X: 1.7087072 Y: 14.062247title: Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Properties of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Versus Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Rhizomes in Rat Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (rich in curcuminoids) and ginger (rich in gingerols and shogaols) rhizomes have been widely used as dietary spices and to treat different diseases in Ayurveda/Chinese medicine since antiquity. Here, we compared the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of these two plants in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Both plants (at dose 200 mg/kg body weight) significantly suppressed (but with different degrees) the incidence and severity of arthritis by increasing/decreasing the production of anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively, and activating the anti-oxidant defence system. The anti-arthritic activity of turmeric exceeded that of ginger and indomethacin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), especially when the treatment started from the day of arthritis induction. The percentage of disease recovery was 4.6-8.3% and 10.2% more in turmeric compared with ginger and indomethacin (P < 0.05), respectively. The present study proves the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of turmeric over ginger and indomethacin, which may have beneficial effects against rheumatoid arthritis onset/progression as shown in AIA rat model.


X: 2.6277223 Y: 13.721109title: Turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn.) Supplementation as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry Diets publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Antibiotics have been used in non-therapeutic fashion as growth promoter for about 50 years in many parts of the world. It has been proven that supplementation of antibiotics in the diets reduces morbidity and mortality, as well as improve feed efficiency and overall growth performance of broiler chickens. However, the routine use of these antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) is being curtailed in view of threat to public health occurring through microflora that are developing resistance to antibiotics. This risk has driven European Union and other countries to withdraw authorization of in-feed antibiotics since 1997. Removal of AGPs resulted in substantial increase infections in poultry. As a consequence, the poultry industry needs to find alternatives to antibiotics in order to stem the effects of infection. One comparable alternative is natural sources of herbs and medicinal plants, which later known as phytobiotics. For the last 15 years, these alternatives have been increasingly claimed to increase enteric health, stimulate digestive system, and enhance growth performance. It was reported that turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) belongs to such class of medicinal plant and may be an alternative to antibiotics in poultry production. In this review, the responses of poultry to diets supplemented with turmeric on growth performance, egg production, health status, and carcass characteristic were briefly discussed.


X: 0.386085 Y: 13.243554title: Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches publish year: 2006 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches were analyzed before and after ginger and turmeric were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain oleoresin and essential oil. The starches were isolated and analyzed with respect to purity, amylose/amylopectin content, X-ray pattern, viscosity, swelling factor, granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy, gelatinization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and turbidity. Supercritical fluid extraction process did not alter the starchy matrix showing small physical rearrangement of the starch molecules; this effect was more intense in the ginger starch, as observed by X-ray diffraction. The ginger starch became less resistant, in other words, there was a starchy structure relaxing after supercritical fluid extraction, evidenced by the lower setback value in the gelatinization process and nonetheless, it did not alter the granule morphology as observed by microscopy. This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications.


X: 1.7127005 Y: 13.633218title: Antioxidant potential of fluoxetine in comparison to Curcuma longa in restraint-stressed rat publish year: 2007 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Stress plays a potential role in the onset and exacerbation of depression. Chronic restraint stress in rats, and psychosocial stress in humans, is implicated in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Oxidative damage is an established outcome of restraint stress, which has been suggested to induce many damaging processes contributing to the pathology of stress-induced depression. However, the modulatory role of clinically effective antidepressants, such as fluoxetine, in attenuating oxidative stress has not been well characterized. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the antioxidant effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine in animals submitted to restraint stress. The antioxidant potential of the antidepressant fluoxetine was compared with that of turmeric, used as a standard since it integrates both antioxidant and antidepressant properties. Chronic fluoxetine administration to stressed animals for 21 days prevented restraint stress-induced oxidative damage with an efficacy similar to that of turmeric, as evidenced by significant enhancement of key endogenous antioxidant defense components, comprising the free-radical scavenging enzymes, superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase (EC 1.15.1.1), hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione:NADP(+)oxidoreductase (EC 1.8.1.7), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants, GSH, glucose and uric acid, which were severely depleted by restraint stress in animals receiving no treatment. Oxidative stress markers, (S)-lactate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase activity (EC 1.1.1.27), malondialdehyde levels (lipid peroxidation product) and protein carbonyl content were also significantly decreased following fluoxetine treatment. Both these drugs when given alone to non-stressed animals did not alter basal levels of antioxidant defense components and oxidative stress markers significantly. Our findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of fluoxetine may be mediated, at least partially, via reversal of oxidative damage as demonstrated by protective enhancement of antioxidant status following a stress-induced decline. In addition, this study demonstrates important implications for pharmacological interventions targeting cellular antioxidants as a promising strategy for protecting against oxidative insults in stress-induced depression.


X: 0.893507 Y: 13.011488title: Enhancement of Antioxidant Activities of Curcuma longa Leaves by Ultra High Pressure Extraction publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: This study was designed to evaluate antioxidant activity of Curcuma longa L. leaves treated by ultra high pressure extraction. Curcuma longa L. leaves was subjected to 5,000 bar for 5 and 15 min at The highest phenolics and flavonoids content was observed in the treatment of high pressure extraction for 15 min (, ). The DPPH scavenging activity was 82.34% at of Curcuma longa L. leaves treated by ultra high pressure process for 15 min. The highest SOD-like acitivity of Curcuma longa L. leaves () was observed at ultra high pressure extraction for 15 min (67.54%). The high pressure extraction significantly increased the contents of phenolics and flavonoids and also enhanced the antioxidant activity. These results provide useful information for enhancing biological properties of Curcuma longa L. leaves.


X: 0.3478711 Y: 13.194589title: Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for turmeric (Curcuma longa) publish year: 2009 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: With 1 figure and 1 table
Curcuma longa L. is a sterile, triploid, vegetatively-propagated crop cultivated mainly in Southeast Asia. When dried rhizomes are ground, the resulting yellow powder is used by the food industry as a natural food dye. Moreover, many pharmacological compounds have broadened the commercial application of the crop. However, conventional breeding is difficult and hence, improvement has been limited to germplasm selection. To better utilize the germplasm collections and facilitate genotype selection, a total of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using a CT/GT/CTT enriched genomic library. All microsatellites resulted in amplified PCR products, showing a banding pattern of 2–11 polymorphic bands per locus, enabling genotype discrimination. These results can be used in further studies aimed at characterizing C. longa genetic resource collections and also to improve breeding strategies.


X: -2.1235194 Y: 11.197373title: Immobilization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Curcuma loga tuber powder and extract on cotton cloth for bactericidal activity publish year: 2010 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: The present study reports the synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles from silver precursor using plant biomaterials, Curcuma longa tuber powder and extract. Water-soluble organics present in the plant materials were mainly responsible for the reduction of silver ions to nano-sized silver particles. pH played a major role in size control of the particles. Silver nanoparticle synthesis was higher in tuber extract compared to powder, which was attributed to the large and easy availability of the reducing agents in the extract. Zeta potential studies showed that the surface charge of the formed nanoparticles was highly negative. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for Escherichia coli BL-21 strain was found to be 50mg/L. Immobilization of silver nanoparticles on cotton cloth using sterile water showed better bactericidal activity when compared to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) immobilized cloth, but on consecutive washing the activity reduced drastically in sterile water immobilized cloth.


X: 1.8624644 Y: 13.725025title: Curcuminoids From Curcuma Longa: New Adjuvants For The Treatment Of Crohn'S Disease And Ulcerative Colitis? publish year: 2018 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) result from an overreaction of the bowel to multifactorial stimuli leading to discomfort, pain, and it is associated with high morbidity and lethality. The medications commonly used are expensive and associated with multiple side effects. Curcuma longa exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions and has shown positive effects on CD and UC treatment, possibly due to the presence of curcuminoids. The objective of this review was to evaluate the role of curcuminoids in the treatment of IBD. A search for articles associating curcuminoids and CD and UC was performed using MEDLINE–PubMed. It has been found that curcumin can reduce oxidative stress and inhibit the migration of neutrophils and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the intestine. It may also improve micro and macroscopic lesions, prevent apoptosis of intestinal cells and also induce the restoration of the mitogen-activated protein kinase immune reaction. As the incidence of CD and UC is growing in many populations, there is an urgency to find an appropriate and accessible therapeutic approach to improve quality of life of patients. The use of curcumin is cheap, efficient and associated with no side effects, and may become an alternative to the IBD treatment.


X: 0.329471 Y: 12.84776title: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2014 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicines (jamu). They have similar color for their rhizome and possess some similar uses, so it is possible to substitute one for the other. The identification and discrimination of these closely-related plants is a crucial task to ensure the quality of the raw materials. Therefore, an analytical method which is rapid, simple and accurate for discriminating these species using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with some chemometrics methods was developed. FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid-IR region (4000-400cm(-1)). Standard normal variate, first and second order derivative spectra were compared for the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for the classification of the three species. Samples could be discriminated by visual analysis of the FTIR spectra by using their marker bands. Discrimination of the three species was also possible through the combination of the pre-processed FTIR spectra with PCA and CVA, in which CVA gave clearer discrimination. Subsequently, the developed method could be used for the identification and discrimination of the three closely-related plant species.


X: 1.0727215 Y: 13.814381title: ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF 28KDA PROTEIN FROM TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L) publish year: 2011 keyword: Curcuma_longa content: A 28 kDa glyco protein isolated, purified and characterized from boiling water extract of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) and named as BGS-Haridrin. The protein showed sharp single peak in RP-HPLC with a retention time of 32.6 min. The apparent molecular weight of BGS-Haridrin was w28 kDa showed in SDS PAGE and MALDI/MS analysis. BGS-Haridrin scavenged hydroxyl, DPPH radicals, superoxide radicals 76-82 % about and inhibited lipid peroxidation about 78% at a maximum dosage of 0.1μM concentration when compared to BHA, Curcumin (400 μM) and α-tocopherol (400μM). BGS Haridrin effectively protects H2O2 (100μM) induced cell death in human peripheral lymphocytes. Further BGS-Haridrin prevents H2O2 (1mM) caused calf thymus DNA damage as evidenced by agarose gel electrophoresis. In summary, the results represent in vitro antioxidant effects of BGS-Haridrin antioxidant protein from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L).


X: -3.9595814 Y: 12.13784title: Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Many tropical plants have interesting biological activities with potential therapeutic applications. Garcinia mangostana Linn. (GML) belongs to the family of Guttiferae and is named "the queen of fruits". It is cultivated in the tropical rainforest of some Southeast Asian nations like Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Thailand. People in these countries have used the pericarp (peel, rind, hull or ripe) of GML as a traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, infected wound, suppuration, and chronic ulcer. Experimental studies have demonstrated that extracts of GML have antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. The pericarp of GML is a source of xanthones and other bioactive substances. Prenylated xanthones isolated from GML have been extensively studied; some members of these compounds possess antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Xanthones have been isolated from pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaves. The most studied xanthones are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-mangostins, garcinone E, 8-deoxygartanin, and gartanin. The aim of this review is to summarize findings of beneficial properties of GML's extracts and xanthones isolated from this plant so far.


X: -4.1308265 Y: 11.795405title: Medicinal properties of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.): A comprehensive update publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia known as mangosteen which fruits possess a distinctive and pleasant taste that has granted them the epithet of "queen of the fruits". The seeds and pericarps of the fruit have a long history of use in the traditional medicinal practices of the region, and beverages containing mangosteen pulp and pericarps are sold worldwide as nutritional supplements. The main phytochemicals present in the species are isoprenylated xanthones, a class of secondary metabolites with multiple reports of biological effects, such as antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic and anti-obesity. The diversity of actions displayed by mangosteen xanthones shows that these compounds target multiple signaling pathways involved in different pathologies, and place them as valuable sources for developing new drugs to treat chronic and degenerative diseases. This review article presents a comprehensive update of the toxicological findings on animal models, and the preclinical anticancer, analgesic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of G. mangostana L. extracts and its main isolates. Pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems and reports on dose-finding human trials are also examined.


X: -3.8886735 Y: 11.889682title: A Review on Medicinal Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants where its population has used them traditionally from generation to generation in curing diseases. Traditional medicine and medicinal plants from Indonesia may lead to the discovery of the novel drugs. The mangosteen or Garcinia mangostana L. is a well-known to cure several diseases and applied in various folk medicinal stockpile. In recent decades, scientist has discovered the phytochemical composition in the whole plant of mangosteen as well as the pharmacological activities. These studies established the therapeutic potential of mangosteen for the drug's discovery. Therefore, the present review gives a sneak peek view on mangosteen's ethnobotany, toxicology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry.


X: -3.9839022 Y: 11.931428title: Garcinia mangostana L.: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen, Clusiaceae) has a long history of use as a medical plant, mostly in Southeast Asia. This is a review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of mangosteen. Traditionally mangosteen is famous for its antiinflammatory properties and is used in the treatment of skin infections and wounds. Other applications include the therapy of various conditions such as dysentery, different urinary disorders, cystitis and gonorrhoea. This review highlights the development of this botanical drug into a widely used nutraceutical. Products derived from G. mangostana are now distributed increasingly all over the world. This has given rise to a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of mangosteen. Central to the biological activity of the species are xanthones which are reviewed in detail. A comprehensive assessment of the biological activities of individual xanthones as well as extracts of G. mangostana is included. In addition, its potential in terms of developing novel drug leads is assessed. Products containing its fruits are now sold widely as 'liquid botanical supplements', but evidence for the health benefits of these products is still lacking. As shown here, a serious weakness in our knowledge is the lack of clinical data and it is not yet clear to what extent the findings about pharmacological activities are of potential clinical relevance.


X: -4.097418 Y: 11.453418title: Anti-inflammatory activity of mangostins from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana Linn (Guttiferae) is used as an anti-inflammatory drug in Southeast Asia. Two xanthones, alpha- and gamma-mangostins, were isolated from the fruit hull of G. mangostana, and both significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and PGE(2) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The IC(50) values for the inhibition of NO production by alpha- and gamma-mangostins were 12.4 and 10.1 microM, respectively. After iNOS enzyme activity was stimulated by LPS for 12 h, treatment with either alpha- or gamma-mangostin at 5 microg/ml (12.2 and 12.6 microM, respectively) for 24 h did not significantly inhibit NO production. The data show that the inhibitory activities of alpha- and gamma-mangostins are not due to direct inhibition of iNOS enzyme activity. On the other hand, expression of iNOS was inhibited by alpha- and gamma-mangostins in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, but not by COX-2. However, the level of PGE(2) production was reduced by the two xanthones. In an in vivo study, alpha-mangostin significantly inhibited mice carrageenan-induced paw edema. In conclusion, alpha- and gamma-mangostins from G. mangostana are bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory effects.


X: -3.8614058 Y: 12.169088title: Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Many tropical plants have interesting biological activities with potential therapeutic applications. Garcinia mangostana Linn. (GML) belongs to the family of Guttiferae and is named "the queen of fruits". It is cultivated in the tropical rainforest of some Southeast Asian nations like Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Thailand. People in these countries have used the pericarp (peel, rind, hull or ripe) of GML as a traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, infected wound, suppuration, and chronic ulcer. Experimental studies have demonstrated that extracts of GML have antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. The pericarp of GML is a source of xanthones and other bioactive substances. Prenylated xanthones isolated from GML have been extensively studied; some members of these compounds possess antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Xanthones have been isolated from pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaves. The most studied xanthones are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-mangostins, garcinone E, 8-deoxygartanin, and gartanin. The aim of this review is to summarize findings of beneficial properties of GML's extracts and xanthones isolated from this plant so far.


X: -3.6406069 Y: 12.074835title: Chemical Constituents of Garcinia mangostana Pulp and Seeds publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the freeze-dried Garcinia mangostana Linn. led to the isolation of δ-tocotrienol (1), α-mangostin (2), 3-isomangostin (3), stigmasterol (4), triacylglycerols (5), a mixture of β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6-O-fatty acid esters (6a) and stigmasteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6-O-fatty acid esters (6b) in about 3:2 ratio, from the pulp; and 4, 5, and linoleic acid (7) from the seeds. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 2-7 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.


X: -3.0024128 Y: 12.195266title: Colour development and quality of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit during ripening and after harvest publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The colour of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit changes from green to purple black after harvest as the fruit ripens, and is used as a quality guide for growers and consumers. We determined the relationship between anthocyanin composition and content during fruit colour development in relation to fruit maturity and postharvest quality. Fruit at different stages of maturity (light greenish yellow with 5% scattered pink spots to purple black) were harvested and kept at 25 °C (85–90% RH). Fruit from each maturity stage all developed to the final purple black stage. During the postharvest period, hue angle values and pericarp firmness decreased significantly, while soluble solids contents increased. Anthocyanin contents in the outer pericarp were higher than in the inner pericarp and increased to a maximum at the final colour stage. Sensory evaluation and fruit quality (hue angle values, soluble solids and titratable acidity) of fruit harvested at the different stages did not differ once the fruit had finally developed to the purple black stage. The anthocyanins in the outer pericarp mainly consisted of five compounds, identified by HPLC/MS as cyanidin-sophoroside, cyanidin-glucoside, cyanidin-glucoside-pentoside, cyanidin-glucoside-X, cyanidin-X2 and cyanidin-X, where X denotes an unidentified residue of m/z 190, a mass which does not correspond to any common sugar residue. Cyanidin-3-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the major compounds and the only ones that increased with fruit colour development.


X: -3.777029 Y: 11.617036title: Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities of Methanolic Extract from Garcinia mangostana Hulls publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana has been documented in Thai traditional medicine in various aspects. Although many benefits have been claimed, few scientific reports are available in the literature. In the present study, the methanolic extract from G. mangostana hulls (GME) was assessed for antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. The results showed that GME contained phenolic compounds and possessed reducing power as well as Fe2+ chelating activity. The antioxidant properties were determined by scavenging DPPH, nitric oxide and lipid radicals in dose-dependent manners. In particular, the powerful scavenging activities were found against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals when investigated using ESR spectrometry. GME also enhanced the cell survival by decreasing the oxidative damage in ECV304 endothelial cells after H2O2 exposure. These data indicated that GME played a pivotal role on the antioxidant and chemopreventive activities via a reducing mechanism and inhibition of intracellular oxidative stress, respectively.


X: -4.197517 Y: 12.51471title: Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae) publish year: 2006 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Studies on the stem of Garcinia mangostana have led to the isolation of one new xanthone mangosharin (1) (2,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone) and six other prenylated xanthones, alpha-mangostin (2), beta-mangostin (3), garcinone D (4), 1,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone (5), mangostanol (6) and 5,9-dihydroxy-8- methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2H,6H-pyrano-[3,2-b]-xanthene-6-one (7). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparison with previous studies. All the crude extracts when screened for their larvicidal activities indicated very good toxicity against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. This article reports the isolation and identification of the above compounds as well as bioassay data for the crude extracts. These bioassay data have not been reported before.


X: -3.4537323 Y: 11.721244title: Phenolics from hull of Garcinia mangostana fruit and their antioxidant activities publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The air-dried fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana Linn. were extracted with 70% MeOH, and then partitioned into the n-BuOH fractions. Furthermore, three major phenolic components related to their antioxidant activities were purified by silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 and then identified as P1 (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2,8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)), P2 [1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) xanthone] and P3 (epicatechin) using UV–visible spectrophotometry, IR spectrophotometry and NMR spectroscopy, respectively. The antioxidant activities of three major phenolics were evaluated using different tests, including the free radical scavenging capability and total antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid peroxidation. These three phenolic compounds exhibited different antioxidant activities in these antioxidant tests. The hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capabilities and the activity against linoleic acid peroxidation of P1 were greater than those of P2 and P3, while the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of P3 was greater than that of P1, but was close to that of P2 or α-tocopherol. An activity-guided isolation and purification process was used to identify the components showing the strong DPPH radical scavenging activity from G. mangostana Linn.


X: -4.28502 Y: 12.278777title: Structural Characterization, Biological Effects, and Synthetic Studies on Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), a Popular Botanical Dietary Supplement publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L., Clusiaceae) is a popular botanical dietary supplement in the United States, where it is used principally as an antioxidant. It is referred to as the "queen of fruits" in Thailand, a country of origin. The major secondary metabolites of mangosteen, the xanthones, exhibit a variety of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, and potential cancer chemopreventive activities. Moreover, some of the xanthones from mangosteen have been found to influence specific enzyme activities, such as aromatase, HIV-1 protease, inhibitor κB kinase, quinone reductase, sphingomyelinase, topoisomerase and several protein kinases, and they also modulate histamine H(1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor binding. Several synthetic procedures for active xanthones and their analogs have been conducted to obtain a better insight into structure-activity relationships for this compound class. This short review deals with progress made in the structural characterization of the chemical constituents of mangosteen, as well as the biological activity of pure constituents of this species and synthetic methods for the mangosteen xanthones.


X: -3.9552615 Y: 12.237861title: ChemInform Abstract: Mangostanol, a Prenyl Xanthone from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.


X: -3.47397 Y: 11.718252title: A study of antioxidant properties from Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The present work was undertaken to assess the radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extracts obtained by various solvents and its mixtures of different polarity. The extracts were evaluated by FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) diammonium salt], DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), reducing power and chelating ability on ferrous ion. Among the different extracts studied, ethyl acetate and acetone extract were observed to have good antioxidant activity. The FRAP values for ethyl acetate and acetone extract were 1.30 and 1.01 mM TEAC respectively at 1 mg/ml. The TEAC values for ABTS assay were 38.21 and 38.15 μM respectively at 100 μg/ml. The IC50 values to quench the DPPH free radicals of these two extracts were 30.01 μg/ml and 33.32 μg/ml, but the chelating assay was observed to be better in aqueous fractions of Acetone: water (80:20) at 12 mg/ml. From the above results it can be inferred that ethyl acetate and acetone were suitable solvent to extract the antioxidant compounds form mangosteen.


X: -4.130833 Y: 12.496889title: Xanthones and benzophenones from Garcinia griffithii and Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2005 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new polyisoprenylated benzophenone, guttiferone I, together with the known compounds cambogin, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia griffithii. The acetone extract of the heartwood of Garcinia mangostana contained one new diprenylated xanthone (mangoxanthone) and a new benzophenone (3',6-dihydroxy-2,4,4'-trimethoxybenzophenone) as well as the known xanthones dulxanthone D, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-13,13-dimethyl-2H-pyran[7,6-b]xanthen-9-one. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies and chemical correlation.


X: -4.0174327 Y: 11.881249title: Chemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) – Updated Review publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical fruit belonging to Guttiferae (syn. Clusiaceae) family. Research on mangosteen has been widely conducted. Also, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to mangosteen have been published, indicating its significance and potential usefulness in the research field. This review was constructed by collecting and analyzing more than 50 research articles to explore the phytochemical contents and the medicinal benefits of mangosteen. A significant level of xanthones greatly contributes to the extensive pharmacological activities of mangosteen. Apart from xanthones, mangosteen also contained benzophenones, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Mangosteen had a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-acne, anti-aging, anti-hyperpigmentation, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiparasitic, and antitumor. Additionally, mangosteen has shown an advantageous activity toward pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, and pulmonary fibrosis. This literature review indicated that xanthone in mangosteen had potential and promising to be developed as a drug candidate. More extensive explorations, especially in pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and xanthone targeting effects, are widely open to be carried out for future research.


X: -4.3820453 Y: 12.115955title: Cytotoxic Xanthone Constituents of the Stem Bark of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Bioassay-guided fractionation of a chloroform-soluble extract of Garcinia mangostana stem bark, using the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line and an enzyme-based ELISA NF-kappaB assay, led to the isolation of a new xanthone, 11-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-1-isomangostin (1). The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. In addition, 10 other known compounds, 11-hydroxy-1-isomangostin (2), 11alpha-mangostanin (3), 3-isomangostin (4), alpha-mangostin (5), beta-mangostin (6), garcinone D (7), 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone (8), 8-deoxygartanin (9), gartanin (10), and cratoxyxanthone (11), were isolated. Compounds 4-8 exhibited cytotoxicity against the HT-29 cell line with ED50 values of 4.9, 1.7, 1.7, 2.3, and 9.1 microM, respectively. In an ELISA NF-kappaB assay, compounds 5-7, 9, and 10 inhibited p65 activation with IC50 values of 15.9, 12.1, 3.2, 11.3, and 19.0 microM, respectively, and 6 showed p50 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 7.5 microM. Alpha-mangostin (5) was further tested in an in vivo hollow fiber assay, using HT-29, LNCaP, and MCF-7 cells, but it was found to be inactive at the highest dose tested (20 mg/kg).


X: -4.12771 Y: 11.497387title: Effects of compounds from Garcinia mangostana on inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophage cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana Linn. has been used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of abscess and skin infection.
The mangosteen fruit hull and its compounds were carried out to investigate for anti-inflammatory activity.
The extract of Garcinia mangostana together with alpha- and gamma-mangostins were tested for anti-inflammatory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) releases as well as their mechanisms in transcriptional levels using RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
Mangosteen extract possessed potent NO inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 1.0 microg/ml. The isolated compounds from the extract including alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin, possessed marked inhibitory effect against NO release with IC50 values of 3.1 and 6.0 microM, respectively. The extract exhibited potent inhibitory effect on PGE2 release (IC50=6.0 microg/ml), whereas those of alpha- and gamma-mangostins were 13.9 and 13.5 microM, respectively. However, mangostins possessed only moderate effects towards TNF-alpha and IL-4 releases with IC50 values ranging from 31.8 to 64.8 microM. Both extract and alpha-mangostin suppressed transcription of gene encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in dose-dependent manners, whereas gamma-mangostin had only an inhibitory effect on transcription of iNOS.
The present study may support the Thai traditional use of Garcinia mangostana fruit hull for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases through the inhibition of NO and PGE2 releases, but moderate effect through TNF-alpha and IL-4.


X: -4.4113045 Y: 11.629477title: α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana Linn: An updated review of its pharmacological properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Over the past decades, various studies have highlighted the pure natural compound, α-mangostin as their main topic. The compound’s pre-clinical and pharmacological properties have been recognized and defined in these studies. α-mangostin shows strong pharmacological effects in in vitro and in vivo model systems by targeting a number of vital cellular factors through various mechanisms of action. Despite its important molecular versatility, the α-mangostin still has limited clinical application. In order to optimize the conditions of this compound as a chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent, for instance in diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes as well as inflammatory disorders, the recent tendency is to limit the range of its pharmacological properties. The present work reviews recent studies on the central and potential pharmacological principles as well as the preclinical applications of the α-mangostin.


X: -3.8725789 Y: 11.866564title: Effect of Garcinia mangostana on inflammation caused by Propionibacterium acnes publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The present study was aimed to investigate the activity of Thai medicinal plants on inflammation caused by Propionibacterium acnes in terms of free radical scavenging and cytokine reducing properties. P. acnes have been recognized as pus-forming bacteria triggering an inflammation in acne. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH scavenging and NBT reduction assay. The result showed that Garcinia mangostana possessed the most significant antioxidant activity and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Houttuynia cordata, Eupatorium odoratum, and Senna alata had a moderate antioxidant effect. In addition, Garcinia mangostana extracts could reduce the TNF-alpha production as determined by ELISA. Garcinia mangostana was highly effective in scavenging free radicals and was able to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study has identified the promising source of anti-inflammatory agent which could be useful in treatment of acne vulgaris.


X: -4.191129 Y: 12.354969title: A New Xanthone from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new prenylxanthone, garcimangostanol (1), was isolated from the EtOAc-soluble partition of the ethanol extract of the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L., along with three known compounds, namely 8-deoxygartanin (2), 1-isomangostin (3), and garcinone C (4). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of its 1D, 2D NMR and MS data. Compounds 1-4 exhibited either significant o r moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, Hep-G2 and CNEhuman cancer cell lines in vitro with IC50 values from 4.0 +/- 0.3 to 23.6+/- 1.5 microM by MTT colorimetric assay.


X: -3.9817307 Y: 11.349142title: Review of Garcinia mangostana and its Xanthones in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Complications publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Metabolic syndrome is coexistence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension that causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and their complications, low quality and short lifespan. Garcinia mangostana and its xanthones such as α-mangostin have been shown desirable effects such as anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-diabetic and antiinflammatory effects in experimental studies. Various databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science with keywords of 'Garcinia mangostana', 'mangosteen', 'α-mangostin', 'metabolic syndrome', 'hypoglycemic', 'antihyperglicemic', 'antidiabetic', 'hypotensive', 'antihypertensive', 'atherosclerosis', 'arteriosclerosis' and 'hyperlipidemia' have been investigated in this search without publication time limitation. This study reviewed all pharmacological effects and molecular pathways of G. mangostana and its xanthones in the management of metabolic syndrome and its complications in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Based on these studies, mangosteen and its xanthones have good potential to design human studies for controlling and modification of metabolic syndrome and its related disorders such as obesity, disrupted lipid profile, diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: -4.09872 Y: 12.216436title: Antioxidant Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) publish year: 2006 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: As part of ongoing research on cancer chemopreventive agents from botanical dietary supplements, Garcinia mangostana L. (commonly known as mangosteen) was selected for detailed study. Repeated chromatography of a CH2Cl2-soluble extract of the pericarp led to the isolation of two new highly oxygenated prenylated xanthones, 8-hydroxycudraxanthone G (1) and mangostingone [7-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-oxo-3-butenyl)-1,3,6-trihydroxyxanthone, 2], together with 12 known xanthones, cudraxanthone G (3), 8-deoxygartanin (4), garcimangosone B (5), garcinone D (6), garcinone E (7), gartanin (8), 1-isomangostin (9), alpha-mangostin (10), gamma-mangostin (11), mangostinone (12), smeathxanthone A (13), and tovophyllin A (14). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. Except for compound 2, which was isolated as a minor component, the antioxidant activities of all isolates were determined using authentic and morpholinosydnonimine-derived peroxynitrite methods, and compounds 1, 8, 10, 11, and 13 were the most active. Alpha-mangostin (10) inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesions in a mouse mammary organ culture assay with an IC50 of 1.0 microg/mL (2.44 microM).


X: -3.585152 Y: 11.744304title: Antioxidant, free radical-scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of different solvent extracts and their phenolic constituents from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Antioxidative, skin protective activities, and cytotoxicity of three extracts (water, methanol, and hexane) from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae)) and their phenolic constituents such as alpha-mangostin, epicatechin, and tannin, were evaluated. The amounts of alpha-mangostin, total flavonoid, and total tannin were different among the three extracts, except those of total tannin in methanol and hexane extracts. For the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation experiment, the water extract showed higher activity than the methanol extract and hexane extract. alpha-Mangostin, epicatechin, and tannin also revealed these antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. When added simultaneously with H(2)O(2) (200 microM) to keratinocyte cells, the water extract (50 microg/mL), epicatechin (200 microM), and tannin (200 microM) effectively protected cells from oxidative damage, but the methanol extract, hexane extract, and alpha-mangostin did not. The methanol extract and hexane extract exhibited moderate cytotoxicity, whereas alpha-mangostin showed strong cytotoxicity. The present study provides the evidence that Garcinia mangostana extracts, especially the G. mangostana water extract, act as antioxidants and cytoprotective agents against oxidative damage, which is at least partly due to its phenolic compounds in mangosteen.


X: -3.7047272 Y: 11.693173title: Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Activities of Extracts from the Fruit Hull of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) publish year: 2006 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of various extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GM).
Four extracts: water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate, were used. The antioxidative activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging assay at extract concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 microg/ml. Based on the free radical scavenging activity of the extracts, two (water and 50% ethanol) were selected for their protective activity in NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and for cell viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.
All extracts exhibited antioxidative activity. The water and 50% ethanol extracts showed high free-radical scavenging activity with IC(50) values of 34.98 +/- 2.24 and 30.76 +/- 1.66 microg/ml, respectively. Both water and 50% ethanol extracts exhibited neuroprotective activity on NG108-15 cells. The highest activity was observed at the concentration of 50 microg/ml for both the water and 50% ethanol extracts. For cytotoxicity test, none of the extracts was toxic to the cells except at the high concentration of 100 microg/ml.
These results suggest that the water and 50% ethanol extracts from the fruit hull of GM may be potent neuroprotectants.


X: 0.50118166 Y: 7.3053913title: New evidence on the origin of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) based on morphology and ITS sequence publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), known as one of the most desirable tropical fruits of Southeast Asia, has been considered as an obligate agamospermous hybrid, thought to have arisen from two wild species, G. celebica L. (syn. G.
hombroniana Pierre) and G. malaccensis Hook. f. However, this putative origin was based on a misidentification of G. malaccensis, which was confused for G. penangiana Pierre. Intensive field studies and molecular investigations based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data of 22 samples were conducted, which included six samples of true G. malaccensis. Morphological observation shows that mangosteen highly resembles G. malaccensis, particularly in its vegetative and fruit characters, even sharing similar taste of ripe fruits. ITS data revealed that mangosteen shared more than 99 % of its sequence with G. malaccensis with a few accessions identical with wild populations in Peninsular Malaysia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that clades of mangosteen are paraphyletic per se, but monophyletic if both mangosteen and G. malaccensis are grouped together. This show that mangosteen and G. malaccensis are so closely related that they should be combined together as one species. I propose two theories on the origin of mangosteen, first, that it is a hybrid of different varieties of G. malaccensis, and second, that it may be a product of multiple, superior selections from different populations of female trees of G. malaccensis originating in Peninsular Malaysia.


X: -4.396736 Y: 11.630841title: α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana Linn: An updated review of its pharmacological properties publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Over the past decades, various studies have highlighted the pure natural compound, α-mangostin as their main topic. The compound’s pre-clinical and pharmacological properties have been recognized and defined in these studies. α-mangostin shows strong pharmacological effects in in vitro and in vivo model systems by targeting a number of vital cellular factors through various mechanisms of action. Despite its important molecular versatility, the α-mangostin still has limited clinical application. In order to optimize the conditions of this compound as a chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent, for instance in diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes as well as inflammatory disorders, the recent tendency is to limit the range of its pharmacological properties. The present work reviews recent studies on the central and potential pharmacological principles as well as the preclinical applications of the α-mangostin.


X: -3.0234685 Y: 12.062285title: Phenolic acid profiles of mangosteen fruits (Garcinia mangostana) publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: a b s t r a c t The composition of phenolic acids in various parts of mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) was deter-mined by GC and MS. The total content of phenolic acids, identified by GC-FID ranged from 265.7 ± 12.7 (aril) to 5027.7 ± 188.0 (peel) mg per kg of dry matter of sample. Ten phenolic acids were identified in mangosteen fruit. Of these, protocatechuic acid was the major phenolic acid in the peel and rind, while p-hydroxybenzoic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in the aril. m-Hydroxybenzoic acid was detected only in the peel, while 3,4-dihydroxymandelic was present only in the rind. The phenolic acids liberated from esters and glycosidic bonds were the major fractions of phenolic acids in mangosteen fruit.


X: -3.454788 Y: 11.984541title: Insights into the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The industrial processing of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) generates high amounts of waste, as ~60% of the fruit is formed by an inedible pericarp. However, its pericarp has been explored as a source of xanthones; nevertheless, studies addressing the recovery of other chemical compounds from such biomass are still scarce. Hence, this study intended to elucidate the chemical composition of the mangosteen pericarp, including fat-soluble (tocopherols and fatty acids) and water-soluble (organic acids and phenolic compound non-xanthones) compounds present in the following extracts: hydroethanolic (MT80), ethanolic (MTE), and aqueous (MTW). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antibacterial potentials of the extracts were assessed. The mangosteen pericarp showed a composition with seven organic acids, three tocopherol isomers, four fatty acids and fifteen phenolic compounds. Regarding the extraction of phenolics, the MT80 was the most efficient (54 mg/g extract), followed by MTE (19.79 mg/g extract) and MTW (4.011 mg/g extract). All extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial activities; however, MT80 and MTE extracts were more efficient than MTW. Only MTW did not show anti-inflammatory properties, whereas MTE and MT80 showed inhibitory activities towards tumor cell lines. Notwithstanding, MTE showed cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Our findings support the idea that the ripe mangosteen pericarp is a source of bioactive compounds, although their recovery is dependent on the extraction solvent.


X: -3.9597042 Y: 11.850717title: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF MANGOSTEEN FRUIT, GARCINIA MANGOSTANA publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The present study deals with phytochemical profiling of epicarp and endocarp extracts of mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana. Fresh fruits were procured from market, identified and authenticated and methanol, chloroform, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared for both epicarp and endocarp of the fruit. The extracts were standardized against hepatocellular carcinoma (HeP-G2) cells and the extracts (Chloroform extract of epicarp and hexane extract of endocarp) showing best anti-proliferative activity was selected for qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids in both the extracts, while the quantitative phytochemical analysis of HPLC and GC revealed that phenol content was higher in chloroform extract of epicarp than hexane extract of endocarp and flavonoids and triterpenoid content were higher in hexane extract of endocarp. The FT-IR spectrum was used to identify the functional group of the active components based on the peak value in the region of infrared radiation. Likewise, GC-MS spectral analysis showed 160 aromatic compounds in epicarp and 105 compounds in endocarp. The results are discussed in the light of previous literature.


X: -4.410878 Y: 12.229003title: Cytotoxic Prenylated Xanthones from the Young Fruit of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2006 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Three new prenylated xanthones, mangostenones C (1), D (2), and E (3), together with 16 known xanthones 4-19, were isolated from the young fruit (7-week maturity stage) of Garcinia mangostana. The structural elucidation of the new compounds was mainly established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic properties against three human cancer cell lines, epidermoid carcinoma of the mouth (KB), breast cancer (BC-1), and small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187), with IC50 values of 2.8, 3.53, and 3.72 microg/ml, respectively. Among the isolates, alpha-mangostin (12), the major metabolite, exhibited the most potent effects against the BC-1 cells with an IC50 value of 0.92 microg/ml, an activity greater than that of the standard drug ellipticine (IC50 = 1.46 microg/ml). Compound 12 also showed the highest activity against KB cells, while gartanin (10) displayed the strongest activity against the NCI-H187 cells at the respective IC50 values of 2.08 microg/ml and 1.08 microg/ml.


X: -3.7355738 Y: 12.151058title: Quantitative and qualitative determination of six xanthones in Garcinia mangostana L. by LC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: A new method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of six naturally occurring xanthones (3-isomangostin, 8-desoxygartanin, gartanin, alpha-mangostin, 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone and beta-mangostin). The quantitative determination was conducted by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (LC-PDA). Separation was performed on a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) (150 mm x 3.00 mm, 5 microm) column. The xanthones were identified by retention time, ultraviolet (UV) spectra and quantified by LC-PDA at 320 nm. The precision of the method was confirmed by the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), which was < or =4.6%. The recovery was in the range from 96.58% to 113.45%. A good linear relationship was established in over two orders of magnitude range. The limits of detection (LOD) for six xanthone compounds were < or =0.248 microg/mL. The identity of the peaks was further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF MS) system coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. The developed methods were applied to the determination of six xanthones in Garcinia mangostana products. The satisfactory results showed that the methods are effective for the analysis of real samples.


X: -4.576627 Y: 11.859957title: Xanthones from the Botanical Dietary Supplement Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana ) with Aromatase Inhibitory Activity publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Twelve xanthone constituents of the botanical dietary supplement mangosteen (the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana) were screened using a noncellular, enzyme-based microsomal aromatase inhibition assay. Of these compounds, garcinone D (3), garcinone E (5), alpha-mangostin (8), and gamma-mangostin (9) exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity. In a follow-up cell-based assay using SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells that express high levels of aromatase, the most potent of these four xanthones was gamma-mangostin (9). Because xanthones may be consumed in substantial amounts from commercially available mangosteen products, the consequences of frequent intake of mangosteen botanical dietary supplements require further investigation to determine their possible role in breast cancer chemoprevention.


X: -3.9899137 Y: 11.567352title: New insights in the anti-obese activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Obesity has reached epidemic proportion worldwide, both obesity and its related diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, have become major public health challenges. Fruits are important dietary components, and bioactive constituents from fruits are considered to be an excellent source for developing future effective, safe anti-obesity drugs. Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Clusiaceae) is a tropical evergreen tree. Its fruit, mangosteen, is called ‘Queen of Fruit’. The pericarp of G. mangostana has been used for centuries in Southeast Asia as a medical agent for treatment of various diseases. Mangosteen originated products are widely consumed to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and the resultant metabolic syndrome. However, the chemical principles and underlying mechanisms are remaining unclear. In this review, the recent chemical and pharmacological studies including weigh reduction, anti-adipogenesis, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation related to G. mangostana were summarized. The aim of this review is to shed light on the role of G. mangostana and its constituents in preventing or treating obesity, which will attract more interest to develop potential therapeutic method.


X: -3.772764 Y: 11.698515title: Chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil publish year: 2007 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil have been investigated in order to determine the possibility of using them for human and/or animal consumption. Proximate analysis showed that the seeds had high amount of carbohydrate and were rich in oil (21.68 ± 6.18%) but have a low protein content. The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be liquid at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) and the colour of the oil golden-orange. The specific gravity of the oil was 0.98 ± 0.01. Among the chemical properties of the oil extracts, acid value, saponification number, iodine value, percent free fatty acid and peroxide value compared well with those of conventional edible oils. The seed flour was found to be a good source of minerals. It contained considerable amounts of potassium (7071 mg/kg), magnesium (865 mg/kg) and calcium (454 mg/kg). Fatty acid composition of the seed oil indicated that the oil contained one essential fatty acids small proportions: linoleic acid (1.30%). The most prevalent fatty acids were palmitic acid (49.5%) and oleic acid (34.0%). Weanling albino rats appeared to suffer no toxicological effects when fed with G. mangostana seed oil in their diet for 8 weeks. Weekly monitoring of the rats showed good physical appearance and steady weight increase. Histological examination of sections of the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and lung revealed that the kidney of some of the rats had some degrees of pathology which included diffuse glomerular and tubular degeneration. No lesion was found in the heart and liver of the rats. The seed oil could be useful as an edible oil and for industrial applications.


X: -3.7061033 Y: 12.217523title: The Potential of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana as an Effective Antimicrobial Agent—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis publish year: 2022 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This systematic review aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of α-mangostin derived from Garcinia mangostana against different microbes. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Science Direct until March 2022. The research question was developed based on a PICO (Population, Intervention, Control and Outcomes) model. In this study, the population of interest was microbes, α-mangostin extracted from Garcinia mangostana was used as exposure while antibiotics were used as control, followed by the outcome which is determined by the antimicrobial activity of α-mangostin against studied microbes. Two reviewers independently performed the comprehensive literature search following the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A methodological quality assessment was carried out using a scoring protocol and the risk of bias in the studies was analyzed. Reward screening was performed among the selected articles to perform a meta-analysis based on the pre-determined criteria. Case groups where α-mangostin extracted from Garcinia mangostana was incorporated were compared to groups using different antibiotics or antiseptic agents (control) to evaluate their effectiveness. A total of 30 studies were included; they were heterogeneous in their study design and the risk of bias was moderate. The results showed a reduction in microbial counts after the incorporation of α-mangostin, which resulted in better disinfection and effectiveness against multiple microbes. Additionally, the meta-analysis result revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in their effectiveness when α-mangostin was compared to commercially available antibiotics. α-mangostin worked effectively against the tested microbes and was shown to have inhibitory effects on microbes with antibiotic resistance.


X: -4.064733 Y: 11.647217title: Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): A Systematic Review publish year: 2023 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: BACKGROUND: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical fruit, widely used in Southeast Asia as a health food and supplement, because of its beneficial effects on the body. In many studies, mangosteen is described to have many health effects such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-carcinogenic, and antiinflammatory. The anti-inflammatory effect is important because many diseases have pathophysiology associated with the inflammatory process. AIM: This study aimed to assess and conclude the scientific database systematically to investigate the anti-inflammatory potency of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). METHODS: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews and the guideline of preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) were used as guidelines in this review. RESULTS: The authors searched the study in electronic databases which met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The authors independently evaluated 412 studies in database finding, 24 studies fulfilled the criteria for this review. CONCLUSION: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) has anti-inflammatory potency (especially the component of xanthone and flavonoid) in various inflammatory conditions and diseases; such as obesity, skin disease, psychiatric disease, tooth disease, asthma, atherosclerosis, acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, peritonitis, colitis, prostatic hyperplastic, arthritis, and soft-tissue inflammation.


X: -4.040479 Y: 12.281089title: H: α-Glucosidase inhibition and antihyperglycemic activity of prenylated xanthones from Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: An ethanol extract of the fruit case of Garcinia mangostan, whose most abundant chemical species are xanthones, showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC(50)=3.2 μg/ml). A series of isolated xanthones (1-16) demonstrated modest to high inhibition of α-glucosidase with IC(50) values of 1.5-63.5 μM. In particular, one hitherto unknown xanthone 16 has a very rare 2-oxoethyl group on C-8. Kinetic enzymatic assays with a p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside indicated that one of them, compound (9) exhibited the highest activity (K(i)=1.4 μM) and mixed inhibition. Using, a physiologically relevant substrate, maltose, as substrate, many compounds (6, 9, 14, and 15) also showed potent inhibition which ranged between 17.5 and 53.5 μM and thus compared favorably with deoxynojirimycin (IC(50)=68.8 μM). Finally, the actual pharmacological potential of the ethanol extract was demonstrated by showing that it could elicit reduction of postprandial blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the most active α-glucosidase inhibitors (6, 9, and 14) were proven to be present in high quantities in the native seedcase by a HPLC chromatogram.


X: -3.8400445 Y: 12.302104title: Chemical Constituent from Roots of Garcinia Mangostana (Linn.) publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Novel extraction studies on Garcinia mangostana roots was chemically investigated. Detail phytochemical studies onthe roots of Garcinia mangostana have resulted in the isolation of six compounds. The structures of these compoundswere elucidated using spectroscopic experiments namely NMR, IR, UV and MS. The root bark of Garcinia mangostanafurnished six xanthones, ?-mangostin (1), ?-mangostin (2), ?-mangostin (3), garcinone-D (4), mangostanol (5), andgartanin (6).


X: -3.5639863 Y: 12.285834title: Antimicrobial Effects of Garcinia Mangostana on Cariogenic Microorganisms publish year: 2017 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Introduction:
Garcinia mangostana commonly called as Mangosteen fruit has been used as an antibacterial agent since age old times. The mangosteen pericarp has proven to have antibacterial effect, but the effect of the same on cariogenic organisms has not been explored. The present study was an attempt to gain a better understanding of the antibacterial effect of mangosteen pericarp on the cariogenic bacteria, to unravel the therapeutic potential for the same.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of the crude chloroform extract of mangosteen pericarp against cariogenic bacteria.

Materials and methods:
The study was done under laboratory settings using an in vitro design. The microorganisms namely Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus acidophilus were procured from American Type Cell Culture (ATCC) and Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) were revived and lawn cultured. The antibacterial effect of mangosteen pericarp was tested using agar well diffusion method on Trypticase Soy Agar-Blood Agar (TSA-BA) and de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar media. The standard antiplaque agent chlorhexidine was used as the positive control. This cross-sectional, experimental study was done in Central Research laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College for period of eight weeks. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values were determined by microbroth dilution method. Statistical analysis was done by calculating the mean of the zones of inhibition on tested microorganisms. Mann-Whitney test was done to compare the zones of inhibition of mangosteen and chlorhexidine.

Results:
The antibacterial bioassay showed the highest activity for Lactobacillus acidophilus (13.6 mm) and Streptococcus sanguis (13.6 mm), whereas, it showed a medium and low activity for Streptococcus oralis (11.3 mm), Streptococcus mutans (10.6 mm) and Streptococcus salivarius (3 mm) respectively. The MBC and MIC values were lowest for Lactobacillus acidophilus (MIC 25 mg/ml, MBC 50 mg/ml) and Streptococcus oralis (MIC 50 mg/ml, MBC 100 mg/ml).

Conclusion:
Mangosteen pericarp extract had a higher zone of inhibition against the tested microorganisms which suggests its potent antibacterial action against cariogenic organisms. However, further analytical studies are needed to isolate the key molecules of mangosteen pericarp, to explore its anticariogenic therapeutic potential on gram negative oral microorganisms.


X: -3.270544 Y: 11.705357title: Characterization and antioxidant activity of pectin from Indonesian mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind publish year: 2019 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Pectin, a natural polysaccharide, has gained increasing attention due to not only its biomaterial properties but also its biomedical activities. One of the abundant sources of pectin is mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind. In this study, we characterized the pectin from Indonesian mangosteen rind extract and evaluated its antioxidant activity. Pectin was extracted in acid condition and evaluated its physicochemical properties by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), water content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl level and of galacturonic acid content. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of pectin was also observed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Pectin was successfully extracted from dry weight of Indonesian mangosten rind with yield about 1,16 ± 0,17%, fine powder, brownish and odorless. FTIR and PXRD results showed that pectin from mangosteen rind extract was amorphous and similar characteristic with a commercial pectin. The chemical properties of pectin such as water content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl level and of galacturonic acid level were 9.85 ± 0.12%, 3.91 ± 0.17%, 6330.76 ± 220.43 g/mol, 2.86 ± 0.05% and 75.98 ± 0.88%, respectively. In addition, pectin showed an antioxidant activity with the IC50 about 161.94 ± 31.57 ppm. These results suggest that pectin from Indonesian mangosteen rind has the potential properties as biopolymers for biomedical applications with a low-methylated pectin and a moderate antioxidant activity.


X: -4.6817985 Y: 11.910838title: The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana): Defining the anticancer potential of selected xanthones publish year: 2021 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a popular Southeast Asian fruit that has been used traditionally for its health promoting benefits for years. Unique to the mangosteen are a class of phytochemicals known as xanthones that have been reported to display significant anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities, specifically through the promotion of apoptosis, targeting of specific cancer-related proteins, or modulation of cell signaling pathways. α-Mangostin, the most abundant xanthone isolated from the mangosteen, has received substantial attention as it has proven to be a potent phytochemical, specifically as an anticancer agent, in numerous different cancer cell studies and cancer animal models. While the mechanisms for these anticancer effects have been reported in many studies, lesser xanthones, including gartanin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, garcinone C, and garcinone E, and mangosteen extracts from the pericarp, roots, rind, and stem show promise for their anticancer activity but their mechanisms of action are not as well developed and remain to be determined. Mangosteen products appear safe and have been well tolerated in human clinical trials where they show antioxidant activity, though their clinical anticancer activity has not yet been evaluated. This review summarizes the work that has been done to explore and explain the anticancer and antitumor activities of α-mangostin, lesser xanthones, and mangosteen extracts in vitro, in vivo, and in humans in various cancers.


X: -4.4427547 Y: 11.812013title: Doxorubicin-induced central nervous system toxicity and protection by xanthone derivative of Garcinia Mangostana publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent, broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug used around the world. Despite its effectiveness, it has a wide range of toxic side effects, many of which most likely result from its inherent pro-oxidant activity. It has been reported that Dox has toxic effects on normal tissues, including brain tissue. The present study tested the protective effect of a xanthone derivative of Garcinia Mangostana against Dox-induced neuronal toxicity. Xanthone can prevent Dox from causing mononuclear cells to increase the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). We show that xanthone given to mice before Dox administration suppresses protein carbonyl, nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2'-nonenal (4HNE)-adducted proteins in brain tissue. The levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins p53 and Bax and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL were significantly increased in Dox-treated mice compared with the control group. Consistent with the increase of apoptotic markers, the levels of caspase-3 activity and TUNEL-positive cells were also increased in Dox-treated mice. Pretreatment with xanthone suppressed Dox-induced increases in all indicators of injury tested. Together, the results suggest that xanthone prevents Dox-induced central nervous system toxicity, at least in part, by suppression of Dox-mediated increases in circulating TNFα. Thus, xanthone is a good candidate for prevention of systemic effects resulting from reactive oxygen generating anticancer therapeutics.


X: -4.6158385 Y: 11.706344title: Antiproliferation, Antioxidation and Induction of Apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) on SKBR3 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line publish year: 2004 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study was designed to determine the antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidative properties of crude methanolic extract (CME) from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (family Guttiferae) using human breast cancer (SKBR3) cell line as a model system. SKBR3 cells were cultured in the presence of CME at various concentrations (0-50 microg/ml) for 48 h and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-di phenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. CME showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with ED(50) of 9.25+/-0.64 microg/ml. We found that antiproliferative effect of CME was associated with apoptosis on breast cancer cell line by determinations of morphological changes and oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. In addition, CME at various concentrations and incubation times were also found to inhibit ROS production. These investigations suggested that the methanolic extract from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana had strong antiproliferation, potent antioxidation and induction of apoptosis. Thus, it indicates that this substance can show different activities and has potential for cancer chemoprevention which were dose dependent as well as exposure time dependent.


X: -3.9550674 Y: 11.918302title: Anti-acne activity of Garcinia mangostana L.: A Review publish year: 2014 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Garcinia mangostana L. or mangosteen of the Clusiaceae has traditionally been employed as medicinal drugs for decades. A plethora of compounds are responsible for a wide range of medicinal properties and biological activities. The ethanol extract of the mangosteen rind has been found to be anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-acne-causing bacteria. Many research studies have confirmed its potency, with the ethanol extract of the rind being able to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) at relatively low concentration. DPPH assay also revealed its potent radical scavenging activity. The compound responsible for the antibacterial activity, α-mangostin, was especially potent and one of the compounds responsible for the anti-bacterial activity.


X: -4.048101 Y: 11.5074005title: Anti-inflammatory Effect of Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and its Compounds in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Cells publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract (GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.


X: -3.876211 Y: 12.312769title: Phytochemical, Antimicrobial and Antiprotozoal Evaluation of Garcinia Mangostana Pericarp and α-Mangostin, Its Major Xanthone Derivative publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Five xanthone derivatives and one flavanol were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Garcinia mangostana. Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate extract and the major xanthone (α-mangostin) were evaluated in vitro against erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum, intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi and free trypomastigotes of T. brucei. The major constituent α-mangostin was also checked for antimicrobial potential against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillius subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. cheleneoi, M. xenopi and M. intracellulare. Activity against OPEN ACCESS Molecules 2013, 18 10600 P. falciparum (IC 50 2.7 μg/mL) and T. brucei (IC 50 0.5 μg/mL) were observed for the dichloromethane extract, however, with only moderate selectivity was seen based on a parallel cytotoxicity evaluation on MRC-5 cells (IC 50 9.4 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract was inactive (IC 50 > 30 µg/mL). The major constituent α-mangostin showed rather high cytotoxicity (IC 50 7.5 µM) and a broad but non-selective antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activity profile. This in vitro study endorses that the antiprotozoal and antimicrobial potential of prenylated xanthones is non-conclusive in view of the low level of selectivity.


X: -4.6751394 Y: 11.8152075title: In vitro and in vivo anti-colon cancer effects of Garcinia mangostana xanthones extract publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Xanthones are a group of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds with remarkable pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.
A xanthones extract (81% α-mangostin and 16% γ-mangostin), was prepared by crystallization of a toluene extract of G. mangostana fruit rinds and was analyzed by LC-MS. Anti-colon cancer effect was investigated on HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cells including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, anti-tumorigenicity, and effect on cell signalling pathways. The in vivo anti-colon cancer activity was also investigated on subcutaneous tumors established in nude mice.
The extract showed potent cytotoxicity (median inhibitory concentration 6.5 ± 1.0 μg/ml), due to induction of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Three key steps in tumor metastasis including the cell migration, cell invasion and clonogenicity, were also inhibited. The extract and α-mangostin up-regulate the MAPK/ERK, c-Myc/Max, and p53 cell signalling pathways. The xanthones extract, when fed to nude mice, caused significant growth inhibition of the subcutaneous tumor of HCT 116 colorectal carcinoma cells.
Our data suggest new mechanisms of action of α-mangostin and the G. mangostana xanthones, and suggest the xanthones extract of as a potential anti-colon cancer candidate.


X: -3.9386108 Y: 11.803708title: Antioxidant and anticancer activities of pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Natural products play an important role in protection against reactive oxygen species to maintain a state of well-being health, including the prevention of cancer progression. Garcinia mangostana has a rich history dates back in its antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of xanthones on some cancer cells. Food sources have variety of phytonutrients, as antioxidants have health-protecting qualities required for healthy survival. The phytocompounds in herbs to inhibit the rate of cancer growth and they are harmless as well as safe to use. Garcinia mangostana fruits are roughly 4-8 cm in size with a thick, brittle, deep purple spherical outer pericarp. The edible snow white endocarp consists of 4 to 8-segmented wedge-shaped arils. G. mangostana fruit and its pericarp possess potential medicinal properties in the ancient treatment strategies. The bioactive substances present in it are utilized in the Ayurvedic treatment of chronic infections and other ailments. People in Southeast Asia have used dried mangosteen pericarp as an antiseptic, an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, antipyretic and as a treatment for skin rashes since ancient times. Although the fruit pulp has several utilisations, the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Mangosteen pericarp and its anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (MCF7). The antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH radical and ABTS •+ radical cation scavenging assay methods as well as phosphomolybdenum reduction and Fe 3+ reducing power assay methods. Anticancer activity was done in MCF-7 cancer cell line by MTT assay method. The maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was 78.58±0.89% at 300 µg/mL concentration The results showed that the methanol extract of pericarp of G. mangostana, effectively inhibit free radicals and the antioxidant activity increases with increasing concentration of the extract. The maximum MCF7 cell death by G. mangostana pericarp extract was 67.05±1.28% at 500 µg/mL concentration and the cell death increases with increasing concentration of the extract.


X: -3.9714692 Y: 12.659096title: Antimycobacterial Activity of Prenylated Xanthones from the Fruits of Garcinia mangostana publish year: 2003 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Prenylated xanthones, isolated from the fruit hulls and the edible arils and seeds of Garcinia mangostana, were tested for their antituberculosis potential. Alpha- and beta-mangostins and garcinone B exhibited strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 6.25 microg/ml. Tri- and tetra-oxygenated xanthones with di-C5 units or with a C5 and a modified C5 groups are essential for high activities. Substitution in the A and C rings has been shown to modify the bioactivity of the compounds.


X: 0.46062222 Y: 7.338546title: Garcinia mangostana L. Clusiaceae publish year: 2020 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Synonyms:
Mangostana garcinia Gaertn


X: -3.6065516 Y: 11.677719title: Bioavailability and Antioxidant Effects of a Xanthone-Rich Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Product in Humans publish year: 2009 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Oxidative damage is involved in many chronic diseases including those cited as the major causes of death in Western societies such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Antioxidants may prevent these degenerative processes by various mechanisms including the scavenging of free radicals. Intake of antioxidant supplements is associated with preventing oxidative damages. This study investigated the absorption and antioxidant effects of a xanthone-rich mangosteen liquid in healthy human volunteers after the acute consumption of 59 mL of the supplement. The liquid contained mangosteen, aloe vera, green tea, and multivitamins. Results indicated that alpha-mangostin and vitamins B(2) and B(5) were bioavailable, with observed C(max) at t(max) of around 1 h. The antioxidant capacity measured with the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was increased with a maximum effect of 18% after 2 h, and the increased antioxidant level lasted at least 4 h. Overall, this study demonstrated the bioavailability of antioxidants from a xanthone-rich mangosteen product and its in vivo antioxidant effects.


X: -3.1187372 Y: 11.896457title: Optimization of conditions for flavonoids extraction from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) publish year: 2016 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is one of tropical fruits used for medicinal purposes, especially the use of the peel of fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of flavonoids in mangosteen extracted using Respone Surface Methodology Central Composite Design (RSM CCD) with various concentrations of ethanol and duration of microwave heating or Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The extracting conditions used were concentration of ethanol in the range of 45 % to 96 % and temperature in the range 5,8 °C to 34,1 °C. Test of total flavonoid content was conducted by colorimetri method (AlCl3). The results showed that optimum extraction conditions for flavonoids were at alcohol concentration of 70% and heating time of 32.9 minutes which resulted in flavonoid content of 11.82 %. More over, under these conditions resulted total flavonoid content of 11.42%. Hence, the optimized extraction conditions were able to produce high flavonoid content.


X: -3.527019 Y: 11.818544title: Antioxidant Constituents from the Fruit Hulls of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Originating in Vietnam publish year: 1994 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: In the course of our search for natural antioxidants, the methanol extract of the fruit hulls of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) originating in Vietnam was found to exhibit a potent radical scavenging effect. By monitoring the radical scavenging effect, two xanthones, α- and γ- mangostins, were isolated together with (-)-epicatechin, procyanidins A-2 and B-2 as active principles. The antioxidative activity of these two xanthones was measured by the ferric thiocyanate method and it was found that γ- mangostin showed more potent antioxidative activity than BHA and α- tocopherol.


X: -4.0924807 Y: 12.138917title: Xanthones with quinone reductase-inducing activity from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) publish year: 2008 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a dichloromethane-soluble extract of Garcinia mangostana fruits has led to the isolation and identification of five compounds, including two xanthones, 1,2-dihydro-1,8,10-trihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-9-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)furo[3,2-a]xanthen-11-one (1) and 6-deoxy-7-demethylmangostanin (2), along with three known compounds, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,8-di-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone (3), mangostanin (4), and alpha-mangostin (5). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined from analysis of their spectroscopic data. All isolated compounds in the present study together with eleven other compounds previously isolated from the pericarp of mangosteen, were tested in an in vitro quinone reductase-induction assay using murine hepatoma cells (Hepa 1c1c7) and an in vitro hydroxyl radical antioxidant assay. Of these, compounds 1-4 induced quinone reductase (concentration to double enzyme induction, 0.68-2.2microg/mL) in Hepa 1c1c7 cells and gamma-mangostin (6) exhibited hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (IC50, 0.20microg/mL).


X: -3.5964823 Y: 12.354975title: Isolation of fungal endophytes from Garcinia mangostana and their antibacterial activity publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The objective of this study is to screen the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from surface sterilized leaves and small branches of Garcinia mangostana plant found in Indonesia. The crude extracts of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) of the 24 fermentation broths from 24 endophytic fungi were tested for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028 and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 10240), by the agar diffusion method. The result showed that 10 of the 24 isolates (41.6%) exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one pathogenic microorganism. Isolate RGM-02 displayed the strongest antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude ethyl acetate extracts of isolate RGM-02, inhibited S. aureus (MIC 25 g/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 50 g/ml), M. luteus (MIC 25 g/ml), E. coli (MIC 200 g/ml), S. typhi (MIC 200 g/ml) and P. aeruginosa (MIC 100 g/ml), respectively. The molecular identification revealed that the isolate RGM-02 represented Microdiplodia hawaiiensis CZ315. This study shows that endophytes of ethno medicinal plants could be a good source of antibacterial substances.


X: -4.008113 Y: 12.565475title: Antibacterial activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (L.) and their structure-activity relationship studies publish year: 2012 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Antibacterial activities of prenylated xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and their synthetic analogues were investigated, and their structure-activity relationships have been studied. γ-Mangostin has shown antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus (VSE) strains at MICs 3.13, 6.25, 6.25 and 6.25 µg mL(-1), respectively. In these experiments, gentamicin was used as the positive control. Further, some analogues of γ-mangostin and α-mangostin were synthesised and their activity was tested against MRSA and VRE strains. The analysis of the bioassay results above indicated that, the combination of C-6 and C-3 hydroxyl groups along with the prenyl side chain at C-2 in the 1,3,6,7-tetraoxygenated xanthones from G. mangostana is essential to have a high antibacterial activity.


X: -3.920119 Y: 12.557723title: Antimicrobial xanthones from Garcinia mangostana L publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The ethyl acetate extract of the freeze-dried pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. afforded α-mangostin (1), gartanin (2) and a 2:1 mixture of 2 and 3-isomangostin (3) by silica gel chromatography. The structures of 1–3 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. At 30 μg, 1 exhibited high antibacterial activity against S. aureus, moderate activity against C. albicans, and low activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, T. mentagrophytes, and A. niger. Compound 2 showed low antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis, low antifungal activity against C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes, and was inactive against A. niger. A mixture of 2 and 3 exhibited low antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis, low antifungal activity against C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes, and was inactive against E. coli and A. niger.


X: -3.3845253 Y: 12.234475title: Antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of different parts of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana Linn.) extracts publish year: 2013 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Introduction. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical fruit that is famous for its edible pulp. This edible pulp makes up only 30% of the total fruit, while the remaining pericarp and seed are regarded as waste. Facing the increasing public demand for naturally safe foods and products, our study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of different parts of mangosteen, including the pericarp, pulp and seed. Materials and methods. The antioxidant capacities of mangosteen's pericarp, pulp and seed extracts were determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, whereas antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method. Results. The pericarp extract exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than those of pulp and seed extracts, with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of 122.00 μM·g-1 and ferrous sulphate equivalent antioxidant capacity (FEAC) value of 18.99 mM·g-1. All mangosteen extracts showed strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC11632, while only the pericarp extract was effective against Bacillus cereus ATCC10876. No inhibition against Escherichia coli ATCC10536 was observed. Conclusion. The outcomes of our study could facilitate future application of mangosteen waste as a biopreservative in the food industry.


X: -3.884991 Y: 12.203101title: Polyphenolic Constituents of the Pericarp of Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) publish year: 2015 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: Three new polyphenols, together with 14 known compounds, were isolated from a hot water extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp, a plant that has been used medicinally in Southeast Asia. The three new polyphenols were characterized as a 4-aryl-2-flavanylbenzopyran derivative (tentatively named GM-1), 1, 3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxybenzophenone (GM-2), 2, and 2,3-dihydrochromone derivative (GM-3), 3 on the basis of NMR and MS data. The relative stereostructure of GM-1 was assigned to have 2,3-cis-3,4-trans- and 2″,3″-cis configurations on the basis of the coupling constants of heterocyclic ring protons in the (1)H NMR spectrum along with nuclear Overhauser effect correlations. The HPLC analysis indicated that major polyphenolic components in the hot water extract of mangosteen pericarp were epicatechin and procyanidin B2 (epicatechin dimer).


X: -4.8062725 Y: 11.779218title: Alpha-Mangostin extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) reduces tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in an immunocompetent xenograft model of metastatic mammary cancer carrying a p53 mutation publish year: 2011 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: The mangosteen fruit has a long history of medicinal use in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Recently, the compound α-mangostin, which is isolated from the pericarp of the fruit, was shown to induce cell death in various types of cancer cells in in vitro studies. This led us to investigate the antitumor growth and antimetastatic activities of α-mangostin in an immunocompetent xenograft model of mouse metastatic mammary cancer having a p53 mutation that induces a metastatic spectrum similar to that seen in human breast cancers.
Mammary tumors, induced by inoculation of BALB/c mice syngeneic with metastatic BJMC3879luc2 cells, were subsequently treated with α-mangostin at 0, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day using mini-osmotic pumps and histopathologically examined. To investigate the mechanisms of antitumor ability by α-mangostin, in vitro studies were also conducted.
Not only were in vivo survival rates significantly higher in the 20 mg/kg/day α-mangostin group versus controls, but both tumor volume and the multiplicity of lymph node metastases were significantly suppressed. Apoptotic levels were significantly increased in the mammary tumors of mice receiving 20 mg/kg/day and were associated with increased expression of active caspase-3 and -9. Other significant effects noted at this dose level were decreased microvessel density and lower numbers of dilated lymphatic vessels containing intraluminal tumor cells in mammary carcinoma tissues. In vitro, α-mangostin induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and G1-phase arrest and S-phase suppression in the cell cycle. Since activation by Akt phosphorylation plays a central role in a variety of oncogenic processes, including cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic cell death, angiogenesis and metastasis, we also investigated alterations in Akt phosphorylation induced by α-mangostin treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that α-mangostin significantly decreased the levels of phospho-Akt-threonine 308 (Thr308), but not serine 473 (Ser473), in both mammary carcinoma cell cultures and mammary carcinoma tissues in vivo.
Since lymph node involvement is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer patients, the antimetastatic activity of α-mangostin as detected in mammary cancers carrying a p53 mutation in the present study may have specific clinical applications. In addition, α-mangostin may have chemopreventive benefits and/or prove useful as an adjuvant therapy, or as a complementary alternative medicine in the treatment of breast cancer.


X: -3.0041096 Y: 11.803618title: Removal of Pb (II), Cd(II) and Co(II) from aqueous solution using Garcinia mangstana L. fruit shell publish year: 2010 keyword: Garcinia_mangostana content: This study examines the possibility of using mangosteen shell to remove low concentrations of lead, zinc and cobalt (less than 100 mg/l) from aqueous solution. It was found that the biosorption capacities were significantly affected by solution pH, contact time and initial metal ions concentration. Un-extracted and extracted dyes of mangosteen shell were investigated. Moreover higher pH up to 5 favoring higher metal ion removal. Kinetic and isotherm experiments were carried out at the optimal pH: at pH 5.0 for lead and zinc, and at pH 4.0 for cobalt. The metal removal rates were rapid, with 90% of the total adsorption taking place within 60 min. Mangosteen shell showed the highest potential for the removal of toxic metals in aqueous solution.