hydro distillation were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that essential oils in the plai rhizomes isolated by hexane extraction and by hydro distillation were rather similar in their major composition, but different in minor components. The plai oil obtained by hexane extraction contained mainly: sabinene (24.05-39.11%), γ-terpinene (6.68-7.74%), terpinen-4-ol (33.11-49.36%) and (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD) (5.31-8.28%), whereas that obtained by hydro-distillation contained: sabinene (36.71-53.50%), γ-terpinene (5.27-7.25%), terpinen-4-ol (21.85-29.96%) and DMPBD (0.95-16.16%).


X: -0.13840573 Y: 10.631325title: Rapid screening of bioactive components from Zingiber cassumunar using elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography (EECCC) takes full advantages of the liquid nature of the stationary phase. It effectively extends the solute hydrophobicity window that can be studied and renders the CCC technique particularly suitable for rapid analysis of complex samples. In this paper, EECCC was used to screen the crude ethanol extract of Zingiber cassumunar and to isolate milligram-amounts of bioactive components. The two column volume (2V(C)) EECCC method was applied to rapidly optimize the composition of the biphasic liquid system in both reversed- and normal-phase separation mode. With the n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water 1/1/1/1 (v/v) system, 100mg of crude Z. cassumunar extract were fractionated on a 140 mL-capacity semi-preparative hydrodynamic CCC column and 0.5 g on a 1600 mL column for large-scale preparation. Satisfactory separation efficiency was achieved in both cases, producing milligram-amounts of four phenylbutenoids over 90% pure and of a mixture of diastereoisomers (phenylbutenoid dimers). However, the global throughputs of the two columns were 8 and 11 mg/h, not very different. This is due to the fact that the 1600 mL column could not retain the liquid stationary phase as well as the smaller 140 mL column. It was necessary to work at much lower flow rate than calculated. Methanol was added as a post-column clarifying reagent for stable continuous UV detection. A lipophilic biphasic liquid system composed of n-hexane/acetonitrile/water (5/3/2, v/v) allowed to resolve the pair of diastereoisomers with the larger preparative instrument producing 35 mg of the (+/-)-trans form 99.1% pure and 28 mg of the (+/-)-cis isomer 98.1% pure. Compared with classical elution, the EECCC approach exhibits strong separation efficiency and great potential to be a high-throughput separation technique in the case of complex samples.