X: 7.1359696 Y: 11.304048title: Transformation and regeneration of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer publish year: 2000 keyword: Allium_sativum content:  By using highly regenerative calluses, we developed a stable transformation system in garlic (Allium sativum L.). The temperature and number of days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens was shown to be an important factor in transient expression of the uid A gene. After a culture period of 5 months in selection medium containing hygromycin, 20 shoots were induced from ca. 1000
calluses, among which 15 plants expressed β-glucuronidase activity upon staining with X-Gluc. Shoots developed into transgenic garlic after 1 month. Integration of the uid A gene was confirmed by Southern blot analysis for genomic DNA of transgenic garlic plants.


X: 5.794675 Y: 12.21797title: Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic has been used safely since ancient times as both food and medicine in human populations, but studies of its efficacy in the management of diabetes have yielded conflicting results. This study has evaluated the potential hypoglycemic effects of garlic in type 2 diabetic patients. The study was conducted in diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients (n=60) with fasting blood sugar level above 126 mg/dl to evaluate the effects of adding garlic tablets with standard antidiabetic therapy on blood sugar. Patients were divided randomly into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=30) was given tablet Garlic (KWAI) 300 mg thrice daily + Metformin 500 mg twice daily and Group 2 (n=30) was given Placebo+Metformin 500 mg twice daily respectively for 24 weeks. Serum lipids and fasting blood glucose were measured at week 0, 12 and week 24. Group1 showed significant reduction in fasting blood sugar at week 24 with a percentage decrease of (-3.12 percent) (P = <0.005) as compared to group 2 (0.59 percent). At the end of week 24, GR1 group also showed considerable decrease in mean total cholesterol (6.2 mg/dl, -2.82%, P=<0.005), LDL-C (-3 mg/dl, 2.18% P=<0.005), triglycerides (-5.2 mg/dl, 3.12%, P<0.005) while HDL cholesterol was significantly increased (2.36 mg/dl, 6.72%, P<0.005) as compared to GR2 group. Combination of garlic with typical antidiabetic remedy has shown to improve glycemic control in addition to antihyperlipidemic activity. Garlic may be a good addition in the management of patients with diabetes and hyperlipidemia.


X: 6.8245 Y: 12.895349title: Anti-bacterial and Anti-fungal Properties of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum): A Review publish year: 2019 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum) contains various biologically active components that play a significant role in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. It contains sulfur compounds like allicin, ajoene, allylmethyltrisulfide, diallyltrisulfide, diallyldisulphide and others which exhibit various biological properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and cardiovascular effects. The objective of the current review was to relate various literatures and assess the anti-microbial potential of garlic extract. The antimicrobial potency of garlic can be maximised by increasing the concentration of the extract. Garlic extract of 100% concentration showed a maximum zone of inhibition against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.


X: 7.234092 Y: 12.829966title: Fungicidal potential of Allium sativum exracts as biopesticides against six economically important plant pathogenic fungi. publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The inhibitory effect of crude extracts of garlic essential oil either extracted by hydro-distillation or solvent (diethyl ether) method was evaluated at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm on growth of six fungi species, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora infestance and Botrytis cinerea was investigated. Generally, the crude garlic oil extracted by the hydro- distillation method exhibited marked antifungal activity against R. solani and P.infestance and their EC50 values were 43.27 and 56.72 ppm, respectively. Whereas, moderate inhibition activity was observed against B.cinerea, S.rolfsii, F.oxysporum)\ with EC50 values ranged from 102.20, to 143.41 ppm while, the garlic oil exhibited less inhibitory effect against A.solani with EC50 values 177.50 ppm. The crude oil extracted by diethyl ether solvent method gave the highest effective inhibition one against P.infestance and S.rolfsii with EC50 values 75.05 and 94.17 ppm respectively, followed by R.solani, F.oxysporum and A.solani with EC50 values 109.20, 121.01 and 125.33 ppm, respectively. The lowest fungicidal effect was recorded by the garlic oil against B.cinerea with EC50 values 202.09 ppm. Generally, the present work indicate that the fraction either isolated from garlic oil extracted by hydro-distillation or by diethyl ether showed similar strong inhibitory against P.infestance (3.13 - 4.15 ppm), R.solani (5.19 - 6.10 ppm) and F.oxysporum (6.24 - 7.41ppm) followed by S.rolfsii and A.solani with EC50 values 10.94 and 18.49 ppm, respectively. In dose response study, B.cinerea showed the lowest sensitivity to fraction isolated from garlic oil extracted by hydro- distillation method.


X: 6.634902 Y: 12.262854title: Allium ursinum: Botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Ramson—Allium ursinum L. is a medicinal and dietary plant species with a long tradition of use. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this valuable plant, with special emphasis on antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and cardio-protective effects.


X: 5.893475 Y: 12.769854title: Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens using a total of 300 day old Shaver Starbo chicks allotted at 10 birds per replicate and 6 replicates per treatment over a period of 7 weeks. The basal starter and finisher diets contained 228.61 and 201.42 g/kg CP, respectively. The control diet was the basal diet without garlic supplementation. Diets 2 and 3 contained supplementary raw garlic powder at 500 and 5,000 mg/kg diet respectively, while diets 4 and 5 contained supplementary boiled garlic powder at 500 and 5,000 mg/kg diet respectively. 4 female birds per replicate were slaughtered at the end of the trial to evaluate carcass and muscle characteristics, garlic aroma and palatability scores of the meat and oxidative stability of refrigerated meat at 4°C for 6 days were determined. The average weight gain, average feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Broiler chickens fed garlic supplemented diets had marginally higher weight gain than those fed the control diet and was higher at high level of garlic supplementation (39.18 ± ± ± ± 0.94, 40.42 ± ± ± ± 0.45, 42.39 ± ± ± ± 1.57, 39.72 ± ± ± ± 2.97 and 41.42 ± ± ± ± 2.60 g/bird/day for Diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively; P > 0.05). The carcass and organ characteristics of the chickens were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by dietary garlic supplementation but abdominal fat contents were numerically lowered due to supplementary garlic. Moisture contents of broiler chickens were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced. Garlic aroma (P < 0.001) and palatability (P > 0.05) scores increased with increasing level of dietary garlic supplementation. Thigh muscle had the highest score for garlic aroma (2.60 ± 1.30), followed by drumstick (2.57 ± 1.14) and lowest for breast muscle (2.50 ± 1.17) (P > 0.05). Oxidation susceptibility of meat, measured as concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased with increasing level of supplementary garlic fed to the chickens (P < 0.01). Muscle MDA concentration was in order of thigh > drumstick > breast (P < 0.001). It was concluded that supplementation of chicken diets with garlic marginally improved weight gain and it was better at high level of supplementation (5,000 mg/kg diet). Boiled compared with raw garlic powder produced no beneficial effect. Dietary garlic supplementation improved meat quality by increasing meat palatability score and reducing the extent of oxidation of meat during refrigerated storage.


X: 7.0413313 Y: 11.738289title: The freezing and supercooling of garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: This work shows that peeled garlic cloves demonstrate significant supercooling during freezing under standard conditions and can be stored at temperatures well below their freezing point (−2.7 °C) without freezing. The nucleation point or ‘metastable limit temperature’ (the point at which ice crystal nucleation is initiated) of peeled garlic cloves was found to be between −7.7 and −14.6 °C. Peeled garlic cloves were stored under static air conditions at temperatures between −6 and −9 °C for up to 69 h without freezing, and unpeeled whole garlic bulbs and cloves were stored for 1 week at −6 °C without freezing.


X: 6.86052 Y: 12.393318title: Characterisation of the high-molecular weight fructan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2000 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A high molecular weight fructan was isolated from garlic and the structure determined by enzymatic, chemical and spectroscopic (NMR) methods. It was found that the garlic fructan belongs to the neokestose family. It has a (2 --> 1)-linked beta-D-Fruf backbone with (2 --> 6)-linked beta-D-Fruf side chains. A structural model was postulated for a degree of polymerisation of about 58. This model was substantiated using an endo-inulinase purified from Aspergillus ficuum and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.


X: 5.9513307 Y: 12.226652title: Garlic and Cardiovascular Diseases publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Globally, there is an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is still maintaining its apex position. It includes elevation in low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), increase in LDL-C oxidation, irregular clumping of blood platelets, and increase in C-reactive proteins and homocysteine. These abnormalities are also associated with atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and hypercholesterolemia. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is among the world’s oldest cultivated plants, popular in food and for medicinal purposes. Commercially available garlic preparations in the form of garlic oil, powder, and pills are widely used for therapeutic purposes. The water-soluble and insoluble sulfur compounds in garlic showed beneficial effects in all these cardiac abnormalities, especially for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
and prevention of arteriosclerosis through antioxidant ability involving induction and inhibition of various metabolic enzymes and via chelating activity. There is continuous investigation being carried out to find out the other potent bioactive constituent in garlic. Likewise, phenolic compounds have emerged as minor but potent compounds, which are responsible for its antioxidant activity.Most of the studies are in the preliminary stage and need to be clarified in clinical trials.


X: 6.3628707 Y: 12.708288title: Anti-viral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and it's organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data publish year: 2020 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Background
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its anti-viral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists.

Scope and approach
The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review.

Key findings and conclusions
Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.


X: 6.857576 Y: 12.175619title: A Comparative Study of Black and White Allium sativum L.: Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Properties publish year: 2019 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used worldwide not only for its being a subject of dietary interest, but also for medicinal purposes, in prophylaxis, and for the treatment of diverse pathologies. New processing techniques have been developed and placed on the market in recent years to improve the organoleptic and nutritional value of food products. The present work aimed to study bulbils (cloves) of white (commercial and traditionally cultivated samples with different proveniences) and black (processed samples) garlic. All samples were compared with regard to their nutritional composition as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Black garlic had the lowest moisture content but the highest total amount of sugars and energetic value. Black garlic also presented the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial (especially against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) activities. Thus, black garlic, obtained by processing techniques, can be considered a promising product with high value that will be able to be exploited by the functional food/nutraceutical industry.


X: 6.082874 Y: 12.975184title: Exploring the garlic (Allium sativum) properties for fish aquaculture publish year: 2021 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The aquaculture industry’s rapid growth to meet commercial demand can trigger an outbreak of infectious diseases due to high-density farming. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in fish farming and its global health consequences have led to searching for more natural alternatives such as medicinal plants. In this sense, garlic (Allium sativum) has different bioactive compounds with biological properties for animal health. Among them are the ajoene, alliin, and allicin, which confer biological properties such as growth promotion, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antiparasitic. Ways to use garlic in aquaculture include oil, fresh mash, aqueous extract, and garlic powder. The powder presentation is the most used in aquaculture; it is generally applied by oral administration, adding to the feed, and the dose used ranges from 0.05 to 40 g/kg of feed. Garlic has been used in the aquaculture of different species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and barramundi (Lates calcarifer). In addition to its properties, garlic’s usage became popular, thanks to its low cost, easy incorporation into food, and little environmental impact. Therefore, its application can be an effective solution to combat diseases, improve organisms’ health using natural supplies, and as an alternative to antibiotics. This review reports and discusses plant-derived products’ beneficial properties, emphasizing garlic and its usages in fish aquaculture.


X: 7.031214 Y: 11.324893title: Review on the Application of Biotechnology in Garlic (Allium Sativum) Improvement publish year: 2018 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L. 2n=16), belongs to the family Alliaceae and genus Allium, which is the most important edible bulbous crops of the world. The aim this paper was to review recent efforts achieved towards garlic crop improvement through biotechnology. Both asexual and sexual method of reproduction is possible. However; commercial garlic cultivars only propagated through vegetative method. The increase of genetic variation through conventional crossing is nearly absent. The lack of sexuality in garlic limits the source of variability for breeding program of economically important traits, such as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, earliness, yield and quality. Biotechnological tools such as micro propagation, meristems culture (in order to obtain virus-free plants), somaclonal variation, and genetic transformation, have a great role for successful propagation, preservation, and breeding and for its subsequent production in garlic. Tissue culture has been applied to the establishment of germplasm banks in various parts of the world where valuable garlic collections are maintained for medium and long term (cryopreservation).Somaclonal variation and genetic engineering could play an important role by generating genetic variation for genetic improvement of garlic. The some achievements on herbicide resistance, insect and diseases resistance have been obtained by genetic transformation. However, the somaclonal variants and genetic transformation needs more investigations to identify the optimal explant type with appropriate culture condition. DNA markers such as RAPDs, AFLPs, SSR and DNA fingerprinting have been used for phylogenetic and taxonomic studies, germplasm conservation, detection of fertile genotypes, disease resistant genotypes of this spice, medicinal, and cash crops in the world as whole.
Keywords: Allium sativum (garlic), Genetic engineering, Molecular marker Tissue culture


X: 7.027602 Y: 12.943823title: Garlic (Allium sativum) as an anti-Candida agent: A comparison of the efficacy of fresh garlic and freeze-dried extracts publish year: 2002 keyword: Allium_sativum content: To determine the effects of fresh and freeze-dried extracts of Allium sativum on the physiology and morphology of Candida albicans.
Inhibition of growth in glucose-yeast extract-peptone was measured using a multiwell plate reader. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations indicated loss of structural integrity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of extracts was employed to separate and quantify putative inhibitory sulphur-containing components.
Fresh garlic extract has a greater efficacy than garlic powder extract as indicated both by its effects on morphology and inhibition of growth.
The ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen C. albicans is sensitive to garlic; resistance to the broad spectrum of active principles present is unlikely so that its anticandidal effects may provide an important alternative route to chemotherapy.


X: 5.7356887 Y: 12.786802title: Effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on Broiler Performance and Blood Profile publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of incorporating garlic (Allium sativum) powder, as a growth promoter in broiler feed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood profile. Sixty three one day-old commercial broiler chicks (Cobb) were reared in an open sided poultry house and divided into three groups of 21 birds each. The groups were assigned to three diets containing (0, 3 and 5%) garlic powder. Feed and water were offered ad libitum till the termination of the trial after 42 days. Growth performance parameters and blood parameters were measured. Diet with 3% level of garlic significantly (P <0.05) increased feed intake (3051.6 g), body weight gain (1688.7 g), body weight (1733.8 g) and achieved the best efficiency of feed utilization (1.81 kg feed for one kg meat). Dressing percentage showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between the various treatments. The highest breast weight was attained by feeding 3% of garlic (250g) and the lowest weight was attained when feeding 5% level (155g). No significant difference (P>0.05) in both bursa and thymus weights between the different treatments. Spleen weight decreased significantly (P<0.05) by feeding diets containing 3% (1.01g) and 5% (1.23g) garlic powder compared to 0% level (1.67g). The different levels of garlic has no significant effect (P>0.05) on total red blood cells, packed cells volume, total white blood cells and the differential count of white blood cells including neutrophile, eosinophile, monocytes and lymphocytes. It is concluded that the incorporation of garlic as feed additive at 3% level significantly enhanced growth and performance of broiler chicks without any side effects as detected by blood profile.


X: 6.7277875 Y: 12.546641title: Phenolic constituents, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities of different endemic Italian varieties of garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Extracts of the bulbs of Italian ecotypes of Allium sativum were analysed to determine their phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, ascorbic acid and allicin content, and in vitro antibacterial and anti-proliferative activities. Ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) was used to detect and quantify gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, hyperoside, ferulic acid, apigenin, p-coumaric acid and allyl isothiocyanate. All extracts exhibited antioxidant activity with concentrations necessary to inhibit the activity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical by 50% (EC50) ranging from 60 to 114 mg. Ascorbic acid and allicin ranged between 0.268 and 0.658 mg/g, and between 0.411 and 1.105%, respectively. Extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa more so than against Bacillus cereus. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays demonstrated that the extracts inhibited the proliferation of the human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells in time- and dose-dependent manners.


X: 6.2045875 Y: 12.720665title: Haematological and Hepatotoxic Potential of Onion (Allium cepa) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts in Rats publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Aims: To evaluate and compare the effects of single and combined oral administration of fresh aqueous onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts at different concentrations (200mg/kg/d, 400mg/kg/d and 600mg/kg/d) on some haematological and hepatotoxicity indicator parameters in treated rats. Study Design: Cross-sectional nonclinical study in animal model.


X: 6.528682 Y: 12.60828title: [Garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine] publish year: 2007 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Medicinal plants such as thyme, onion, blackseed, lemon balm and nettle are intensively used in traditional medicine, today. Garlic is among the most important of these plants. For this purpose, garlic has been extensively used worldwide for centuries, especially in the Far East. Garlic is reported to be a wonderful medicinal plant owing to its preventive characteristics in cardiovascular diseases, regulating blood pressure, lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels, effective against bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections, enhancing the immune system and having antitumoral and antioxidant features. Garlic exerts these effects thanks to more than 200 chemicals. It contains sulfur compounds (allicin, alliin and agoene), volatile oils, enzymes (allinase, peroxidase and miracynase), carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose), minerals (selenium), amino acids such as cysteine, glutamine, isoleucine and methionine which help to protect cells from the harms of free radicals, bioflavonoids such as quercetin and cyanidin, allistatin I and allistatin II, and vitamins C, E and A which help to protect us from oxidation agents and free radicals, and other vitamins such as niacin, B1 and B2 and beta-carotene. In this article, the information about the characteristics of garlic, the diseases on which it is effective and its use against parasitic diseases will be given.


X: 5.9762087 Y: 12.170247title: Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension publish year: 2013 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The present study evaluated the effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Patients (n=210) with stage 1 essential hypertension were divided into 7 groups named as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Each group comprised of 30 patients. Each patient in group A, B, C, D and E has received garlic tablets at the dose of 300/mg. 600/mg, 900/mg, 1200/mg and 1500/mg in divided doses per day respectively for 24 weeks while Group F & group G were given tablet atenolol and placebo respectively. Blood pressure readings were recorded at weeks 0, 12 and 24. Present study showed significant decrease in both Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure in both dose and duration dependent manner. In each garlic treated group, significant reduction in SBP and DBP (p<0.005) were observed when compared with atenolol (P<0.005) and placebo.


X: 6.1512566 Y: 12.423592title: Garlic ( Allium sativum ) as a natural antidote or a protective agent against diseases and toxicities: A critical review publish year: 2023 keyword: Allium_sativum content: In the past, people from many different cultures have utilized garlic to treat and prevent illness. Garlic has received particular attention in modern medicine because of the widely accepted perception that it helps people stay healthy. Garlic supplements are among the most preferred prescription medications in the contemporary Western world. Furthermore, substantial epidemiological research has demonstrated garlic's medicinal and protective benefits. Many experimental and clinical studies report the numerous potential benefits of garlic. These effects are primarily attributed to the following: (1) antioxidant and antimicrobial effects; (2) reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases; (3) reducing the risk of cancer; and (4) enhancing the detoxification of foreign substances and hepatoprotection. However, all substances' specific mechanisms and long-term effects are still poorly understood. This review aims to assess the existing scientific literature and provide an overview of the potential health benefits of garlic, such as its ability to protect against various diseases and toxicity. Additionally, the article may explore the possible research scope and identify areas requiring further study to understand the pathophysiological modes of action and their efficacy in treating various illnesses.


X: 7.0875125 Y: 11.286176title: Production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) under controlled deficit irrigation in a semi-arid climate publish year: 2003 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) has been studied in a garlic crop cultivated in a semi-arid zone. Eight drip irrigation treatments were differentiated by the level of fulfilment of the water requirements. The effect of deficit irrigation at three crop stages (vegetative development, bulbification and ripening) has been studied. Bulb yield has proved to be influenced by the total value of irrigation water. The treatments with no deficit during the ripening stage have had the highest productions. The deficit imposed at the ripening stage affects mainly the quantity (yield) obtained and the deficit imposed at the bulbification and ripening stages affects both quantity and quality (size).The mathematical function that best fits the production obtained with the water volume received is a second-degree polinomial.Adequate production rates may be reached with no more than 460mm of total water received (irrigation+effective rainfall).


X: 6.230088 Y: 12.531704title: Role of garlic (Allium sativum) in various diseases: An overview publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic is probably one of the earliest known medicinal plants, which used from ancient time to cure different disease conditions in human. Garlic’s principal medicinal uses are to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, fight infections, and prevent cancer. The active constituents are sulfur-containing compounds that are rapidly absorbed and metabolized. Numerous studies suggest that garlic lowers total cholesterol concentrations by approximately 10%, favorably altering HDL/LDL ratios. Literature survey support garlic’s effectiveness as a mild antihypertensive, lowering blood pressure by 5-7%. Garlic inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances fibrinolytic activity, reducing clots on damaged endothelium. Another important use of garlic is as antidiabetic. Garlic controls the blood sugar level by different types of mechanisms. In vitro studies and animal data suggest that garlic may help to prevent some solid tumors. Therefore garlic is also effective in the cancer prevention. There are no studies evaluating its effectiveness in treating children or pregnant or nursing women. The other proposed uses of garlic include the hepatoprotective, antihelmentics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and wound healing.


X: 7.1848073 Y: 11.149999title: New phenological growth stages of garlic ( Allium sativum ): Garlic phenology publish year: 2016 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The advantages of using Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie (BBCH) phenological scales are well-known in the field of agronomy. Currently, specific scales exist for the majority of crops. Although garlic has international importance due to its worldwide cultivation, a specific phenological scale has not been developed; in general, garlic is integrated into the BBCH description for onion. While garlic and onion belong to the same genus, this generalisation should be avoided due to their many differences. The means of propagation of garlic is vegetative, from cloves of the previous cycle, and the concurrence of the bulbing phase and the emergence of the inflorescence (bolting types) cause garlic to perpetually remain in a ‘second year stage’ of its biological cycle. In contrast, onions and other bulbous Liliaceae that produce seeds undergo biannual development. In addition to this complexity, its physiological complex is strongly influenced by environmental factors, such as temperature and photoperiod; distinct conditions are required for overlapping or simultaneously occurring phases (bulbing/flowering). Nevertheless, ambiguity and lack of consensus exist concerning the start of different phenological phases due to the complex morphology of the bulb (composed of a bulb of bulbs/cloves). During bulbing, for example, two distinct, consecutive processes are involved: the differentiation of lateral buds and inflorescence (bolting types) and the thickening of the storage leaf of each bud (cloves). In the present study, an extended BBCH scale was developed for garlic (Allium sativum). Seven principal growth stages divided into secondary growth stages are described in detail and are represented by a two- or three-digit code. Descriptions begin with garlic cloves in a stage of dormancy, destined for planting and end with complete bulb maturity. The most complex growth stages of garlic were described from a morphological and physiological perspective, that is complete bolting types (hard-neck cultivars). Illustrations of different stages are included to clarify the application of the code system. The proposed BBCH garlic scale aims to fill gaps in the knowledge of this important crop and will serve as a useful tool for researchers, technicians and farmers. Thus, experimental findings may be standardised and complementary, which may lead to improvements in management practices and their comparisons.


X: 6.8498 Y: 12.437361title: Physicochemical Characteristics of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Oil: Effect of Extraction Procedure publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic oil (GO) is behaves as a nutraceutical compound; however, its application is limited due to its pungency, undesirable aroma, low stability and solubility. The physicochemical properties of GO are certainly key parameters in the encapsulation process. Therefore, the aim of the current work was to study the effect of different extraction procedures such as solvent extraction, distillation method and supercritical fluid extraction (SCF) on the physicochemical properties of garlic oil. The yield of GO was influenced by extraction method and was approximately 5.5, 6 and 7% for steam distillation, solvent methods and SCF-Co2, respectively. The specific gravity was obtained as 0.894 g/cm3 and independent to the extraction method, while the viscosity was changed and more viscosity was obtained by SCF-Co2. The chemical analyses revealed 2.5 as the acid value, 1.27 for free fatty acids, 1.8 as the saponificacation value and 14.5 as the iodine value of GO by SCF-Co2.The results showed that the SCF-Co2 had minor quality and nutritional loss on the GO, and could be applied for special purposes such as encapsulation of garlic oil.


X: 7.1524777 Y: 12.861304title: Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) publish year: 2004 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Antimicrobial activity of different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 ml/l) of essential oil extracts of three type of onions (green, yellow and red) and garlic against two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmomella Enteritidis, and three fungi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium and Fusarium oxysporum, was investigated. The essential oil (EO) extracts of these Allium plants (garlic and onions) exhibited marked antibacterial activity, with garlic showing the highest inhibition and green onion the lowest. Comparatively, 50 and 100 ml/l concentrations of onions extracts were less inhibitory than 200, 300 and 500 ml/l concentrations. However, with garlic extract, high inhibitory activity was observed for all tested concentrations. S. aureus showed less sensitivity towards EO extracts inhibition, however S. Enteritidis was strongly inhibited by red onion and garlic extracts. The fungus F. oxysporum showed the lowest sensitivity towards EO extracts, whereas A. niger and P. cyclopium were significantly inhibited particularly at low concentrations. Conclusively, where seasoning is desired, essential oil extracts of onions and garlic can be used as natural antimicrobial additives for incorporating in various food products.


X: 6.9679384 Y: 11.173819title: Cytological study of Allium cepa and Allium sativum publish year: 2017 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The large number of species in the Allium genus has necessitated comparative analysis of related species which has always been used in many cases to describe patterns and directions of chromosomal evolution within a group. This study was carried out to cytologically analyse two species of Allium-Allium cepa and Allium sativum. All the four stages of cell division were observed in both species, although well spread metaphase chromosomes could not be observed in A. sativum which limited the extent to which we could cytologically evaluate the species. Allium cepa in this study show cell with a complement of sixteen chromosomes. A total chromosome length of 577.5 µm was observed in the best c-metaphase spread with the longest chromosome being 43.4µm and the shortest 27.9 µm. Further studies are still required in the karyotype analysis of A. sativum from Nigeria, since we could not obtain cells with good colchicines-induced metaphase arrest for karyotype analysis.


X: 6.293211 Y: 11.950088title: Comparative study on the efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of wistar rats publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Heavy metals are known to cause damage through indirect oxidative effects. This study was undertaken to compare the therapeutic efficacy and protective ability of garlic extracts on reducing toxicity induced by mercury, lead and cadmium in the liver.
Rats were fed with rat chow mixed with raw garlic (7% w/w) while mercury (10ppm), cadmium (200ppm) and lead (100ppm) were given in drinking water. Garlic was administered either at the same time with the metals (group 2), a week after exposure to heavy metals (group 3) or a week before heavy metal exposure (group 4) for 6weeks. The heavy metal accumulations in the liver were determined using AAS. The percentage protection showed a time-dependent effect and was significantly (P<0.01) higher for cadmium compared to mercury and lead-treated groups. Analysis between the groups showed that garlic treatment after exposure had a significantly (P<0.05) higher percentage protection when compared with other modes.
These results suggest that garlic offered more hepatoprotective effect to cadmium followed by mercury and least protection to lead at the selected dose of each metal in this study through the processes of uptake, assimilation and elimination of these metals.


X: 7.2719483 Y: 10.966667title: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its wild relatives from Central Asia: evaluation for fertility potential publish year: 2004 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) a popular condiment, is completely sterile, and thus is propagated only vegetatively. According to modern taxonomy, A. sativum and its closest wild relative A. longicuspis form a species complex. The collection of a large number of accessions of these taxa is the only means available for expansion of the genetic variability with regard to yield, quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic traits, as well as flowering and possibly fertility restoration. A large number of garlic accessions was recently collected in Central Asia, the main center of garlic diversity. Plants were documented according to IPGRI rules, and thereafter evaluated and maintained in the field collections of vegetatively propagated alliums in Israel. The studied accessions were subdivided into two distinct sub-populations: semi-bolters and bolters. Most of flower-producing accessions produced both fertile pollen and receptive stigmas, and true garlic seeds were obtained from 5 accessions, collected in Kazakhstan in 1996-1998. The garlic inflorescence is an umbel-like structure with flower clusters (branches) arising from a common meristem. The flower morphology is typical of the genus Allium. Differentiation of topsets begins in the periphery of the apical surface only after floral differentiation has occurred, and the size, number and rapidity of topset development varies significantly between genotypes. Further studies of flowering physiology and fertility restoration, should focus on bolting genotypes which produce inflorescences with a high ratio of normal flowers to topsets.


X: 5.908586 Y: 12.288851title: Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial publish year: 2004 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Recent studies have cast doubt on the proposed lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects of garlic. We tested the effect of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on blood lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Seventy-five healthy, normo-lipidaemic volunteers (men and women aged 40-60 years) were assigned to dried garlic powder tablets (10.8 mg alliin (3-(2-propenylsulfinyl)-L-alanine)/d, corresponding to about three garlic cloves) or placebo. Sixty-two subjects were eligible for the per-protocol analysis. The primary outcome measure was serum total cholesterol concentration. Secondary outcome measures were LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations, blood pressure and arterial stiffness (assessed by pulse wave velocity). No significant differences between the garlic and placebo groups were detected for any of the outcome measures. However, garlic powder was associated with a near-significant decrease (12 %) in triacylglycerol concentration (P=0.07). In conclusion, garlic powder tablets have no clinically relevant lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects in middle-aged, normo-lipidaemic individuals. The putative anti-atherosclerotic effect of garlic may be linked to risk markers other than blood lipids.


X: 6.0620046 Y: 12.1665535title: Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on male fertility: a systematic review publish year: 2018 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Introduction: Fertility in men mainly depends on the number, quality, motility, and morphology of the sperms, and disruption of each of these factors leads to infertility. A large number of couples suffer from infertility problems. Among the various therapies, medicinal herbs are used in many countries to treat male infertility. Current systematic review was conducted to study the effects of garlic on male fertility. Methods: The information of this systematic review was collected by searching the key words: treatment, fertility, infertility, male, herbal medicine, garlic, Allium sativum, medicinal plant, sperm, sex hormones, testis and spermatogenesis in international databases such as: Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, Scopus and Embase until March 2018. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews and meta- analysis. and the SYRCLE risk of bias tool was used for qualitative assessment. Results: A total of 18 experimental studies were included in the study. Thirteen studies evaluated garlic and 5 studies compared garlic effect with adriamycin, titanium dioxide, furan, vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine and cadmium. All studies were conducted in in vivo condition. The results of the studies indicated the potential effect of garlic on enhancing fertility and spermatogenesis, increasing the level of testosterone and improving the testicular structure. Conclusion: Garlic can increase fertility probably due to its antioxidant properties. However, more clinical trials are recommended.


X: 6.1280026 Y: 12.733422title: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated human blood thereby inhibiting NF-kappaB activity publish year: 2003 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic is proposed to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper shows that garlic powder extracts (GPE) and single garlic metabolites modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine levels in human whole blood. GPE-altered cytokine levels in human blood sample supernatants reduced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity in human cells exposed to these samples. Pretreatment with GPE (100 mg/L) reduced LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta from 15.7 +/- 5.1 to 6.2 +/- 1.2 micro g/L and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha from 8.8 +/- 2.4 to 3.9 +/- 0.8 micro g/L, respectively, whereas the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was unchanged. The garlic metabolite diallydisulfide (1-100 micro mol/L) also significantly reduced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Interestingly, exposure of human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) cells to GPE-treated blood sample supernatants (10 or 100 mg/L) reduced NF-kappaB activity compared with cells exposed to untreated blood supernatants as measured by a NF-kappaB-driven luciferase reporter gene assay. Blood samples treated with extract obtained from unfertilized garlic (100 mg/L) reduced NF-kappaB activity by 25%, whereas blood samples treated with sulfur-fertilized garlic extracts (100 mg/L) lowered NF-kappaB activity by 41%. In summary, garlic may indeed promote an anti-inflammatory environment by cytokine modulation in human blood that leads to an overall inhibition of NF-kappaB activity in the surrounding tissue.


X: 5.946135 Y: 13.012886title: The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus). publish year: 2007 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) were held in 1000 l fiberglass tanks at 27 ºC supplied with a filter and an aeration system. Garlic (Allium sativum) was incorporated into diets (0 %, 0.5 % and 1 %) of juvenile hybrid tilapia, O. niloticus x O. aureus (25.5 ± 1.0 g). Non-specific cellular and humoral responses were evaluated at the beginning and after 2-4 weeks. Total leucocyte count, respiratory burst, phagyctic activity, phagocytic index and lysozyme activity were enhanced in garlic 0.5 % treated groups compared to the control group after 4 weeks. Fish fed with garlic supplemented diets at 0.5 % and 1 % did not exhibit any improvement in growth as compared to those fed with control diet after 2-4 weeks. It is concluded that garlic (A. sativum) at 0.5 % in diet stimulates the immunity of hybrid tilapia (O. niloticus x O.aureus). In addition, body weight gain in juvenile hybrid tilapia that received a diet supplemented with garlic has no growth improvement.


X: 5.971408 Y: 12.457741title: The Role of Garlic in Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Increased nitric oxide production in cirrhosis has been commonly implicated in the genesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). Initial studies suggested that garlic, a constituent of the daily diet, may have a role in the treatment of HPS by altering nitric oxide production.
To evaluate the effects of oral garlic supplementation on arterial blood gas parameters, and overall morbidity and mortality in patients with HPS.
Twenty-one and 20 HPS patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral garlic supplementation or placebo, respectively, and were evaluated monthly over a period of nine to 18 months.
After nine months, garlic supplementation was associated with a 24.66% increase in baseline arterial oxygen levels (83.05 mmHg versus 66.62 mmHg; P<0.001), compared with only a 7.37% increase (68.75 mmHg versus 64.05 mmHg; P=0.02) among subjects in the placebo group. There was also a 28.35% decrease in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (21.35 mmHg versus 29.77 mmHg; P<0.001) among patients with HPS who received garlic, in contrast with only a 10.73% decrease (29.11 mmHg versus 32.61 mmHg; P=0.12) among those in the placebo group. After nine months, the arterial oxygen level was significantly higher (83.05 mmHg versus 68.75 mmHg; P<0.001) and the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient was significantly lower (21.35 mmHg versus 29.11 mmHg; P<0.001) among patients receiving garlic compared with those receiving placebo. Reversal of HPS was observed in 14 of 21 patients (66.67%) on garlic supplementation (intent-to-treat analysis) and in one of 20 patients (5%) on placebo. Two of 21 patients undergoing garlic supplementation died during follow-up in contrast to seven of 20 patients who were on placebo.
Garlic supplementation may be beneficial in patients with HPS for the reversal of intrapulmonary shunts as well as reducing hypoxemia and mortality.


X: 7.0010996 Y: 11.715858title: Storage of garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.): A review publish year: 2019 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Storage of garlic for extended availability during lean season of bulbs of satisfactory quality is a multidimensional issue, which comprises various pre‐ and post‐harvest parameters. The main aims of storage bulb crops are to sustain the “quality capital” present at harvest and to fulfill consumer demand for extended accessibility of adequate quality of bulbs. Hence, increasing garlic yield and improving bulb quality are the specified characteristics for garlic farmers, sellers, and consumers. Proper pre‐ and post‐harvest management is essential to maintain the quality characteristics like the content of dry matter, pungency, total soluble solids, sugars, skin color, and integrity. Timely irrigation and appropriate fertilization are important preharvest parameters whereas proper curing and storage parameters viz., temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, packaging material, and processing treatments are postharvest factors. In this article, a review has been made to describe the conventional and improved structures for storage and the influence of storage practices on quality parameters of garlic bulbs, so as to reduce the postharvest losses through proper storage methods and further valorize garlic bulbs.

Practical Applications
The storage losses of the garlic are very high due to the lack of proper storage structures. The physiological weight losses and losses due to diseases are the main storage losses in garlic. The postharvest losses during storage are up to 40% under ambient conditions causing the increase of the market price at a microlevel and decrease availability at the macrolevel. Thus, the promotion and encouragement for eco‐friendly effective storage technologies to overcome these storage losses is aimed to accomplish the need of the ever‐growing population.


X: 6.8256044 Y: 12.079402title: Comparative Studies on Isolation and Characterization of Allinase from Garlic and Onion using PEGylation-A Novel Method † publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: INTRODUCTION The garlic (Allium sativum) and the onion (Allium cepa) are the important plants used for culinary and medicinal purposes. The characteristic flavour of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), occurs when the enzyme alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4) hydrolyzes the S-alk(en)yl-L-Cys sulfoxides (ACSOs) to form pyruvate, ammonia and odorous sulfur-containing volatile metablites. The sulfoxide substrates are located in the cytoplasm, but alliinase is present in the vacuole 1. Rupturing makes these compounds to communicate with. The enzyme is a homo-dimeric glycoprotein from the fold-type I family of PLP-dependent enzymes. Allin is the precursor which comes to a contact with allinase enzyme in the presence of co-factor pyridoxal phosphate which initially forms allicin, pyruvate and ammonia as products. Allicin is the bioactive compound present in the garlic. It possess antimicrobial, anticancer and cholesterol lowering property 2-4 .


X: 5.926833 Y: 12.254839title: Hypocholesteremic and Antioxidant Effects of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Extract in Rats Fed High Cholesterol Diet publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of garlic extract on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in male albino rats fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD). A group of 24 male albino rats each weighing 125±5.0g, was divided into four groups. Group I was used as negative control and fed on standard diet and orally administered 1 ml distilled water. Group II was used as positive control and fed on high cholesterol diet and orally administered 1ml distilled water. Groups III and IV were fed on high cholesterol diet and orally administered garlic extract (0.2 and 0.4g/kg body weight/day, respectively). Garlic extract significantly increased (p < 0.05) plasma HDL-Cholesterol and decreased plasma TC, LDL-Cholesterol and TG as well as liver TC and TG as compared with positive control (group II). No significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol as well as plasma and liver TG between the rats ingested with high or low dose of garlic extracts. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in plasma and liver TC in rats ingested with a high dose of garlic extract (Group IV) as compared to low dose ingestion. Garlic extract significantly increased (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity, SOD and GSH-Px activities as compared to negative or positive control (group I and group II, respectively). No significant difference was observed in total antioxidant capacity, SOD and GSH-Px activities between the rats ingested with high or low dose of garlic extract. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in plasma malondialdehyde in rats ingested with a high or low dose of garlic extract as compared to negative or positive control rats.


X: 6.9366612 Y: 12.407645title: Extraction and Physicochemical Determination of Garlic (Allium sativum L) Oil publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The oil was extracted from powder of garlic cloves using soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent. The garlic cloves give 22.5% oil yield with specific gravity density of 0.90g/cm3. The oil is light yellow in colour with a pungent smell. The chemical analyses revealed saponificacation value of 192 ± 1.00mgKOH/g, peroxide value of 2.5 ± 0.50mg/100g, acid value of 4.18 ± 0.01mgKOH/g, free fatty acid value of 2.10 ± 0.05% and Iodine value of 12.69 ± 0.05g/100g. These results obtained shown that the oil could be of benefit for soap production.


X: 6.6268997 Y: 12.245887title: Exploring Allium species as source of potential medicinal agents publish year: 2006 keyword: Allium_sativum content: It has been shown that Allium species may help to prevent tumor promotion, cardiovascular diseases and aging; all processes that are associated with free radicals. Therefore the Allium species of both cultivated species (Allium nutans L., Allium fistulosum L., Allium vineale L., Allium psekemense B. Fedtsch, Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L.) and wild species (Allium flavum L., Allium sphaerocephalum L., Allium atroviolaceum Boiss, Allium schenoprasum L., Allium vineale L., Allium ursinum L., Allium scorodoprasum L.) from various locations were investigated for their antioxidative properties. The leaves were examined for activities of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide-dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione and total flavonoids), content of soluble proteins, vitamin C, carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b, as well as the quantities of malonyldialdehyde and *OH and O2*- radicals. Using a contemporary spectroscopic fluorescent method, lipofuscin, 'plant age pigments' were determined. ESR spectroscopy was used to follow the decrease of oxygen radicals in the presence of extracts of Allium species in phosphate buffer (pH 7). The results showed that all Allium species had strong antioxidative properties due to their high concentration of total flavonoids, high content of carotenoids and chlorophylls, and very low concentrations of toxic oxygen radicals. ESR signals of DMPO-OH radical adducts, in the presence of Allium extracts in phosphate buffer (pH 7), were reduced by up to 94.3%.


X: 6.767428 Y: 11.738706title: Effect of Selenium Treatment on Mineral Nutrition, Bulb Size, and Antioxidant Properties of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Foliar selenium (Se) treatment of garlic at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg of Se/mL was carried out in open field conditions in 2008 and 2009 in Estonia. Bulb weight and yield structure, content of total Se, S, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, ascorbic acid content (AAC), pungency, total phenolics, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined. The highest level of Se decreased total S, K, and Ca in both years; no negative impact on bulb weight was observed. In 2009 Se10 treatment had significantly more bulbs with the largest diameter compared to the other treatments. In 2008, the AAC was decreased by Se50 and the content of total phenolics by all Se treatments; however, TAC was increased. Foliar Se fertilization of garlic at rates of 10-50 μg of Se/mL can be recommended to increase the number of large bulbs and increase bulb antioxidant capacity.


X: 5.8869424 Y: 13.0075035title: Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Hematological Parameters and Plasma Activities of ALT and AST of Rainbow trout in Temperature Stress publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The pathogenic factors (infectious or non infectious) causes to reduce in production,
especially in cold water fish in the aquaculture industry. To solve this problem many approaches such
as disease resistant fish, an enriching diet, vaccinations, antibiotics and immunostimulants must be
utilized. The garlic has wide variety characteristics, including immunostimulant and also increase the
immunocompetence due to binding s-o-s and polar components. To evaluation these effects, a short
study was carried out for 58 days. In this study, the effects of garlic, with three different doses 0.3,
0.45, and 0.6 g powder of garlic per kg dry diet consumption, were surveyed in two interrupted periods
of time in heat stress condition on 120 Rainbow trout species and some hematological parameters
related to nonspecific immunity in three treatment groups and one control group were studied. The
results indicated that lymphocyte count increased significantly in fish fed on diets containing all garlic
doses compared with the control group. Lymphocyte and erythrocytes count increased significantly in
fish fed on diets containing 0.45, and 0.6 g/kg doses compared with in fish fed on diets containing 0.3
g/kg doses (P<0.05). The erythrocytes count in all treatment groups in comparison with the control
group showed no significant difference (P>0.05). There was a significant increase in the Leukocyte
count in fish fed a diet containing 0.6g/kg garlic compared with the control group and the diets
containing 0.3, 0.45g/kg. The mean leukocyte count in all treatment groups were more than the control
group. The mean percent of neutrophils decreased significantly in fish fed on diets containing 0.45, and
0.6 g/kg doses compared with in fish fed on diets containing 0.3 g/kg doses. A statistically non
significant change in hemoglobin content and hematocrit percent in fish fed on garlic was seen when
compared with the control group. During the experiment, a non-significantly different in the mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean concentration of hemoglobin (MCH) was
observed in all treatment groups in comparison with the control group, but mean of MCH decreased
significantly in fish fed on diets containing 0.45g/kg in comparison with in fish fed on diets containing
0.3g/kg. Mean of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of fish fed on diets containing 0.45 and 0.6g/kg
decreased significantly compared with in fish fed on diets containing 0.3g/kg. In evaluation of the
plasma parameters (ALT and AST) revealed a non-significant difference in all treatments compared
to the control. In conclusion, use of garlic balanced and formulated in suitable doses can decrease
mortality rate and increase immunity.


X: 6.2470803 Y: 12.444258title: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) as an Ally in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases publish year: 2023 keyword: Allium_sativum content: For centuries, garlic (Allium sativum) has been used both as a traditional remedy for most health-related ailments and for culinary purposes. Current preclinical investigations have suggested that dietary garlic intake has beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antiallergic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Its therapeutic potential is influenced by the methods of use, preparation, and extraction. Of particular importance is the Aged Garlic Extract (AGE). During the aging process, the odorous, sour, and irritating compounds in fresh raw garlic, such as allicin, are naturally converted into stable and safe compounds that have significantly greater therapeutic effects than fresh garlic. In AGE, S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) are the major water-soluble organosulfurized compounds (OSCs). SAC has been extensively studied, demonstrating remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Recently, AGE has been suggested as a promising candidate for the maintenance of immune system homeostasis through modulation of cytokine secretion, promotion of phagocytosis, and activation of macrophages. Since immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of various diseases, given the therapeutic effects of AGE, it can be thought of exploiting its immunoregulatory capacity to contribute to the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).


X: 7.0939417 Y: 12.743499title: Effect of different solvent extracted sample of Allium sativum (Linn) on bacteria and fungi publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of garlic-extracted samples against bacteria
and fungi at different concentration, in various polar solvents. For this purpose, six different extracts
were prepared, using five different polar solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether,
chloroforms and butanol) and water. Two different concentrations (1 and 2 mg disc-1) of each extract
were subjected for preliminary antibacterial screening against seven pathogenic bacteria by KirbyBauer
disk diffusion method. The result of in vitro antibacterial screening showed that 6 extracts from
garlic had different ranges of antibacterial activities. When garlic extracts were studied for their
antibacterial potential against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, the butanol extracted
samples showed the highest inhibitory effect against B. cereus (76% ZI at 2 mg disc-1 concentration).
Water extracted samples indicated a good range of inhibitory effect against Salmonella typhi (73% ZI at
2 mg disc-1) and butanol extracted sample showed highest activity against Erwinia carotovora (75% ZI).
The data also showed that of petroleum ether, methanol and water did not show any inhibitory effect
against the tested microbes


X: 7.1788473 Y: 10.987477title: New microsatellite markers for garlic, Allium sativum (Alliaceae) publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A new set of microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for garlic, an important medicinal spice, was developed to aid studies of genetic diversity and to define efficient strategies for germplasm conservation.
Using a (CT)(8)- and (GT)(8)-enriched library, a total of 16 SSR loci were developed and optimized in garlic. Ten loci were found to be polymorphic after screening 75 accessions. The parameters used to characterize the loci were observed and expected heterozygosity, number of alleles, Shannon Index, and polymorphism information content (PIC). A total of 44 alleles were identified, with an average of 4.4 alleles per loci. The vast majority of loci were moderate to highly informative according to PIC and the Shannon Index.
The new SSR markers have the potential to be informative tools for genetic diversity, allele mining, mapping and associative studies, and in the management and conservation of garlic collections.


X: 7.1006894 Y: 10.972676title: Is single bulb producing garlic Allium sativum or Allium ampeloprasum? publish year: 2007 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A set of control specimens of Allium sativum and Allium ampeloprasum from different geographic origins were analyzed using karyotype analysis and molecular markers (RAPD, M13 minisatellites and SNPs) to assess the gene-pool source of the single bulb garlic cultivar. Karyotype analysis showed that A. sativum and single bulb garlic were diploids, wild A. ampeloprasum was 2× (Sardinia and Basilicata) and 4× (Tremiti Island) while Great headed garlic landrace was 6×. Molecular diversity analyses confirmed the differentiation between A. sativum (14 specimens) and A. ampeloprasum species-complex (18 specimens). The “single bulb” market garlic cultivar, introduced into the European market from China, resulted to be nested in A. sativum genetic cluster. The cultivated forms of A. ampeloprasum (Leek and Great headed garlic) proved to be more differentiated than the wild one. Among the wild Mediterranean plant materials, the specimens of A. ampeloprasum from Sardinia demonstrated to be more differentiated than the wild genotypes from the west (Basilicata and Tremiti Island) based on either nucleotide variations of ITS1 or RAPD and M13 diversity. No SNP was observed, comparing a consensus sequence of 148 bp at ITS1 gene among three different specimens of A. sativum, while 18 mutated positions were detected in seven different specimens of A. ampeloprasum. The maximum number of variable positions were detected in the Sardinian wild A. ampeloprasum, followed by Leek and the wild A. ampeloprasum specimens from Basilicata and Tremiti (South Italy). Overall, it is clearly evident that the single bulb Chinese garlic cultivar is A. sativum. M13 marker demonstrated to be the most suitable in distinguishing the two different gene pools performing very well in terms of resolution, cost and ease of use.


X: 7.1508226 Y: 11.192604title: Variability Of agronomic and quality characteristics of garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been recognized for all over the world as a valuable spice for food as well as for its medicinal value. In order to identify large size bulbs having large clove diameter and high allicin content, 40 diverse genotypes of garlic genotypes were tested at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2012-13 so that the suitable genotype should be identified for cultivation in Punjab state. The observations were recorded for ten agronomic traits and 6 quality parameters. Analysis of variance showed significant difference among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. For all the characters studied, phenotypic coefficients of variability were higher in magnitude than genotypic coefficients of variability. Bulb weight per plant, bulbil size, number of bulbils per umbel, clove weight and total sugars recorded high heritability. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic gain was expressed in numbers of clove per bulb, leaf width, alcohol insoluble solids and allicin content. The genotypes CSRG-1143 and CSRG-1153 have high bulb weight, high bulb and clove diameter, average number of cloves/bulb and moderate allicin content i.e. it can be released as a variety after multi-location testing. The line CSRG-1149 has highest allicin, less number of bulbils per umbel and small bulbil size i.e. it has potential of flowering and seed production under high day length conditions. © Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) 2015.


X: 6.9227314 Y: 12.003457title: Drying of garlic (Allium sativum) cloves by microwave-hot air combination publish year: 2001 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic cloves were dried with hot air and combined microwave–hot air drying methods in an experimental dryer. The combined microwave–hot air drying experiments were carried out with 100 g sample sizes at temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C at air velocities of 1.0 and 2.0 m/s, using continuous microwave power of 40 W. For comparison of hot air drying, the same sample sizes were taken for experiments and the drying air temperatures and air velocity were 60°C and 70°C, and 2.0 m/s respectively. The total drying time, the color and flavor strength of dried garlic cloves were used to evaluate the performance of the combined microwave–hot air drying and the conventional hot air drying processes. Combined microwave–hot air drying resulted in a reduction in the drying time to an extent of 80–90% in comparison to conventional hot air drying and a superior quality final product.


X: 6.9159756 Y: 11.91647title: Enzyme inactivation kinetics and colour changes in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) blanched under different conditions publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The inactivation kinetics of the enzymes peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and inulinase and changes in the color parameters L∗, a∗ and b∗ of garlic cloves cut in slices, were studied during steam blanching at 100 °C and water at 80 and 90 °C. The garlic cloves were peeled, cut into slices and distributed uniformly in metal baskets and one batch placed in an autoclave generating steam at a temperature of 100 °C; and the others in water baths at 80 and 90 °C. The best blanching conditions were in steam for 4 min, where no changes in texture were observed, and the enzymatic activities were reduced by 93.53%, 92.15% and 81.96% for peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and inulinase, respectively. Under these conditions the inulin concentration reduced by 3.72%. The color parameter L∗ increased with increase in blanching time, the samples becoming lighter in color, and the parameters a∗ and b∗ decreased, obtaining slices that were greener and bluer.


X: 6.961572 Y: 12.379093title: Composition of garlic essential oil (Allium sativum L.) as influenced by drying method publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Air-, oven- and freeze-dried garlic bulbs were hydrodistilled and the resulting essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The highest yields were 0.6 and 0.5% (w/w) for freeze- and oven-dried samples, respectively. The essential oils were characterized by a high amount of sulfur compounds (84.3–98.9%) with diallyl trisulfide (37.3–45.9%), diallyl disulfide (17.5–35.6%) and methyl allyl trisulfide (7.7–10.4%) being the major components. Remarkable qualitative and quantitative differences between the investigated oils owing to the drying procedure were found and a set of marker components was established to differentiate between them.


X: 6.6535053 Y: 11.673855title: Phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles on garlic (Allium sativum L.): A morphological study publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the root growth, root apical meristem mitosis and mitotic aberrations of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were investigated. ZnO NPs caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of root length. When treated with 50 mg/L ZnO NPs for 24 h, the root growth of garlic was completely blocked. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) was estimated to be 15 mg/L. The mitosis index was also decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. ZnO NPs also induced several kinds of mitotic aberrations, mainly consisted of chromosome stickiness, bridges, breakages and laggings. The total percentage of abnormal cells increased with the increase of ZnO NPs concentration and the prolongation of treatment time. The investigation provided new information for the possible genotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on plants.


X: 6.855739 Y: 12.823656title: Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans publish year: 2005 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Both the growth and respiration of Candida albicans are sensitive to extracts of Allium sativum and investigations into the anticandidal activities are now focussing on the purified constituents to determine the targets of inhibition. Of particular interest is allyl alcohol (AA), a metabolic product that accumulates after trituration of garlic cloves. Putative targets for AA were investigated by monitoring changes in intracellular responses after exposure of C. albicans cells to AA or a commercially available garlic extract. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy and other techniques were used. Changes typical of oxidative stress--NADH oxidation and glutathione depletion, and increased reactive oxygen species--were observed microscopically and by flow cytometry. Known targets for AA are alcohol dehydrogenases Adh1 and 2 (in the cytosol) and Adh3 (mitochondrial), although the significant decrease in NAD(P)H after addition of AA is indicative of another mechanism of action.


X: 6.0718775 Y: 12.209568title: Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers publish year: 2003 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a commonly used food and herbal supplement. The objective of this study was to assess in healthy volunteers (N = 14) the influence of a garlic extract on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 3A4. Probe substrates dextromethorphan (CYP2D6) and alprazolam (CYP3A4) were administered orally at baseline and again after treatment with garlic extract (3 x 600 mg twice daily) for 14 days. Urinary dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratios and alprazolam plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC at baseline and after garlic extract treatment. The ratio of dextromethorphan to its metabolite was 0.044 +/- 0.48 at baseline and 0.052 +/- 0.095 after garlic supplementation. There were no significant differences between the baseline and garlic phases (P > or =.05). For alprazolam, there were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters at baseline and after garlic extract treatment (all P values > or =.05; maximum concentration in plasma, 27.3 +/- 2.6 ng/mL versus 27.3 +/- 4.8 ng/mL; time to reach maximum concentration in plasma, 1.9 +/- 1.4 h versus 2.4 +/- 1.8 h; area under the time-versus-concentration curve, 537 +/- 94 h. ng. mL(-1) versus 548 +/- 159 h. ng. mL(-1); half-life of elimination, 13.7 +/- 4.4 h versus 14.5 +/- 4.3 h). Our results indicate that garlic extracts are unlikely to alter the disposition of coadministered medications primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathway of metabolism.


X: 6.142756 Y: 12.7131405title: Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: Potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease publish year: 2002 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Cytokines involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) direct a predominantly cell-mediated T- helper-1 (Th1) immune response. The nonspecific anti-inflammatory treatment being used in the management of patients with IBD has not changed much since the 1970s and new therapeutic agents are keenly sought. Several compounds isolated from Allium sativum (garlic) modulate leukocyte cell proliferation and cytokine production.
To investigate the possible therapeutic effects of garlic in the treatment of patients with IBD, whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in the presence of various concentrations of garlic extract and the effect on leukocyte cytokine production was determined in vitro using multiparameter flow cytometry.
Monocyte interleukin (IL)-12 production was inhibited significantly in the presence of low concentrations of garlic extract (>or=0.1 microg/ml total protein). Monocyte IL-10 production increased significantly and monocyte tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, T-cell interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2, and TNF-alpha decreased significantly in the presence of >or=10 microg/ml garlic extract. Twenty to fifty percent of the immunomodulatory activity of garlic extract on cytokine production was acid labile. The inhibitory activity of methylprednisolone, a commonly used anti-inflammatory in IBD, with garlic on leukocyte cytokine production was additive.
By inhibiting Th1 and inflammatory cytokines while upregulating IL-10 production, treatment with garlic extract may help to resolve inflammation associated with IBD. An in vivo animal model study needs to be undertaken to determine the significance of these in vitro findings.


X: 6.430144 Y: 11.993883title: The bioactivity of processed garlic (Allium sativum L.) as shown in vitro and in vivo studies on rats publish year: 2007 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is widely used as an obligatory part in many cooked dishes loosing during this process a certain part of its bioactivity. Antioxidant capacity measured by the ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) method and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay was the highest in raw and in a short time processed garlic samples by cooking. 70 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 diet groups, each of seven. They were named Control, NPG, PG1, PG2, PG3, Chol, Chol/NPG, Chol/PG1, Chol/PG2 and Chol/PG3. The rats of the Control group were fed basal diet (BD), which included wheat starch, casein, soybean oil, cellulose, mineral and vitamin mixtures. To the BD of the nine other groups were added 25mg of lyophilized non processed garlic equivalent of 500 mg non processed garlic/kg body weight (NPG), the same quantity of processed garlic for 20, 40 and 60 min for PG1, PG2 and PG3, respectively, 1% of cholesterol (Chol), 1% of cholesterol and 25mg/kg body weight of lyophilized non processed garlic (Chol/NPG), 1% of cholesterol and the same quantity of processed garlic for 20, 40 and 60 min for Chol/PG1, Chol/PG2 and Chol/PG3, respectively. The dose of 500 mg (25mg of lyophilized garlic/kg body weight) was chosen as the most effective (Banerjee, S.K., Maulik, M., Mancahanda, S.C., Dinda, A.K., Gupta, S.K., Maulik, S.K., 2002. Dose-dependent induction of endogenous antioxidants in rat heart by chronic administration of garlic. Life Sciences 70, pp. 1509-1518). Plasma lipid profile and the total antioxidant capacity in rats significantly differed in diet groups with addition of garlic samples cooked for a long time. In summary, garlic cooked for a short time preserves a high bioactivity of non processed garlic. The diet supplemented with these samples and cholesterol improved lipid indices, decreased fibrinogen and increased antioxidant activity in plasma of rats. Therefore, for preservation of garlic bioactivity optimal regime has to be used.


X: 5.9272366 Y: 12.229262title: Effect of Fresh Garlic (Allium Sativum) on Lipid Metabolism in Male Rates publish year: 2000 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary garlic was studied. 4 experimental groups were established. The control group (group-C) received a standard diet; the second group (group-G) received a supplement with 10% fresh garlic, the third group (group-Ch) received 2% cholesterol and the forth group (group-ChG) received 2% cholesterol and 10% fresh garlic. The serum cholesterol level was significantly lower in group-G (63.21 ± 7.24) than in group-C (72.00 ± 8.32) (p < 0.05). On the other hand, hypercholesterolemia induced by cholesterol feeding (group-Ch: 94.33 ± 24.50) was significantly reduced by garlic (group-ChG: 65.03 ± 10.57) (p < 0.005). Garlic supplementation increased high density lipoprotein and decrease low density lipoprotein in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. The reduction in the plasma cholesterol by feeding garlic was in low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol fractions. However, the liver weight was influenced by supplementation of garlic. Feeding the garlic diet decreased liver weight in group-G (3.00 ± 0.13) compared with group-C (3.33 ± 0.26) (p < 0.005) and in group-ChG (3.66 ± 0.24) compared with group-Ch (3.35 ± 0.15) (p < 0.05). The plasma glucose in rats fed the cholesterol diet supplemented with garlic was reduced, but not significantly, compared with those fed the cholesterol diet without garlic. The results demonstrate that garlic exerts hypocholesterolemic effects in normal or cholesterol-fed rats and reduces the liver weight.


X: 6.783482 Y: 11.927099title: ALLIUM PORRUM: A REVIEW publish year: 2018 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Review article on Allium porrum


X: 7.032187 Y: 11.47905title: Production of virus-free garlic (Allium sativum L.) through meristem tip culture after solar or hot air treatment of cloves publish year: 2015 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a clonally propagated crop that can be infected by many virus species which tend to accumulate year-after-year, leading to yield reductions and varietal degeneration. Therefore, the production and use of virus-free planting material is vital to sustain productivity. In this study, Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV; Potyvirus), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV; Carlavirus), Shallot latent virus (SLV; Carlavirus), and Garlic virus X (GarV-X; Allexivirus) were detected in cloves of the commercial garlic cultivar, ‘G-1’ (‘Jamuna Safed’) by direct antigen-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA). DAC-ELISA was performed using specific antisera against each virus species, and confirmed through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) using virus or genus-specific oligonucleotide primers. To obtain virus-free plants of ‘G-1’, cloves were subjected to solar heat treatment for 5, 10, or 15 d, or to hot air treatment (at 37ºC, 40ºC, or 42ºC for 7, 14, or 21 d) combined with meristem isolation and in vitro culture, then indexed for all viruses using DAC-ELISA and RT-PCR. Meristems from solar heattreated or hot air-treated cloves regenerated after 90 d and 45 d in culture, respectively. Solar heat treatment for 15 d resulted in 17 - 18% regeneration, and all were free from GarCLV, SLV, and OYDV. However, when solar heat-treated for 10 d, only 66% of the 17 - 18% regenerated plants were free from all viruses, including GarV-X. Hot air treatment at 37ºC or 40ºC eliminated GarCLV, SLV, and OYDV in 20 - 38% and 42 - 62% of regenerated plants, respectively, for the different durations of exposure. However, GarV-X could not be eliminated from any of the regenerated plants by hot air treatment, irrespective of the duration of exposure. Meristems from cloves that had been hot airtreated at 42ºC resulted in 50 - 66% regeneration, of which 53 - 57% were free from GarCLV, SLV, and OYDV when treated for 7 d or 14 d, and 29% were free from all viruses when treated for 21 d. For most treatments, an increase in the duration of exposure to heat resulted in reduced regeneration, but increased the rate of recovery of virus-free plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the use of solar treatment for virus elimination in garlic and the development of an efficient tissue culture protocol for the production of virus-free garlic plants using different thermotherapy treatments coupled with meristem tip culture.


X: 5.733838 Y: 12.854561title: Effect of Periodically Use of Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder on Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Broiler Chickens. publish year: 2010 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of periodically use of garlic on performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. 240 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks randomly allocated into the 10 dietary treatments (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J) for 6 wk. Treatment A or control group, received basal diet (based on standards of Ross management guidelines) without supplementation of garlic powder while B, C and D dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0.5, 1 and 3% garlic powder, respectively for the whole time of experiment (6 weeks). Birds in group E, F and G were fed control diet supplemented with 0.5, 1 and 3% garlic powder, respectively just in their starter diet (0- 21d). Birds in three other treatments (H, I and J) received control diet for the first 21 days and 0.5, 1 and 3% of garlic powder was added to their finisher diets, respectively. 1 and 3% supplemented groups in finisher period had better performance as compared with other groups. Since present study conducted in optimum and antiseptic conditions, it seems that better or more responses could be expected in performance if the raising conditions would not be healthy.
Keywords: Garlic powder, periodically use, broiler chickens, carcass characteristics


X: 6.8583484 Y: 12.72985title: Antifungal saponins from bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: A bioassay-guided phytochemical analysis of the polar extract from the bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L., var. Voghiera, typical of Voghiera, Ferrara (Italy), allowed the isolation of ten furostanol saponins; voghieroside A1/A2 and voghieroside B1/B2, based on the rare agapanthagenin aglycone; voghieroside C1/C2, based on agigenin aglycone; and voghieroside D1/D2 and E1/E2, based on gitogenin aglycone. In addition, we found two known spirostanol saponins, agigenin 3-O-trisaccharide and gitogenin 3-O-tetrasaccharide. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established through a combination of extensive nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and chemical analyses. High concentrations of two eugenol diglycosides were also found for the first time in Allium spp. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity towards two fungal species, the air-borne pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum.


X: 6.998409 Y: 11.168174title: Mutazione Cromosomica e Cariotipo Fondamentale in Allium Sativum L. publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: L'Autore descrive in bulbi italiani (Pisa) il cariotipo fondamentale dell' Allium sativum, z = 2n = 16, (non ancora concordemente stabilito e definito (cfr. Mensinkai 1939 a e b; Khoshoo et al. 1960) ed il cariotipo derivato di una mutazione cromosomica, z = 2 n (mut.) = 16, da lui osservata in bulbi americani.SUMMARYUsing italian bulbs, cultivated in Pisa, the Author describes the « fundamental karyotype » of Allium sativum, z = 2n = 16, not yet definitely established (cfr. Mensinkai 1939 a e b; Khoshoo, Atal and Sharma 1960) and the « derived karyotype » from a chromosome mutation observed in american bulbs, z = 2n (mut.) = 16.


X: 6.419313 Y: 12.466238title: REVIEW: Organosulphure compound of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its biological activities publish year: 2003 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic has been used a long time ago as traditional medicines. The valuable bulb is used to treat hypertension, respiratory infection, headache, hemorrhoids, constipation, bruised injury or slice, insomnia, cholesterol, influenza, urinary infection, etc. Garlic bulbs can be used as anti-diabetic, anti-hypertension, anti-cholesterol, anti-atheroschlerosis, anti-oxidant, anti-cell platelet aggregation, fibrinolyse spur, anti-viral, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer. The ultimate bioactive compound of garlic is organo-sulphure components, i.e. alliin, allicin, ajoene, allyl sulphide groups, and allyl cystein. There was not any report of any side effects or toxicity of garlic.


X: 6.147308 Y: 12.68451title: Anti-inflammatory effects of Allium Sativum (Garlic) in experimental rats publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Background and Objectives: Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to cause adverse effects. On the other hand, garlic is believed to have hypolipidaemic, antibacterial, anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence present study was undertaken to know the Anti-inflammatory effect of allium sativum in Albino Rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 rats were randomized into two groups of 18 each to be utilized by acute (Carrageenin induced paw edema) and chronic (Cotton pellet induced granuloma) inflammatory models. Further within each group the animals were randomly allocated to the control, standard (Piroxicam) and test (Garlic) drug groups. The rats were fed respective drugs orally 1 hour prior to experimentation. Reduction in paw edema size was recorded at four hours and in dry granuloma weight on 8th day after sacrificing the animal. To compare the reductions among three groups, one-way ANOVA was performed. Results: The effect of the test drug in terms of percent inhibition was found to be about 50% in acute and 21% in chronic models. Also, the acute effect was similar to standard drug. Conclusion: In view of the side effects of NSAIDs and corticosteroids, it may be envisaged that garlic can be used as an adjuvant in the inflammatory disorders.


X: 6.875157 Y: 12.536335title: Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity, Phytochemical Profile and Minerals Composition of Garlic Allium sativum and Allium tuberosum publish year: 2014 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Allium species are considered to be one of the world’s oldest cultivated vegetables. Most commonly used species of garlic in Pakistan and India is Allium sativum, while Allium tuberosum is mainly consumed and cultivated in China, Southeast Asia, and North-east part of India. The present study was conducted to compare the antimicrobial activity, nutritional value and antioxidant profile of Allium sativum and Allium tuberosum. The outcome indicates that Allium tuberosum have slightly higher antimicrobial activity, higher mineral profile, and enriched in antioxidants in comparison with Allium sativum. The highest antimicrobial activity of Allium tuberosum was noticed against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with 43.9 mm and 40.7 mm zone of inhibition using 100% extract. Allium tuberosum contains high contents of calcium (28.66±2.00 mg/100g), potassium (10.62±0.50) and zinc (59.00±1.00). Allium tuberosum also showed higher antioxidant activity (0.24±0.03 mg vitamin C equivalent (VCE)/g fresh weight in FRAP assay, 0.18±0.02 mg VCE/g fresh weight in DPPH assay and 1.09±0.12 mg VCE/g fresh weight in ABTS assay) in comparison with Allium sativum.


X: 6.970481 Y: 12.189081title: Alliin lyase (alliinase) from garlic (Allium sativum): Crystallization and preliminary X-ray characterization publish year: 2002 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The enzyme alliinase has been isolated from garlic bulbs and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 70.191, b = 127.006, c = 108.085 A, beta = 93.384 degrees. They diffract to 2.2 A at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Analysis of the Patterson self-rotation function suggests that the crystals contain two dimeric molecules per asymmetric unit.


X: 5.9393034 Y: 13.139824title: Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) publish year: 2009 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic, Allium sativum, which was fed at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g per 100 g of feed for 14 days to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), led to control of experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. At doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g garlic per 100 g of feed, there was a reduction in mortalities to 4% compared with the controls (88%). Moreover, there was a significant increase in growth, feed conversion and protein efficiency. There was stimulation of the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, a significantly higher haematocrit, enhancement of phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, lysozyme, anti-protease and bactericidal activities following feeding with garlic.


X: 6.884437 Y: 11.581372title: De novo assembly and characterization of the garlic (Allium sativum) bud transcriptome by Illumina sequencing publish year: 2012 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Garlic is widely used as a spice throughout the world for the culinary value of its flavor and aroma, which are created by the chemical transformation of a series of organic sulfur compounds. To analyze the transcriptome of Allium sativum and discover the genes involved in sulfur metabolism, cDNAs derived from the total RNA of Allium sativum buds were analyzed by Illumina sequencing. Approximately 26.67 million 90 bp paired-end clean reads were achieved in two libraries. A total of 127,933 unigenes were generated by de novo assembly and were compared with the sequences in public databases. Of these, 45,286 unigenes had significant hits to the sequences in the Nr database, 29,514 showed significant similarity to known proteins in the Swiss-Prot database and, 20,706 and 21,952 unigenes had significant similarity to existing sequences in the KEGG and COG databases, respectively. Moreover, genes involved in organic sulfur biosynthesis were identified. These unigenes data will provide the foundation for research on gene expression, genomics and functional genomics in Allium sativum.
Key message The obtained unigenes will provide the foundation for research on functional genomics in Allium sativum and its closely related species, and fill the gap of the existing plant EST database.


X: 6.2639484 Y: 12.239738title: Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Effects of Allium fistulosum L. and Allium sativum L. Extracts on Human Normal and Tumor Cell Lines: A Comparative Study publish year: 2021 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Allium sativum L. (garlic bulbs) and Allium fistulosum L. (Welsh onion leaves) showed quantitative differences of identified compounds: allicin and alliin (380 µg/mL and 1410 µg/mL in garlic; 20 µg/mL and 145 µg/mL in Welsh onion), and the phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, and rutin). The chemical composition determined the inhibitory activity of Allium extracts in a dose-dependent manner, on human normal cells (BJ-IC50 0.8841% garlic/0.2433% Welsh onion and HaCaT-IC50 1.086% garlic/0.6197% Welsh onion) and tumor cells (DLD-1-IC50 5.482%/2.124%; MDA-MB-231-IC50 6.375%/2.464%; MCF-7-IC50 6.131%/3.353%; and SK-MES-1-IC50 4.651%/5.819%). At high concentrations, the cytotoxic activity of each extract, on normal cells, was confirmed by: the 50% of the growth inhibition concentration (IC50) value, the cell death induced by necrosis, and biochemical determination of LDH, catalase, and Caspase-3. The four tumor cell lines treated with high concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%, and 1.25%) of garlic extract showed different sensibility, appreciated on the base of IC50 value for the most sensitive cell line (SK-MES-1), and the less sensitive (MDA-MB-231) cell line. The high concentrations of Welsh onion extract (5%, 2.5%, and 1.25%) induced pH changes in the culture medium and SK-MES-1 being the less sensitive cell line.


X: -3.4689643 Y: 10.465584title: Hypoglycaemic effects of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinalle aqueous extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic Rattus novergicus publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: This study compared the hypoglycaemic effects of the increasing dosages of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extract on alloxan –induced diabetic Rattus novergicus for possible use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus was induced in 108 out of a total of 117 adult Rattus novergicus using 150mg/kg b wt of alloxan monohydrate. Increasing dosages (200, 250 and 300mg/kg bw ip) of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extracts were given to the diabetic rats for six weeks while the control rats got either normal saline (1ml) or increasing dosage of glibenclamide ( 2.5, 3.8 and 5.0mg/kg b wt ip) during the same period. Blood glucose level from each treatment was evaluated using o – toluidine method. F-LSD was employed to test significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatment means. Increasing dosages of plants aqueous extracts produced a dose-dependent significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after 6 weeks of treatment when compared with that of the control rats. Among the
extracts studied, A. sativum at 300mg/kg bw ip gave the best hypoglycaemic effect (79.7% from 314.1±40.4 to 63.9±2.9), A. cepa followed with 75.4% (297.8±37.5 to 73.4±3.0) and Z. Officinale with 56.7% (303.3±35.8 to 147.2±2.3). From the experimental findings, it is possible to conclude that the three plant extracts studied exhibited promising hypoglycaemic activity in alloxan-diabetic rats. The hypoglycaemic effects could represent a protective 2 mechanism against the development of hyperglycaemia common in diabetes mellitus.


X: 6.9159813 Y: 12.942328title: The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: Allium sativum (garlic) is an effective antigiardial publish year: 2001 keyword: Allium_sativum content: Whole garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract and some of its components were assayed for antigiardial activity. Whole garlic extract gave an IC(50) at 24 h of 0.3 mg ml(-1). Most of the components assayed were inhibitory to the organism, especially allyl alcohol and allyl mercaptan, with IC(50) values of 7 microg ml(-1) and 37 microg ml(-1) respectively. Studies with calcofluor white indicated that whole garlic and allyl alcohol collapse the transmembrane electrochemical membrane potential (Deltapsi) of the organism, as indicated by uptake of the fluorochrome. Electron microscopy allowed the morphological changes that occur with garlic inhibition to be recorded. Both the surface topography and internal architecture of the organism changed during incubation with the biocides. Both whole garlic and allyl alcohol resulted in fragmentation of the disc and an overexpression of disc microribbons, internalization of flagella, vacuole formation and an increase in distended vesicles. Allyl mercaptan, however, only gave an increase in distended vesicles, suggesting that this biocide has a different mode of action.


X: 6.3664 Y: 12.76165title: Therapeutic Effects of Allium sativum and Allium cepa in Schistosoma mansoni experimental infection publish year: 2011 keyword: Allium_sativum content: The effects of both garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) on some biochemical parameters in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice individually and mixed either with or without the currently used drug, praziquantel (PZQ) were investigated. These involved some immunological parameters, namely IgM, IgG, interleukins 2 and 6 (IL-2 and 6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), some antioxidant enzymes [catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)]. In addition, parasitological and histopathological investigations were performed. No changes were observed in the normal control mice treated with dry extract of onion or garlic, individually or mixed, with or without PZQ, compared to the normal healthy control group. Infection with S. mansoni showed an increase in IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and catalase enzyme, accompanied with a decrease in GPX and SOD antioxidant enzyme activities. Remarkable amelioration was noticed in the levels of all the measured parameters in S. mansoni infected mice after administration of the studied extracts. Moreover a significant reduction in worm burden, hepatic and intestinal eggs and oogram count was noticed which was reflected in normalization of liver architecture.