X: 1.1138309 Y: 13.195596title: Oral bioavailability of curcumin in rat and the herbal analysis from Curcuma longa by LC-MS/MS publish year: 2007 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This study presents a validated liquid chromatography technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure curcumin in rat plasma and provide curcuminoids analysis from the extract of Curcumin longa L. This method was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in a freely moving rat. The analytes were separated by a reversed phase C18 column (150x4.6 mm I.D., particle size 5 microm) and eluted with acetonitrile-1mM HCOOH mobile phase (70:30, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min in rat plasma and herbal extracts. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to monitor the transition of the deprotonated molecule m/z of 367 [M-H]- to the product ion 217 for curcumin, a m/z of 337-217 for demethoxycurcumin and a m/z of 265-224 for honokiol (internal standard) analysis. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of curcumin in the rat plasma were 1 and 5 ng/ml, respectively. The method was linear in the range of 5-1000 ng/ml with a coefficient of correlation greater than 0.996 in the rat plasma. After curcumin (500 mg/kg, p.o.) administration, the maximum concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) were 0.06+/-0.01 microg/ml and 41.7+/-5.4 min, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2,beta) were 28.1+/-5.6 and 44.5+/-7.5 min for curcumin (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and curcumin (10 mg/kg, i.v.), respectively. The oral bioavailability was about 1%.


X: 1.5303723 Y: 13.849723title: Curcuma longa (Turmeric): Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities and Toxicity Profiles- A Review publish year: 2023 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Introduction: Curcuma longa, popularly known as Turmeric, is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant used in folk medicine for the treatment, prevention, and management of various illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, Arthritis, diarrhoea, inflammation, psoriasis, hepatobiliary diseases, gastric and peptic ulcers. Results: This study reviewed the ethnomedicinal potentials, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of C. longa. In vitro and in vivo studies reported that C. longa and its major bioactive constituent (curcumin) possess various pharmacological properties. These include; anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-osteoarthritis, antidiarrheal, cardioprotective, anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-microbial, renoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. This review demonstrated that the various pharmacological activities of C. longa might be attributed to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. However, these varying potentials have not been effectively analysed for optimal application in developing new therapies. Also, the applicability and mode of action of the different bioactive compounds found in C. longa have not been fully exploited. Conclusion: This study showed that C. longa could be exploited by pharmaceutical industries to develop pharmaceutical products. However, there is a need for human clinical trials and quality control studies to establish effective and safe doses of C. longa and its major bioactive constituent-curcumin suitable for treating several diseases.


X: 1.5912213 Y: 13.235362title: In vitro peroxynitrite scavenging activity of diarylheptanoids fromCurcuma longa publish year: 2003 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Peroxynitrite is a cytotoxic intermediate produced by the reaction between the superoxide anion (O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO). The aim of this study was to investigate the scavenging effects of Curcuma longa L. on authentic peroxynitrite, and further studies are planned that will attempt to identify the active principles from the active fractions. The methanolic extract of C. longa showed 50% scavenging activity (IC(50)) at concentration of 1.7 +/- 0.08 micro g/ml, and was thus fractionated with several solvents. The peroxynitrite scavenging activity potential of the individual fraction was in the order of ethyl acetate > dichloromethane > water fraction. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibiting strong scavenging activity was further purified by repeated silica gel column chromatography. Peroxynitrite scavenging diarylheptanoids, curcumin I (1), curcumin II (2), and curcumin III (3) were isolated as active principles. Compounds 1-3 showed the peroxynitrite scavenging activities with IC(50) values of 4.0 +/- 0.04, 6.4 +/- 0.30, and 29.7 +/- 1.29 micro M, respectively. Penicillamine as positive control exhibited IC(50) value of 2.38 +/- 0.34 micro M. The structure-activity relationship of diarylheptanoids on peroxynitrite was also discussed.


X: 1.0230821 Y: 12.833729title: Antioxidant activities of essential oil of Curcuma longa and Curcuma wenyujin publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of essential oils of Curcuma longa and Curcuma wenyujin. The assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2′-azinodi (3-ethyl benz-thiazoline sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching test were used to measure the antioxidant activities of the essential oils. The results showed that the two types of oil concentration-dependently scavenged the DPPH radicals, ABTS radical cations and inhibited the discoloration of β-carotene. IC50 values of essential oils of Curcuma longa and Curcuma wenyujin were 28.4 ± 0.5 mg/ml and 10.9 ± 0.1 mg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay, and 699.6 ± 25.8 μg/ml and 1532.2 ± 8.9 μg/ml for ABTS radical scavenging assay, respectively. IC50 value of essential oil Curcuma wenyujin was 578.8 ± 81.6 μg/ml for β-carotene bleaching test. The study suggests that essential oils of Curcuma longa and Curcuma wenyujin have antioxidant activities in vitro.


X: 0.73887354 Y: 12.274646title: Essential Oil of Curcuma longa Inhibits Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (C. longa) has been used as a spice in foods and as an antimicrobial in Oriental medicine. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of an essential oil isolated from C. longa on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), which is an important bacterium in dental plaque and dental caries formation. First, the inhibitory effects of C. longa essential oil on the growth and acid production of S. mutans were tested. Next, the effect of C. longa essential oil on adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads (S-HAs) was investigated. C. longa essential oil inhibited the growth and acid production of S. mutans at concentrations from 0.5 to 4 mg/mL. The essential oil also exhibited significant inhibition of S. mutans adherence to S-HAs at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL. S. mutans biofilm formation was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining. The essential oil of C. longa inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL. The components of C. longa essential oil were then analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and the major components were α-turmerone (35.59%), germacrone (19.02%), α-zingiberene (8.74%), αr-turmerone (6.31%), trans-β-elemenone (5.65%), curlone (5.45%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (4.73%). These results suggest that C. longa may inhibit the cariogenic properties of S. mutans.


X: 0.63221145 Y: 13.217083title: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) a natural source of edible yellow colour publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa, L. an important natural sources of yellow colour was successfully extracted with acetone, ethanol and propanol. The liquid colour was developed from concentrated oleoresin (50 mL) by addition of 10 mL of polysorbate. The resultant liquid colour was water-soluble. The powder colour was prepared by crystallisation of concentrated oleoresin. The best quality of crystals (dry) was formed with petroleum ether. The result of physico-chemical properties revealed that liquid colour was soluble in all water-based medium while crystallised colour was fat-soluble on heating. Both liquid and crystal colour retained >80% of their colour for 6 months. It was concluded that yellow colour in liquid and crystal form could be developed from turmeric with acceptable physico-chemical properties. Both colour can be used in food products and had good market potential.


X: 1.5482132 Y: 12.893551title: Identification of antitumor constituents in curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. based on the composition-activity relationship publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Using orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS), based on the Simca-p11.5 software, and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), performed on MatLab r2010 software, the correlation between curcuminoids extracted from Curcuma longa L. and the antitumor activity on HeLa cells was investigated to identify the significantly active constituents. Fingerprints from 31 batches of curcuminoids from C. longa L. were established using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), and a total of 26 selected characteristic peaks were quantitatively analyzed. Afterward, the antitumor activities of the curcuminoids on HeLa cells were measured using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. We found that 13 of the curcuminoids (peaks 9, 18, 14, 8, 16, 17, 24, 12, 4, 13, 10, 20 and 11) were significantly correlated with antitumor activity via a Loadings plot and VIP (variable importance in projection) in OPLS and a correlation coefficient in CCA. These results support a method for the discovery of antitumor active constituents.


X: 1.6902828 Y: 12.9976425title: Reversible antifertility effect of aqueous rhizome extract of Curcuma longa L. in male laboratory mice publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antifertility potential of Curcuma longa L. in the male laboratory mouse.
Mice of the Parkes (P) strain were orally administered aqueous rhizome extract of C. longa (600 mg/kg body weight per day for 56 and 84 days), and effect of the treatment on various male reproductive endpoints and fertility was evaluated. Recovery studies were also performed.
Histologically, testes in mice treated with the plant extract showed nonuniform degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules as both affected and normal tubules were observed in the same section; the affected tubules showed loosening of germinal epithelium, intraepithelial vacuolation and mixing of spermatids of different stages of spermatogenesis. Marked reductions in diameter of seminiferous tubules, height of germinal epithelium and number of germ cells in Stage VII tubules were also noted in testes of extract-treated mice. Epididymis and seminal vesicle also showed histological alterations. Furthermore, the treatment had adverse effects on motility, viability, morphology and number of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis, levels of sialic acid in the epididymis and fructose in the seminal vesicle, serum level of testosterone and on fertility and litter size. By 56 days of treatment withdrawal, however, the above parameters recovered to control levels.
The results show that in P mice C. longa treatment causes reversible suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility, thereby suggesting the potential of this plant in the regulation of male fertility.


X: 1.703889 Y: 13.039757title: Contraceptive effect of Curcuma longa (L.) in male albino rat publish year: 2004 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Aim:
To study the contraceptive effect of the crude extracts of Curcuma longa in male albino rats.

Methods:
Rats were fed orally with Curcuma longa aqueous and 70% alcoholic extract for 60 days (500 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)).

Results:
A reduction in sperm motility and density was observed in both the treated groups.

Conclusion:
Curcuma longa may have affected the androgen synthesis either by inhibiting the Leydig cell function or the hypothalamus pituitary axis and as a result, spermatogenesis is arrested.


X: 1.7752688 Y: 13.908954title: The efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis publish year: 2021 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Objective:
To assess the efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods:
The databases such as Pubmed and Cochrane Library were searched to collect the article about Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin in the treatment of OA. Then, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected and their data was extracted. Finally, the RevMan5.3 was utilized for risk of bias assessment and meta-analysis, the STATA15.0 were utilized for publication bias assessment, and GRADE tool were used for the evidence quality assessment of primary outcomes.

Results:
A total of 15 RCTs involving 1621 participants were included. (1) Compared with placebo, Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin (C.) can decrease the VAS and WOMAC score-pain, the WOMAC score-function and the WOMAC score-stiffness. In terms of adverse events, Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin are comparable to those of placebo. (2) Compared with NSAIDs, Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin have similar effects on joint pain, function and stiffness. The incidence of adverse events in Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin was lower. (3) Compared with the NSAIDs group, C.+NSAIDs can also decrease the VAS and WOMAC score-pain, the WOMAC score-function and the WOMAC score-stiffness. In terms of adverse events, the addition of Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin to NSAIDs did not increase adverse events.

Conclusion:
Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin may be a safer and effective supplement for OA patients. It is recommended to use Curcuma longa Extract and curcumin supplement for OA patients for more than 12 weeks.


X: 1.6846944 Y: 13.070365title: Bioactive chemical constituents of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes extract inhibit the growth of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Bioactive chemical constituents of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes extract inhibit the growth of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) The present study was designed to identify the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Curcuma longa L. rhizo-mes and their inhibitory effect on a hepatoma cell line. The metha nolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to identify the volatile constituents and the other part of the same extract was subjected to liquid column chromatographic separation to isolate curcumin. The inhibition of cell growth in the hepa to ma cell line and the cytopathological changes were stu died. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fifty compounds in the methanolic extract of C. longa. The major compounds were ar-turmerone (20.50 %), β-sesquiphellandrene (5.20 %) and curcumenol (5.11 %). Curcumin was identified using IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR. The inhibition of cell growth by cur-cumin (IC 50 = 41.69 ± 2.87 µg mL –1) was much more effec ti ve than that of methanolic extract (IC 50 = 196.12 ± 5.25 µg mL –1). Dege ne rative and apoptotic changes were more evident in curcu min-treated hepatoma cells than in those treated with the meth anol extract. Antitumor potential of the methanolic extract may be attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes and phenolic constituents including curcumin (0.051 %, 511.39 µg g –1 dried methanol extract) in C. longa rhizomes.


X: 1.0411202 Y: 12.852928title: Antidermatophytic Properties of Ar-Turmerone, Turmeric Oil, and Curcuma longa Preparations publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. or turmeric of the family Zingiberaceae is widely used in Thai traditional medicines for the treatment of rash, itching, tinea, and ringworm. Previous studies on turmeric oil reported effective antifungal activity against dermatophytes, a group of fungi that causes skin diseases. In this study, turmeric creams containing 6 and 10% w/w turmeric oil were prepared and tested against clinical strains of dermatophytes using broth dilution technique. Minimum fungicidal concentrations of 6 and 10% w/w turmeric creams were found to be 312 μ g/mL. Ar-turmerone, a major compound separated from turmeric oil, promoted more effective antidermatophytic activity with the MICs of 1.56-6.25 μ g/mL, compared to 3.90-7.81 μ g/mL of standard ketoconazole. The results indicated that 6% w/w turmeric oil in the cream was suitable to be formulated as antidermatophytic preparation. Further research should be done on long-term chemical and antifungal stabilities of the preparation.


X: 0.40872198 Y: 13.068013title: Chemical Analysis of Essential Oils from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizome Through GC-MS publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The volatile oil of turmeric (Curcuma longa L., zingiberaceae) was
isolated from its rhizomes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS)
was applied to the methanolic extract of C. longa. The chromatographic
analysis of oil showed 16 constituents of which, 6 compounds
contributing 70.0 % of the total oil constituents could be identified. The
compounds were identified on the basis of their fragmentation pattern
and matching with the data library. The most abundant components
were aromatic turmerone (25.3 %), a-tumerone (18.3 %) and curlone
(12.5 %). Other constituents are caryophyllene (2.26 %) and eucalyptol
(1.60 %). The component present in lowest amount is a-phellandrene
(0.42 %).


X: 0.75501275 Y: 13.256516title: Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of the Rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: In ethno medicinal practices, the traditional healers use the genus Curcuma for the treatment of various ailments Turmeric is a spice derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that send out shoots as well as roots. Various parameters such as morphology, phytochemical profiles of the entire parts of the plant were studied and the salient diagnostic features are documented. Major chemical constituents, extractive values, physicochemical constants, and other features have also been recorded. Here, important chemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, and amino acids were identified and isolated.


X: 0.7998256 Y: 13.252259title: Qualitative phytochemical screening of rhizomes of Curcuma longa linn publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric is a spice derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that send out shoot as well as roots. The bright yellow colour of the turmeric comes mainly from fat soluble; polyphenolic pigments known as Curcuminoids. Plants shows medicinal properties as it contain phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical constituents are non nutritive plant chemical that have disease preventive properties. The rhizomes of Curcuma longa was extracted in Acetone, Methanol, Ethanol and Chloroform solvents giving 16.10, 15.42, 25.75 and 15.50% yields.


X: 1.2853032 Y: 13.977688title: Effects of the antioxidant turmeric on lipoprotein peroxides: Implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis publish year: 1997 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Extracts from the rhyzome of Curcuma longa are widely used as food additives in India and other Asiatic and Central American countries. It has been shown that these extracts (“turmeric”), as well as “curcumin” and related phenolic compounds isolated from Curcuma, have a powerful antioxidant action when tested in in vitro systems. Moreover, previous research from our laboratories has shown significant decreases in the levels of lipid peroxides in the blood of both mice and human subjects administered “turmeric.” Our present research complements the previous data, showing that a daily intake of turmeric equivalent to 20 mg of the phenolic antioxidant curcumin for 60 days decreases the high levels of peroxidation of both the HDL and the LDL, in vivo, in 30 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 40 to 90 years. The effect was quite striking in the persons with high baseline values of peroxidized compounds in these lipoproteins, while no apparent change took place in the persons having low baseline values.
In view of current concepts on the atherogenic role played by peroxidized HDL, and especially by peroxidized LDL, as inducers of foam and smooth cell proliferation in the arterial wall, this preliminary experiment suggests that the Curcuma phenolic antioxidants, because of their high antioxidant activity and lack of toxicity, might be a useful complement to standard hypo-lipidemic drugs in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.


X: 0.59545684 Y: 13.541493title: Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of kesum (Polygonum minus), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Herb and spices namely kesum, ginger and turmeric were extracted by using juice extractor without the additional of solvent. These herb and spices were determined for moisture content and the extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay and FRAP ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay). The yield of kesum, ginger and turmeric extraction was 23.6%, 58.6% and 66.4%, respectively. The results showed that, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity for kesum, ginger and turmeric extracts. Kesum extract had the highest total phenolic content followed by ginger and turmeric extract. A significant and positive high Pearson's correlations between TPC and DPPH assay (r = 0.86) and between TPC and FRAP assay (r = 0.91) respectively was observed for all plants extracts. This indicated that phenolic compounds were the main contributor of antioxidant activity in plants. However, there was no synergistic effect observed for all plants extract mixture.


X: 0.42517075 Y: 13.33391title: Influence of post harvest processing conditions on yield and quality of ground turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Studies were carried out to evaluate the influence of post harvest processing conditions on yield and quality of ground turmeric. Rhizomes were peeled, cooked (autoclave or immersion) in water or alkaline media, sliced, dehydrated, ground, sieved, packaged in polyethylene bags and stored for 60 days at room temperature. Yields ranged from 9.84 to 14.51 g of powder/100 g of rhizome with moisture varying from 8.84 to 9.86 g/100 g. Peel removal caused 30% mass loss but the powder obtained had higher intensity of yellow and red. Cooking caused a reduction in dehydration time and provided a powder with lower moisture content, higher levels of curcuminoid pigments and higher Hunter CIE L*, a* and b* values. Cooking by immersion provided higher quality powder compared to autoclave. Use of alkaline media resulted in a product with lower curcuminoid content, and higher intensity of yellow. There was no change in pigment and colour characteristics during storage.


X: 1.4421663 Y: 13.917005title: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcumin inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori, a group 1 carcinogen publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcumin, a polyphenolic chemical constituent derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been shown to prevent gastric and colon cancers in rodents. Many mechanisms have been proposed for the chemopreventative effects, although the effect of curcumin on the growth of Helicobacter pylori has not been reported. H. pylori is a Group 1 carcinogen and is associated with the development of gastric and colon cancer.
A methanol extract of the dried powdered turmeric rhizome and curcumin were tested against 19 strains of H. pylori, including 5 cagA+ strains.
Both the methanol extract and curcumin inhibited the growth of all strains of H. pylori in vitro with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 6.25-50 micrograms/ml.
These data demonstrate that curcumin inhibits the growth of H. pylori cagA+ strains in vitro, and this may be one of the mechanisms by which curcumin exerts its chemopreventative effects.


X: 1.8351012 Y: 13.362789title: Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) that protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells from βA(1–42) insult publish year: 2001 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: beta-Amyloid (betaA) induced oxidative stress is a well-established pathway of neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. From turmeric, Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), three curcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, were found to protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells from betaA(1-42) insult, as measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. ED(50) values of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin toward PC12 and HUVEC cells were 7.1+/-0.3, 4.7+/-0.1, 3.5+/-0.2 microg/ml and 6.8+/-0.4, 4.2+/-0.3, and 3.0+/-0.3 microg/ml, respectively. These compounds were better antioxidants than alpha-tocopherol as determined by DPPH radical trapping experiment. alpha-Tocopherol did not protect the cells from betaA(1-42) insult even at>50 microg/ml concentration. The results suggest that these compounds may be protecting the cells from betaA(1-42) insult through antioxidant pathway.


X: 0.86882603 Y: 13.015427title: Analysis of curcumin in curcuma longa and Curcuma xanthorriza using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: FTIR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate calibration of Partial Least Square (PLS) has been developed for quantification of curcumin in the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa Linn and Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. The optimization was done by selecting the best wavenumbers regions capable of providing the high coefficient of determination (R2) and low values of Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC). Finally, wavenumbers region of 2000-950 cm-1 was selected for prediction of curcumin in the extracts. The correlation between actual values of curcumin determined by HPLC and FTIR predicted values using FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS in ethanolic extract of C. longa and C. xanthorriza at 2000-950 cm-1 revealed R2 values of 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. The RMSEC values obtained are 0.299 and 0.089 for C. longa and C. xanthorriza, respectively. The high value of R2 and low value of RMSEC indicated the high accuracy and precision of FTIR spectroscopy for quantification of curcumin in the extracts. These results indicated that FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS is an alternative technique for determination of curcumin in Curcuma species. The developed method (FTIR spectroscopy) is rapid, no sample preparation and not involving excessive solvents and reagents.


X: 1.2365005 Y: 13.743945title: Use of Curcuma longa L. extract to stain various tissue samples for histological studies publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. is a perennial herb and a member of the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family, which is used extensively in foods as well as in Ayurvedic and Chinese systems of medicine. Current researches have focused on its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial properties. Until now, very few studies suggested its role as a histological stain.
To ascertain its efficacy to be used as a counterstain after hematoxylin, to compare it's staining ability with that of routinely used eosin dye and also to ascertain its role in various collagen diseases.
Turmeric rhizomes were cut into small pieces and were dried. These dried turmeric rhizomes were milled to form fine powder, which was then processed to form dye for staining tissue structures.
It revealed that turmeric can be used as a counterstain after hematoxylin, its staining ability was also good and comparable to that of eosin dye with a special affinity for collagen and muscle fibers.
Turmeric dye can be used as a histological stain, which stains similar to eosin dye and its specific affinity for collagen and muscle fibers authenticates its role in the treatment of collagen and muscle disorders.


X: 1.8891695 Y: 13.836298title: Safety and efficacy of Curcuma longa extract in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa Linn. is widely used for the treatment of disorders associated with inflammation and was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis (OA). This was a randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled trial. Total of 120 patients (37 males and 83 females) with primary knee OA received either placebo (400 mg twice daily) or NR-INF-02 (500 mg twice daily) or glucosamine sulphate (GS) (750 mg twice daily) alone or combination of NR-INF-02 and GS for 42 days. The efficacy was assessed during treatment period, on day 21 and day 42. The decrease in severity of pain symptom and function of affected knee as primary efficacy outcome measure was assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale, respectively. The clinical examination of affected joint was measured by an orthopaedic specialist and using a Clinician Global Impression Change (CGIC) scale. The analysis of post-treatment scores following administration of NR-INF-02 using VAS, WOMAC, and CGIC at each clinical visit showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) compared to placebo. NR-INF-02 treated group showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in use of rescue medication, along with clinical and subjective improvement compared to placebo. The tolerability and acceptability profile of NR-INF-02 was better during the trial period. The study demonstrates safety and efficacy of NR-INF-02 as a useful treatment option for patients with primary painful knee OA.


X: 0.65817404 Y: 13.329922title: High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation and Spectral Characterization of the Pigments in Turmeric and Annatto publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: High performance liquid chromatographic separations for the determination of the pigments in the food colorants, annatto and turmeric, were developed. Chromatographic analysis time for the isocratic system was 10 min and 22 min for the gradient system. The isocratic separation employed a 25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d. Zorbax ODS column with a 58/42 (v/v) mixture of water/tetrahydrofuran, THF, at 1 mL/min. A gradient water/THF system using the same components was also developed to improve the resolution between the curcuminoids. Sample preparation consists of dilution and filtration of the extracts. The three major pigments in turmeric, identified from visible and fluorescence stop flow spectra, were curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Absorbance, excitation and emission maxima for the three curcuminoids plus the carotenoids, bixin and norbixin, were determined.


X: 0.93255615 Y: 13.006193title: MORFOLOGI, ANATOMI DAN UJI HISTOKIMIA RIMPANG Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb; Curcuma longa L. DAN Curcuma heyneana Valeton dan Zijp publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma is a genus of family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizomes, as well as leaves, have long been used in the traditional medicine. This research
aimed to examine the morphological and anatomical structure as well as the primary and secondary metabolites of Curcuma aeruginosa
Roxb, Curcuma longa L, and Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp. The Anatomical structure, histochemical test and secretory cell density
were observed microscopically. The Histochemical test consisted of amilum, protein, lipid, tanin, alkaloid dan flavonoid tests. Observation of anatomical structures of the of rhizome showed that starch grains has a medium size and shape of starch was oval. Rhizomes of Curcuma longa and C. aeruginosa had a positive correlation for starch, protein, lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. C. heyneana has the highestdensity value on protein while C. longa has the highest density value on lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins.


X: 1.189887 Y: 12.513968title: ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF RHIZOMES OF CURCUMA LONGA AND ZINGIBER OFFICINALE (ZINGIBERACEAE) publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The present study reports comparative anthelmintic activity of methanolic extracts obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale Linn. against earthworms, Pheretima posthuma. Amongst both extracts, methanolic extract of Curcuma longa showed potent anthelmintic activity as compared with methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale.


X: 0.22248848 Y: 12.921741title: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) drying: an optimization approach using microwave-vacuum drying publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This study investigated the effect of microwave power (2,400–4,000 W) and drying times (10–30 min) on the quality of dried turmeric in terms of colour (L, a*, b*), moisture content, water activity (aw), ash, antioxidant activity (2,2-dipheneyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH), total phenolic and curcuminoids content. In addition, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was implemented to optimize the drying conditions for turmeric. A range of quality parameters, microwave power (W) and time (min) were fitted to quadratic models using a central composite design. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistic results suggested that the optimal qualities (i.e., aw, value, moisture content, phenolic content, curcuminoid content and EC50 and L value) of dried turmeric were achieved at high vacuum-microwave power (3,500–4,000 W) and long duration (27–30 min). The improvement in the quality of dried turmeric microwave-vacuum drying in these conditions was illustrated through the enzymatic browning reaction via inhibition of polyphenol oxidase which suppressed the formation of the brown pigments and increased the phenol substrates.


X: 0.7404864 Y: 12.388772title: Chemical and biocidal investigations on essential oils of some Indian Curcuma species publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The chemical investigation on volatile oils of Curcuma longa (rhizome), C. zedoaria (rhizome), C. aromatica (leaf) and C. amada (rhizome), done by GC and GC-MS. The rhizome oil of C. longa have been found to contain ar-turmerone (51.8%), ar-turmerol (11.9%), C. amada, myrcene (80.54%), β - pinene (4.64%), C. zedoaria, 1,8 cineol (18.5%), cymene (18.42%), α-phellandrene (14.9%) and leaf oil of C. aromatica,p-cymene (25.2%), 1,8-cineole (24.8%) as principal constituents. The bioassay of these oils indicated C. longa as good antifungal material and cause complete mycelial growth of Colletotrichum falcatum (CF), Fusarium moniliforme (FM), at 1000 ppm and Curvularia Pallescens (CP), Aspergillus niger(AN), Fusarium oxysporium (FO), at 2000 ppm concentrations. The C. zedoaria and C. aromatica also cause complete mycelial growth of CF at 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm concetration respectively. The latter two oils also have also good insecticidal against Odontotermes obesus Rhamb, a pest of sugarcane.


X: 1.4817977 Y: 13.142093title: Active principles and median lethal dose of Curcuma longa Linn. publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The present study aimed to determine the active principles and median lethal dose (LD50) of Curcuma longa (Haldi) by conducting phytochemical and toxicity (acute and chronic) studies. The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of haldi was prepared and its extractability was calculated as 35.9%. The chemical tests revealed the presence of many active principles (phytoconstituents) such as alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, tannins, resins, saponins, sterols and fixed oils. For acute toxicity, including median lethal dose (LD50) of C. longa, its HAE was administered @ 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight to female albino rats of groups 2 to 4, respectively. Rats of group 1 were administered with normal saline to serve as control. No mortality in any group of rats was found up to 48 hr, thus this drug has the LD50 above 1000 mg/kg. For chronic toxicity of C. longa HAE, similar drug dosage schedule was applied in groups 1 to 4 of rats as used for acute toxicity study; however, the drug-extract was given for 3 weeks. During both acute and chronic toxicity studies, C. longa HAE @ 1000 mg/kg elicited some gross observational effects like initial excitement, followed by mild depression, dullness, decreased respiration and reduced spontaneous motor activity (SMA). The results suggest that although haldi contains many pharmacologically important active principles but its higher dose (1000 mg/kg) is slightly toxic.


X: 0.3166294 Y: 13.020644title: Chemical composition of essential oils of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The essential oils of leaves, flowers, rhizomes and roots of turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) were analysed by GC-MS. The major constituent of flower oil was p-cymene-8-ol (26.0%) while leaf oil was dominated by α-phellandrene (32.6%). The rhizomes and roots contained ar-turmerone (31.0% and 46.8%, respectively) as major constituents.


X: 0.4069211 Y: 13.086865title: Chemical composition of essential oils of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) publish year: 2002 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The essential oils of leaves, flowers, rhizomes and roots of turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) were analysed by GC-MS. The major constituent of flower oil was p-cymene-8-ol (26.0%) while leaf oil was dominated by α-phellandrene (32.6%). The rhizomes and roots contained ar-turmerone (31.0% and 46.8%, respectively) as major constituents.


X: 1.5870684 Y: 13.769632title: The effects of Curcuma Longa L. and its constituents in respiratory disorders and molecular mechanisms of their action publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Introduction: Turmeric, the common name for Curcuma longa L. is a perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae (ginger) family, and has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases for a long time. This plant and its constituents have been used for the treatment of various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, bronchitis and asthma. Previous studies also reported bronchodilatory and preventive effects of this plant and its constituents on respiratory diseases.
Objectives: This chapter highlights the various effects of C. longa and its constituents in animal models of respiratory diseases and patients with respiratory disorders.
Material and Methods: For this objective, different search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct databases for English articles published until the end of June 2018 were checked using C. longa, curcumin and respiratory disorders.
Discussion and Conclusion: The results of various studies indicated relaxant effects of the plant and its constituents on tracheal smooth muscles indicating the possible bronchodilatory effect in patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases. The plant and its constituent curcumin also showed the preventive effect on an animal model of respiratory diseases including the effect on inflammatory cells and mediators, lung pathological changes, airway responsiveness and immunomodulatory effect. There were also clinical evidences regarding the therapeutic effect of the plant and its constituents on respiratory diseases. Based on obtained results from these studies, C. longa and its constituents mainly curcumin possess relieving and preventive effects on respiratory disorders and their molecular mechanisms were also shown.


X: 1.1190346 Y: 13.722798title: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa) publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: In this study, the phenolic profiles and bioactivities (antioxidant and antiproliferative activities) of turmeric extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional solvent extraction (CSE) were compared. The results showed that UAE and CSE had significant effects (p < 0.05) on phenolic composition, antioxidant activities, and antiproliferative effects. Compared with CSE, UAE can significantly (p < 0.05) increase extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds. Turmeric extracts obtained by UAE exhibited stronger antiproliferative effects against a panel of cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HCT116, HT29, HepG2, HeLa) than that obtained by CSE. In addition, the turmeric extracts can reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit cell migration, induce cell morphological changes and nuclear condensation, and arrest cell cycle at S and G2/M phases. The present findings suggested that ultrasonication can be applied successfully for the extraction of bioactive constituents from turmeric with enhanced biological activities, and the turmeric extracts have antiproliferative effects which may be mediated through ROS modulation and cell cycle arrest. Overall, turmeric extracts can be considered as a potential source of bioactive compounds for the treatment of cancer-related diseases.


X: 0.9929323 Y: 12.693767title: Chemical Composition of Turmeric Oil (Curcuma longa L. cv. Roma) and its Antimicrobial Activity against Eye Infecting Pathogens publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The essential oil from the rhizomes of Roma cultivar of turmeric (Curcuma longa) from Orissa was examined for its antimicrobial activity against the pathogens causing eye infections. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation extraction method using Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis of the oil was done by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antimicrobial effects of oil towards Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were tested by inhibition zone diameter (IZD) test to screen the antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test and minimum killing time (MKT) test to determine the minimum concentration of oil and minimum time required to kill the pathogens. Oil showed very good activity against all four microbial strains used at concentration of 10 μL except Pseudomonas aerugenosa. Very low concentration of 1.95 μL/mL oil was needed to inhibit the growth of most highly infecting pathogen Staphylococcus aureus within 15 min of its exposure in comparison to other microbial strains. High turmerone content (49.76%) of elite turmeric cultivar Roma released from Orissa (India) might be assigned to be responsible for such excellent anti microbial activity against the tested pathogens. The purpose of this study is to authenticate the use of turmeric rhizome oil against eye infections so as to giving an approach to formulate turmeric rhizome oil as potential eye drop in place of traditional antibiotics after undertaking its in vivo pharmacological studies.


X: 0.44380027 Y: 13.375691title: Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) Genotypes for Growth and Yield Attributes in Plains of Eastern Nepal publish year: 2021 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: An experiment was conducted in order to identify the productive genotype of turmeric for the plains of Nepal. In 2017 and 2018, seven promising turmeric genotypes (CI 0207, CI 0205, CI 9102, CI 1312, CI 0503, CI 0507, and CI 0201) were compared with KKH-1 in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at the Directorate of Agricultural Research, Tarahara, Nepal. The plants were 30 cm x 30 cm apart, with 40 plants per 3.6 m2 plot area. Cultural practices were followed in accordance with the recommendations. Analysis of variance, correlation, cluster, and GGEbiplot analysis were performed on the observed data. From the pooled analysis of two years of data, the results showed significant differences in plant height and fresh rhizome yield among genotypes. The rhizome yield of KKH-1 was found significantly higher (19.36 t ha-1) than CI 0205 and CI 9102 and at par with other genotypes. Weight of mother rhizome had significant positive correlation (r = 0.602**) with yield of fresh rhizome. Though KKH-1 yielded the highest fresh rhizome, the cluster and GGEbiplot analysis identified CI0207 as one of the potential turmeric clones next to KKH-1.


X: 1.721699 Y: 13.94846title: Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of aqueous extract of Curcuma longa in carbon tetra chloride intoxicated Swiss albino mice publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and immunotherapeutic effects of aqueous extract of turmeric rhizome in CCl4 intoxicated Swiss albino mice.
First group of mice (n=5) received CCl4 treatment at a dose of 0.5 mL/kg bw (i.p.) for 7 days. Second group was fed orally the aqueous extract of turmeric at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw for 15 days. The third group was given both the turmeric extract (for 15 days, orally) and CCl4 (for last 7 days, i.p.). The fourth group was kept as a control. To study the liver function, the transaminase enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) and bilirubin level were measured in the serum of respective groups. For assaying the immunotherapeutic action of Curcuma longa (C. longa), non specific host response parameters like morphological alteration, phagocytosis, nitric oxide release, myeloperoxidase release and intracellular killing capacity of peritoneal macrophages were studied from the respective groups.
The result of present study suggested that CCl4 administration increased the level of SGOT and SGPT and bilirubin level in serum. However, the aqueous extract of turmeric reduced the level of SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin in CCl4 intoxicated mice. Apart from damaging the liver system, CCl4 also reduced non specific host response parameters like morphological alteration, phagocytosis, nitric oxide release, myeloperoxidase release and intracellular killing capacity of peritoneal macrophages. Administration of aqueous extract of C. longa offered significant protection from these damaging actions of CCl4 on the non specific host response in the peritoneal macrophages of CCl4 intoxicated mice.
In conclusion, the present study suggests that C. longa has immunotherapeutic properties along with its ability to ameliorate hepatotoxicity.


X: 0.8826155 Y: 13.358897title: Gingerdione from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa publish year: 2012 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family along with the other noteworthy members like ginger, cardamom, and galangal. It belongs to the genus Curcuma, which consists of hundreds of species of plants that possess rhizomes. It is widely grown in warm, rainy regions of the world such as India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South China �1�.
Turmeric is of special importance to humans with the discovery that its rhizome powder, when added to various food preparations, preserves their freshness and imparts a characteristic flavor. Traditional Indian medicine claims the use of its powder against biliary disorders, anorexia, coryza, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorder, rheumatism, and sinusitis �2�. The diarylheptanoids are the principal active constituents contained in Curcuma longa. About 11 diarylheptanoids have been isolated �3�� and 19diarylheptanoids were detected by the method of LC-MS �4� from the rhizome of Curcuma longa.


X: 0.379223 Y: 13.227211title: Genotype by environment interaction effects on yield and curcumin in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Eleven cultivars were evaluated for fresh yield (10 environments), curing per cent, cucumin and dry yield (five environments) across India, four each in North and South India and two in North East India, ranging from 43 to 893 m above mean sea level. Combined analyses showed significant differences among cultivars, environments, and cultivar by environment interactions for yield, curing per cent and curcumin contents. A large proportion (70.8%) of variation on fresh yield was attributed to environments; however, for curing per cent, curcumin content and dry yield, genotype effect accounted for 31.2%, 17.7% and 15.7%of variation, respectively. Mega Turmeric was the most stable for fresh yield with above average yield per plant across all environments. Rajendra Sonia was performing well at specific locations as the fresh yield was high and was highly responsive to favorable environments. Results on curcumin and curing per cent showed that, IISR Kedaram performed consistently across five environments with regression values almost equal to one and non-significant deviation from regression was adjudged to be the most stable cultivar for curcumin production. High curcumin cultivar Narendra Tumeric-1 was least responsive at environments with regression values less than one and significant deviation from regression. Mega Turmeric-1, IISR Prathiba and IISR Kedaram showed high stability for dry yield across environments. Three varieties, Mega Turmeric-1, IISR Kedaram and IISR Prathiba could serve as a good genetic source for stability in breeding programs for high dry yield and curcumin content.


X: 1.1086235 Y: 12.856078title: Structure elucidation and NMR assignments for curcuminoids from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Thirteen curcuminoids (1-13) were isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Among them, 1,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadiene-3-one (1), 1,5-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadiene-3-one (2), 1,5-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadiene-3-one (3), and 3-hydroxy-1,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-heptene-1,5-dione (4) are new compounds, and 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1, 6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione (5) is isolated from natural sources for the first time. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, especially 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The (13)C NMR data and complete (1)H and (13)C NMR assignments of some known compounds are reported for the first time. In addition, the errors of (1)H and (13)C assignments reported in the literature were corrected.


X: 0.7262287 Y: 13.474194title: Free and bound phenolic antioxidants in Amla (Emblica officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The antioxidant activity of free and bound phenolics of amla (Emblica officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) was investigated. The Emblica officinalis free (EOFP) and bound phenolics (EOBP) showed between four- to 10-fold higher levels of antioxidant activity as evaluated by both free radical scavenging and reducing power assays compared to that of Curcuma longa free (CLFP) and bound phenolics (CLBP). Higher level of antioxidant activity in E. officinalis has been attributed to the phenolic content (12.9%, w/w, correlation coefficient R=0.74) in them. The free and bound phenolics of E. officinalis showed high content of phenolic compounds (126 and 3.0 mg/g) compared to that of C. longa (29.7 and 1.6 mg/g). Gallic acid and tannic acid were identified as the major antioxidant components in phenolic fractions of E. officinalis. The antioxidant activity of CLFP could be attributed to curcumin and that of CLBP to ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. Further, the extracts of both E. officinalis and C. longa also exhibited significant protection to DNA against oxidative damage as evidenced by migration of DNA on the agarose gel. Our results clearly suggest the presence of potent antioxidants such as gallic acid in E. officinalis and protocatechuic acid and ferulic acid in C. longa, in addition to the known ascorbic acid and curcumin in E. officinalis and C. longa, respectively.


X: 1.4258976 Y: 12.832645title: Curcumaromins A, B, and C, Three Novel Curcuminoids from Curcuma aromatica publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Three novel curcuminoids, curcumaromins A-C (1-3, resp.), along with a known compound, longiferone B (4) were isolated from Curcuma aromatica Salisb. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as (1E,4Z,6E)-5-hydroxy-7-{4-hydroxy-3-[(1R ,6R )-3-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl)phenyl}-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,4,6-trien-3-one (1), 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-[(1R ,6R )-3-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-4H-pyran-4-one (2), and (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[(1R ,6R )-3-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (3) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Curcumaromins A-C (1-3) represented the first examples of menthane monoterpene-coupled curcuminoids. The known compound, longiferone B (4), was the first daucane sesquiterpene isolated from the genus Curcuma.


X: 2.7026522 Y: 13.699951title: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Root Powder and Mannanoligosaccharides as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Broiler Chicken Diets publish year: 2003 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Two bio-assays were conducted to evaluate turmeric root powder and mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) as alternatives to feed antibiotics for broilers. In one trial, one hundred and eighty 19-days old broilers assigned to 18 groups of 10 were fed on one of six experimental diets with three replicates during four weeks. The diets included a basal feed without additives and with either virginiamycin, MOS, or turmeric at 1, 2 and 3 g/kg, respectively. In the second trial, one hundred and forty four 21-days old broilers arranged in 16 groups of nine were fed on the first four diets with four replicates for a similar period. Virginiamycin, MOS and turmeric (1 g/kg) in the first trial generally improved the weight gain of broilers by 3.4, 6.2 and 5.3%, respectively. In the second trial they increased the weight gain significantly (p


X: 2.560276 Y: 13.766845title: Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) effect on biochemical and pathological parameters of liver and kidney in chicken aflatoxicosis publish year: 2015 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Context:
Aflatoxins as potent mycotoxins can influence vital parameters in chickens. Turmeric was used in decreasing toxic effect of mycotoxins on vital organs, traditionally.

Objective:
The study compared the protective effect of turmeric and Mycoad(TR) in broilers exposed to aflatoxin.

Materials and methods:
Chickens (270) were divided into six groups. The chickens were fed a basal diet, turmeric extract (5 mg/kg diet), Mycoad(TR) (25 mg/kg diet), productive aflatoxin (3 mg/kg diet), aflatoxin plus turmeric extract (3 versus 5 mg/kg diet), and aflatoxin plus Mycoad(TR) (3 versus 25 mg/kg diet) in basal diet. At 28 d old, we determined plasma concentration of total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), calcium, potassium, phosphorous, uric acid, aspartate transferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Furthermore, liver and kidney were sampled for pathological examination.

Results:
Chickens fed turmeric with aflatoxin had significant lower ALT, AST, and uric acid than chickens fed aflatoxin (11.4 ± 0.79, 228 ± 9, and 6 ± 0.4 versus 17.2 ± 1.7, 283 ± 5, and 7.7 ± 0.1) whereas, total protein, calcium, and HDL values in chickens fed aflatoxin plus turmeric increased significantly (2.66 ± 0.16, 8.4 ± 0.2, and 920 ± 4.1 versus 1.7 ± 0.17, 7 ± 0.2, and 690 ± 4.8). Pathological examination revealed severe congestion, degeneration, and necrosis in liver and kidney in chickens that received aflatoxin.

Discussion and conclusion:
The study showed that turmeric may provide protection against the toxic effects of aflatoxin on liver and kidney.


X: 1.8267664 Y: 13.5942title: Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and NOS expression in chronic experimental colitis publish year: 2007 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a nonspecific inflammatory disorder characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leucocyte infiltration and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as the p38 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) modulate the transcription of many genes involved in the inflammatory process. Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, which is known to have anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to study the effects and mechanisms of action of curcumin, on chronic colitis in rats. Inflammation response was assessed by histology and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). We determined the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and nitrites in colon mucosa, as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase(COX)-1 and-2 by western blotting and inmmunohistochemistry. Finally, we studied the involvement of MAPKs signaling in the protective effect of curcumin in chronic colonic inflammation. Curcumin (50-100 mg/kg/day) were administered by oral gavage 24 h after trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) instillation, and daily during 2 weeks before sacrifice. Curcumin significantly attenuated the damage and caused substantial reductions of the rise in MPO activity and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-alpha. Also curcumine was able to reduce nitrites colonic levels and induced down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS expression, and a reduction in the activation of p38 MAPK; however, no changes in the activation of JNK could be observed. In conclusion, we suggest that inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling by curcumin could explain the reduced COX-2 and iNOS immunosignals and the nitrite production in colonic mucosa reducing the development of chronic experimental colitis.


X: 1.7186464 Y: 13.548919title: Curcuma longa Extract Protects against Gastric Ulcers by Blocking H2 Histamine Receptors publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa has been commonly used as a traditional remedy for a variety of symptoms such as inflammation, gastritis and gastric ulcer. When C. longa extract was administered per os to pylori-ligated rat stomachs, it reduced gastric acid secretion and protected against the formation of gastric mucosal lesions. We therefore tested whether C. longa extract inhibits gastric ulcers by blocking the H(2) histamine receptor. Dimaprit, a H(2) histamine receptor agonist, induced intracellular cAMP production in U937 and HL-60 promyelocytes. Pretreatment with C. longa extract significantly blocked dimaprit-induced cAMP production in a concentration dependent manner, but had no effect on the elevation of cAMP levels triggered by isoproterenol-induced beta(2)-adrenoceptor activation in U937 cells. To identify the active component(s) of C. longa extract, we sequentially fractionated it by extraction with ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. We found that the ethyl acetate extract showed the most potent H(2)R antagonistic effect against dimaprit-induced cAMP production. However, curcumin, a major component of C. longa extract, showed no H(2)R blocking effect. C. longa ethanol extract and ethylacetate extract also blocked the binding of [(3)H]-tiotidine to membrane receptors on HL-60 cells. These findings suggest that the extract from C. longa specifically inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking H(2) histamine receptors in a competitive manner.


X: 1.9827377 Y: 13.49012title: Supplementation with Curcuma longa Reverses Neurotoxic and Behavioral Damage in Models of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Background:
The formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein are the main pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current therapies for AD offer discrete benefits to the clinical symptoms and do not prevent the continuing degeneration of neuronal cells. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies have long been investigated, where curcumin (Curcuma longa) has shown some properties that can prevent the deleterious processes involved in neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective:
The aim of the present work is to review studies that addressed the effects of curcumin in experimental models (in vivo and in vitro) for AD.

Method:
This study is a systematic review conducted between January and June 2017, in which a consultation of scientific articles from indexed periodicals was carried out in Science Direct, United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane Library and Scielo databases, using the following descriptors: "Curcuma longa", "Curcumin" and "Alzheimer's disease".

Results:
A total of 32 studies were analyzed, which indicated that curcumin supplementation reverses neurotoxic and behavioral damages in both in vivo and in vitro models of AD.

Conclusion:
The administration of curcumin in experimental models seems to be a promising approach in AD, even though it is suggested that additional studies must be conducted using distinct doses and through other routes of administration.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, curcumin, Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress, therapeutics, brain.Alzheimer’s disease, curcumin, Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress, therapeutics, brain.Alzheimer’s disease, curcumin, Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress, therapeutics, brain.


X: 0.79641324 Y: 13.419202title: Diseases of Turmeric publish year: 2019 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Discussion in the chapter would be centered on the major diseases of turmeric like rhizome rot and its symptoms, epidemiology, crop loss, and management, both chemical and biological. The other aspects of discussion would be on the diseases leaf rot, leaf blotch, and leaf spot and their epidemiology and management. Discussion would also be on minor diseases of turmeric, which includes leaf blast and leaf blight, caused by nematodes and brown rot. There will also be a discussion in the chapter on bacterial diseases of turmeric. Further discussion in the chapter would be on storage, storage loss, and how to minimize it.


X: -3.4973211 Y: 10.166824title: Effect of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. on Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Doxorubicin in Wistar Rats publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The study aimed to investigate the protective action of jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.) against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Methanolic extract of jatamansi (MEJ) was prepared and standardized using HPTLC fingerprinting, GC-MS chemoprofiling, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity in vitro. Further in vivo activity was evaluated using rodent model. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 6) namely control (CNT) (Normal saline), toxicant (TOX, without any treatment), MEJ at low dose (JAT1), MEJ at high dose (JAT2), and standard desferrioxamine (STD). All groups except control received doxorubicin 2.5 mg per Kg intra-peritoneally for 3 weeks in twice a week regimen. After 3 weeks, the blood samples and cardiac tissues were collected from all groups for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Treatment with MEJ at both dose levels exhibited significant reduction (p < 0.001 vs. toxicant) of serum CK-MB (heart creatine
kinase), LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) & HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) levels, and tissue MDA (melondialdehyde) level; insignificant di�erence was observed (p > 0.05) in TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor), IL-6 (interleukine-6) levels and caspase activity as compared to TOX. Histopathological evaluation of cardiac tissues of di�erent treatment groups further reinforced the findings of biochemical estimation. This study concludes that jatamansi can protect cardiac tissues from oxidative stress-induced cell injury and lipid peroxidation as well as against inflammatory and apoptotic e�ects on cardiac tissues.
Keywords: biochemical estimation; cardioprotection; cardiotoxicity; doxorubicin; lipid peroxidation; Nardostachys jatamansi DC.


X: 0.84011847 Y: 12.420345title: Curcuma longa L. essential oil composition, antioxidant effect, and effect on Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin production publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Essential oils may be an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides for the control of fungi involved in agricultural product deterioration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the composition and antioxidant effect of turmeric essential oil and its antifungal and antimycotoxigenic action on Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg. The essential oil major components were α-turmerone (42.6%), β-turmerone (16.0%) and ar-turmerone (12.9%). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the radical scavenging capacities of 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 0.54 and 10.03 mg/ml, respectively, indicating good antioxidant activity. The application of 17.9 and 294.9 μg/ml of turmeric essential oil decreased the development of F. verticillioides by 56.0 and 79.3%, respectively, when compared with the fungal control. The scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the oil decreased the thickness and the length of the microconidia. Ergosterol production significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in groups treated with the essential oil relative to the control, indicating an effect of the oil on fungal biomass. The production of B1 and B2 fumonisins was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) in groups treated with the essential oil. The results suggest that turmeric essential oil has antioxidant, antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities.


X: 1.1554801 Y: 12.759835title: Antifungal activity against Colletotrichum spp. of curcuminoids isolated from Curcuma longa L. rhizomes publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Methanol extract of the rhizomes of turmeric, Curcuma longa L., effectively controlled the development of red pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum coccodes. In addition three antifungal substances were identified from the methanol extract of C. longa rhizomes as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin using mass and 1H-NMR spectral analyses. The curcuminoids in a range 0.4-100 μg/ml effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of three red pepper anthracnose pathogens, C. coccodes, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum. The three curcuminoids inhibited mycelial growth of C. coccodes and C. gloeosporioides to an extent similar to the synthetic fungicide dithianon did, but the synthetic agent was a little more effective against C. acutatum. The curcuminoids also effectively inhibited spore germination of C. coccodes, and bisdemethoxycurcumin was the most active. Among the three curcuminoids, only demethoxycurcumin was effective in a greenhouse test in suppressing red pepper anthracnose caused by C. coccodes.


X: 1.7420484 Y: 13.565615title: Chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of the aerial parts of Curcuma longa publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa is a perennial foodstuff plant that is utilized widely in Asia. Here, we evaluated the effects of extracts of the aerial parts of C. longa on inflammatory processes in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Dried aerial parts of C. longa were extracted with methanol and partitioned successively with CH2Cl2 and n-BuOH. This n-BuOH fraction (0–40 µg/ml) significantly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blotting found that the levels of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 were also reduced in a concentration-dependent manner, in the absence of cytotoxicity. The major components present in this extract were isolated and chemically characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Four flavonoids were identified: Quercetin 3-(2Gal-rhamnosyl-robinobioside) (1); Quercetin 3-rutinoside (2); Quercetin 3-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (3); and Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (4).


X: 1.7820024 Y: 13.652379title: Protective effect of curcumin against aluminium toxicity: possible behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Aluminium is a potent neurotoxin and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) causality for decades. Prolonged aluminium exposure induces oxidative stress and increases amyloid beta levels in vivo Current treatment modalities for AD provide only symptomatic relief thus necessitating the development of new drugs with fewer side effects. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the protective effect of chronic curcumin administration against aluminium-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage in rats. Aluminium chloride (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to rats daily for 6 weeks. Rats were concomitantly treated with curcumin (per se; 30 and 60 mg/kg, p.o) daily for a period of 6 weeks. On the 21st and 42nd day of the study behavioral studies to evaluate memory (Morris water maze and elevated plus maze task paradigms) and locomotion (photoactometer) were done. The rats were sacrificed on 43rd day following the last behavioral test and various biochemical tests were performed to assess the extent of oxidative damage Chronic aluminium chloride administration resulted in poor retention of memory in Morris water maze, elevated plus maze task paradigms and caused marked oxidative damage. It also caused a significant increase in the acetylcholinesterase activity and aluminium concentration in aluminium treated rats. Chronic administration of curcumin significantly improved memory retention in both tasks, attenuated oxidative damage, acetylcholinesterase activity and aluminium concentration in aluminium. treated rats (P<0 05). Curcumin has neuroprotective effects against aluminium-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage.


X: 1.41669 Y: 13.778012title: The Role of Curcuma longa Against Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)-Induced Toxicity in Rats publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The major component, called curcumin, of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (Family Zingiberaceae) powder is responsible for its biological actions. The present study aimed to prove the protective effect of turmeric extract against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac, hepatic, and renal toxicity as evaluated in rats. Body weight and urine volume of the animal groups under investigation were recorded daily throughout the experimental period. Also, the cardiac, hepatic, and renal toxicities were determined by estimating the changes in serum activities of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, nitric oxide, albumin, and calcium, and kidney and liver tissue activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the contents of glutathione and malondialdehyde. Hyperlipidemia was also determined, and protein and albumin changes in urine were estimated. Biochemical and histopathological findings demonstrate that turmeric extract has multiple therapeutic activities that are beneficially protective, and it has an ameliorative effect against DOX-induced cardiac toxicity and hepatotoxicity and blocks DOX-induced nephrosis. Similarly, turmeric extract inhibited the DOX-induced increase in plasma cholesterol, LDH, and CK. The present findings conclude that the turmeric extract has multiple therapeutic activities that block the cardiac, hepatic, and renal toxicities induced by DOX, and it also possibly acts as a free radical scavenger.


X: 0.43466225 Y: 13.112738title: Levels of curcuminoid and essential oil compositions in turmerics (Curcuma longa L.) grown in Korea publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Levels of curcuminoids and essential oil compositions from eighteen turmerics (Curcuma longa L.) grown in Jeju were analyzed. 0.5 g of turmeric samples was extracted with 20 mL of methanol for 7 h by shaking and was ultra-sonicated for 30 min. The extracts were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography-diode array detector using Brownlee SPP C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 2.7 µm) after filtration. Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DEM), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BIS) were monitored at the wavelength of 420 nm. Total curcuminoids in turmerics ranged from 53.9 ± 1.0 to 5396.0 ± 101.8 µg/g dry turmeric weight. In decreasing order, curcuminoids found were CUR (4669.7 µg/g) > DEM (565.3 µg/g) > BIS (160.9 µg/g). K145023 variety contains the highest amount of curcuminoids and variety number 10 contains the least amount. Essential oils were extracted with steam distillation method and analyzed with GC–MS. The major components of turmeric oil were α-zingiberene (27.70–36.75 %), aromatic-turmerone (19.54–32.24 %), β-sesquiphellandrene (13.14–18.23 %), α-turmerone (3.72–6.50 %), β-turmerone (2.86–5.60 %), and β-bisabolene (2.50–3.46 %).


X: 0.28539062 Y: 13.306009title: Processing of turmeric (Curcuma longa) by different curing methods and its effect on quality publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The results of the study on curing Prathiba variety turmeric by eight different curing methods indicated that slicing significantly reduced the drying time to 9 days. Turmeric cured by cooking in boiling water for 40, 60, 90 min, took 11 days for complete drying. While turmeric rhizomes cured by steam cooking for 30, 45 and 60 min took 24, 23 and 12 days for drying. Increase in curing time of turmeric rhizomes resulted in significant reduction in curcumin, starch, essential oil and oleoresin content. In case of water boiling method, maximum retention of curcumin (5.91%) and essential oil (3.6%) was obtained for rhizomes cured for 40 min. While in the case of steam boiling method, the maximum retention of the quality parameters was obtained at 30 min steaming when the curcumin content (6%), essential oil content (3.33%), oleoresin content (13.96%) and starch content was highest (63.33%). But, the drying time was longest (24 days) at this curing level. However, the steam cooking had several advantages over traditional cooking by water boiling in terms of fuel consumption and the quantity of rhizomes that could be cured per batch and also reduction of labour. © 2016, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. All rights reserved.


X: 0.39786136 Y: 13.390236title: Changes in curcuminoids and chemical components of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) under freeze-drying and low-temperature drying methods publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: We investigated how various drying methods affect the chemical components and microstructure of turmeric. We used freeze drying (FD), hot-air drying (HD) at 50 0C and sun drying (SD). Compared to all dried samples, fresh turmeric had greater amounts of chemical components (curcuminoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and amino acids) and greater antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) except for ABTS.+ values. SD caused a severe decline of three major curcuminoids, resulting from UV and light degradation. Curcumin was decreased the most by SD (72%), followed by HD (61%) and FD (55%), respectively. Curcumin degradation to ferulic acid and vanillin was explored by FTIR analysis. The amino acids were decreased by all drying methods. FD was considered to be most suitable for drying turmeric. Microstructure changes were least after freeze drying, but were still evident compared with fresh turmeric.


X: 1.436278 Y: 12.832726title: A study on antibacterial property of curcuma longa – herbal and traditional medicine publish year: 2020 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Objectives
The aim of the study was to study the antibacterial property of Curcuma longa . Human beings are dependent on the use of plants and herbs as a source of drugs for curing ailments since ancient times. Herbs are medicinal plants which are created by nature for curing human diseases. Ayurvedic Materia Medica is a rich repository of herbs and about 2000 plant species mentioned in Ayurveda are used to cure various diseases in human beings. In Veda and Atharvaveda, written around 2000 BC, there are a lot of medical references and prescriptions showing beneficial results in a cure for a number of human chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, neuralgia, jaundice, skin diseases, gout, tumors, encephalitis, and bronchitis. Most of the medicinal plants and herbs have been found to have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and protective properties. The use of the traditional system of medicines in India and China such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha is around 5000 years old, which recommends management of lifestyle, including diet management, exercise, and meditation along with treatment, including specific herbs to cure several ailments. Curcuma longa a traditional herbal medicine is widely used in India since ancient times to cure several ailments.In the present study, antibacterial property of ethanolic extract, extracted from dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa was studied in microbiology laboratory against different bacterial strains.

Materials and Methods
The dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa were purchased from local market in Punjab. The collected roots of Curcuma longa were washed, shade dried, grounded to fine powder and was subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol as solvent. Two bacterial strains were used in current study; one was Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The method to access antibacterial activity was Cylinder Plate method.

Results
50 gm. of dried powder was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using ethanol solvent to get the extract of curcumin for investigation of antibacterial activity of turmeric against different Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterial strains using cylindrical plate method. A distinguished zones of inhibition 6.5 mm, 7.5 mm, and 11 mm in diameter were seen under plates containing different concentrations of Curcuma longa extract.

Conclusion
The potentiality of extract of Curcuma longa to inhibit the growth of microbial strains indicates its broad-spectrum antibacterial property which can be used for the betterment of health of society to treat several infections. Turmeric and its constituents may be included in modern system of medicine for the development of new dosage forms to treat several diseases with natural herbs with lesser adverse effects in comparison to allopathic system of medicine and improve the health and wellness of our society.


X: 1.4503481 Y: 13.459234title: Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of the ethanolic extract from Curcuma longa L. in the mouse forced swimming test publish year: 2007 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for mental disorders including depression. The studies described here were undertaken to determine the behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of the ethanolic extract from Curcuma longa using the forced swimming test (FST) in male ICR strain of mice. The ethanolic extract was found to reduce the duration of immobility in the mouse FST when orally administered for 21 days. The extract markedly attenuated swim stress-induced decreases in serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations, as well as increases in serotonin turnover. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa significantly reversed the swim stress-induced increases in serum corticotropin-releasing factor and cortisol levels. Under these conditions, the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa was partly different from fluoxetine and amitriptyline. These results suggested that antidepressant properties of the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa was mediated through regulations of neurochemical and neuroendocrine systems and it may be a useful agent against depression.


X: 1.5018682 Y: 13.800628title: Protective effect of Curcuma longa L. extract on CCl4-induced acute hepatic stress publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Background
The Curcuma longa L. (CLL) rhizome has long been used to treat patients with hepatic dysfunction. CLL is a member of the ginger family of spices that are widely used in China, India, and Japan, and is a common spice, coloring, flavoring, and traditional medicine. This study was performed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of CLL extract and its active component curcumin in an acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver stress model. Methods
Acute hepatic stress was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg body weight) in rats. CLL extract was administered once a day for 3 days at three dose levels (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day) and curcumin was administered once a day at the 200 mg/kg/day. We performed alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). activity analysis and also measured total lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and lipid peroxidation. ResultsAt 100 g CLL, the curcuminoid components curcumin (901.63 ± 5.37 mg/100 g), bis-demethoxycurcumin (108.28 ± 2.89 mg/100 g), and demethoxycurcumin (234.85 ± 1.85 mg/100 g) were quantified through high liquid chromatography analysis. In CCl4-treated rats, serum AST and ALT levels increased 2.1- and 1.2-fold compared with the control. AST but not ALT elevation induced by CCl4 was significantly alleviated in CLL- and curcumin-treated rats. Peroxidation of membrane lipids in the liver was significantly prevented by CLL (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day) on tissue lipid peroxidation assay and immunostaining with anti-4HNE antibody. We found that CLL extract and curcumin exhibited significant protection against liver injury by improving hepatic superoxide dismutase (p < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase activity, and glutathione content in the CCl4-treated group (p < 0.05), leading to a reduced lipid peroxidase level. Conclusion
Our data suggested that CLL extract and curcumin protect the liver from acute CCl4-induced injury in a rodent model by suppressing hepatic oxidative stress. Therefore, CLL extract and curcumin are potential therapeutic antioxidant agents against acute hepatotoxicity.


X: 0.84370136 Y: 12.950312title: Curcuminoid content of Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome based on drying method with NMR and HPLC-UVD publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuminoid, consisting of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis demethoxycurcumin, is the major compound in Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome. It has been known to have a potent antioxidants, anticancer, antibacteria activity. Those rhizomes needs to be dried beforehand which influenced the active compounds concentration. The present work was conducted to assess the curcuminoid content of C. longa L. and C. xanthorrhiza based on drying method with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-UVD. Samples were collected and dried using freeze-drying and oven method. The latter is the common method applied in most drying method at herbal medicine preparation procedure. All samples were extracted using 96% ethanol and analyzed using NMR and HPLC-UVD. Curcuminoid as a bioactive compound in the sample exhibited no significant difference and weak significant difference in C. xanthorrhiza and C. longa L., respectively. HLPC-UVD as a reliable analytical method for the quantification is subsequently used to confirm of the data obtained by NMR. It resulted that curcuminoid content showed no significant difference in both samples. This replied that curcuminoids content in both samples were stable into heating process. These results are useful information for simplicia standardization method in pharmaceutical products regarding to preparation procedure.


X: 0.6848711 Y: 13.301679title: High-efficient column chromatographic extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcumin is an important food additive and a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases from turmeric, the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. High-efficient column chromatographic extraction (CCE) procedures were developed for the extraction of curcumin from turmeric. Turmeric powder was loaded into a column with 2-fold 80% ethanol. The column was eluted with 80% ethanol at room temperature. For quantitative analysis with a non-cyclic CCE, 8-fold eluent was collected as extraction solution. For large preparation with a cyclic CCE, only the first 2-fold of eluent was collected as extraction and other eluent was sequentially circulated to the next columns. More than 99% extraction rates were obtained through both CCE procedures, compared to a 59% extraction rate by the ultrasonic-assisted maceration extraction with 10-fold 80% ethanol. The CCE procedures are high-efficient for the extraction of curcumin from turmeric with minimum use of solvent and high concentration of extraction solution.


X: 1.8305918 Y: 13.999851title: Anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on collagen-induced arthritis: An anatomico-radiological study publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa (CL) or turmeric is an Ayurvedic herb that has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a well established experimental auto-immune mediated polyarthritis in susceptible strains of rodents. The main aim of the study was to observe the inflammatory, macroscopic and radiological changes in the arthritic ankle joints of experimentally collagen-induced arthritis animals treated with or without CL extract.
Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley (6-8 weeks-old, 150 ± 50) rats were equally divided into six groups. The first group served as a control while the rest five groups were immunized subdermally with 150 µg collagen type-II on day-0. All rats with established CIA with arthritis score (AS) exceeding 1 were treated orally with betamethasone (0.5 mg/ml/kg body weight) and varying doses of CL extract (30, 60 and 110 mg/ml/kg body weight) using olive oil as vehicle, daily for four weeks. Arthritic scoring (AS) of the paws, measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and paw thickness and radiological scoring were performed.
Treatment with 110 mg/ml/kg CL showed significant mean difference in the ESR (p<0.01), AS (p<0.05) and radiological scores (p<0.01) on day-28 compared to the vehicle treated group. The mean difference for the ESR, AS and radiological scores of this highest CL dose group were found to be insignificant compared to the betamethasone treated group.
The administration of CL extract arrested the degenerative changes in the bone and joints of collagen-induced arthritic rats.


X: 1.0737118 Y: 12.962729title: A comprehensive review on Curcuma longa Linn.: Phytochemical, pharmacological, and molecular study publish year: 2017 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Curcuma longa Linn. is well-known and valued medicinal plant. It has a long history of traditional uses ranging from folk medicine to several culinary preparations. The phytochemical, pharmacological, and molecular studies of C. longa are reviewed. The rhizome is rich in essential oils, and various numbers of chemical constituents with biomedical significance have been isolated from it. The management of indigenous knowledge by appropriate documentation is recommended. This review was compiled to provide recent consolidated information covering different aspects of the plant, phytochemical, pharmacological, and molecular study to provide a basis on which to plan future studies and to promote sustainable use of C. longa.


X: 0.5557746 Y: 13.290008title: Variation of Total Curcuminoids Content, Antioxidant Activity and Genetic Diversity in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Collections publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric has recently been developed as an antiulcer drug and as a mosquito repellant on a commercial scale. However, the material supplied to the factory has not been uniform and has contained lower amounts of active compound than specified in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The objective of this study was to reveal the genetic diversity and variation in active compounds and the bioactivity of turmeric collected from different parts of Thailand. The total curcuminoids content and antioxidant activity of 67 samples of Curcuma longa L. and one sample of C. mangga rhizome from various locations were analyzed before and after planting. The highest total curcuminoids content was found in the samples from the central region while the lowest content was found in the samples from the Lao PDR The antioxidant activities of extracts were assayed with DPPH and compared with ascorbic acid. The highest antioxidant activity (EC 50 8.04±3.77 mg/ml) was found in the samples from the central region, which was highly correlated with the curcuminoids content. The antioxidant activity of turmeric from all regions decreased after planting for six months. The RAPD technique was performed to detect genetic diversity in the turmeric samples. Nineteen RAPD primers yielded 184 bands of which 166 were polymorphic. At 68.4% genetic similarity, the samples were separated into four groups. The results indicated the possibility of selecting high quality clones for large-scale production.


X: 1.0146303 Y: 13.521846title: Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.): A promising spice for phytochemical and pharmacological activities publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a small rhizomatous perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family originating from South-Eastern Asia, most probably from India. The plant produces fleshy rhizomes of bright yellow to orange colour in its root system, which are the source of the commercially available spice turmeric. In the form of root powder, turmeric is used for its flavouring properties as a spice, food preservative and food-colouring agent. Turmeric has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine as it is credited with a variety of important beneficial properties. Turmeric constituents include the three curcuminoids: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane; the primary constituent and the one responsible for its vibrant yellow colour), demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, as well as volatile oils (tumerone, atlantone and zingiberone), sugars, proteins and resins. Several studies using the modern techniques have authenticated turmeric used as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-fertility, anticancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, anti hepato-toxic, nephroprotective, anticoagulant, etc., Most importantly, the plant has shown to possess anti HIV activity which could be of great value to combat AIDS particularly in third world countries. In this present work, we make an overview of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of turmeric, showing its importance.


X: 0.4053108 Y: 13.031394title: Effect of gamma irradiation on morphological characteristics and isolation of curcuminoids and oleoresins of Curcuma Longa L publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The present investigation was carried out to enhance the plant growth and production of curcuminoids and essential oils from turmeric (Curcuma longa) by gamma rays treatments. The plant samples of turmeric were collected from different regions of Kasur, Bannu and Faisalabad, Pakistan. The rhizomes were irradiated with 00 as control, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100Gy by cobalt 60 source. The germination response and percentage, plant height, average length, number and width of leaves, average root length and number, fresh and dry weights, rhizome weight, yields of essential oil and curcuminoids were affected with different levels of doses. Germination response was delayed at higher doses. Germination percentage was not significantly affected by increasing doses of gamma rays. The maximum plant height (70.8 cm) was attained at 60 Gy in plants collected from Kasur while higher doses showed reduction in heights. Lower doses have stimulatory effects on length, number and width of leaves where as higher doses had inhibitory effects. Maximum leaf length (47.6 cm) with 40 Gy and leaf number (8.8) at 70 Gy were recorded in samples of Kasur while highest leaf width was 14.6 cm at 50 Gy from plants of Faisalabad area. The rooting pattern of length showed increase
gradually upto 60 Gy in Kasur plants and 70 Gy in Faisalabad while plants from Bannu gave maximum number of roots
(6.2) at 70 Gy dose of gamma rays. Fresh and dry weights of plants were 75.0g and 53.0g respectively at 50 Gy with
plants of Kasur. Rhizomes of plants from Kasur gave 0.73% yield of essential oil at 50 Gy as compared to non-irradiated
(0.31%). Similarly yield of curcuminoids were also increased (12.4%) at 60 Gy in plants collected from Kasur.


X: 2.7365668 Y: 13.692724title: Production Performance of Broilers Fed with Aloe vera and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) publish year: 2008 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: An experiment was conducted to study the inclusion of Aloe vera and Curcuma longa and its combinations on production performance, viz., weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters for a period of six weeks with two hundred and eighty commercial, straight run day-old Vencobb broiler chicks. These chicks were randomly grouped into seven treatments with four replicates of ten chicks each. The treatment groups consisted of control (T1), 0.1 percent Aloe vera powder (T2), 0. 2 percent Aloe vera powder (T3), 0.1 percent Curcuma longa powder (T4), 0.2 percent Curcuma longa powder (T5) and 0.1 percent of Aloe vera and 0.1 percent of Curcuma longa powder (T6) and 0.2 percent of Aloe vera and 0.2 percent of Curcuma longa powder (T7) included in the broiler diet. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in body weight and body weight gain between treatment groups from first week to end of the experiment period except at first week (P < 0.01). Similarly, no significant difference was recorded in feed consumption and carcass yields, but in feed conversion ratio significant (P < 0.01) difference was recorded at first week of age. Livability was 100 percent in T2 and T3 treatment groups. The mean return over feed cost differs significantly (P < 0.01) between treatment groups up to six weeks of age, which was mainly due to difference in feed cost of Aloe vera and Curcuma longa inclusion in broiler diet.


X: 0.84371865 Y: 13.354115title: Extraction of bioactive compound curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) via different routes: A comparative study publish year: 2016 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: In this study, extraction of curcumin, the bioactive compound of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), through different extraction methods was investigated. For this purpose, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted and enzyme-assisted extractions were used as modern extraction routes to extract curcumin from turmeric powder and some of their essential extraction parameters were optimized; the results were compared to those obtained from Soxhlet extraction as the traditional and reference method. The presence of curcumin in the extracted samples was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and quantification of curcumin was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Result showed that the curcumin extraction yield using Soxhlet method (6.9%) was considerably higher than those obtained from microwave-assisted (3.72%), ultrasound-assisted (3.92%) and enzyme-assisted (4.1%) extractions; however, the highlighted features of advance extraction methods including cost-effectiveness (due to much saving in time and energy consumption) and environmentally benign nature make them more favorable extraction methods.


X: 1.2071563 Y: 13.020968title: Occurrence of curcuminoids in Curcuma longa: A quality standardization by HPTLC publish year: 2008 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: A simple high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the pharmacologically important active curcuminoids viz. curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin in Curcuma longa L. The assay combines the separation and quantification of the analytes on silica gel 60 GF254 HPTLC plates with visualization under UV and scanning at 425 nm. Using this technique, the alkaloidal content of different parts of the title plant has been determined.


X: 1.6270899 Y: 13.59911title: Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa on thioacetamide induced liver cirrhosis in rats publish year: 2013 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Background
Hepatology research has focused on developing traditional therapies as pharmacological medicines to treat liver cirrhosis. Thus, this study evaluated mechanisms of the hepatoprotective activity of Curcuma longa rhizome ethanolic extract (CLRE) on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats.

Methods
The hepatoprotective effect of CLRE was measured in a rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis over 8 weeks. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 and serum levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-α were evaluated. Oxidative stress was measured by malondialdehyde, urinary 8-hydroxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine levels. The protective activity of CLRE free-radical scavenging mechanisms were evaluated through antioxidant enzymes. Protein expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in animal blood sera was studied and confirmed by immunohistochemistry of Bax, Bcl2 proteins and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Results
Histopathology, immunohistochemistry and liver biochemistry were significantly lower in the Curcuma longa-treated groups compared with controls. CLRE induced apoptosis, inhibited hepatocytes proliferation but had no effect on hepatic CYP2E1 levels.

Conclusion
The progression of liver cirrhosis could be inhibited by the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of CLRE and the normal status of the liver could be preserved.


X: 2.6298177 Y: 13.783725title: Histopathological Changes in the Livers of Broiler Chicken Supplemented with Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) publish year: 2004 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Four groups of broiler chicken (A, B, C and D) of 50 birds each , received dietary supplement of turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) at concentrations of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10% respectively. Liver sections from birds of all groups showed parenchymal and portal infiltration of mononuclear cells and hyperaemia of portal vessels. Dilatation of bile ducts, mild proliferation of biliary epithelium and periportal hepatocyte degeneration was noticed only in groups B, C and D particularly group B birds killed three weeks after treatment. These changes were related to feeding of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ).