X: -2.786041 Y: 6.29229title: In vitro cytotoxic screening of 31 crude extracts of Thai herbs on a chondrosarcoma cell line and primary chondrocytes and apoptotic effects of selected extracts publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Thirty-one dichloromethane and methanol crude extracts of 16 herb species used in Thai traditional folk medicine were studied for their cytotoxic activities on the SW 1353 chondrosarcoma cell line and primary chondrocytes. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) cell viability assay and flow cytometric method were used as screening tools for cytotoxicity testing. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was measured and reported for each crude extract. Apoptosis, necrosis, and cell viability were measured by flow cytometry at IC50. Two out of 31 herbal extracts, methanol extracts of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis and Ficus thailandica C.C. Berg & S. Gardner, showed potent anticancer activity. They demonstrated high apoptosis induction activity in SW 1353 cells but had less effect on percentage of viability and necrosis of normal chondrocyte cells. Cytotoxic screening and apoptosis assays suggest the potential anticancer activity of some plants used in Thai traditional medicine and provide information concerning their direct effects.


X: -4.2117214 Y: 5.8727403title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Thai traditional nootropic remedy and its herbal ingredients publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is increasing every year in accordance with the increasing of elderly population and could pose significant health problems in the future. The use of medicinal plants as an alternative prevention or even for a possible treatment of the AD is, therefore, becoming an interesting research issue. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are well-known drugs commonly used in the treatment of AD. The aim of the present study was to screen for AChE inhibitory activity of the Thai traditional nootropic recipe and its herbal ingredients. The results showed that ethanolic extracts of four out of twenty-five herbs i.e. Stephania pierrei Diels. Kaempfera parviflora Wall. ex Baker, Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng, Piper nigrum L at 0.1 mg/mL showed % AChE inhibition of 89, 64, 59, 50; the IC50 were 6, 21, 29, 30 microg/mL respectively. The other herbs as well as combination of the whole recipe had no synergistic inhibitory effect on AChE activity. However some plants revealed antioxidant activity. More research should have be performed on this local wisdom remedy to verify the uses in scientific term.


X: -1.0865996 Y: 9.707074title: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Action of the Essential Oils of Salvia desoleana and S. sclarea publish year: 2000 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The chemical composition of the essential oils of Salvia desoleana Atzei & Picci and Salvia sclarea L. from Sardinia (Italy) was analysed by GC and GC/MS. S. desoleana oil had a high content of monoterpenic esters (linalyl acetate and alpha-terpinyl acetate) and a lower amount of the corresponding alcohols while S. sclarea oil was characterised by a higher content of alcohols and lower quantity of esters. We studied the antimicrobial activity of these oils concerning their use in pharmaceutical preparations for local application. Only weak microbiostatic inhibitory activity was seen against S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermidis and C. albicans, but since inhibition increased progressively with contact time, better results could be obtained by using these oils in bioadhesive formulations that would also have anti-inflammatory and peripheral analgesic action at a local level, as demonstrated in experimental animals following systemic application.


X: -3.2361624 Y: 5.360493title: Precise 1H- and 13C-NMR reassignment of dehydrocrebanine by 10-mg INADEQUATE and in silico analysis: With an alert for its toxicity publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: During our continuous investigation on a Thai traditional medicinal plant, Stephania venosa Spreng, an alkaloid that seemed to be O-methyldehydrobulbocapnine (MDB) or dehydrocrebanine (DC), had been isolated. However, none of the previously reported ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data for MDB and DC matched our charts. Thus, we herein report the unambiguous determination of the alkaloid structure as DC via a successful INADEQUATE experiment using 10 mg of the unenriched natural specimen as well as an in silico estimation. Furthermore, our biological assay revealed that both the dichloromethane extract of S. venosa and the isolated DC show cytotoxicity to murine macrophage cells, which should be alerted to a folk doctor community that are using S. venosa to treat patients.


X: -3.1005924 Y: 5.448923title: Efficacy and safety of Stephania glabra: An alkaloid-rich traditional medicinal plant publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycaemia, cancer, fever, intestinal complaints, sleep disturbances and inflammation in many Asian countries. It mainly contains alkaloids and, until now, over 30 alkaloids such as bisbenzylisoquinolines, hasubanalactams, berberines and aporphines have been isolated from its tuber. Most of its traditional medicinal activities are scientifically approved by various in vitro and in vivo studies. It shows remarkable anti-psychotic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activities. This work includes comprehensive information on the ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of S. glabra. This review also focuses on the future perspectives with main emphasis on the establishment of therapeutic index and safety index of the plant. This review concludes that S. glabra has a great potential to treat various diseases, and could be used as a source for novel healthcare products in the near future, which needs further studies.


X: -3.0251539 Y: 5.7344365title: Apoptotic Activity of Aporphine from Stephania venosa on Human Ovarian Cancer Cells publish year: 2008 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa is a plant rich of alkaloids of family Menispermaceae. In Thailand, the study on this plant revealed a wild variety of phytochemical constituents. Those including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sulfides, and polyphenolics. In this study, we analyzed the anticancer activity according to the antiproliferation and apoptotic activity of the pure constituent isolated from S. venosa tuber on human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3). During phytochemical processes, we concomitantly tested the activity of the isolates and selected the effective fractions for further purification. Crude ethanolic extract and pure constituent were obtained from the tuber of S. venosa and evaluated the cytotoxic activity against SKOV3 by MTT assay. Crude ethanolic extract was performed various fractionations and further isolated to obtain pure constituent. Purified constituent and crude extract were demonstrated the significant effect on antiproliferation in a dose dependent manner. Apoptotic effect was confirmed by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation assay. The cytotoxic activity of crude ethanolic extract showed a potent inhibition with an ED 50 value at 31 μg/ml. Structure of the pure constituent was determined by NMR technique and identified as aporphine. Aporphine from S. venosa showed the antiproliferation at ED 50 value at 6 μg/ml against SKOV3. Results from the morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation assay, in this study demonstrated that aporphine could significantly inhibit the treated tumor cell proliferation and cause cells death via apoptosis, whereas those were not found in the untreated cells. We concluded that the pure constituent from S. venosa could lead to the further study on the detail mechanisms of action of this active substance for future application as new drug for ovarian cancer. ©All right reserved.


X: -2.969781 Y: 5.8566875title: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM STEPHANIA ELEGANS publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: p class="Default"> Objective: The present work was aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of methanolic extract of Stephania elegans , an unexplored species from Menispermaceae family.
Methods: The methanolic extract of S. elegans tubers was prepared and phytochemical screening and total phenolic content were analyzed by using standard methods. In vitro, antioxidant potential of methanolic extract was determined by 2-2’-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 type (MCF-7) was evaluated by 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins in the methanolic extract of S. elegans tubers. The total phenolic content in the methanolic extract was 23.0±0.06 mg GAE/g (dry mass). As revealed by ABTS assay, the methanolic extract of plant tubers showed significant radical scavenging activity (IC50 41.66±0.015 μg/ml). The reducing power activity of the extract increased with the concentration of the extract. MTT assay indicated that S. elegans has potent cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 cells (IC50 158.7±0.13 μg/ml).
Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating the antioxidant and anticancer capabilities of the methanolic extract of S. elegans . This study also provides a significant basis for further isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from S. elegans .</p


X: -3.2407198 Y: 5.225384title: Biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids covering 2014–2018 publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Isoquinoline alkaloids, an important class of N‐based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide since the early 19th century. Over the past 200 years, many compounds from this class were isolated, and most of them and their analogs possess various bioactivities. In this review, we survey the updated literature on bioactive alkaloids and highlight research achievements of this alkaloid class during the period of 2014–2018. We reviewed over 400 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antidiabetic and its complications, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and other activities. This review should provide new indications or directions for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloids.


X: -2.695365 Y: 5.5527673title: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Stephania oblata Craib publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Article Info AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Stephania oblata Craib is a traditionally used plant with various therapeutic properties. However, there have been no published reports on the phytochemical and biological activities of this plant. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of this plant was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against some bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and the fungus Candida albicans using the disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results demonstrated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the plant extract were in the range 0.97-3.90 mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of S. oblata for E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis were 1.95, 15.63 and 1.95, respectively, and the minimum fungicidal concentration of S. oblata for C. albicans was 7.81 mg/mL. In addition, cytotoxicity on the human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, KKU-M213 was determined using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The results showed potent cytotoxicity with mean (± SD) half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 18.32±0.42 µg/mL at an exposure time of 96 hr. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the S. oblata extract identified 43 phytochemical constituents, indicating that it was rich in lipids, benzenoids, organometallic compounds, carbohydrates, organoheterocyclic compounds and alkaloids. This study was the first to present the phytochemical characterization of S. oblata and the evaluation of its biological activities. Based on the obtained results, S. oblata could be an alternative new source for the isolation and identification of novel bioactive molecules for pharmacological purposes.


X: 0.16547717 Y: 6.493843title: Molecular phylogeny of Chinese Stephania (Menispermaceae) and reassessment of the subgeneric and sectional classifications publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Many species of Stephania Lour. are used traditionally in South-east Asia as medicinal plants. Understanding and predicting their therapeutic properties could be improved, provided that the evolutionary relationships among lineages are clarified. We present the first molecular phylogeny of the genus Stephania, focusing on the species occurring in China on the basis of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F) markers sequenced from 29 species of Stephania. Our results showed that S. subgenus Stephania and S. subgenus Tuberiphania are not monophyletic, owing to the phylogenetic placement of a single species (S. mashanica). The relationships with the third subgenus, S. subgenus Botryodiscia, are not resolved. None of the sections in our analyses is monophyletic. Our study calls for further phylogenetic investigations including more accessions from the whole distribution area of the genus. A taxonomic revision of the genus Stephania, which would reassess the appropriateness of the macromorphological characters used so far to distinguish among subgenera (e.g. flower merism, size and aspect of the rootstock and main root), and sections (e.g. inflorescence morphology, sessiliflorous or not), is much needed.


X: -3.0754473 Y: 5.074234title: Trifluoroacetyl‐Containing Scaffolds Assisted in Total Synthesis of Oxostephanine and Thailandine and Their Antimicrobial Activity publish year: 2024 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This study is the first to fully synthesize oxostephanine (1) and thailandine (2), two aporphine alkaloids that were originally found in Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng. The synthesis described in this study utilized commercially available starting materials, namely 2‐bromo‐6‐methoxybenzaldehyde and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The B‐ring moiety of aporphines was successfully synthesized through the utilization of the Bischler‐Napieralski cyclization process. The synthesis of the C ring in oxoaporphine was accomplished using an order of crucial steps, namely biaryl coupling, incorporation of trifluoroacetyl‐containing scaffolds, and palladium coupling, followed by oxidation using Fremy's salt. The synthesis of oxostephanine (1) and thailandine (2) was successfully achieved in 11 and 12 steps, respectively, resulting in equivalent overall yields of 11.7%. This study aimed to increase amount of interested compounds and explore the biological activity of those compounds. In this study, both compounds were subjected to testing for antibacterial activity using the CLSI standard M100 guideline. Oxostephanine (1) has shown significant antibacterial efficacy against gram‐positive bacteria and bacterial biofilms, as seen by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 7.8 to 125 µg/mL. Conversely, higher MIC values of 250 µg/mL indicated that thailandine (2) exhibited limited antimicrobial activity.


X: -2.6846666 Y: 6.2294455title: Impact of different phytochemical classes and Ayurvedic plants in battle against cancer. publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Cancer is believed the most dangerous diseases throughout the world. Ayurvedic texts have mentioned this disease as arbuda and plants are also listed for treatment. Coordination between the ayurvedic and modern framework can be helpful for future studies regarding the drug discovery from these plants. In recent years, many plants have been screened for anticancer activity and numerous potential dynamic constituents have also been confined from them. This survey highlights the fundamental phytochemical classes taking part effectively against malignancy. The present paper discusses the current status of researches in the field of cancer with respect to Ayurvedic plants and focuses on the phytochemical classes potentially active as anticancer.


X: -1.5515089 Y: 7.2040615title: Similarity analysis of the chromatographic fingerprints of Thai herbal Ya-Ha-Rak remedy using HPLC publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: To study the similarity of the chromatographic profiles of the active compounds in the extracts of Ya-Ha-Rak commercial products, the herbal formulary that has been widely used as an antipyretic in Thai traditional medicines. The 12 marketed products of the remedy in a capsule formulation were selected to analyze and their chromatographic fingerprints were further compared with the authentic sample on the similarity. The methanolic extracts of Ya-Ha-Rak product and its authentic herbal components were characterized by the developed HPLC method, which comprised a cholesterol-coated C18 column as a stationary phase, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (70:30) with the flow rate at 2 mL/min as a mobile phase and the diode-array UV wavelength at 210 nm as a detector. This analytical method was validated and it is reliable to apply for the product authentication in this study. Data from the chromatographic fingerprints of 12 samples were calculated and demonstrated as the degrees of similarity, which consist of the correlation coefficient (r 1) and the congruence coefficient (r 2). Among 12 samples, the values of similarity from 3 products approached a value of 1 (≥0.99), thus the chemical constituents of these products become more similar to that authentic sample than the other 9 samples, which displayed the degrees of similarity less than 0.95. Our findings showed that the similarity analysis is the effective tool for proving the uniformity of Ya-Ha-Rak preparation from different manufacturers and it can be utilized as one of the quality assessment methods for these products.


X: -2.4492447 Y: 5.6600623title: Antibacterial potential of some thai medicinal plants publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Ethanol and hexane extracts of twenty Thai medicinal plants, used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious and septic diseases, were screened in vitro for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, using disc diffusion method. The ethanol extracts of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Combretum qurdrangulare L., Psidium guajava Kurz., and Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng. showed antibacterial activity against all three tested pathogens. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these four medicinal plant extracts, the ethanol extract of C. inerme demonstrated the highest antibacterial potency. The determination of MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract using microdilution method showed that such extract had MICs for B. cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus of 0.039, 0.312 and 0.156 mg/ml, respectively; and MBCs for B. cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus of 0.039, 0.625 and 0.312 mg/ml, respectively. These results confirmed antibacterial potential of the plant.


X: -2.7261412 Y: 6.2580395title: Impact of different phytochemical classes and Ayurvedic plants in battle against cancer. publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Cancer is believed the most dangerous diseases throughout the world. Ayurvedic texts have mentioned this disease as arbuda and plants are also listed for treatment. Coordination between the ayurvedic and modern framework can be helpful for future studies regarding the drug discovery from these plants. In recent years, many plants have been screened for anticancer activity and numerous potential dynamic constituents have also been confined from them. This survey highlights the fundamental phytochemical classes taking part effectively against malignancy. The present paper discusses the current status of researches in the field of cancer with respect to Ayurvedic plants and focuses on the phytochemical classes potentially active as anticancer.


X: -2.955373 Y: 5.208802title: Simultaneous determination of alkaloids dicentrine and sinomenine in Stephania epigeae by 1 H NMR spectroscopy publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania epigaea Lo is an important herbal medicine used as antiphlogistic and analgesic drugs. Its major components are dicentrine (1) and sinomenine (2). In the present study, a rapid, accurate, and precise method for simultaneous quantitation of dicentrine (1) and sinomenine (2) in S. epigeae using 1H NMR spectra was developed. The deuterated solvent of DMSO-d6 enabled satisfactory separation of the signals to be integrated in 1H NMR spectrum and dimethyl terephthalate was selected as an internal standard. The feature signals of δ 7.57 and 5.70 were selected for quantifying the dicentrine (1) and sinomenine (2), respectively. Validation of the quantitative method was performed in terms of specificity, accuracy, precision, and stability. This work implied that quantitative 1H NMR represents a feasible alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography-based methods for quantitation of dicentrine (1) and sinomenine (2) in S. epigeae and is suitable for the quality control of S. epigeae.


X: -3.7848234 Y: 5.5781307title: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Alkaloids Isolated from Stephania venosa publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng or "Sa-Bu-Leud" is a Thai medicinal plant used for treatment of cancer and diabetes, and as a blood-tonic and aphrodisiac. This plant contains alkaloids as its major components and has been of interest for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Phytochemical screening of S. venosa was made using HPLC analysis and showed the chemical variation between the same species from different provenances. Fractionation of S. venosa extract yielded three alkaloids, namely, dicentrine, crebanine, and tetrahydropalmatine. AChE inhibitory potential of the isolated alkaloids was evaluated using Ellman's AChE inhibition assay. Dicentrine, crebanine, and tetrahydropalmatine inhibited AChE activity with IC50 values of 93.5, 86.6, and 168.6 mu g/mL, respectively. The AChE inhibitory activity of the tertiary protoberberine alkaloid, tetrahydropalmatine, was lower than that of the aporphine alkaloids, dicentrine and crebanine, whereas the quaternary protoberberine alkaloid, berberine, showed a higher AChE inhibitory effect than the others.


X: -3.7783298 Y: 5.8643403title: Evaluation of neuropharmacological activities of Stephania venosa herb consumption in healthy rats publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Public concern on mental health has noticeably increased given the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders especially anxiety and depression. Most of the drugs for these conditions used nowadays have adverse side effects so the need for newer, better-tolerated and more efficacious treatments is remaining high. Growing attention is being paid to traditional herbal medicines. Stephania venosa Spreng (S. venosa; SV) is a Thai traditional herb which has been used for cancer treatment as well as an aphrodisiac. In addition, accumulating lines of evidence reported that the ethanol extract of SV exhibited an antioxidant and exerted acetylcholinesterase inhibitory. However, the in vivo neurophamacological activities of this plant have never been studied. The aim of this study was to examine the neurophamacological effects of a crude extract of SV introduced orally at various doses ranging from 5, 10 and 20 mg kg -1 BW once daily for a period of 2 weeks. The anxiolytic and anti-depression like activities were determined after single administration, 1 and 2 weeks of treatment using elevated plus maze and forced swimming test respectively. Only SV 20 mg kg -1 treated rats exhibited a significant anxiolytic effect at all treatment duration. Unfortunately, this substance failed to show anti-depression like activity. Our findings provide a potential of the SV consumption might be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for the anti-anxiety disorder. However, further investigations about possible active ingredients and the precise underlying mechanisms are still necessary.


X: -2.9828227 Y: 5.8390737title: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM STEPHANIA ELEGANS publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: p class="Default"> Objective: The present work was aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of methanolic extract of Stephania elegans , an unexplored species from Menispermaceae family.
Methods: The methanolic extract of S. elegans tubers was prepared and phytochemical screening and total phenolic content were analyzed by using standard methods. In vitro, antioxidant potential of methanolic extract was determined by 2-2’-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 type (MCF-7) was evaluated by 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins in the methanolic extract of S. elegans tubers. The total phenolic content in the methanolic extract was 23.0±0.06 mg GAE/g (dry mass). As revealed by ABTS assay, the methanolic extract of plant tubers showed significant radical scavenging activity (IC50 41.66±0.015 μg/ml). The reducing power activity of the extract increased with the concentration of the extract. MTT assay indicated that S. elegans has potent cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 cells (IC50 158.7±0.13 μg/ml).
Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating the antioxidant and anticancer capabilities of the methanolic extract of S. elegans . This study also provides a significant basis for further isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from S. elegans .</p


X: -3.2590857 Y: 5.603308title: Oxocrebanine from Stephania pierrei exerts macrophage anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Plant-derived medicinal compounds are increasingly being used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, which are generally caused by aberrant inflammatory responses. Stephania pierrei Diels, also known as Sabu-lueat in Thai, is a traditional medicinal plant that is used as a remedy for several inflammatory disorders. Since aporphine alkaloids isolated from S. pierrei tubers exhibit diverse pharmacological characteristics, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of crude extracts and alkaloids isolated from S. pierrei tubers against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Notably, the n-hexane extract strongly suppressed nitric oxide (NO) while exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity. Among the five alkaloids isolated from the n-hexane extract, the aporphine alkaloid oxocrebanine exerted considerable anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO secretion. Oxocrebanine also significantly suppressed prostaglandin E2, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression by inactivating the nuclear factor κB, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inflammatory signalling pathways. Molecular docking analysis further revealed that oxocrebanine has a higher affinity for toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 signalling targets and the COX-2 protein than native ligands. Thus, our findings highlight the potential anti-inflammatory effects of oxocrebanine and suggest that certain alkaloids of S. pierrei could be used to treat inflammatory diseases.


X: -3.372198 Y: 6.0969324title: Antiinflammatory Activities of Crebanine by Inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 Activation through Suppressing MAPKs and Akt Signaling in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Crebanine, an aporphine alkaloid, displays various biological activities such as anticancer and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we further investigated the suppressive effect of crebanine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators and the molecular mechanisms underlying these activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Crebanine inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, crebanine suppressed LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide (iNO) and prostaglandin E2 and reduced the expression of iNO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. Crebanine suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, the specific inhibitor of MAPKs and Akt reduced the expression of IL-6 and NO production in LPS-induced macrophages. Furthermore, crebanine inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation by reducing the phosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 but not the p65 translocation to the nucleus and inhibitory factor kappa B alpha degradation. Crebanine also suppressed phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of activator protein-1 (AP-1). These observations suggest that the antiinflammatory properties of crebanine may stem from the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators via suppression of the NF-κB, AP-1, MAPKs, and Akt signaling pathways.


X: -2.817127 Y: 6.358591title: Enhancement of TNF-α induced antiproliferation in human cervical cancer cells by extracts from Thai medicinal plants publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Human cervical cancer is known to be a dreadful disease with high resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in clinical use. Natural products are valuable sources for development of anticancer agents. Many plant-derived anticancer compounds were reported to modulate signal transduction pathway associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis. One well-known pathway is via the enhancement of TNF-α, a cytokine that can induce apoptotic cell death and inhibit tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate TNF-α antiproliferative synergistic activity of Thai medicinal plant extracts. The antiproliferative effects were determined in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells using WST-1 cell proliferating assay. Among twenty six different tested extracts at the concentration of 30 μg ml-1, 95% ethanolic extract from stems of Derris scandens, aqueous extract from leaves of Azadirachta indica, aqueous extract from leaves of A. indica var. siamensis and 95% ethanolic extract from roots of Amomum biflorum significantly decreased viability of HeLa cells treated with TNF-α (20 ng/ml). However, only 95% ethanolic extract from roots of A. biflorum combined with TNF-α significantly decreased viability of HeLa cells to 70.96±2.25% cell viability, when compared to cell viability of HeLa cells treated with only plant extract (93.84±10.73%). Data suggested that this plant extract enhanced TNF-α antiproliferative activity in HeLa cells and it has potential for further development as chemotherapeutic agent for anticancer therapy via the enhancement of TNF-α induced apoptosis of cancer cells.


X: 0.17337422 Y: 6.5721035title: Pollen morphology of Menispermaceae in the state of Bahia, Brazil publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: There have been few palynological studies of the family Menispermaceae. Here, we analyzed the pollen grains of 12 species from seven genera of Menispermaceae occurring in the state of Bahia, Brazil: Abuta selloana Eichl.; Boris-mene japurensis (Mart.) Eichl.; Chondrodendron microphyllum (Eichl.) Moldenke; C. platyphyllum (A.St.-Hil.) Miers; Cissampelos andromorpha DC.; C. ovalifolia DC.; C. pareira L.; C. sympodialis Eichl.; Hyperbaena domingensis (DC.) Benth.; Odontocarya duckei Barneby; Sciadotenia campestris Barneby; and S. pubistaminea (K. Schum.) Diels. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured, described, and illustrated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were found to be small, oblate spheroidal or prolate spheroidal, isopolar, and tricolpate or tricolporate; the exine was found to be reticulate. It was concluded that the various genera can be separated based on pollen characters. Within each of the genera, the species studied were stenopalynous. For five Menispermaceae species, pollen descriptions are presented here for the first time.


X: -2.719811 Y: 5.504028title: The genus Stephania (Menispermaceae): Chemical and pharmacological perspectives publish year: 2010 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The plants of the genus Stephania (Menispermaceae) are widely distributed, and have long been used in folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycemia, malaria, cancer and fever. Over 150 alkaloids together with flavonoids, lignans, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins have been identified in the genus, and many of these have been evaluated for biological activity. This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.


X: 0.46766102 Y: 6.897075title: Mechanical investigations of the peltate leaf of Stephania japonica (Menispermaceae): Experiments and a continuum mechanical material model publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Stephania japonica is a slender climbing plant with peltate, triangular-ovate leaves. Not many research efforts have been devoted to investigate the anatomy and the mechanical properties of this type of leaf shape. In this study, displacement driven tensile tests with three cycles on different displacement levels are performed on petioles, venation and intercostal areas of the Stephania japonica leaves. Furthermore, compression tests in longitudinal direction are performed on petioles. The mechanical experiments are combined with light microscopy and X-ray tomography. The experiments show, that these plant organs and tissues behave in the finite strain range in a viscoelastic manner. Based on the results of the light microscopy and X-ray tomography, the plant tissue can be considered as a matrix material reinforced by fibers. Therefore, a continuum mechanical anisotropic viscoelastic material model at finite deformations is proposed to model such behavior. The anisotropy is specified as the so-called transverse isotropy, where the behavior in the plane perpendicular to the fibers is assumed to be isotropic. The model is obtained by postulating a Helmholtz free energy, which is split additively into an elastic and an inelastic part. Both parts of the energy depend on structural tensors to account for the transversely isotropic material behavior. The evolution equations for the internal variables, e.g. inelastic deformations, are chosen in a physically meaningful way that always fulfills the second law of thermodynamics. The proposed model is calibrated against experimental data, and the material parameters are identified. The model can be used for finite element simulations of this type of leaf shape, which is left open for the future work.


X: -0.46554667 Y: 5.163742title: Methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid as potent elicitors for secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants: A review publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Secondary metabolites are the bioactive compounds of plants which have no role in the development process but are needed for defense purposes. Their synthesis takes place from the primary metabolism of the plant. Plants are a novel source of bioactive compounds from which different drugs are derived. These bioactive compounds have therapeutic value for which they are used all over the world. As medicinal plants are used for the extraction of different compounds they are exploited and becoming threatened. To overcome this problem and to preserve the resulting loss of biodiversity we can conserve the medicinal plants by propagation and the production of secondary metabolites by different in vitro culture techniques. As we know that intact plant has a low potential for chemical synthesis of bioactive compounds so to enhance the production of secondary metabolites elicitors are used. Elicitors are those molecules which enhance the secondary metabolism of the plant. Elicitors may be biotic or abiotic. The present review deals with the synthesis and enhancement of different bioactive compounds by Methyl-Jasmonate (MeJA), Jasmonate (JA) and Salicylic Acid (SA) as elicitors of many medicinal plants in vitro by using different cultures. Introduction Secondary metabolites are the biologically active compounds which are synthesized during primary metabolism of plants, they do not have any developmental role in plants but are needed in plant defense against herbivore and pathogen also confer protection against environmental stresses. Secondary metabolites are used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals aromatics, food additives (Oksman-Caldentey et al., 2004) [54]. Secondary metabolites or phytopharmaceuticals include alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. There are three major groups of secondary metabolites viz terpenes, phenolics, and Nitrogen and Sulphur containing compounds. Medicinal plants are the source of bioactive compounds with many blockbuster drugs derived directly or indirectly from plants having therapeutic value. The drugs which are derived from the plants are used globally. It has been reported by WHO that 80% of the world's population rely on medicinal plants for their primary health (Raskin et al., 2002) [62]. The production of secondary metabolites in plants is often low (less than 1% dry weight) and depends greatly on the physiological and developmental stage of the plant (Rao et al., 2002; Thakur et al., 2013) [67, 76]. The medicinal plants are used world wide for curing purposes; they are so in demand that they gain pharmaceutical importance by which the medicinal plants are exploited at a higher rate and most of them are threatened. To overcome this problem we can preserve the resulting loss of biodiversity by minimising use of the product from the intact plant and synthesize secondary metabolite production using in vitro techniques by elicitors for enhancing their bio-production to meet commercial demands. Plant tissue culture is a novel approach for the large-scale bio-production of valuable secondary products. Plant tissue culture techniques use plant cells, tissues and organs cultivated under an aseptic condition which is independent of abiotic factors for producing metabolites. Secondary metabolites are extracted from the medicinal plants having herbal and pharmaceutical importance on a commercial scale.


X: -3.3056774 Y: 6.1452417title: Antiinflammatory Activities of Crebanine by Inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 Activation through Suppressing MAPKs and Akt Signaling in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages publish year: 2015 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Crebanine, an aporphine alkaloid, displays various biological activities such as anticancer and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we further investigated the suppressive effect of crebanine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators and the molecular mechanisms underlying these activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Crebanine inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, crebanine suppressed LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide (iNO) and prostaglandin E2 and reduced the expression of iNO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. Crebanine suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, the specific inhibitor of MAPKs and Akt reduced the expression of IL-6 and NO production in LPS-induced macrophages. Furthermore, crebanine inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation by reducing the phosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 but not the p65 translocation to the nucleus and inhibitory factor kappa B alpha degradation. Crebanine also suppressed phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of activator protein-1 (AP-1). These observations suggest that the antiinflammatory properties of crebanine may stem from the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators via suppression of the NF-κB, AP-1, MAPKs, and Akt signaling pathways.


X: -3.2062657 Y: 4.969669title: Alkaloids from the Tuber of Stephania cf. rotunda publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Chemical investigation of the tuber of Stephania cf. rotunda collected in Vietnam led to the isolation of a new stephaoxocane-type alkaloid, stepharotudine (1), twenty-eight known alkaloids, and two known amides. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The absolute configuration of the new compound was determined from its CD spectrum and by 1H NMR analyses of its MPA esters. For the known alkaloids (-)-crebanine-β-N-oxide (2), uthongine (3), and palmatrubine (4), fully assigned NMR data are also reported for the first time.


X: -0.75182235 Y: 8.727414title: Screening for larvicidal activity in some Thai plants against four mosquito vector species publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Ninety-six ethanolic extracts from various parts of 84 Thai plant species were tested for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Extracts from Rhinacanthus nasutus, Derris elliptica, Trigonostemon reidioides, Homalomena aromatica, Stemona tuberosa and Acorus calamus possessed high larvicidal activity, with LC50 values between 16.0 and 48.2 mg/l. Petroleum ether (PE) and methanol (MeOH) extracts were tested for their larvicidal activity against 4 mosquito vector species. The PE extract of R. nasutus exhibited larvicidal effects against Ae. aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles dirus and Mansonia uniformis with LC50 values between 3.9 and 11.5 mg/l, while the MeOH extract gave LC50 values of between 8.1 and 14.7 mg/l. D. elliptica PE extract showed LC50 values of between 11.2 and 18.84 mg/l and the MeOH extract exhibited LC50 values between 13.2 and 45.2 mg/l.


X: -2.8336532 Y: 6.433732title: Cytotoxic and estrogenic activity of the Thai rejuvenating medicinal plants on MCF7 mammary cancer cell publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The twenty one extracts of the Thai medicinal plants used in rejuvenating medicine; Acacia farnesiana, Leucaena leucocephala, Butea superba, Pueraria mirifica, Mucuna collettii, Kaempferia parviflora, Fagraea fragrans, Ziziphus attopensis, Anaxagorea luzonensis, Dracaena conferta, Streblus asper, Gelonum muliflorum, Vitex negundo, Diospyros rhodcalyx, Albizia procera, Tinaspora crispa, Stephania venosa, Stephania erecta, Piper nigrum, Phyllanthus emblica, Melia azedarach, Cyperus rotundus were evaluated for cytotoxic and estrogenic activity on MCF-7 mammary cancer cells at the concentration of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 100 and 1000µg/ml for 72 hours. The incubated cell cultures were determined and calculated for the growth percentage compared with the control group (DMSO) by MTT assay. The results showed that plant samples at the concentration of 0.1–1 and 10µg/ml were not influenced to the cell growth rate (106.88±18.53 and 101.60±25.82, respectively). Melia azedarach and Fagraea fragrans exhibited the highest (416.37%) and lowest (0.00%) cell growth, respectively. All plant extracts showed significantly higher IC50 than the control with seven plants exhibited IC50>1000µg/ml, and thirteen plants exhibited proliferative effect to MCF-7 in the same pattern as estradiol. The results demonstrated that there are some Thai medicinal plants with estrogenic activity present in the traditional Thai remedies for rejuvenating purposes. Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Office of Research and Academic Service, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, and National Research Council of Thailand for a grant support. References: [1] Freshney, R.I. (1994) Culture of animal cell: A manual of basic technique. Wiley-Liss, Inc. New York. [2]iMedical Registration Division, Ministry of Public Health. (1998) The Thai Traditional Remedies: Pharmacological Division. Bangkok: Co-operation community of Thailand Printing. [3]iOgawa, S. et al. (1998) Endocrinology 139:5070–5081.


X: -3.2378986 Y: 5.171086title: (-)-Crebanine publish year: 2011 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: THE ASYMMETRIC UNIT OF THE TITLE COMPOUND [SYSTEMATIC NAME: 9,10-dimeth-oxy-7-methyl-6,7,7a,8-tetra-hydro-5H-benzo[g][1,3]benzodioxolo[6,5,4-de]quinoline], C(20)H(21)NO(4), contains two independent mol-ecules with very similar bond lengths and angles. The crystal packing exhibits voids of 131 Å(3).


X: -3.9904342 Y: 5.789367title: Neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine: A review of recent research publish year: 2009 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Objectives: This review summarizes recent research on the neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptidis rhizoma. Key findings: Berberine has multiple neuropharmacological properties, such as neuroprection, anti-neuronal apoptosis, improvement of cerebral microcirculation and anti-Alzheimer's disease, and so on. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of berberine are that it is not easily absorbed and it is not stable in the gastrointestinal tract of animals or humans. Summary: Further studies need to be carried out to develop berberine as a drug for nervous system diseases, such as brain ischaemia and Alzheimer's disease, that has favorable pharmacokinetic properties.


X: -3.689357 Y: 9.923813title: Molecular Docking, Dynamics Simulation and Physicochemical Analysis of Some Phytochemicals as Antiplatelet Agents publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background
Antiplatelet drugs are key tools for the prevention and elimination of cardiovascular disease. However, currently available agents are associated with a variety of adverse effects, and new therapeutically effective drugs with fewer or no side effects are urgently needed for effective medication.

Objective
The present in silico research aimed to determine the inhibitory potential of 50 phytochemicals on platelet function using computational methods.

Methods
The compounds first were subjected to molecular docking analysis with five chosen antiplatelet targets and the best compound with the lowest energy against each target was selected and analyzed in detail. These complexes were then considered for molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy analysis. SwissADME and ADMETlab servers were also used to evaluate their drug-likeness and ADMET properties.

Results
with the corresponding target were graveolinine against COX-1, sanguinarine against P2Y12 and PDE-3, rutin against GP-VI, and bisdemethoxycurcumin against PAR-1. Simulation of these complexes affirmed the binding stability between the ligands and the proteins. Root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation showed that in the case of PAR-1- bisdemethoxycurcumin, some fluctuations were observed during the simulation process. Calculation of the binding free energy indicated that in all systems the van der Waals energy made a significant contribution to the binding and stability of the system.

Conclusion
The result of this study could provide useful insights into the development of new lead antiplatelet agents.


X: -2.7171898 Y: 6.311773title: Potentiating Effect of Ethnomedicinal Plants Against Proliferation on Different Cancer Cell Lines publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background: There is a long history of traditional medicine for serving the world population. For the
prevention and treatment of cancer, herbal remedies have played a significant role. To summarize medicinal herbs from the entire world, including India, that is used traditionally for various cancer treatment. Whenever we talk about cancer treatment, medicinal plants always have been on the priority.
Objective: In this article, we have summarized the flora used in earlier times and recently identified for pre-clinical anticancer treatment. The present paper is a comprehensive review of different literature sources with discussion being made on the therapeutic value of diverse medicinal herbs in the treatment of various kinds of cancer by using different in vitro cancer cell lines. Countless anticancer plants have been recognized with the help of innovative techniques including isolation and structure elucidation that implement their beneficial effect by increasing the immunity of the body,inducing antioxidant action, endorsing making of shielding enzymes, hindering cancer triggering enzymes and hormones,and exciting DNA restoration mechanism.
Conclusion: Finally, we have concluded that Argemone mexicana is found to show maximum anti-cancer activity on various cancer cell lines in comparison to other medicinal plants.


X: -2.9367495 Y: 4.9747086title: Oxoaporphine alkaloids and quinones from Stephania dinklagei and evaluation of their antiprotozoal activities publish year: 2000 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Stephania dinklagei yielded six compounds including, two zwitterionic oxoaporphine alkaloids, N-methylliriodendronine, and 2-O,N-dimethylliriodendronine, two oxoaporphine alkaloids, liriodenine, and dicentrinone, one aporphine alkaloid, corydine, and one anthraquinone, aloe-emodin. Apart from corydine, the isolates have not been reported as constituents of S. dinklagei. N-Methylliriodendronine, and 2-O,N-dimethylliriodendronine are reported for the first time as natural products. All isolated compound were tested for antiprotozoal activity and cytotoxic activities in vitro. N-Methylliriodendronine was the most active against L. donovani amastigotes (IC50 = 36.1 mu M). Liriodenine showed the highest activity against Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 26.16 and 15 mu M, respectively. Aloe-emodin was the only compound active (IC50 = 14 mu M) against T. b. brucei.


X: -3.1158001 Y: 4.7138815title: Alcaloïdes des Annonacees, L: Alcaloïdes De Polyalthia cauliflora publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Indonesian annonaceous plant Polyalthia cauliflora var. beccarii has yielded the first four natural bisaporphines, namely, beccapoline, beccapolinium, polybeccarine, and beccapolydione. The new 6a, 7-dehydroaporphine, dehydropredicentrine, was also found. In addition, two aporphines, six oxoaporphines, and one morphinandienone, all of which are known, were isolated. The alkaloidal distribution among Polyalthia species is discussed briefly.


X: -2.2341676 Y: 4.91216title: Antiplasmodial natural products: an update publish year: 2019 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background:
Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017.

Methods:
Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations.

Results and discussion:
A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.


X: -3.0957584 Y: 4.8397565title: Some Unusual Proaporphine and Aporphine Alkaloids from Stephania venosa publish year: 2004 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: New proaporphines found in Thai Stephania venosa include (+)-N-carboxamidostepharine [2], (-)-O-methylstepharinosine [3], and (-)-stepharinosine [5]. Alkaloid 2 is the first proaporphine incorporating a urea functionality, while 3 and 5 are the only proaporphines oxygenated at C-12. The plant also produces the new aporphines (-)-sukhodianine-β-N-oxide [6], (-)-ushinsunine-β-N-oxide [7], and (-)-stephadiolamine-β-N-oxide [8]. All three N-oxides are hydroxylated at C-7, but (-)-stephadiolamine-β-N-oxide [8] is also hydroxylated at C-4. Thus, this is the first aporphine hydroxylated at both of these sites; 17 known isoquinoline alkaloids were also obtained.


X: -2.6395931 Y: 5.5158343title: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of tuber extract of Stephania pierrei diels publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Aqueous extract of Stephania pierrei tubers was studied for phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities as well as for cepharanthine concentration. The results revealed that the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, tannins, polyphenols, phenolic compounds of 41.49±0.66 mg GAE/g extract and cepharanthine content of 33.68 mg/g extract was found in the extract. The extract exhibited dose dependent microbial activities, moreover, the antibacterial activities were observed against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) using disc diffusion assay. Especially, S. epidermidis was more sensitive to the extract than S. aureus. S. epidermidis was susceptible to the extract with the MIC and MBC of 2 and 6 mg, respectively. The ultrastructure alteration in extract-treated S. epidermidis cells was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The bacterial cell wall was ruptured after treated with the extract for 24 h. The characterization of functional groups was achieved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR spectra revealed changes in spectral regions corresponding to changes in fatty acid and polysaccharide on cell wall.


X: -3.086754 Y: 6.5989394title: Sustainable Nanoparticles from Stephania glabra and Analysis of Their Anticancer Potential on 2D and 3D Models of Prostate Cancer publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: In pursuit of a novel effective treatment for prostate cancer, methanolic extract of Stephania glabra tubers (Sg-ME) was utilized to fabricate silver (Sg-AgNP), copper oxide (Sg-CuONP), and silver-copper bimetallic nanoparticles (Sg-BNP). The characterization of the nanoparticles confirmed spherical shape with average diameters of 30.72, 32.19, and 25.59 nm of Sg-AgNP, Sg-CuONP, and Sg-BNP, respectively. Interestingly, these nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward the prostate cancer (PC3) cell line while being non-toxic toward normal cells. The nanoparticles were capable of inducing apoptosis in PC3 cells by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, the shrinkage of 3D prostate tumor spheroids was observed after 4 days of treatment with these green nanoparticles. The 3D model system was less susceptible to nanoparticles as compared to the 2D model system. Sg-BNP showed the highest anticancer potential on 2D and 3D prostate cancer models.


X: -2.8403535 Y: 4.974816title: Biological activity of Anthraquinones and Triterpenoids from Prismatomeris fragrans publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: A new 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-5,6-dimethoxyanthraquinone (1); six known anthraquinones, nordamnacanthal (2), damnacanthal (3), rubiadin (4), rubiadin-1-methyl ether (5), lucidin-omega-methyl ether (6), and 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyanthraquinone (7); a beta-sitosterol (8); together with two known triterpenoids, beta-acetylolean-12-en-28-olic acid (9), and 3beta-O-acetyl-11alpha,12alpha-epoxyolean-28,13-olide (10) were isolated from the roots and stems of Prismatomeris fragrans. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data. This is the first isolation of compounds 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10 from Prismatomeris genus. The isolated compounds were evaluated in antiplasmodial, antituberculosis, antifungal and anticancer cell lines tests. The bioactivity assays showed that only 9 exhibited moderate antimalarial activity, 2 and 3 exhibited antifungal activity while 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 showed antituberculosis activity. In addition, compounds 2, 3 and 7 exhibited cytotoxicity to BC cell line while 1, 1a (the methyl ether derivative of 1), 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 exhibited cytotoxicity to NCI-H187 cell line.


X: -0.9002897 Y: 6.8588305title: Use of menispermaceae family plants in folk medicine of Bangladesh publish year: 2010 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Menispermaceae family of flowering plants comprises of about 70 genera and 420 species. The plants belonging to this family are mostly climbing plants and the great majority of the species can be found in countries with a tropical climate. Although small, the family contains a number of plants with scientifically recognized important pharmacological activities. The folk medicinal system of Bangladesh mainly relies on medicinal plants for treatment of various ailments, where the folk medicinal practitioners (otherwise known as Kavirajes) use whole plants or plant parts for oral or topical administration for treatment of ailments. We conducted an ethnomedicinal survey throughout over 100 regions and among seven different tribes of Bangladesh to collect data on the use of Menispermaceae family plants for medicinal purposes. Data was collected with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and plant specimens as pointed out by the Kavirajes were identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. Six species belonging to the Menispermaceae family were observed to be in use by the Kavirajes. These six species were Cocculus hirsutus, Stephania glabra, Stephania japonica, Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora crispa, and Tinospora sinensis. Of the six species, Stephania japonica and Tinospora cordifolia were most frequently used for treatment of ailments like diabetes, edema, pain, bone fracture, debility, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract disorders, helminthiasis, malaria, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis, measles, urinary tract disorders, and hypertension. The folk medicinal use of several of these plants has been validated through scientific studies.


X: -2.9908273 Y: 4.9860454title: Non-food bioactive forest product liriodenine: Sources, chemistry, and bioactivities publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Liriodenine, an oxoaporphine-type alkaloid, widely exists in various forest plants as a non-food bioactive natural product. It showed a great diversity of biological effects, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal activities as well as inhibitory effects on topoisomerase and cholinesterase. Additionally, liriodenine possesses a delicate molecular backbone containing planar hydrophobic conjugated system. Thus, it is extremely promising to be developed in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In this review, we systematically summarized its sources, chemistry, and bioactivities. Furthermore, some expectations for the future research and development were prospectively proposed based on the related publications of this field up to May in 2022.


X: -0.058987133 Y: 4.9764442title: Elicitation, an Effective Strategy for the Biotechnological Production of Bioactive High-Added Value Compounds in Plant Cell Factories publish year: 2016 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Plant in vitro cultures represent an attractive and cost-effective alternative to classical approaches to plant secondary metabolite (PSM) production (the "Plant Cell Factory" concept). Among other advantages, they constitute the only sustainable and eco-friendly system to obtain complex chemical structures biosynthesized by rare or endangered plant species that resist domestication. For successful results, the biotechnological production of PSM requires an optimized system, for which elicitation has proved one of the most effective strategies. In plant cell cultures, an elicitor can be defined as a compound introduced in small concentrations to a living system to promote the biosynthesis of the target metabolite. Traditionally, elicitors have been classified in two types, abiotic or biotic, according to their chemical nature and exogenous or endogenous origin, and notably include yeast extract, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, vanadyl sulphate and chitosan. In this review, we summarize the enhancing effects of elicitors on the production of high-added value plant compounds such as taxanes, ginsenosides, aryltetralin lignans and other types of polyphenols, focusing particularly on the use of a new generation of elicitors such as coronatine and cyclodextrins.


X: -2.7749517 Y: 5.915404title: Improved yeast-screening assay for phytoestrogens publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: A yeast estrogen screening (YES) assay was improved to increase sensitivity for detection of phytoestrogens. New yeast strains minus one or the other of transporters Pdr5 or Snq2 and harboring yEGFP as a reporter gene were developed. The new strains showed 2–100 fold improvement in sensitivity for detection of standard estrogens and anti-estrogens. In addition, the assay time (1h) using the newly developed strains was shorter than that (4h) previously reported. Furthermore, the snq2-minus strains were most effective for detection of estrogenic activity while the pdr5-minus strains were most effective for detection of anti-estrogenic activity. The efficacy of the new methods was evaluated and confirmed by testing with 23 Thai medicinal plant species. The new strains were also tested for detection of xenoestrogens. The results revealed that the newly developed YES methods were specific and rapid and suitable for simple high-throughput screening or detection of estrogen-like compounds.


X: -4.379235 Y: 5.8059716title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plant sources: Friends or foes? publish year: 2012 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) is involved in the hydrolytic breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, into choline and an acetyl group. Acetylcholine (ACh) serves as neurotransmitter at all preganglionic autonomic as well as some neuromuscular junctions and central nervous synapses. The enzyme is mainly found at the central and peripheral nervous system, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. Disturbances at the neurotransmitter and low cholinergic function are often associated with the pathology features of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the inhibition of AChE in order to maintain an optimum level and duration of ACh leading to enhanced cholinergic function has been the classical approach in the treatment of AD. The few available synthetic drugs such as tacrine and donepezil used against AD have been implicated in severe side effects. Consequently, the search for new therapy is still on with plant sources as key targets. This approach is based on the knowledge that plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders for several generations.


X: -4.3845925 Y: 5.817131title: Natural Plant‐Derived Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Relevance for Alzheimer's Disease publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: One of the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of extracellular senile plaques containing abnormal aggregates of amyloid beta (Ap) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It is well established that the neurotoxic Ap peptide is a product of sequential proteolytic activity of p-secretase (BACE) and y-secretase proteases, when the a-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is dysfunctional. The cholinergic hypothesis suggests that the progressive loss of cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus and cortical regions of the brain is attributed to a significant reduction in the levels of the essential neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh) and its associated enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The catalytic activity of AChE is essential for modulating the levels of ACh. Another enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) plays a minor role on the levels of ACh in the central nervous system (CNS).


X: -3.1324303 Y: 5.344514title: Cytotoxic alkaloids from the tuber of Stephania venosa publish year: 2001 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Water and ethanol extracts prepared from the tuber of Stephania venosa were assessed for cytotoxic activity aganinst brine shrimp. Pronounced cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the ethanol extract with an LC50 value of 90.8 ?g/ml. The water extract was about two times less active than the ethanol extract with an LC50 value of 184.9 ?g/ml. The ethanol extract was further tested against human cancer cell line MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) which was found to be cytotoxic with an IC50 value of 11.6 ?g/ml. Activity-directed fractionation led to the isolation of three isoquinoline alkaloids, tetrahydropalmatine, crebanine and palmatine, from the most active fraction of the ethanol extract. palmatine has been isolated for the first time from S.venosa. Structures of the alkaloids were determined by spectroscopic methods, particularly NMR techniques. Palmatine and crebanine were found to possess pronounced activity against MCF-7 with IC50 values in the range of 5-6 ?g/ml. Crebanine and palmatine also exhibited cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp with LC50 values of 29.6 and 74.4 ?g/ml, respectively. In marked contrast, tetrahydropalmatine was considerably less active than crebanine and palmatine. It is evident that the alkaloids crebanine and palmatine were mainly responsible for the observed activity of the extract, which could be used as biomarkers for cytotoxic activity of the tuber of S. venosa. The results lend some support to the use of the tuber of S. venosa in traditional medicine as a remedy for treating breast cancer.


X: -2.357559 Y: 4.9890904title: Prospect of Natural Compounds against Malaria: A Review publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria is one of the leading life-threatening vectors borne diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The traditional system of medicine uses drugs of plant origin. Quinine and artemisinin, two naturally occurring plant chemicals, are traditionally used to treat malaria. The present reviews have emphasised the anti-malarial activity of plants that are effective against emerging resistance. The aim of the present study was to analyze the concept and objectives of isolated natural compounds, their mechanism of action, and plant parts used for malaria treatment in the traditional system of medicine. 113 isolated compounds,
plant parts used from 49 species, and molecular mechanism of 70 anti-malarial natural compounds from various plant species were explored. These plants were traditionally used for malaria treatment worldwide. They are therapeutically more effective, safer, and traditionally reported for having high cure rates. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs to treat malaria. These isolated compounds may be explored for the development of antimalarial drugs against plasmodium-resistant strains.


X: -3.2171803 Y: 5.0899744title: Protoberberine Alkaloids publish year: 2005 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This chapter presents chemotaxonomic compilation of protoberberine alkaloids, 13C NMR data of the protoberberine alkaloids and discusses biological activity of the protoberberine alkaloids. The protoberberine alkaloids are comprised of a tetracyclic ring system, which is based on the dibenzo[a,g]quinolizidine system. These tetracyclic alkaloids are derived from benzylisoquinolines through phenolic oxidation and coupling with the isoquinoline N-methyl group, which becomes the ‘‘berberine bridge’’ carbon. This group of alkaloids consists of a series of variations of the main tetracyclic ring system. The most commonly found are: the protoberberines (sensu strictu), such as berberine; the tetrahydroprotoberberines, such as tetrahydropalmatine; and 14-oxo derivatives, such as cryptopine. It was observed that some protoberberine alkaloids act against some pathogenic agents, with very important activities such as antiparasitic, antitrypanosomal, and antileishmaniasis. Other very important biological activities are observed on different specific organic systems. Activities such as analgesic, anticonvulsant, antiamnesic, narcotic, antiarrhythmic, antihemorrhagic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, smooth muscle relaxant, not to mention many other important activities, are found for this class of alkaloids.


X: 0.21242645 Y: 6.5270066title: Phylogeny and morphological evolution of tribe Menispermeae (Menispermaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear sequences publish year: 2007 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The Menispermaceae family contains ca. 72 genera with 450 species that are almost entirely tropical. Its phylogeny at the tribal level has never been examined using molecular data. Here we used DNA sequences of the chloroplast matK gene and trnL-F regions, and the nuclear ITS region to study the delimitation and position of the tribe Menispermeae within the family and its subtribal monophyletic groups. Family-wide phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast data produced two strongly supported clades. The first clade contains two subclades: Coscinieae including Arcangelisia and Anamirta, and Tinosporeae sensu lato including Fibraureae, supported by morphological characters, such as traits of the cotyledon, stylar scar and embryo. The second clade consists of the tribes Menispermeae sensu DC. and Tiliacoreae Miers. All our analyses surprisingly recognized that tribe Menispermeae is not monophyletic unless tribe Tiliacoreae is included, suggesting that characters of cotyledon and stylar scar are very important for the infrafamilial classification, and that endosperm presence vs. absence was over-emphasized in traditionally tribal division of the family. Our topologies indicate a secondary loss of endosperm. The monophyly of two subtribes of the tribe Menispermeae, Stephaniinae and Cissampelinae, is supported by the cpDNA and ITS data, as well as by morphological characters, including aperture types and shapes, and colpal membrane features of pollen grains, and sepal number of male flowers. The Cocculinae was recognized as a paraphyletic group containing the remaining genera of the tribe Menispermeae.


X: 0.26372603 Y: 6.688024title: Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil record publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Simultaneously analysing morphological, molecular and stratigraphic data suggests a potential resolution to a major remaining inconsistency in crocodylian evolution. The ancient, long-snouted thoracosaurs have always been placed near the Indian gharial Gavialis, but their antiquity (ca 72 Ma) is highly incongruous with genomic evidence for the young age of the Gavialis lineage (ca 40 Ma). We reconcile this contradiction with an updated morphological dataset and novel analysis, and demonstrate that thoracosaurs are an ancient iteration of long-snouted stem crocodylians unrelated to modern gharials. The extensive similarities between thoracosaurs and Gavialis are shown to be an almost 'perfect storm' of homoplasy, combining convergent adaptions to fish-eating, as well resemblances between genuinely primitive traits (thoracosaurs) and atavisms (Gavialis). Phylogenetic methods that ignore stratigraphy (parsimony and undated Bayesian methods) are unable to tease apart these similarities and invariably unite thoracosaurs and Gavialis. However, tip-dated Bayesian approaches additionally consider the large temporal gap separating ancient (thoracosaurs) and modern (Gavialis) iterations of similar long-snouted crocodyliforms. These analyses robustly favour a phylogeny which places thoracosaurs basal to crocodylians, far removed from modern gharials, which accordingly are a very young radiation. This phylogenetic uncoupling of ancient and modern gharial-like crocs is more consistent with molecular clock divergence estimates, and also the bulk of the crocodylian fossil record (e.g. all unequivocal gharial fossils are very young). Provided that the priors and models attribute appropriate relative weights to the morphological and stratigraphic signals-an issue that requires investigation-tip-dating approaches are potentially better able to detect homoplasy and improve inferences about phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and divergence dates.


X: -3.3008847 Y: 4.9832315title: β-Phenylethylamines and the Isoquinoline Alkaloids publish year: 2006 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Covering: July 1999 to June 2000. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2000, 17, 247.


X: -3.123249 Y: 5.676146title: Cytotoxic and Anti-Plasmodial Activities of Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu Extracts and the Isolated Compounds publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Natural products remain a viable source of novel therapeutics, and as detection and extraction techniques improve, we can identify more molecules from a broader set of plant tissues. The aim of this study was an investigation of the cytotoxic and anti-plasmodial activities of the methanol extract from Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu leaves and its isolated compounds. Our study led to the isolation of seven alkaloids, among which oxostephanine (1) is the most active against several cancer cell lines including HeLa, MDA-MB231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, and non-cancer cell lines, such as 184B5 and MCF10A, with IC50 values ranging from 1.66 to 4.35 μM. Morever, oxostephanine (1) is on average two-fold more active against cancer cells than stephanine (3), having a similar chemical structure. Cells treated with oxostephanine (1) are arrested at G2/M cell cycle, followed by the formation of aneuploidy and apoptotic cell death. The G2/M arrest appears to be due, at least in part, to the inactivation of Aurora kinases, which is implicated in the onset and progression of many forms of human cancer. An in-silico molecular modeling study suggests that oxostephanine (1) binds to the ATP binding pocket of Aurora kinases to inactivate their activities. Unlike oxostephanine (1), thailandine (2) is highly effective against only the triple-negative MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. However, it showed excellent selectivity against the cancer cell line when compared to its effects on non-cancer cells. Furthermore, thailandine (2) showed excellent anti-plasmodial activity against both chloroquine-susceptible 3D7 and chloroquine-resistant W2 Plasmodium falciparum strains. The structure–activity relationship of isolated compound was also discussed in this study. The results of this study support the traditional use of Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu and the lead molecules identified can be further optimized for the development of highly effective and safe anti-cancer and anti-plasmodial drugs.


X: -2.524271 Y: 5.390892title: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Stephania publish year: 2002 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The genus Stephania (Menispermaceae) comprises approximately 50 species distributed from Africa through Asia to Australia. The importance of the genus in traditional medicine in Asia and Africa is well documented (Min et al. 1986; Cao and Zhu 1997). The underground tubers of the vines are generally characterized by powerful pharmacological effects (Blanchfield et al. 1993).


X: -2.5929403 Y: 4.9667583title: Alkaloids from Plants with Antimalarial Activity: A Review of Recent Studies publish year: 2020 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria is one of the major health problems in developing countries. The disease kills a large number of people every year and also affects financial status of many countries. Resistance of the plasmodium parasite, the causative agent, to the existing drugs, including chloroquine, mefloquine, and artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT), is a serious global issue in malaria treatment and control. This warrants an urgent quest for novel compounds, particularly from natural sources such as medicinal plants. Alkaloids have over the years been recognized as important phytoconstituents with interesting biological properties. In fact, the first successful antimalarial drug was quinine, an alkaloid, which was extracted from Cinchona tree. In the present review work, the alkaloids isolated and reported recently (2013 till 2019) to possess antimalarial activity are presented. Several classes of alkaloids, including terpenoidal, indole, bisindole, quinolone, and isoquinoline alkaloids, were identified with a promising antimalarial activity. It is hoped that the reports of the review work will spur further research into the structural modification and/or development of the interesting compounds as novel antimalarial drugs.


X: -2.6399949 Y: 5.48621title: EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF Cissampelos pareira L publish year: 2018 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: In present study antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of Cissampelos pareira were evaluated. Stem extract revealed good result as compared to leaf extract. The stem ethanolic extract exhibited good zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 13±0.33 mm and 14±0.58 mm diameter whereas minimum zone of inhibition was observed by leaf ethanolic extract against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with 7±0.58 mm and 7±0.88 mm, respectively. The available antibiotics such as tetracycline, cefoperazone and erythromycin were used to compare all these results. The fungal strains i.e. Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger were used and significant results were recorded for stem ethanolic extract as compared with antifungal standard discs such as terbinafine and fungivin. The MIC assay was used for further analysis of leaf and stem extracts that inhibited bacterial and fungal growth. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The stem extract of plant displayed good antioxidant potential as compared to the leaf extract. The % DPPH free radical scavenging activity was maximum of the stem extract (1.03±0.19 µg/ml). The maximum result of antioxidant activity was observed by total phenolic content i.e. 0.77±0.09 µg/ml at 1000 concentration. The ethanolic extract of stem had exhibited most elevated level of flavonoid content i.e. 0.70±0.06 µg/ml as compared to the leaf extract of C. pareira.


X: -2.4646552 Y: 4.9433684title: Alkaloids as Antimalarial Compounds: A Review of Recent Studies publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria continues to contribute unacceptably high rates of sickness and death. Natural product compounds have long been recognized as one of the valuable natural remedy resources with promising structural motif pools for the development of first-line drugs. Resistance to conventional treatments such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the causal agent, the Plasmodium parasite, is a major concern in malaria treatment and prevention globally. Given the parasites' resistance to several current treatment regimens, innovative antimalarial chemotherapeutic medicines derived from tetramic acid alkaloids are desperately needed. In this review, new and old antimalarial alkaloids identified and reported recently from 2017 to 2021 are presented. Several compounds with promising antimalarial activity are identified from several subclasses of alkaloids. It is hoped that this review report will inspire future research into the toxicity and in vivo efficacy of the compounds, to exploit this intriguing compound as antimalarial drugs.


X: -3.0856738 Y: 4.7990904title: Characterisation of alkaloids from some Australian Stephania (Menispermaceae) species publish year: 2003 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Chemical investigations of some Stephania species native to Australia and reportedly employed by Aboriginal people as therapeutic agents, are described. The alkaloids from the forest vines Stephania bancroftii F.M. Bailey and S. aculeata F.M. Bailey (Menispermaceae) have been isolated and characterised. The major alkaloids in the tuber of the former species are (-)-tetrahydropalmatine and (-)-stephanine, whereas these are minor components in the leaves, from which a C-7 hydroxylated aporphine has been identified. The major tuber alkaloids in S. aculeata are (+)-laudanidine, and the morphinoid, (-)-amurine, whose absolute stereochemistry has been established by X-ray structural analysis of the methiodide derivative. No significant levels of alkaloids were detected in S. japonica. Complete and unambiguous 1H and 13C NMR data are presented for these alkaloids.


X: -3.23022 Y: 6.0736title: Crebanine, an aporphine alkaloid, sensitizes TNF-??-induced apoptosis and suppressed invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 by blocking NF-??B-regulated gene products publish year: 2014 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Crebanine is an alkaloid known to exhibit anticancer, but its mechanism is not well understood. Besides, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor has been correlated with inflammation, carcinogenesis, tumor cell survival, invasion, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of crebanine on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activation and the expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products. We found that crebanine reduced the cell proliferation of lung, ovarian, and breast cancer cells. Crebanine also potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis which correlated with the suppression of the gene products linked to cell survival, B cell lymphoma-extra large, and proliferation, cyclin D1. In addition, crebanine affected TNF-α-induced activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, indicating that the apoptotic effects of TNF-α were enhanced by crebanine. Moreover, crebanine reduced TNF-α-induced A549 cell invasion and migration. Furthermore, crebanine suppressed the TNF-α-mediated expression of proteins that involved cancer cell invasion (matrix metalloproteinase 9 urokinase-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and intercellular adhesion molecule 1) and angiogenesis (COX-2 and VEGF), all of which are known to be regulated by NF-κB. We also demonstrated that TNF-α induced NF-κB DNA-binding activity, which was inhibited by crebanine. Moreover, crebanine suppressed the TNF-α-induced degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBa), which led to reduced NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. Taken together, our results demonstrated that crebanine reduced TNF-α-induced cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and survival by suppressing NF-κB activity and expression profile of its downstream genes.


X: -4.160495 Y: 5.7164307title: Cholinesterase Inhibitory and In Silico Toxicity Assessment of Thirty-Four Isoquinoline Alkaloids – Berberine as the Lead Compound publish year: 2023 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Background:
Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors used currently in clinics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most prescribed drug class with nitrogen-containing chemical formula. Galanthamine, the latest generation anti-ChE drug, contains an isoquinoline structure

Objective:
The aim of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of thirty-four isoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. (-)-adlumidine, β-allocryptopine, berberine, (+)-bicuculline, (-)-bicuculline, (+)-bulbocapnine, (-)-canadine, (±)-chelidimerine, corydaldine, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, dehydrocavidine, (+)-fumariline, (-)-fumarophycine, (+)-α-hydrastine, (+)-isoboldine, 13-methylcolumbamine, (-)-norjuziphine, norsanguinarine, (-)-ophiocarpine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, oxocularine, oxosarcocapnine, palmatine, (+)-parfumine, protopine, (+)-reticuline, sanguinarine, (+)-scoulerine, (±)-sibiricine, (±)-sibiricine acetate, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine isolated from several Fumaria (fumitory) and Corydalis species towards acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by microtiter plate assays. The alkaloids with strong ChE inhibition were proceeded to molecular docking simulations as well as in silico toxicity screening for their mutagenic capacity through VEGA QSAR (AMES test) consensus model and VEGA platform as statistical approaches. The inputs were evaluated in a simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES).

Results:
ChE inhibition assays indicated that the highest AChE inhibition was caused by berberine (IC50: 0.72 ± 0.04 µg/mL), palmatine (IC50: 6.29 ± 0.61 µg/mL), β-allocryptopine (IC50: 10.62 ± 0.45 µg/mL), (-)-sinactine (IC50: 11.94 ± 0.44 µg/mL), and dehydrocavidine (IC50: 15.01 ± 1.87 µg/mL) as compared to that of galanthamine (IC50: 0.74 ± 0.01 µg/mL), the reference drug with isoquinoline skeleton. Less number of the tested alkaloids exhibited notable BChE inhibition. Among them, berberine (IC50: 7.67 ± 0.36 µg/mL) and (-)-corydalmine (IC50: 7.78 ± 0.38 µg/mL) displayed a stronger inhibition than that of galanthamine (IC50: 12.02 ± 0.25 µg/mL). The mutagenic activity was shown for β-allocryptopine, (+)- and (-)-bicuculline, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, (-)-fumarophycine, (-)-norjuziphine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, (+)-scoulerine, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine by means of in silico experiments. The results obtained by molecular docking simulations of berberine, palmatine, and (-)-corydalmine suggested that the estimated free ligand-binding energies of these compounds inside the binding domains of their targets are reasonable to make them capable of establishing strong polar and nonpolar bonds with the atoms of the active site amino acids.

Method
The alkaloids with strong inhibition were proceeded to molecular docking simulations as well as in silico toxicity screening for their mutagenic capacity through VEGA QSAR (AMES test) consensus model and VEGA platform as statistical approaches. The inputs were evaluated in a simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES).

Conclusion:
Our findings revealed that berberine, palmatin, and (-)-corydalmine stand out as the most promising isoquinoline alkaloids in terms of ChE inhibition. Among them, berberine has displayed a robust dual inhibition against both ChEs and could be evaluated further as a lead compound for AD.

Other
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X: -3.756859 Y: 5.5324316title: Oxostephanine, Thalmiculine, and Thaliphyline-Three Isoquinoleine Alkaloids That Inhibit L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels publish year: 2022 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The isoquinoline alkaloids (IAs) represent a large and diverse subfamily of phytochemicals in terms of structures and pharmacological activities, including ion channel inhibition. Several IAs, such as liriodenine (an oxoaporphine) and curine (a bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ), inhibit the L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (LTCC). In this study, we aimed to search for new blockers of LTCC, which are therapeutic targets in neurological and cardiovascular diseases. We set up a screening assay using the rat pituitary GH3b6 cell line, which expresses two LTCC isoforms, CaV1.2 and CaV1.3. Both LTCC subtypes can be indirectly activated by KCl concentration elevation or directly by the dihydropyridine (DHP), BAY K8644, leading to an increase in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i). These Ca 2+ responses were completely blocked by the selective LTCC DHP inhibitor, nifedipine. Thereby, 16 selected IAs were tested for their ability to inhibit KCl and BAY K8644-induced Ca 2+ responses. We then identified three new potent LTCC blockers, namely, oxostephanine, thaliphyline, and thalmiculine. They inhibited LTCC with IC50 values in the micromolar range through interaction to a binding site different to that of dihydropyridines. The two subfamilies of IAs, oxoaporphine with oxostephanine, and BBIQs with both thalyphilline and thalmiculine, constitute interesting pharmacophores for the development of future therapeutic leads for neurological and cardiovascular diseases.


X: -3.3445284 Y: 5.194784title: Natural Aporphine Alkaloids with Potential to Impact Metabolic Syndrome publish year: 2021 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome has steadily increased worldwide. As a major risk factor for various diseases, metabolic syndrome has come into focus in recent years. Some natural aporphine alkaloids are very promising agents in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and its components because of their wide variety of biological activities. These natural aporphine alkaloids have protective effects on the different risk factors characterizing metabolic syndrome. In this review, we highlight the activities of bioactive aporphine alkaloids: thaliporphine, boldine, nuciferine, pronuciferine, roemerine, dicentrine, magnoflorine, anonaine, apomorphine, glaucine, predicentrine, isolaureline, xylopine, methylbulbocapnine, and crebanine. We particularly focused on their impact on metabolic syndrome and its components, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia and obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperuricemia and kidney damage, erectile dysfunction, central nervous system-related disorder, and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. We also discussed the potential mechanisms of actions by aporphine alkaloids in metabolic syndrome.


X: -2.6371913 Y: 6.2753177title: The potential of understorey plants from Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (West Java, Indonesia) as cervixs anticancer agents publish year: 2017 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: This study aims to screening 97 species obtained from the understorey plants of The Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park of West Java, Indonesia as the anticancer cervixs agents. The anticancer plant activity is determined by the cytotoxicity assay of understorey plant methanol extracts against HeLa cervixs cancer cells using MTT test method. IC50 which is an indicator of cytotoxicity is determined by the probit analysis. The results show that of the 97 plants tested, there are five potential anticancer plants i.e. Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae), Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae), Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), Clidema hirta (L). D.Don (Lamiaceae), and Solanum torvum Sw (Solananceae) with IC50 values of 67.85 μg/mL, 3.38 μg/mL, 43.54 μg/mL, 36.93 μg/mL, and 59.09 μg/mL respectively. The phytochemical compound find five understorey plants consisting of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, phenol, flavonoids and tannin. © 2017, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.


X: -4.250128 Y: 5.747514title: Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease publish year: 2013 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is currently the main pharmacological strategy available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this sense, many alkaloids isolated from natural sources, such as physostigmine, have been long recognized as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current knowledge on alkaloids as AChE and BChE inhibitors, highlighting structure-activity relationship (SAR) and docking studies.
Natural alkaloids belonging to the steroidal/triterpenoidal, quinolizidine, isoquinoline and indole classes, mainly distributed within Buxaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Lycopodiaceae, are considered important sources of alkaloids with anti-enzymatic properties. Investigations into the possible SARs for some active compounds are based on molecular modelling studies, predicting the mode of interaction of the molecules with amino acid residues in the active site of the enzymes. Following this view, an increasing interest in achieving more potent and effective analogues makes alkaloids good chemical templates for the development of new cholinesterase inhibitors.
The anticholinesterase activity of alkaloids, together with their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, makes them good candidate agents for the treatment of AD.


X: -0.2581444 Y: 6.7942433title: Forest vegetation cover in Bu Gia Map National Park, Vietnam publish year: 2024 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Understanding the composition of tree species is essential for establishing conservation priorities. Bu Gia Map National Park is in the tropical rainforest zone of Southeast Vietnam. This paper is to analyse and assess tree species composition and biodiversity conservation in Bu Gia Map National Park. The diversity of plant species in Bu Gia Map National Park was studied to provide baseline information for conservation and sustainable management processes that will prolong the life of National Park. The results obtained from the study conducted on the plant species composition and forest vegetation in this national park revealed a total of 786 species, spanning 430 genera and 132 families, across three divisions of vascular plants: Polypodiophyta, Pinophyta, and Magnoliophyta. Among these are 300 species of timber plants, 270 species of medicinal plants, 62 species of edible plants, 74 species of ornamental plants, 40 species of industrial plants, 28 species of fiber plants, and 12 species of plants with unknown use. Notably, during the investigation period, Goniothalamus vietnamensis Ban and Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume were newly recorded in the forest vegetation of Bu Gia Map National Park. The study also describes a variety of forest vegetation in the area, identifying two major forest vegetation types within Bu Gia Map National Park.


X: -3.0176063 Y: 4.8142476title: Characterisation of alkaloids from some Australian Stephania (Menispermaceae) species publish year: 2003 keyword: Stephania_venosa content: Chemical investigations of some Stephania species native to Australia and reportedly employed by Aboriginal people as therapeutic agents, are described. The alkaloids from the forest vines Stephania bancroftii F.M. Bailey and S. aculeata F.M. Bailey (Menispermaceae) have been isolated and characterised. The major alkaloids in the tuber of the former species are (-)-tetrahydropalmatine and (-)-stephanine, whereas these are minor components in the leaves, from which a C-7 hydroxylated aporphine has been identified. The major tuber alkaloids in S. aculeata are (+)-laudanidine, and the morphinoid, (-)-amurine, whose absolute stereochemistry has been established by X-ray structural analysis of the methiodide derivative. No significant levels of alkaloids were detected in S. japonica. Complete and unambiguous 1H and 13C NMR data are presented for these alkaloids.