X: -2.5639596 Y: 8.713053title: Antioxidant Activities and Antioxidative Components in Extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Galangal extracted using 50% ethanol in water was studied for its antioxidant activity and composition in comparison with two other samples based on a water extract and the essential oil. The antioxidant activities were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. The ethanolic extract showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability as well as the highest ORAC value when compared to the water extract and the essential oil. The IC 50 values of the galangal ethanolic extract (10.66 mg/ml), water extract (55.48 mg/ml) and essential oil (455.43 mg/ml) were higher than those of α-tocopherol (1.45 mg/ml) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; 0.41 mg/ml). The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of galangal extracts were lower than that of BHA, the commercial synthetic antioxidant generally used in food. The ethanolic extract contained the highest concentrations of total phenolic compounds (31.49 mgGAE/g) and flavonoids (13.78 mgCE/g). The water extract and the essential oil had a total phenolic content of 8.25 and 5.01 mgGAE/g and a total flavonoid content of 1.48 and 0.20 mgCE/g, respectively. Antioxidants in the galangal essential oil, namely, methyl eugenol (4,130.38 µg/g), chavicol (2,390.45 µg/g), and eugenol (728.30 µg/g) were found in its volatile fraction. The water extract contained mainly myricetin (14.60 mg/g extract) and an unknown phenolic compound. The major antioxidants in the ethanolic extract were 1ácetoxycavichol acetate (10.56 mg/g extract), catechin (1.74 mg/g extract), and three unknown subtances. In addition to the phenolic compounds, 1ácetoxycavichol acetate (ACA) could play an important role in the antioxidant activity of galangal. The ethanolic extract of galangal was also advantageous as an antioxidant in food due to its mild odor compared with the essential oil.


X: 0.63809496 Y: 7.751483title: Variation in pollen fertility and chromosome number among germplasm collections of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Pollen fertility in 21 germplasm collections of ginger was determined by glycero-carmine staining and in vitro germination. Pollen fertility based on staining ranged from 5.59% to 67.73%, while in vitro germination ranged from 2.35% to 60.31% in different collections analyzed. High pollen stainability was not always followed by high in vitro germination in collections analyzed. However, the in vitro germination percentage was always lower than the percentage of stainability in all the collections. Highest in vitro pollen germination was recorded in acc. no. 195 (60.31%) followed by acc. no. 821 (50.67%). Somatic chromosome number analysis of the collections revealed that the two collections with high pollen fertility (acc. nos. 195 and 821) were tetraploids with 2n = 44 while most of the other collections had 2n = 22, the normal chromosome number. One collection with aneuploid chromosome number of 2n = 24 had lower pollen germination (4.82%), similar to many diploid collections. Tetraploids are identified for the first time from germplasm collections of ginger. The role of polyploidy in improving pollen fertility in ginger is discussed.


X: 0.20111582 Y: 9.8614235title: Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of Zingiber and Alpinia species: a review publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber and Alpinia species (family: Zingiberaceae) are popularly used in food as spices and flavoring agents and in ethnomedicine to heal numerous diseases, including immune-related disorders. However, their ethnomedicinal uses have not been sufficiently supported by scientific investigations. Numerous studies on the modulating effects of plants and their bioactive compounds on the different steps of the immune system have been documented. This review aimed to highlight up-to-date research findings and critically analyze the modulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of several Zingiber and Alpinia species, namely, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Alpinia galanga Linn., A. conchigera Griff, A. katsumadai Hayata, A. oxyphylla Miq., A. officinarum Hance, A. zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith, and A. purpurata (Viell.) K. Schum. on the immune system, particularly via the inflammation-related signaling pathways. The immunomodulating activities of the crude extracts of the plants have been reported, but the constituents contributing to the activities have mostly not been identified. Among the extracts, Z. officinale extracts were the most investigated for their in vitro , in vivo , and clinical effects on the immune system. Among the bioactive metabolites, 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols, 6-shogaol, and zerumbone from Zingiber species and cardamomin, 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate, yakuchinone, rutin, 1,8-cineole, and lectin from Alpinia species have demonstrated strong immunomodulating effects. More experimental studies using cell and animal models of immune-related disorders are necessary to further understand the underlying mechanisms, together with elaborate preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, and toxicity studies. Many of these extracts and secondary metabolites are potential candidates for clinical development in immunomodulating agents or functional foods to prevent and treat chronic inflammatory disorders.


X: -0.28568643 Y: 10.256364title: Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), is an important medicinal plant known as “Plai (Phlai)” in Thailand, “Bangle” in Indonesia, and “Bulei” in China. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat inflammation, pain, and respiratory problems. The rhizomes are the primary part of the plant that has been used for medicinal purposes due to their constituents with therapeutic properties, including phenylbutenoids, curcuminoids, and essential oils. Since the 1970s, many studies have been conducted on the phytochemicals and bioactivities of Z. cassumunar to establish fundamental scientific evidence that supports its use in traditional medicine. The accumulated biological studies on the extracts, solvent fractions, and constituents of Z. cassumunar have described their diverse medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective/neurotrophic, cosmeceutical, and antifungal/antimicrobial bioactivities. In this review, we summarize information on the phytochemicals of Z. cassumunar and the bioactivities of its extracts and constituents.


X: -0.6672405 Y: 10.246852title: Essential Oil and Antioxidant Activity of Cassumunar Ginger (Zingiberaceae: Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr.) Collected from Various Parts of Thailand publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr. is widely found in tropical Asia and is used commonly in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in the essential-oil component and the antioxidant activity of rhizome extracts from Z. montanum collected from various regions of Thailand. Essential oils were obtained using a microwave extraction method (ME). Samples collected from western Thailand contained the highest amount of essential oil (11.07 mL/kg), the accession from Kanchanaburi province gave the highest volume (21 mL/kg), whereas those from eastern Thailand contained the lowest volume (4.95 mL/kg). The constituents of the essential-oil samples were determined by GC analysis. This technique identified 15 compounds in Z. montanum essential oils. The major constituents of the oil consisted of sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and DMPBD ((E)-1(3, 4-dimethylphenyl) butadiene). No significant differences in essential-oil components among the original sources of rhizomes were found. The antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extracts were screened by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Samples from different sources showed significantly different DPPH scavenging activities (p< 0.05). The antioxidant activities of the rhizome extract obtained from the north showed the highest activity (80.88%), followed by those from the east (76.47%), the south (72.51%), the northeast (67.38%), the west (66.66%) and the central region (57.63%).


X: 0.29027495 Y: 7.8688626title: Genetic diversity and gene differentiation among ten species of Zingiberaceae from Eastern India publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In the
present study, genetic fingerprints of ten species of Zingiberaceae from eastern India were developed using PCR-based markers. 19 RAPD (Rapid Amplified polymorphic DNA), 8 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) and 8 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) primers were used to elucidate genetic diversity important for utilization, management and conservation. These primers produced 789 loci, out of which 773 loci were polymorphic (including 220 unique loci) and 16 monomorphic loci. Highest number of bands amplified (263) in Curcuma caesia whereas lowest (209) in Zingiber cassumunar. Though all the markers discriminated the species effectively, analysis of combined data of all markers resulted in better distinction of individual species. Highest number of loci was amplified with SSR primers with resolving power in a range of 17.4–39. Dendrogram based on three molecular data using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean classified all the species into two clusters. Mantle matrix correspondence test revealed high matrix correlation in all the cases. Correlation values for RAPD, ISSR and SSR were 0.797, 0.84 and 0.8, respectively, with combined data. In both the genera wild and cultivated species were completely separated from each other at genomic level. It also revealed distinct genetic identity between species of Curcuma and Zingiber. High genetic diversity documented in the present study provides a baseline data for optimization of conservation and breeding programme of the studied zingiberacious species.


X: -0.5589446 Y: 10.504249title: OPTIMASI KONSENTRASI POLIVINIL PIROLIDON (PVP) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGIKAT TEHADAP SIFAT FISIK TABLET EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG BANGLE (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb contains active compounds such as cassumumin AC, cassummarin AC, phenylbutanoid, and (E) -4- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-ol which has activities as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-allergenic agents so that they are potentially used as anti-allergies. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb is made into tablet because it has several advantages, which are easy to consume, practical, the right amount, cover the bitter taste and the distinctive smell and its stability is maintained in storage. This study aims to produce Zingiber cassumunar Roxb tablets that have good physical properties by using PVP as a binder. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb extract was made by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent, the tablet was formulated using wet granulation method. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb ethanol extract tablet was formulated in 3 formulas with variations in the PVP FI content of 1%, FII 2.75%, and FIII 4.5%. The resulting granules were tested for physical properties including moisture test, particle size distribution, flow time, stationary angle, bulk density, and compressibility, while the tablets produced were tested for physical properties including organoleptic test, uniformity of size, uniformity of weight, friability, and disintegration time. The results showed that the optimum concentration obtained was at FIII with 4.5% PVP concentration that complied the organoleptic test requirements, uniformity of size, weight uniformity, and fragility of tablets.


X: -1.9789687 Y: 8.0389185title: Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for 1΄-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) and its application in optimizing the yield of ACA during its isolation from Alpinia galanga extract as well as its quantification in nanoemulsion publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: An isocratic RP-HPLC was developed and validated for isolation of 1΄-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) from Alpinia galanga extract (AGE). Nucleodur C18 column was used as the stationary phase and mixture of acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid in water (60/40, v/v) were used as mobile phase. The elution was carried out with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Further, the method was validated as per ICH Q2 [R1] guidelines in terms of linearity, LOD,
LOQ, recovery, precision and specificity. The validated method was utilized for two purposes i.e. optimizing the isolation of ACA from AGE and quantifying ACA's concentration and release from its nanoemulsion. To achieve high yield of ACA, Central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize sieve number and solid to solvent ratio.
The retention time of standard and isolated ACA were found at 5.63 min and 5.46 min respectively. The results indicated that the validated method was linear, accurate, precise and specific. During optimization, excellent correlation was observed between practical yield (3.89 ± 0.23% w/w of dried rhizomes) and predicted yield (3.73% w/w of dried rhizomes) of ACA with p value more than 0.05. The percentage of ACA loaded in the nanoemulsion was found to be 99.12 ± 0.39. The in vitro diffusion studies showed 90.12 ± 2.21% release of ACA at the end of 24 h. It was concluded that the validated method has been successfully utilized to isolate the ACA from AGE and quantify the amount of ACA present in nanoemulsion.


X: -1.0833123 Y: 9.15575title: In vitro antifungal activities of various plant crude extracts and fractions against citrus post-harvest disease agent Penicillium digitatum publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aim of the present study is to in vitro evaluate various plant extracts and liquid fractions against citrus post-harvest disease agent Penicillium digitatum. Crude extracts of seven plant materials (fenugreek seeds, harmal seeds, garlic cloves, cinnamon bark, sticky fleabane leaves, and nightshade leaves and fruits). In addition to their methanolic, hexane, and aqueous -fractions were assayed by agar well diffusion and amended agar methods. Regression analysis of results was carried out by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS program. Results indicated that crude extracts of nightshade fruits cinnamon bark have completely inhibited the growth of tested fungal isolates (IC 50 = 57.5 μg ml -1 , 190-252.5 μg ml -1) respectively. Methanolic (except fenugreek), hexane and aqueous fractions of all tested plants have resulted in complete inhibition of tested isolates. The methanolic fraction of cinnamon bark extract has shown the highest antifungal activity as compared with the same fraction from other plants (IC 50 in the range of 5-23 μg ml -1) . Moreover, cinnamon bark hexane fraction was the most effective hexane fraction in all tested plants (IC 50 range: 12.25-14.5 μg ml -1) . Concerning fractions of garlic extract, only methanolic fraction has resulted in complete inhibition of fungal growth (IC 50 range: 3.75-18 μg ml -1) . However, the nightshade leaves aqueous fraction (IC 50 range: 6.75-10.5 μg ml -1) was the most effective over other fractions of the same plant.


X: 0.6959173 Y: 12.101492title: Sulfur Free Radical Reactivity with Curcumin as Reference for Evaluating Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Zingiberales publish year: 2004 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rhizome extracts of some members of the medicinal Zingiberales are widely used in dietary intake as well as in the traditional system of medicine. Curcumin, the chrome orange-yellow coloring compound present in turmeric rhizomes, has long been known to possess antioxidant property. Crude methanol extracts of the rhizomes of 11 species--Alpinia allughas, A. galanga, Curcuma amada, C. caesia, C. leucorrhiza, Hedychium coronarium, H. coccineum, H. flavescens, Kaempferia galanga, Zingiber cassumunar, and Z. officinale--were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using sulfur free radical reactivity with curcumin as a reference indicator. Sulfur free radicals (GS.) are generated by irradiating 15 mM glutathione (GSH) solution using a 5100 Ci cobalt-60 gamma irradiator. As reference indicator for the reactivity with sulfur free radicals, we used the depletion of pure curcumin sample in vitro as determined by a simple spectrophotometric method. The addition of the supernatant from crude rhizome extracts to the reaction mixture significantly decreased the depletion of curcumin, indicating that these crude extracts possessed antioxidant properties. The relative curcumin protection by different crude extracts against GS. showed that Z. cassumunar gave the highest degree of radioprotection. Our results reveal the potential medicinal use of rhizomes of medicinal Zingiberales as dietary agents.


X: -0.75511163 Y: 8.801158title: Insect repellent activity of medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate publish year: 2010 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This study investigated insect bite protection and length of the protection with 30 repellents which were divided into 3 categories: plant oil, essential oil and essential oil with ethyl alcohol, tested against three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus and Culex quinquefasciatus, under laboratory conditions. The plant oil group was comprised of Phlai (Zingiber cassumunar) and Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Both substances were effective as repellents and feeding deterrents against An. minimus (205 minutes protection time and a biting rate of 0.9%), Cx. quinquefasciatus (165 minutes protection time and 0.9% biting rate) and Ae. aegypti (90 minutes protection time and 0.8% biting rate). Essential oil from citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) exhibited protection against biting from all 3 mosquito species: for An. minimus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, the results were 130 minutes and 0.9%, 140 minutes and 0.8%, and 115 minutes and 0.8%, respectively. The period of protection time against Ae. aegypti for all repellent candidates tested was lower than the Thai Industrial Standards Institute (TISI) determined time of greater than 2 hours.


X: -1.383316 Y: 9.894497title: In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control publish year: 2006 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Essential oils are used in skincare products for perfuming and aromatherapy purposes. In this study, the bioactivities of seven essential oils commonly used and claimed for skincare namely citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus DC), Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC), holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) were investigated. Investigation of the in vitro susceptibility of the oils against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) using the broth microdilution technique revealed that citronella grass oil exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at 0.005–0.3 and 0.6–1.2 μl/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of lemongrass oil were 0.6 μl/ml and those of kaffir lime oil and holy basil oil were 5 μl/ml. Antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay showed that the IC50 values of holy basil oil (0.03 μl/ml), plai oil (6.9 μl/ml) and citronella grass oil (2 μl/ml) were lower than that of ascorbic acid (7.9 μl/ml). Anti-inflammatory activity of the oils determined using the 5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay found that IC50 values of holy basil oil (0.04 μl/ml), kaffir lime oil (0.05 μl/ml) and citronella grass oil (0.15 μl/ml) were less than that of nordihydroquaretic acid (1.7 μg/ml). Since P. acnes has a role in the inflammation of acne leading to scar formation, citronella grass oil may help to relieve acne blemishes. However, further investigation in the form of clinical studies would be necessary.


X: -0.666957 Y: 10.058138title: Screening of Zingiberaceae extracts for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities publish year: 2000 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of 13 Zingiberaceae species from the Alpinia, Costus and Zingiber genera were screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of most of the extracts was antibacterial with only the methanol extract of Costus discolor showing very potent antifungal activity against only Aspergillus ochraceous (MID, 15.6 microg per disc). All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity comparable with or higher that of alpha-tocopherol.


X: 0.23081295 Y: 10.130403title: Pharmacokinetics of Compound D, the Major Bioactive Component of Zingiber cassumunar, in Rats publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar have been used for many years in traditional Thai medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. The major bioactive component of this plant is Compound D [E-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol], which is a strong smooth muscle relaxant, and has antihistamine and anti-inflammatory actions. There is, however, incomplete information available for the pharmacokinetics of Compound D in mammals. In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of Compound D in male Wistar rats. A standardized extract of Z. cassumunar containing 4 % w/w Compound D was administered intravenously at 25 mg/kg or by oral gavage at 25, 75, or 250 mg/kg to Wistar rats. Blood, tissues, urine, and feces were collected from 0 to 48 h after dosing and the level of Compound D was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of Compound D ranged from 10-100 µg/L, reached a maximum approximately 0.15 h after oral dosing. Compound D exhibited an excellent tissue to plasma ratio, ranging from 1- to 1000 in several organs at 1-4 h after oral dosing. Less than 1 % of unchanged Compound D was excreted in the urine and feces. Further studies on tissue uptake and metabolite identification are required to obtain complete pharmacokinetic information and to develop appropriate dosing strategies of Compound D and the standardized extract of Z. cassumunar.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.


X: -0.789864 Y: 9.902952title: Chemical composition and antibacterial, antifungal, allelopathic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of cassumunar-ginger publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Background:
Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as cassumunar-ginger, is a folk remedy for the treatments of inflammations, sprains, rheumatism and asthma. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, and antibacterial, antifungal, allelopathic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the essential oil of Z. montanum originated from India.

Results:
The hydrodistilled essential oil of Z. montanum rhizome was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of forty-nine constituents, forming 98.7-99.7% of the total oil compositions were identified. The essential oil was characterised by higher amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons (32.6-43.5%), phenylbutanoids (27.0-41.2%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (11.4-34.1%). Major constituents of the oil were sabinene (13.5-38.0%), (E)-1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (DMPBD; 20.1-35.3%), terpinen-4-ol (9.0-31.3%), γ-terpinene (1.1-4.8%) and β-phellandrene (1.0-4.4%). The oil was evaluated against eight pathogenic bacteria and two fungal strains. It exhibited low to good antibacterial activity (MIC: 125-500 µg/mL) and moderate antifungal activity (250 µg/mL) against tested strains. The oil reduced germination (69.8%) and inhibited the root and shoot growth of lettuce significantly (LD50 : 3.58μL/plate). However, it did not show acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity up to the concentration of 10 mg/mL.

Conclusions:
The essential oil of Z. montanum can be used as a potential source of DMPBD, terpinen-4-ol and sabinene for pharmaceutical products. The results of this study add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Z. montanum native to India.


X: -0.18382525 Y: 10.329558title: IN VITRO ANTICOAGULANT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF PRASAPLAI RECIPE AND ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR ROXB. EXTRACTS publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objective: This present study aimed to evaluate the anticoagulant activity and antioxidant properties of Prasaplai recipe (PPR), a Thai traditionalmedicine, and its major ingredient, Zingiber cassumunar (ZC) Roxb. extracts, seeking new therapeutic purposes for the recipe.Methods: Aqueous extracts of PPR and ZC Roxb. were prepared by hot water decoction technique. The anticoagulant activity of the extracts wasevaluated by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests. In addition to anticoagulant activity, total phenolcontent and antioxidant activity were investigated. Total phenol content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The antioxidant activity wasestimated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay.Results: The APTT of plasma samples mixed with the PPR and ZC Roxb. extracts was significantly prolonged (p<0.05) at the concentration of1.0 mg/ml and above comparing to the control (normal saline solution) but was no significantly different for the PT. These results suggested thatPPR and ZC Roxb. extracts showed anticoagulant activity affecting the function of coagulation factor in the intrinsic pathway. All aqueous extractspossessed considerable antioxidant activity and were rich in total polyphenol.Conclusion: This finding indicates that the aqueous extracts possess significant anticoagulant and antioxidant activities, thus showing the potentialPPR and ZC Roxb. as a new source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic purposes, with particular emphasis on the prevention and treatment ofthrombosis.


X: -0.09960911 Y: 9.652271title: Effect of Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb. Phonophoresis versus Aqua sonic gel on pain, range of motion and functional disability in patients with Osteoarthritis of knee: Randomized control trial. publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Background
This research aims at assessing the use of ultrasound in combination with a ayurvedic ani-inflammatory Zingiber Cassumunar gel, considering the parameters of physiotherapy on knee osteoarthritis. Zingiber cassumunar (ginger) has been used, for its anti-inflammatory properties, orally as well by it’s topical application. Improvement in pain, range of motion, balance and an overall quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis of knee has been studied through various physiotherapeutic exercises. In this study Otago exercise programme includes strengthening of lower limb and balance exercise along with walking protocol.Methodology: In this research we will include 52 subjects (n=52) having knee osteoarthritis between grade 1-3 according to Kallgren and Lawrence. In his randomized controlled single-blinded trial the subjects will be randomized into two group independent design (Group A and Group B) through envelope method of randomization. Group A will receive conventional therapy while Group B will be the experimental group. Efficacy of the intervention for both the groups is checked at the end of 2 weeks by using VAS, universal goniometer, WOMAC, star excursion balance test(SEBT) as the outcome measures.Discussion: The goal of this Randomized control trial is to examine the impact Zingiber Cassumunar phonophoresis in Knee osteoarthritis patients. This randomized control trial will help identify the rapid and long term effects of Zingiber Cassumunar phonophoresis on Knee osteoarthritis. This research findings will help develop a new prospect for the treatment of Knee osteoarthritis.The clinical trial registry-India(CTRI) registration number for this trial is CTRI/2021/05/033459.


X: -0.31496733 Y: 10.394256title: The extraction method and formulation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai): A review publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai) is a medicinal plant widely cultivated in Thailand and tropical Asia for Thai traditional fields. The rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has an activity that helps reduce inflammation. It is more frequently used as an ingredient in marketed phytomedicines. This review aimed firstly to present the extraction method of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome, using different organic solvents, such as chloroform, hexane, and methanol that obtain the mainly various phenylbutanoid derivatives such as ((E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-ol (compound I), (E)-4-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-yl acetate (compound II), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-O--D-glucopyranoside (compound III), (E)-1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (compound IV), (E)-4-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-but-1,3-diene (compound V), (E)-trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E )-3,4-dimethoxystyryl] cyclohex-1-ene (compound VI), and (E)-trans-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (compound VII). It has been specially reported that the anti-inflammatory active constituents are compound I, II, V, and VI. The second aim was to suggest the preparation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. in new formulations such as emulsions and gels. The oil extract from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. can be appropriately prepared for further applications in cosmetic or medical applications.


X: -1.0913354 Y: 7.5818553title: Medicinal Plants used for Postnatal Care in Malay Traditional Medicine in the Peninsular Malaysia publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Malay traditional medicine practice concentrates on the primary healthcare including physical and spiritual aspects of human being. Most traditional practitioners use medicinal plants in the treatment. Hence, the study is aimed to compile preparations and local medicinal plants used traditionally by the women in postnatal care. Five Malay traditional practitioners based in the district of Muar in Johor and two in the district of Kuala Pilah in Negeri Sembilan were interviewed. From the study, information on 23 preparations, consisting of 128 medicinal plants, was successfully compiled. The preparations were categorised as jamu, fresh herbs, eye drop, poultice, medicated talcum powder and bathing solution. The medicinal plants comprised of 52 species belonging to 42 genera and 27 families. Some species were found to occur frequently, such as Curcuma longa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Kaempferia galanga L., Piper cubeba Bojer, Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Acorus calamus L., Piper nigrum Beyr. ex Kunth, Alyxia stellata Roem. & Schult., Coriandrum sativum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Nigella sativa L. and Usnea barbata Fries. The part of plants utilised in the preparations include rhizomes, fruits/berries, leaves, seeds, barks, flowers, roots, whole plant, gall and bulb. The study provided useful and important information on the diversity of medicinal plants used by different Malay traditional practitioners in postnatal care.


X: 0.46325272 Y: 10.091439title: The effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract on in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb (bengle) is one of the plants with the potential as an immunomodulator. It contain curcumin and some volatile compounds which previously reported to be potential as immunomodulator. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract on phagocytic activity of macrophages and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The bengle rhizome is macerated with 96% etanol solvent and then followed by ethyl acetate fractionation. The macrophage and lymphocyte were used in this study was isolated from male Balb/C strain mice. The macrophage phagocytosis activity was carried out using latex bead assay, and lymphocyte proliferation assay was carried out using MTT assay method. The concentration of extract was used in this study were 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. The effect of treatment was compared to negative control group. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages was shown by increasing of active phagocytes cells (SFA) and phagocytosis index. The highest percentage of SFA and phagocytic index results were shown at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract could increase lymphocyte proliferation significantly compare to the negative control (p


X: -0.8222271 Y: 9.327086title: Use of essential oils as post-harvest fungicides in the management of grey mould of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: During screening of twenty six essential oils against Botrytis cinerea, the essential oils of the ten plants viz. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eupatorium cannabinum, Lawsonia inermis, Ocimum canum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Prunus persica, Zingiber cassumunar and Z. officinale were found to exhibit absolute fungitoxic activity (100% growth inhibition). The essential oils of O. sanctum, P. persica and Z. officinale were selected for further investigation because these oils showed lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) as compared
to the other fungitoxic oils. The selected oils were subsequently standardized through physico-chemical and fungitoxic properties.
The MIC values of O. sanctum, P. persica and Z. officinale were found to be 200, 100 and 100ppm (mg/l) respectively. The oils showed fungistatic nature at their respective MIC. The
oils were thermostable, and exhibited a wide range of fungitoxicity against 15 other post-harvest fungal pathogens. The oils
had the potency to withstand high inoculum density. The antifungal potency of oils was found to be greater in comparison to
some prevalent synthetic fungicides. Practical applicability of the essential oils was observed in control of grey mould of
grapes caused by B. cinerea during storage. The O. sanctum- and P. persica-oil-treated grapes showed enhancement of storage life up to 5 and 4days respectively. The storage life of Z. officinale-oil-treated grapes was found to be enhanced up to 6days. The oils did not exhibit any phytotoxic effect on the fruit peel.
Therefore, the oils could be recommended as a potential source of ecofriendly botanical fungicide, after long term and wide
ranging trials.


X: -0.32759786 Y: 10.0241995title: An Overview on the Advances of Zingiber zerumbet publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber zerumbet traditionally Karpoori Haridraa known to the India as “Bitter Ginger,” is a perennial herb found in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, including India. The Z. zerumbet, rhizomes particularly, have been daily life used as a various food flavouring agent and appetizer in various Indian' cuisines while the rhizomes extracts have been used in Indian villagers folk medicine to treat various types of diseases (e.g., inflammatory- and pain-mediated diseases, worm infestation and diarrhoea, diabetes). This plant carried out using different in vivo and in vitro bioassays of biological evaluation. The various active pharmacological component of Z. zerumbet rhizomes most widely studied is zerumbone. This paper presents mainly the morphology, folk uses, chemistry, and pharmacology of this medicinal plant.


X: 0.41744694 Y: 7.9338045title: A Cytotaxonomic Study in the Genus Zingiber publish year: 2000 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The objective of the study was to know the taxonomic structure of the genus of Zingiber based on cytological characters such as ratio of number, shape and size of chromosome. Zingiber specimens were mainly from Bogor botanical garden. There were seven species studied, Z. amaricans Nor., Z. aromaticum Val., Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. gramineum Bl., Z. officinale Roxb., Z. ottensii Val. and Z. zerumbet (L.) J.E. Smith. Z. officinale (local name: Jahe) consinsting of 4 varieties, big ginger (jahe gajah), red ginger (jahe merah), small ginger (jahe emprit) and blue-dark browny ginger (jahe wulung). Species identification was based on the literature such as of Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1968), Holttum (1950), and Burkill (1935). Semi permanent squash method using acetoorcein dye was used to prepare the sample (Darnaedi, 1991; Okada, 1981; Robert and Short, 1979). The results of the study indicate that the number of chromosomes of all species studied were the same, 2n=32. The length size of the first chromosome pair was about 2m. The shape of the chromosomes was mostly metacentric. Length and shape of each pair of chromosomes were hard to be determined accurately using this method, so that the chromosomal karyotype map unable to be constructed in this study. Giemsa C-banding method might be used to solve the problems.


X: -1.9867587 Y: 7.1785374title: Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Structural Elucidation of Chemical Constituents from Aglaia oligophylla Miq publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Aglaia oligophylla Miq. is a shrub of approximately 25 meters tall under the Meliaceae family which possess distinct pharmacological properties including insecticides, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the trunks and stem of Aglaia oligophylla plant extracts and to isolate their chemical constituents. The antioxidant activity was evaluated as the reducing antioxidant capacity includes of cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In CUPRAC assay, ethyl acetate extract of the trunks part exhibited the strongest reducing capacity with the value of 1543 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g and for the stem part, methanol extract showed the strongest reducing antioxidant capacity with the value of 1059 mg TE/g. In FRAP assay, the methanol extracts of both trunks and stem of the plant showed the strongest reducing power with the values of 1269 mg TE/g and 1084 mg TE/g respectively. Repeated column chromatographic separation on chloroform extract of the trunks part afforded one triterpenes which was suggested to be stigmasterol (1) whilst the separation on methanol extract of the trunks obtained a triterpene, β-sitosterol (2). In the stem of A. oligophylla, the column chromatographic separation on petroleum ether extract afforded a new triterpene, namely oligophyllic acid (3) while the separation on chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts gave compound 2. All the chemical constituents were elucidated by comparison with literature review reported previously. Based on the value of CUPRAC and FRAP antioxidant assays of the plant extracts, A. oligophylla, shows great potential for the possibility of discovery and development of health promoting supplement from the extracts and chemical constituents.


X: -0.3249225 Y: 10.44358title: Study of Functional Ingredient of Zingiber cassumunar Extract as A Natural Anti-Agingand Color Source publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The objectives of this research were to study the phenolics and curcuminoids content from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract for natural anti-aging and color ingredient. Z. cassumunar was extracted with ethanol. It was found that the total phenolics and curcuminoids contents were 2.13±0.02 g GAE/g crude extract and 40.01±0.04 mg TCC/100g crude extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity by DPPH • and ABTS •+ were 85.69±1.69% and 70.08±4.12%, respectively. The collagenase (collagen and gelatin substrate) inhibition activities was 85.69±1.69% and 70.08±4.12 %, respectively. Color physical characterization measured by colorimeter (L*, a*, b* and hue) of Z. cassumunar extract was 72.31±0.22, 11.11±0.11, 32.49±0.19 and 71.13±0.08, respectively which was yellow color.


X: -0.73603696 Y: 10.200387title: Antimicrobial activities of the zhizome extract of Zingiber zerumbet L publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) (L.) Smith and its chloroform and petroleum ether soluble fractions against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
The fresh rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet were extracted in cold with ethanol (4.0 L) after concentration. The crude ethanol extract was fractionated by petroleum ether and chloroform to form a suspension of ethanol extract (15.0 g), petroleum ether fraction (6.6 g) and chloroform soluble fraction (5.0 g). The crude ethanol extract and its petroleum ether and chloroform fractions were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity against thirteen pathogenic bacteria and three fungi by the disc diffusion method. Commercially available kanamycin (30 µg/disc) was used as standard disc and blank discs impregnated with the respective solvents were used as negative control.
At a concentration of 400 µg/disc, all the samples showed mild to moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity and produced the zone of inhibition ranging from 6 mm to 10 mm. Among the tested samples, the crude ethanol extract showed the highest activity against Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude ethanol extract and its fractions were within the value of 128-256 µg/mL against two Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria and all the samples showed the lowest MIC value against V. parahemolyticus (128 µg/mL).
It can be concluded that, potent antibacterial and antifungal phytochemicals are present in ethanol extract of Z. zerumbet (L).


X: -0.13634337 Y: 10.730907title: Preparation of phenylbutanoid-rich Zingiber cassumunar extracts and simultaneous HPLC analysis of phenylbutanoids publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar are used increasingly as ingredients in marketed phytomedicines. Therefore, methods for the preparation of active constituent-rich extract, which yield products with batch-to-batch consistency, are required. Four anti-inflammatory phenylbutanoids, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)but-3-en-l-ol, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-yl acetate, (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)butadiene and (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene, isolated from Z. cassumunar, were used as standard markers for quantitative determination and preparation of phenylbutanoid-rich Z. cassumunar extracts (PZEs). A reversed-phase HPLC method was established for the simultaneous determination of the phenylbutanoids in Z. cassumunar extracts. The parameters of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the method were evaluated. Systematic extraction studies to maximize phenylbutanoid content revealed that hexane was the most appropriate solvent for extraction. A one-step purification of the hexane crude extract of Z. cassumunar, using silica gel vacuum chromatography, provided the PZEs. The content of phenylbutanoids in the PZEs was up to 48.3% w/w dry weight.


X: -0.061767507 Y: 9.718695title: The efficacy of Plygersic gel for use in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: An evaluation of the efficacy of the combination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and plai (Zingiber cassumunar) gel for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee using 1% diclofenac gel as a comparator.
A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the combination of 4% ginger and plai extract in a gel (Plygersic gel) as compared with a 1% solution of diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis knees. The number of participants in each group totaled fifty. The length of treatment was a 6 week period. The efficacy of the drugs was monitored by using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The t-test was used to compare the scores before and after treatments in each group. The repeated ANOVA was used to compare the scores between the two groups.
Both Plygersic gel and diclofenac gel could significantly improve knee joint pain, symptoms, daily activities, sports activities and quality of life measured by KOOS following 6 weeks of treatment. In the repeated ANOVA, there were no differences in the results between the Plygersic and diclofenac gel groups.
Plygersic gel relieves joint pain and improves problematic symptoms and improves the quality of life in osteoarthritis knees during a 6 week treatment regimen with no differences to the 1% Diclofenac gel group.


X: -0.7458809 Y: 8.77973title: Larvicidal Activity of the Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Malaysian Plants on Aedes aegypti publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A total of 17 methanol extracts and nine essential oils of Malaysian plants were investigated for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Acute mortality of the fourth instar larvae was determined according to the standard WHO method. Among the samples studied, the essential oils of Cinnamomum impressicostatum Kosterm., C. microphyllum Ridl. and Curcuma domestica Valeton showed significant effects with LC 50 values of 13.7, 20.6 and 20.9µg/ml, respectively. Except for Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., the essential oils of the other species were also effective against the larvae with LC 50 values less than 200µg/ml. Of the methanol extracts, Garcinia praniana King, G. griffithii T. Anders, Labisia pumila var. alata Lindl., L. pumila var. pumila and Mitragyna speciosa Korth. showed relatively high activity with LC 50 values ranging from 103-271µg/ml. The methanol extracts were generally less effective than the essential oils with most extracts exhibiting LC 50 values greater than 500µg/ml.


X: 0.2663308 Y: 11.364808title: Antioxidant and Radioprotective Properties of Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The tropical ginger, Zingiber montanum (J. Konig) A. Dietr. (syn. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.), is a known medicinal plant and non-conventional spice food widely and wildly grown in the wetland ecosystems of Manipur within the Indo-Burmese mega-biodiversity 'hotspot' region. The bio-active molecules present in the rhizome predominantly are alflabene, cassumunene, cassumunaquinones I, II, cassuminins A, B, C and cassumnarins A,B,C [1]. The rhizome displays strong antioxidant potential as studied by sulfur (thiyl) free radical (GS.) reactivities using curcumin as reference indicator [2]. Using chemical assays like diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide (O2-) and hydroxyl (OH.) free radical scavenging methods, methanol extract of rhizome has been shown to possess significant antioxidant potential and rhizome extract at low concentration has been shown to exhibit high cytotoxic properties as revealed by MTT assay using NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line [3,4]. The rhizome extracts with 60% ethanol have been found to protect plasmid pBR322 DNA exposed to varying doses of gamma radiation to a very significant extent. Various types of chromosomal abnormalities induced in rat bone marrow cells by gamma radiation can be effectively protected in animals fed with Z. montanum rhizome extract through oral or intraperitoneal administration. Acknowledgement: The authors thank Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, New Delhi for financial support. References:[1] Masuda T, Jitoe A (1994) Food Chemistry, 42: 1850–1856. [2] Chirangini P, Sharma GJ, Sinha SK (2004)J Envir Path Tox & Oncol, 23: 227–236. [3] Sharma GJ, Chirangini P, Mishra KP (2007) Gardens' Bulletin Singapore, 59: 189–201. [4] Singh OM, Devi NS, Thokchom DS, Sharma GJ (2010) European J Med Chem, 45: 2250–2257.


X: -0.70062035 Y: 10.948499title: Zingiber cassumunar, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Murraya paniculata Extracts as Antiobesity: In Vitro Inhibitory Effect on Pancreatic Lipase Activity publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Bangle), Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. (Jati belanda), and Murraya paniculata (Kemuning) have been used as slimming agents in jamu. A few researches have performed studies on their potency as antiobesity. The aim of this research was to investigate the potency of Z. cassumunar rhizome, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata leaf extracts as antiobesity agent based on in vitro inhibition activity of the extracts on pancreatic lipase activity. In this research, water content determination, phytochemical assay, toxicity assay and in vitro assay of inhibition activity on pancreatic lipase were performed toward single and mixture extracts of Z. cassumunar, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata resulted by water, ethanol, and saponin extractions. The results indicated that 100 ppm of ethanol extraction of Z. cassumunar had highest inhibition effect on the activity of pancreatic lipase (29.17%), followed by 100 ppm of water extraction of M. paniculata (25.66%), 60 ppm of ethanol extraction of G. ulmifolia leaves (25.13%) and ethanol extraction mixture of Z. cassumunar, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata leaves with ratio of 25:25:25 (21.58%). These inhibition effects were higher than inhibitory effect of 100 ppm of Xenical®/orlistat as the positive control, with the inhibition value of 17.53%. Saponin crude extracts had lower inhibitory effect than the other extractions. It was suggested that ethanol extraction of Z. cassumunar, and G. ulmifolia and water extraction of M. paniculata had potency as antiobesity agent.


X: -3.0805569 Y: 7.368935title: Mechanism- based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants publish year: 2006 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Thirty samples of Indonesian medicinal plants were tested for their mechanism-based inhibition on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and CYP2D6 via erythromycin N-demethylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation activities in human liver microsomes. From screening with 0 and 20min preincubation at 0.5mg/ml of methanol extracts, five plants (Cinnamomum burmani bark, Foeniculum vulgare seed, Strychnos ligustrina wood, Tinospora crispa stem, and Zingiber cassumunar rhizome) showed more than 30% increase of CYP3A4 inhibition, while three (Alpinia galanga rhizome, Melaleuca leucadendron leaf, and Piper nigrum fruit) showed more than 30% increase of CYP2D6 inhibition. In these eight plants, Foeniculum vulgare seed, Cinnamomum burmani bark, and Strychnos ligustrina wood showed time-dependent inhibition on CYP3A4 and Piper nigrum fruit and Melaleuca leucadendron leaf on CYP2D6. Among these, four plants other than Melaleuca leucadendron revealed NADPH-dependent inhibition. Thus, Foeniculum vulgare, Cinnamomum burmani, and Strychnos ligustrina should contain mechanism-based inhibitors on CYP3A4 and Piper nigrum contain that on CYP2D6.


X: 1.1657199 Y: 7.988043title: Micropropagation of red ginger (zingiber montanum koenig), a medicinal plant publish year: 2010 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A protocol has been developed for the in vitro regeneration of red ginger (Zingiber montanum Koenig), a valuable medicinal plant. Rhizome buds of 1.5 to 2 cm long were surface sterilized with commercial bleach prior to culture on Gamborg B5 medium incorporated with Tetracycline at 15 ml/L and Plant Preservative Mixture at 2 ml/L. For induction of multiple shoots, three studies were conducted, (1) effects of different plant growth regulators, (2) effect sof whole and sectioned buds and (3) effects of culture phase. Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0.5 mg/L was found to induce the highest shoot multiplication with a mean of 8.1 shoots per explant. Sectioned buds produced a mean of 4.6 shoots from each explant. As far the culture phase, liquid medium was found to be superior to solid medium. Rooting of propagules was conducted on B5 medium devoid of growth regulators. Acclimatization was conducted on medium containing a mixture of 1:1:1 soil, sand and peat with about 85% survivability.


X: -1.5093684 Y: 9.517192title: Light-mediated activities of some Thai medicinal plant teas publish year: 2003 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Forty-one types of commercially available Thai medicinal teas were tested for their light-mediated activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus K147 methicillin-sensitive (Ms), Escherichia coli DC10, E. coli (wild), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 187 (wild), Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. The results represent a first report of the light-mediated antimicrobial activities of Thai medicinal teas and suggest that phytochemical investigations may be warranted.


X: -0.31784233 Y: 10.225509title: The extraction method and formulation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai): A review publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai) is a medicinal plant widely cultivated in Thailand and tropical Asia for Thai traditional fields. The rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has an activity that helps reduce inflammation. It is more frequently used as an ingredient in marketed phytomedicines. This review aimed firstly to present the extraction method of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome, using different organic solvents, such as chloroform, hexane, and methanol that obtain the mainly various phenylbutanoid derivatives such as ((E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-ol (compound I), (E)-4-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-l-yl acetate (compound II), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-O--D-glucopyranoside (compound III), (E)-1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (compound IV), (E)-4-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-but-1,3-diene (compound V), (E)-trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E )-3,4-dimethoxystyryl] cyclohex-1-ene (compound VI), and (E)-trans-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (compound VII). It has been specially reported that the anti-inflammatory active constituents are compound I, II, V, and VI. The second aim was to suggest the preparation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. in new formulations such as emulsions and gels. The oil extract from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. can be appropriately prepared for further applications in cosmetic or medical applications.


X: -1.1534747 Y: 9.445712title: Inhibitory effect of lemongrass oil and its major constituents on Candida biofilm and germ tube formation publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Adhesion to a variety of host cells and the surface of biomaterials is a critical step in successful colonization and infection by Candida spp. Several essential oils are known to possess antifungal properties and are potentially used as antifungal agents. By studying the efficacy of essential oils against different pathogenic fungi in the genus Candida, we have evaluated the in vitro antifungal effects of eight essential oils used in aromatherapy, namely holy basil (Ocimum sactum L), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus DC), citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn), Plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb), Curcuma (Curcuma longa Linn), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose), against Candida albicans and Candida krusei in both planktonic and biofilm form. The results revealed that among the tested essential oils, lemongrass oil exhibited the most effective killing activity and possessed the strongest inhibitory effect on Candida biofilm formation. In addition, lemongrass oil and its major constituents can inhibit germ tube formation, which might affect adherence. The data in this study indicates that lemongrass oil possessed antibiofilm activity and could modulate candidal colonization. Therefore, it is a promising essential oil to combat candidal colonization and infection.


X: -0.6693816 Y: 8.95059title: Larvicidal and pupicidal activities of essential oils from Zingiberaceae plants against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus say mosquitoes publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: We conducted this study to investigate the efficacy of herbal essential oils from 12 species of Zingiberaceae plants to determine their larvicidal and pupicidal activity against fourth instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Probit analysis was used to analyze the data. Larval mortality was recorded at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes and 24 hours. Pupal mortality was recorded at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. All the essential oils tested showed larvicidal activity. Zingiber cassumunar and Amomum biflorum oils proved to have the greatest activity against Ae. aegypti larvae with LT50 of 1.4 minutes and 100% mortality at 5 and 10 minutes, respectively. Boesenbergia rotunda, Curcuma zedoaria and Hedychium coronarium essential oils had activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae with LT50 of 1.7 minutes and 100% mortality at 10 minutes, 5 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively. All the herbal essential oils tested resulted in 100% mortality against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae at 60 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae were susceptible to Z. ottensii oil (LT50 of 0.2 hour) and Z. zerumbet oil (LT50 of 0.6 hour) and had pupicidal activity with 100% mortality at 6 and 3 hours, respectively. All the essential oils test had pupicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus by inducing 100% mortality at 48 hours.


X: 0.5431767 Y: 9.975573title: Safety Assessment of Bangle ( Zingiber purpureum Rosc.) Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic Studies in Rats and Clinical Studies in Human publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Bangle (Zingiber purpureum Rosc.) rhizome extract (BRE) contains phenylbutenoid dimers (banglenes), which exert neurotrophic effects and possess the potential capability to regenerate hippocampal neurons in mice. The acute and chronic oral toxicities of BRE powder were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. A dose of BRE powder was estimated to be higher than 2000 mg/kg containing BRE 534 mg/kg as minimum lethal dose in a single-dose oral toxicity study. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level for the BRE powder was 1000 mg/kg/day (BRE 267 mg/kg) in the 90 day oral toxicity study. Four week clinical studies of BRE tablets in humans suggested that the ingestion of BRE tablets within 850 mg/man/day (BRE 227 mg/man/day) was safe for at least 1 month and in a usual manner. The Cmax, tmax, and AUC of cis- and trans-(E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-enes (c- and t-banglenes) were calculated after the ingestion of BRE tablets (BRE 227 mg) and were 17.73 and 22.61 ng/mL, 1.8 and 1.8 h, and 71.47 and 95.53 ng/mL/h, respectively.


X: -0.032390952 Y: 9.66821title: Effectiveness of Zingiber montanum Herbal Compress Remedy for Pain Management: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The Zingiber montanum herbal compress remedy is a type of herbal medicine that can be used as an alternative treatment for improving pain symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a Z. montanum herbal compress remedy for pain relief. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Thai databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published from inception to December 2022. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) wherein the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy was compared to that of a placebo or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were included. Six RCTs with a total of 812 patients were included in the analysis. The efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy had a significantly decreased pain score compared to the placebo (SMD = −0.63; 95% CI = −1.20, −0.06; I2 = 90%), but there was no significant difference when compared to NSAIDs (SMD = −0.61; 95% CI = −1.41, 0.81; I2 = 73%). Moreover, the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy in terms of the flexibility score (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI −0.56, 1.74; I2 = 86.0%) and quality of life (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI −0.38, 1.05; I2 = 81.0%) was similar to that of the placebo. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of the Z. montanum herbal compress remedy significantly reduces the pain scores reported by patients.


X: 0.34220996 Y: 8.003629title: Species-specific AFLP markers for identification of Zingiber officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The Zingiber genus, which includes the herbs known as gingers, commonly used in cooking, is well known for its medicinal properties, as described in the Indian pharmacopoeia. Different members of this genus, although somewhat similar in morphology, differ widely in their pharmacological and therapeutic properties. The most important species of this genus, with maximal therapeutic properties, is Zingiber officinale (garden ginger), which is often adulterated with other less-potent Zingiber sp. There is an existing demand in the herbal drug industry for an authentication system for the Zingiber sp in order to facilitate their commercial use as genuine phytoceuticals. To this end, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to produce DNA fingerprints for three Zingiber species. Sixteen collections (six of Z. officinale, five of Z. montanum, and five of Z. zerumbet) were used in the study. Seven selective primer pairs were found to be useful for all the accessions. A total of 837 fragments were produced by these primer pairs. Species-specific markers were identified for all three Zingiber species (91 for Z. officinale, 82 for Z. montanum, and 55 for Z. zerumbet). The dendogram analysis generated from AFLP patterns showed that Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet are phylogenetically closer to each other than to Z. officinale. The AFLP fingerprints of the Zingiber species could be used to authenticate Zingiber sp-derived drugs and to resolve adulteration-related problems faced by the commercial users of these herbs.


X: -1.3456606 Y: 9.632633title: Bactericidal activity of herbal volatile oil extracts against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Aim
The aim of the study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of 10 volatile oils extracted from medicinal plants, including galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.), tree basil (Ocimum gratissimum), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus DC.), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) against four standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and 30 clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDR-A. baumannii).

Materials and Methods
Agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were employed for the determination of bactericidal activity of water distilled medicinal plants. Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) was used as positive control in this study.

Results
The results indicated the volatile oil extracted from cinnamon exhibited potent antibacterial activity against the most common human pathogens, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. Most of volatile oil extracts were less effective against non-fermentative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. In addition, volatile oil extracted from cinnamon, clove, and tree basil possessed potent bactericidal activity against MDR-A. baumannii with MBC90 of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions
The volatile oil extracts would be useful as alternative natural product for the treatment of the most common human pathogens and MDR-A. baumannii infections.


X: -1.0152551 Y: 8.674635title: Chemical Composition, Antifeedant, Repellent, and Toxicity Activities of the Rhizomes of Galangal, Alpinia galanga Against Asian Subterranean Termites, Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Dual choice bioassays were used to evaluate the antifeedant property of essential oil and methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) (locally known as lengkuas) against two species of termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). A 4-cm-diameter paper disc treated with A. galanga essential oil and another treated with either methanol or hexane as control were placed in a petri dish with 10 termites. Mean consumption of paper discs (miligram) treated with 2,000 ppm of essential oil by C. gestroi was 3.30 ± 0.24 mg and by C. curvignathus was 3.32 ± 0.24 mg. A. galanga essential oil showed significant difference in antifeedant effect, 2,000 ppm of A. galanga essential oil was considered to be the optimum concentration that gave maximum antifeedant effect. The essential oil composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major component of the essential oil was 1,8-cineol (61.9%). Antifeedant bioassay using 500 ppm of 1,8-cineol showed significant reduction in paper consumption by both termite species. Thus, the bioactive agent in A. galangal essential oil causing antifeeding activity was identified as 1,8-cineol. Repellent activity shows that 250 ppm of 1,8-cineol caused 50.00 ± 4.47% repellency for C. gestroi, whereas for C. curvignathus 750 ppm of 1,8-cineol was needed to cause similar repellent activity (56.67 ± 3.33%). C. curvignathus is more susceptible compare to C. gestroi in Contact Toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of C. curvignathus was 945 mg/kg, whereas LD50 value for C. gestroi was 1,102 mg/kg. Hence 1,8-cineol may be developed as an alternative control against termite in sustainable agriculture practices.
© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America.


X: -0.32503796 Y: 10.510286title: Correlation Study of Antioxidant Activity with Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in 12 Indonesian Indigenous Herbs publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of selected Indonesian Zingiberaceae herbs were determined. An optimization extraction procedure was conducted by using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array. Four chemical assays were applied, including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, H2O2 scavenging activity assay, Folin–Ciocalteau (F–C) assay, and NaNO2-AlCl3-NaOH assay, which revealed remarkable differences in AA, TPC, and TFC. The result indicated the diversity of AA composition among the herbs, and C. longa exhibited the highest AA. HPLC-PAD analysis revealed that curcumin was present in five high antioxidant herbs, and the highest amount was in C. longa. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the identified TPC and TFC were significant contributors to AA, and curcumin was likely the main contributing antioxidant compound. Our approach concluded that C. longa is the greatest source of natural antioxidants among 12 Indonesian indigenous Zingiberaceae herbs. The use of a mixed-method approach to augment the findings of solitary methods might facilitate future researchers to uncover deeper and hidden meanings.


X: 0.18725641 Y: 10.946002title: A mild conversion of phenylpropanoid into rare phenylbutanoids: (E)-4-(2 ',4 ',5 '-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1, 3-diene and (E)-4-(2 ',4 ',5 '-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene occurring in Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2006 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: (E)-4-(2',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1,3-diene (4) and (E)-4-(2',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene (6), bioactive phenylbutanoids of Zingiber cassumunar, were synthesized exclusively with trans geometry. Treatment of methylmagnesium iodide with (E)-2',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamaldehyde (2), an oxidized product of abundantly available toxic (Z)-phenylpropanoid (1) of Acorus calamus, gave (E)-4-(2',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-ol (3) which upon dehydration with copper sulphate/silica gel under microwave irradiation for 3 min afforded 4 in 58% yield. Further, catalytic hydrogenation of 4 with 10% Pd/C afforded 4-(2',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)butane (5) which upon dehydrogenation with DDQ/SiO2 afforded hypolipidemic 6 in 54% yield.


X: -1.3107023 Y: 10.190625title: Dermal Pharmacokinetics of Terpinen-4-ol Following Topical Administration of Zingiber cassumunar (plai) Oil publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The purpose of this study was to investigate dermal pharmacokinetics of terpinen-4-ol in rats following topical administration of plai oil derived from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Unbound terpinen-4-ol concentrations in dermal tissue were measured by microdialysis. The dermal pharmacokinetic study of terpinen-4-ol was performed under non-occlusive conditions. The oil was topically applied at a dose of 2, 4, and 8 mg/cm2 plai oil corresponding to the amount of 1.0, 1.9, and 3.8 mg/cm2 terpinen-4-ol, respectively. Following topical application of the oil, terpinen-4-ol rapidly distributed into the dermis and demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics with no changes in the dose-normalized area under the concentration-time curves across the investigated dosage range. The mean percentages of free terpinen-4-ol distributed in the dermis per amount of administered were 0.39 ± 0.06 %, 0.41 ± 0.08 %, and 0.30 ± 0.03 % for 2, 4, and 8 mg/cm2 doses, respectively. The dermal pharmacokinetics of terpinen-4-ol could provide information for its further formulation development and therapy schedules.


X: -0.85056317 Y: 9.9142685title: Essential oils from family zingiberaceae for antimicrobial activity - a review publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Multi drug resistant pathogenic bacteria are posing a serious problem for the current world. Thus in the search for novel antibiotics traditional plants have been proved to be potent source for antimicrobial agents. Zingiberaceae family constitutes a vital group of rhizomatous medicinal and aromatic plants characterised by the presence of volatile oils and oleoresins of export value. Since the middle ages, essential oils have been widely used for bactericidal, fungicidal, medicinal and cosmetic applications. The aim of this review article is to elucidate major constituents present in essential oils of some medicinally important plants of Zingiberaceae family and to explain their antimicrobial activities.


X: 1.076665 Y: 13.917798title: The potential of culinary herbs and spices from the genera Curcuma and Zingiber in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The consumption of culinary herbs and spices in our daily dietary intake has been known to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. The efficacy of these seasoning agents towards preventing or alleviating chronic diseases is facilitated through the synergistic effect of their secondary metabolites. A majority of the scientific reviews which have been conducted till present emphasise that the positive effects of culinary herbs and spices on human health is predominantly due to the presence of dietary polyphenols. This review however will focus on the therapeutic benefits of essential oils of culinary herbs and spices from the genera Curcuma and Zingiber in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease.


X: -1.742468 Y: 10.318676title: Formulation, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Study of Chitosan/HPMC Blends-Based Herbal Blended Patches publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The current work prepared chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) blends and studied the possibility of chitosan/HPMC blended patches for Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. The blended patches without/with crude Z. cassumunar oil were prepared by homogeneously mixing the 3.5% w/v of chitosan solution and 20% w/v of HPMC solution, and glycerine was used as plasticizer. Then, they were poured into Petri dish and produced the blended patches in hot air oven at 70 ± 2°C. The blended patches were tested and evaluated by the physicochemical properties: moisture uptake, swelling ratio, erosion, porosity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction, and photographed the surface and cross-section morphology under SEM technique. Herbal blended patches were studied by the in vitro release and skin permeation of active compound D. The blended patches could absorb the moisture and became hydrated patches that occurred during the swelling of blended patches. They were eroded and increased by the number of porous channels to pass through out for active compound D. In addition, the blended patches indicated the compatibility of the blended ingredients and homogeneous smooth and compact. The blended patches made from chitosan/HPMC blends provide a controlled release and skin permeation behavior of compound D. Thus, the blended patches could be suitably used for herbal medicine application.


X: -0.7202535 Y: 8.788727title: Excito-Repellency of Essential Oils against an Aedes aegypti (L.) Field Population in Thailand publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: An investigation of the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti (= Stegomyia aegypti) to various concentrations of essential oils (2.5, 5, and 10%) extracted from hairy basil (Ocimum americanum Linn), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus Rendle), and plai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) were performed using an excito-repellency test chamber. Results showed that Ae. aegypti exhibited varying levels of escape response in both the contact and noncontact chambers in response to different essential oils. The magnitude of the behaviors changed in a dose-response fashion depending on the percent volume to volume concentration of oil used. A 2.5% concentration of hairy basil oil produced a significantly greater escape response compared to the other extracts at the same concentration (P< 0.05). Oils of ginger, lemongrass, and citronella produced stronger irritant and repellent responses at the median 5% concentration compared to the lowest and highest concentrations. There was marked suppression of escape for both contact and noncontact tests using 10% concentrations of hairy basil, lemongrass, and citronella, with high knockdown for all three oils after 30 min. Hairy basil and lemongrass had the highest insecticidal activity to Ae. aegypti, with LC50 values of 6.3 and 6.7 percent, respectively. We conclude that the essential oils from native plants tested, and likely many other extracts found in plants, have inherent repellent and irritant qualities that should to be screened and optimized for their behavior-modifying properties against Ae. aegypti and other biting arthropods of public health and pest importance.


X: -2.4415176 Y: 7.180681title: Investigation of HIV‐1 Viral Protein R Inhibitory Activities of Twelve Thai Medicinal Plants and Their Commercially Available Major Constituents publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein in Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) and has been suggested as an attractive target for HIV disease treatment. Investigations of the ethanolic extracts of twelve Thai herbs revealed that the extracts of the Punica granatum fruits, the Centella asiatica aerials, the Citrus hystrix fruit peels, the Caesalpinia sappan heartwoods, the Piper betel leaves, the Alpinia galangal rhizomes, the Senna tora seeds, the Zingiber cassumunar rhizomes, the Rhinacanthus nasutus leaves, and the Plumbago indica roots exhibited the anti‐Vpr activity in Hela cells harboring the TREx plasmid encoding full‐length Vpr (TREx‐HeLa‐Vpr cells). Moreover, the investigation of the selected main constituents in Punica granatum , Centella asiatica , A. galangal , and Caesalpinia sappan indicated that punicalagin, asiaticoside, ellagic acid, madecassic acid, madecassoside, zingerone, brazilin, and asiatic acid possessed anti‐Vpr activities at the 10µM concentration. Among the tested extracts and compounds, the extracts from Centella asiatica and Citrus hystrix and the compounds, punicalagin and asiaticoside, showed the most potent anti‐Vpr activities without any cytotoxicity, respectively.


X: -1.1085101 Y: 9.475476title: Exploring the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of Zingiberaceae rhizome extracts against Malassezia furfur publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Rhizomes from members of Zingiberaceae have long been used in Thai traditional medicine to treat cutaneous fungal infections, including Malassezia-related skin disorders. Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa, Zingiber cassumunar, and Zingiber officinale are particularly popular in folk remedies.

Aim of the study:
On account of the application background in traditional medicine, the present study aims to screen and determine the composition and possible mechanism of the rhizome extracts of selected Zingiberaceae and corresponding fractions against M. furfur.

Materials and methods:
All solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane) obtained from each plant were screened for anti-Malassezia activity by agar disc diffusion assay. The MIC and MFC values of the potent rhizome extract and its bioactive fraction isolated by TLC were determined using broth dilution assay followed by chemical characterization using GC-MS. The anti-Malassezia mechanism was investigated by macroscopic and microscopic observation of cells grown in the yeast phase and hyphal phase.

Results:
The primary screening results showed that the n-hexane extract from A. galanga possessed the most significant anti-Malassezia activity. The MIC and MFC values of this extract were in a range of 0.04-0.08 mg/ml and 0.04-0.16 mg/ml, respectively. The TLC purification of the n-hexane extract from A. galanga gave a total of nine fractions, of which only a single exhibited anti-Malassezia activity. The GC-MS analysis of the rhizome extract and the derivative fraction revealed that the major constituents were (2,6-dimethylphenyl)borate followed by a trace content of 1,8-cineol and hydrocarbons. For the antifungal mechanism of the fraction, treatments of the fraction led to morphological changes in cell size and shape, exerted massive vacuoles in yeast form, and inhibited the transition to hyphae but not likely affected chitin contents of the cell wall of M. furfur.

Conclusions:
According to the results, the n-hexane extract of A. galanga rhizome exhibits promising anti-Malassezia potential. The inhibitory effect on virulent hyphal growth supports that A. galanga is a valuable source of natural antifungal agents for further pharmaceutical research.


X: 0.20298421 Y: 10.030191title: Zerumbone suppresses the activation of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated U937 macrophages through MyD88-dependent NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zerumbone (ZER), isolated mainly from the Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) rhizomes was found to be effective against numerous inflammatory and immune disorders, however, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties have not been well studied. This study was carried out to examine the profound effects of ZER on inflammatory mediated MyD88-dependent NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated U937 human macrophages. ZER significantly suppressed the up-regulation pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2, and COX-2 protein in LPS-induced human macrophages. Moreover, ZER significantly downregulated the phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65), IκBα, and IKKα/β as well as restored the degradation of IκBα. ZER correspondingly showed remarkable attenuation of the expression of Akt, JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPKs phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. ZER also diminished the expression of upstream signaling molecules TLR4 and MyD88, which are prerequisite for the NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-Akt activation. Additionally, quantification of relative gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 indicated that, at a higher dose (50μM), ZER significantly downregulated the elevated mRNA transcription levels of the stated pro-inflammatory markers in LPS-stimulated U937 macrophages. The strong suppressive effects of ZER on the activation of inflammatory markers in the macrophages via MyD88-dependent NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways suggest that ZER can be a preventive and potent therapeutic candidate for the management of various inflammatory-mediated immune disorders.


X: -0.31966162 Y: 10.296403title: Antioxidant activity and selected chemical components of 10 Zingiber spp. in Thailand publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber officinale (ginger) is the one of most commonly used spices and is a traditional herbal medicine in
Thailand. Thailand is home to various Zingiber wild species. However, the biological activity evidence of these other
species is less well studied than that of Z. officinale. In this study, we investigated the rhizomes of 10 Zingiber species
to determine the correlations between total phenolic content, total curcuminoid content, and antioxidant activity, as
determined by means of DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) assays. We also used high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography to determine the quantities of 6-gingerol and terpinen-4-ol, respectively which are the two most important
active compounds associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Antioxidant activity was highly correlated with total phenolic content. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antioxidant activities of
three of the species (Z. rubens, Z. bisectum, and Z. barbatum). The rhizome extracts of Z. montanum showed the
highest total curcuminoid content and yielded the highest amount of essential oil and terpinen-4-ol content. 6-Gingerol
was detected in only two species: Z. officinale and Z. cornubracteatum. Our results suggest that Z. montanum may be
an excellent natural remedy owing to its considerable antioxidant activity and the large amounts of known bioactive
chemical constituents it contains. It may be a source of additional bioactive compounds.


X: -1.0404143 Y: 9.449455title: Antifungal activities of essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum, Piper betle, and Ocimum sanctum against clinical isolates of canine dermatophytes publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Current antifungal drugs for canine dermatophytosis are effective but may cause adverse effects or drug resistance. In this study, three essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry, Piper betle, and Ocimum sanctum were investigated for their antifungal activities. Fungal organisms were standard strains and clinical isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were evaluated. The composition of the essential oils was determined by GC/MS analysis. MIC and MFC tests indicated that the antifungal activities of these three essential oils were high (MIC range 0.2-1.6 μl/ml) and fungal samples from both sources had similar sensitivity to antifungal drug and essential oils. The results of essential oil analysis revealed that eugenol and its derivatives were the major components possessing antifungal activity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of all three essential oils as highly effective antifungal agents against canine dermatophytes.


X: -0.6567044 Y: 8.839203title: Repellency of essential oils extracted from Thai native plants against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Repellent activity of essential oils derived from 10 Thai native plants, belonging to three families were evaluated against female Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus and to compare them with a commercial chemical repellents (DEET; N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide 20 % w/w; Sketolene Shield®). Each test repellent was applied at 1, 5, and 10 % concentrations for testing by arm in cage method. The results showed significant differences in repellency among the repellents by mosquito species. The protection time of the essential oils against Ae. aegypti ranged from 3 to 30 min. According to the Culex mosquito, it showed the protection time ranged from 3 to 260 min. 10 % Boesenbergia rotunda essential oil provided the best efficiency, in which protection time was 4.3 h as equal as DEET. The essential oils which exhibited protection time more than 2 h were those of 10 % Zingiber zerumbet, Litsea petiolata, Curcuma zedoaria, and Zingiber cassumunar essential oils (3.1, 2.8, 2.6, and 2.3 h, respectively). The biting percentage ranged from 0.9 to 18.0 % and 0.8 to 3.6 % against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The results revealed that the potential of essential oil extracted from B. rotunda, Z. zerumbet, L. petiolata, C. zedoaria, and Z. cassumunar had attributes of good repellent and deterred biting. We recommend the five essential oils for further study to develop as commercial repellents.


X: 0.25549608 Y: 10.726538title: A potential cytotoxic principle of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2003 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A bioassay-guided fractionation of the active chloroform extracts of the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. led to the isolation of a potential cytotoxic principle, curcumin (1), along with two inactive compounds, (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (2) and (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl acetate (3). Curcumin (1) showed a significant cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines (Col2; 2.30, A549; 12.30, SNU638; IC50 18.80 μg/ml).


X: -0.53455085 Y: 10.401113title: Chemical Profile, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Rhizome Oil of Zingiber anamalayanum from Western Ghats in India publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Volatile oil from fresh rhizomes of Zingiber anamalayanum was isolated by hydrodistillation and characterised by GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-one out of 24 constituents comprising 99.47% of the oil were identified. Major components in Z. anamalayanum rhizome oil were δ-2-carene (52.83%), camphene (9.83%), endo-fenchol (9.42%), iso-dihydrocarveol (6.44%) and cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (5.19%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons in the rhizome oil were 65.81%, followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (23.78%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (9.87%). Physical parameters of rhizome oil were [Formula: see text] 1.4031, [Formula: see text] - 16.097(o) (c = 1, CHCl3) and [Formula: see text] 0.9202. Z. anamalayanum rhizome oil showed significant anti-Dalton's Lymphoma Ascitic activity.


X: 1.2739099 Y: 7.962131title: In vitro propagation and microrhizome induction in Zingiber cassumunar (Roxb.) - an antioxidant-rich medicinal plant publish year: 2005 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Rhizomatous buds of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. -a medicinally important aromatic herb -were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with plant growth regulators for inducing microshoots. Explants inoculated in 4.44 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) showed 100% response giving both multiple shoots (70%) and single shoots (30%). However, single shoots were induced in higher percentage (80%) in 2.32 µM kinetin supplemented medium. The most effective media for multiplication of microshoots were MS media fortified with 0.54 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 4.44 µM BAP and 2.69 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BAP producing at the rate of 8 microshoots per explant. Microrhizomes were observed at the base of all in vitro derived shoots cultured on the media supplemented with a range of sucrose concentration (3-9%) within eight weeks of incubation. The best responses in terms of number (up to 6 microrhizomes per culture tube) were obtained in the media supplemented with 7 and 9% sucrose. Average fresh weight of 0.81g was observed in MS medium supplemented with 5% sucrose.


X: -1.8804183 Y: 9.938563title: Characterization and in vitro permeation study of microemulsions and liquid crystalline systems containing the anticholinesterase alkaloidal extract from Tabernaemontana divaricata publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aims of the present study were to characterize the microstructure and study the skin permeation enhancement of formulations containing the alkaloidal extract from Tabernaemontana divaricata. The extract was loaded in the formulations composed of Zingiber cassumunar oil, TritonX-114, ethanol and water with the oil:surfactant ratios of 1:5 and 2:5. The formulations were characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy, polarising light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and viscosity measurement. A reverse micellar phase, w/o microemulsions, liquid crystalline systems, liquid crystal in microemulsion systems and coarse emulsions were formed along the aqueous dilution line of both oil:surfactant ratios. Formulations with the ratio of 1:5 containing 0.1μg/ml extract showed a significantly higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition than those with the ratio of 2:5. The skin of stillborn piglet was used in the permeation study. The liquid crystalline and microemulsion systems significantly increased the transdermal delivery of the extract within 24h. It was concluded that the alkaloidal extract from T. divaricata stem loaded in liquid crystalline or microemulsion systems comprising Z. cassumunar oil/TritonX-114/ethanol/water may act as an alternative percutanous formulations for enhancing the acetylcholine level in Alzheimer's patients.


X: -1.7583967 Y: 9.659046title: Characterization of potent anticholinesterase plant oil based microemulsion publish year: 2010 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: In the present study, essential oils of three edible Thai plants, Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae), Citrus hystrix (Rutaceae) and Zingiber cassumunar (Zingiberaceae) were comparatively tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities using Ellman's colorimetric method. C. citratus oil exhibited the highest activity with IC(50) values of 0.34±0.07μl/ml and 2.14±0.18μl/ml against BChE and AChE activity, respectively. It was further investigated whether microemulsions of this oil could be obtained. The effects of type of surfactant and co-surfactant as well as pH and ionic strength on the phase behavior of the oil/water system were investigated. Brij 97, Triton X-114, Tween 20 and Tween 85 were employed as surfactant whereas ethanol and hexanol were used as cosurfactants. The size analysis, electrical conductivity measurements and cholinesterase inhibition assays were done in selected microemulsion. The results revealed that the type and concentration of surfactant and co-surfactant exhibited a distinct influence on the C. citratus oil microemulsions. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the microemulsion formulation were remarkable.


X: -1.9205693 Y: 10.372301title: Miscibility of natural polyhydroxyalkanoate blend with controllable material properties publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolyesters were synthesized by Cupriavidus necator cells in continuous feeding of cosubstrates. During the PHA accumulation phase, the composition of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV), and 4-hydroxyvalerate (4HV) of the copolyesters changed with time, resulting in a change in their miscibility. The as-produced PHA finally became a miscible blend of copolymers with a broad chemical composition distribution. The good miscibility and low crystallinity of the natural P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HV) blend lead to a remarkable increase in ductility and elongation at break. It indicates that the material properties of copolyesters can be tailored via feeding control of cosubstrates. It was also found that the fractions of natural PHA blend exhibited distinctive thermal behavior and the overall behavior of the as-produced PHA blend was primarily dependent on a fraction of high 3HB content. The material properties of a PHA blend are therefore not determined by its overall chemical composition but more likely by the combined effect of individual copolyesters or fractions. Moreover, the degree of X-ray crystallinity of random P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HV) blend declined significantly with the increase of 3HV and 4HV content, in contrast to the high crystallinity of well-known P(3HB-co-3HV) copolyesters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013


X: -2.3913352 Y: 8.383906title: Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and uses of Indian traditional medicinal plant Kaempferia galanga L. – An overview publish year: 2020 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Kaempferia galanga L. is a stemless, rhizomatous, aromatic, perennial and indigenous herb. It is native to India and distributed in China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Sudan, Nigeria and South Africa. It is an important Indian medicinal herb that has a long history of use in the treatment of several kinds of human ailments including vata ailments like cough and cold, fever, headache, pains disorders, skin diseases, rheumatic diseases, arthritis, joint fractures, vertigo, wounds, gastritis, antidote for snake venoms, inflammation, blood vomiting, mouth sores and tongue blisters in infants. Moreover, the rhizomes of this plant are highly aromatic and have been used widely as spices, in food flavoring, pickles, cosmetics and in perfumery products.

Aim of the review:
This paper aimed to provide a critical review of current scenario on K. galanga. This review provides a current data on diversity, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of K. galanga.

Materials and methods:
The information and data on K. galanga were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet, Google and Google Scholar.

Results:
The forty-nine phytochemicals including esters, terpenoids, diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, phenolic glycoside, polysaccharides, phenolic acids and benzoic acids have been hitherto isolated and characterized. The major bioactive compounds extracted from the rhizome of K. galanga were ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, kaempferol, kaempferide, kaempsulfonic acids, kaemgalangol A, xylose, cystargamide B and 3-caren-5-one. Various studies demonstrated that the K. galanga and its constituents possess several pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, amebicidal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculosis, anti-dengue, antiangiogenic, anti-nociceptive, anticancer, cytotoxicity, hyperlipidemic, hypopigmentary, osteolysis, larvicidal, insecticidal and mosquito repellent, nematocidal, sedative, sniffing, vasorelaxant and wound healing.

Conclusion:
Kaempferia galanga L. is a valuable medicinal plant which is used traditionally in India to treat a wide variety of ailments. A number of bioactive phytochemicals like esters, terpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, diarylheptanoids, cyclic lipodepsipeptide, phenolic acids and glucoside have been isolated from the rhizomes of K. galanga by several researchers. These phytochemicals are highly bioactive and exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, more studies are required to recognize the effectiveness of these bioactive compounds and to understand their molecular mechanisms.


X: -2.3518221 Y: 8.44157title: Medicinal importance of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae): A comprehensive review publish year: 2021 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga included in the Zingiberaceae family is one of the potential medicinal plants with aromatic rhizome. In traditional medicine in Asian countries, this plant is widely used by local practitioners. This plant is widely cultivated in most Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Ethyl-para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found as the main compounds in hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts of K. galanga. This plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, and antipyretic remedy. In addition, K. galanga is used for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, cough, asthma, joint fractures, rheumatism, urticaria, vertigo, and intestinal injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to give a sneak peek view on galangal’s ethnobotany, toxicology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry.


X: -1.8229283 Y: 8.506214title: Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of Kaempferia galanga: A review publish year: 2018 keyword: Kaemferia_galanga content: Kaempferia galanga is one of the most industrially important medicinal plants belongs to Zingiberaceae family and contains high-valued essential oil of medicinal and industrial importance. The essential oil of K. galanga has got huge market potential in India and world. The present market value of essential oil varies from US$600 to 700 per kilogram on the international market. The major chemical constituents of the essential oil of K. galanga are ethyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphene, linoleoyl, methyl-cinnamate and pentadecane. These chemical components show various anti-microbial activities and nutraceutical properties. Due to its wealth of pharmacological applicability, K. galanga is a high-valued medicinal plant of industrial importance. In this review, we present, up to date information regarding the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of K. galanga which offer a new perspective on the research on biochemical and molecular characterization of elite chemical components for pharmacological applications and commercial utility.