X: 0.3245935 Y: 10.154805title: The immunomodulatory effect of Zingiber cassumunar ethanolic extract on phagocytic activity, nitrit oxide and reaxtive oxygen intermediate secretions of macrophage in mice publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Immunomodulators could protect the body from a variety of infectious agents and boost immunity. Zingiber cassumunar rhizome or bangle potentially showed as an immunomodulator through increasing of macrophage activity in vitro. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of Z. cassumunar rhizome ethanolic extract on phagocytic activity, nitrite oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) secretions in macrophages in vivo. A total of 200 g of Z. cassumunar rhizome was powdered, macerated in 96% ethanol and evaporated to get concentrated extract. Mice were divided into 5 groups as follow: the normal group was given by water only, the negative control group was given by a 0.94% CMC-Na suspension, the treatment groups were given by 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kgBW, respectively, of Z. cassumunar ethanolic extract. The extract was administered orally for 7 days. On the 8th day the mice were injected intraperitoneally 0.7 mg/kg BW of lipopolysaccharide. Four hours later macrophage was isolated. Furthermore, the determination of the phagocytic activity, NO and ROI secretions levels of macrophage were performed. The treatments of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW of Z. cassumunar ethanolic extract significantly increase the ROI and NO secretions levels (p<0.05), but did not increase the phagocytic activity (p>0.05) of macrophage. Z. cassumunar ethanolic extract have immunomodulatory effect in vivo.


X: 0.46770972 Y: 10.0151205title: The effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract on in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb (bengle) is one of the plants with the potential as an immunomodulator. It contain curcumin and some volatile compounds which previously reported to be potential as immunomodulator. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract on phagocytic activity of macrophages and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The bengle rhizome is macerated with 96% etanol solvent and then followed by ethyl acetate fractionation. The macrophage and lymphocyte were used in this study was isolated from male Balb/C strain mice. The macrophage phagocytosis activity was carried out using latex bead assay, and lymphocyte proliferation assay was carried out using MTT assay method. The concentration of extract was used in this study were 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. The effect of treatment was compared to negative control group. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages was shown by increasing of active phagocytes cells (SFA) and phagocytosis index. The highest percentage of SFA and phagocytic index results were shown at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract could increase lymphocyte proliferation significantly compare to the negative control (p


X: 0.41550002 Y: 9.629194title: Potential Bangle (Zingiber montanum J.König) Rhizome Extract as a Supplement to Prevent and Reduce Symptoms of Covid-19 publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The morbidity and mortality rates due to Covid-19 are increasing day by day, to overcome this, we urgently need a better treatment strategy, therefore various ways and strategies for this must be pursued. The purpose of the present review is to explain that the rhizome of bangle (Zingiber montanum) has great potential to increase antibodies and reduce symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which also seems suitable for treating Covid-19. Method: This review is looking for the results of scientific research from various sources, regarding the efficacy of bangle (Zingiber montanum) rhizome which is strongly suspected to be able to prevent, and reduce the symptoms that occur in COVID-19. The results showed that the bangle rhizome extract had activity as immunomodulatory, antiviral and reduced symptoms such as what happened in COVID-19. Conclusion: Bangle rhizome extract has dozens of nutritious substances and has multifunctional activities, and it can be postulated that among the benefits of bangle rhizome extract it is able to prevent and reduce symptoms that occur in Covid-19, and preclinical studies and clinical studies are needed to prove this postulate.


X: 0.4889592 Y: 9.765634title: Bioactivity of a Compound of Standardized Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Extract Fraction as a Complimentary Therapy to Prevent Malaria Complications publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Malaria is still a major problem in the international and national scale. World Health Organization (WHO) states that based on World malaria report, world cases of malaria reached 216 million and an estimated of 655 thousand people died, in 2010. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by phagocytic cells and activated endothelial cells occurs In the severe malaria. Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) has the potential to be developed as a new complementary therapy that is expected to prevent fatal malaria complications. The research objective is to test in vivo, the activity of a compound of standardized Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) fraction extract as a complementary therapy along with standard anti-malarial drug, artemisin. This is a true experimental study using twenty-five mice Balb / C male which are divided into five groups; the negative control group, positive control group treated KI, II, and III stimulation with each of the compounds of standardized fraction extract of bangle ( FEBT-h, FEBT-dcm, FEBT-m) for 14 days.
Oneway ANOVA test showed the result of p = 0.01 (p <0.05). Continued with LSD test that showed the most significant in lowering the degree of parasitaemia is the group of methanol (FEBT-m).


X: 0.027000874 Y: 10.7554455title: Two new phenylbutenoids from the rhizomes of cassumunar ginger and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity publish year: 2022 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: An extract from the rhizomes of Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber purpureum Roscoe). was found to have significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 6.3 µg/mL. Two new phenylbutenoids, cassudimin A (1) and cassumunol N (2), and seven known compounds (3-9) were isolated. Their structures and relative configurations of two new compounds were elucidated based on spectra interpretation. Compounds 1-3, 6-9 showed more potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than a positive control, acarbose (IC50 = 168.0 µM). Dehydrozingerone (6) exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 value of 8.3 μM. Compounds 7 and 9 were found in Z. purpureum rhizomes for the first time.


X: 1.1330256 Y: 13.938749title: Antihypercholesterolemic Effect of Combination of Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. Leaves and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes Extract in Wistar Rats publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. (mutamba) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Java turmeric) has been used traditionally as slimming agent and for treating various diseases including hypercholesterolemia. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of mutamba leaves in combination with ethanol extract of Java turmeric has been determined on lipid blood level of Wistar rats compared to each extract alone in hyperlipidemic induced rats. Thirty male rats weighing 180-200 g were divided into six groups receiving mutamba extract, Java turmeric extract, simvastatin as a reference of antihyperlipidemic drug, combination of mutamba and Java turmeric at two different doses and one control group. The extract was given daily for 14 days at the same time as the administration of propylthiouracil and food high in cholesterol content to induce hyperlipidemia. The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL were measured after 3, 7 and 14 days of treatment. The result were analyzed statistically using ANOVA. The results indicated that combination of aqueous extract of mutamba leaves at a dose of 25 mg kg -1 b.wt. and ethanol extract of Java turmeric rhizome at a dose of 12.5 mg kg -1 b.wt. decreased total cholesterol and LDL level significantly compared to control group (p = 0.004) after 7 days of treatments. Aqueous extract of mutamba leaves at a dose of 50 mg kg -1 b.wt. did not show any significant effect while ethanol extract of Java turmeric rhizome at a dose of 25 mg kg -1 b.wt. decreased only LDL level significantly.


X: 0.14212115 Y: 10.871106title: Isolation of two phenylbutadiene dimmers and one monomeric 4-phenylbut-3-ene from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Z Naturforsch publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Two arylbutadiene dimers of the 3-aryl-4-styrylcyclohexene series together with a novel C 6 -C 4 monomer (2-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)ethanol) have been isolated from Zingiber cassumunar. Due to their co-occurrence and the chemical similarity of one portion of the molecules, a possible biosynthetic relationship between the cyclohexene dimers and the phenylnaphthaquinones of Z. cassumunar, based on Diels-Alder reactions, is suggested.


X: -0.3752676 Y: 10.068654title: Cellular transport of anti-inflammatory pro-drugs originated from a herbal formulation of Zingiber cassumunar and Nigella sativa publish year: 2009 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar and the seed of Nigella sativa are two ingredients in Thai traditional medicine to relieve dysmenorrhea and adjust the menstrual cycle. Mixture of these two herbs produces three esters, namely (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl linoleate (1), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl oleate (2) and (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (3). The aim of this study is to examine in vitro absorption of these esters and evaluate their transport across the membrane.
In vitro transport of these three esters was observed in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The ester compounds 1, 2 and 3 at a concentration of 10 microM were hydrolyzed by porcine liver esterase.
All esters transported across the Caco-2 cell without enzymatic hydrolysis. The apparent permeability coefficients P(app) of compound 1 at 53 microM and 106 microM were 13.94 (0.60) x 10(-6) and 14.33 (0.17) x 10(-6) cm/s respectively, while those of compound 2 were 9.45 (0.29) x 10(-6) and 10.08 (0.32) x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. Papp values of compound 3 were 7.48 (0.31) x 10(-6) cm/s at 53 microM and 8.60 (0.55) x 10(-6) cm/s at 106 microM. P(app) values of the parent compound (compound D), i.e. (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol were 8.53 (0.83) x 10(-6) cm/s at 53 microM and 16.38 (0.61) x 10(-6) cm/s at 106 microM. The ester hydrolysis of compounds 1, 2 and 3 by porcine liver esterase was monitored by HPLC and the hydrolysis reactions were completed within 10 minutes.
Using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model, the present study finds that compounds (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl linoleate (1), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl oleate (2) and (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (3) originated from Prasaplai preparation (a Thai herbal formula) may be transported through a facilitated mechanism and serve as pro-drugs to increase the compound D level in the blood.


X: 0.4280642 Y: 9.638619title: Potential Bangle (Zingiber montanum J.König) Rhizome Extract as a Supplement to Prevent and Reduce Symptoms of Covid-19 publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The morbidity and mortality rates due to Covid-19 are increasing day by day, to overcome this, we urgently need a better treatment strategy, therefore various ways and strategies for this must be pursued. The purpose of the present review is to explain that the rhizome of bangle (Zingiber montanum) has great potential to increase antibodies and reduce symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which also seems suitable for treating Covid-19. Method: This review is looking for the results of scientific research from various sources, regarding the efficacy of bangle (Zingiber montanum) rhizome which is strongly suspected to be able to prevent, and reduce the symptoms that occur in COVID-19. The results showed that the bangle rhizome extract had activity as immunomodulatory, antiviral and reduced symptoms such as what happened in COVID-19. Conclusion: Bangle rhizome extract has dozens of nutritious substances and has multifunctional activities, and it can be postulated that among the benefits of bangle rhizome extract it is able to prevent and reduce symptoms that occur in Covid-19, and preclinical studies and clinical studies are needed to prove this postulate.


X: -0.005731674 Y: 10.677363title: The Structures of Cassum unaquinones 1 and 2 from Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Two novel pigments have been isolated from the lyophilised rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar, wild ginger from Thailand. Their structures have been established by spectroscopic means as 2-methoxy-8(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,4-naphthaquinone (cassumunaquinone 1) and 2-methoxy- 8 (2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,4-naphthaquinone (cassumunaquinone 2 ).


X: -0.33181491 Y: 10.092891title: Plants of the Genus Zingiber: A Review of Their Ethnomedicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology publish year: 2022 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Plant of the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) have primarily distributed in subtropical and tropical Asia, South America and Africa. The species of this genus have been widely used as food and in folk with a long history for treating various diseases. Reports related to the phytochemistry and phytochemistry of Zingiber species are numerous, but articles on the summary of the genus Zingiber remain scarce. This review aims at presenting comprehensive information about the genus Zingiber and providing a reference for the future application by systematically reviewing the literature from 1981 to 2020. Currently, a total of 447 phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this genus, in which volatile oils, diarylheptanoids, gingerols, flavonoids and terpenoids are the major components. Gingerols, which are the main functional components, are the spicy and aromatic ingredients in the Zingiber species. Extracts and single compounds from Zingiber plants have been discovered to possess numerous biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. This review provides new insights into the ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Zingiber and brings to the forefront key findings on the functional components of this genus in food and pharmaceutical industries.


X: 0.011133245 Y: 10.763838title: Microwave-Assisted Minutes Synthesis of Bioactive Phenylbutanoids Occurring in Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2005 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Microwave-assisted condensation of benzaldehyde (3a,b) with acetone in aqueous sodium hydroxide adsorbed on basic alumina provides phenylbutenone (4a–4b) in 68–71% yield within 4 min, which upon further reduction with sodium borohydride and basic alumina gives phenylbutenol (5a,b) in 91–94% yield within 2 min. Dehydration of 5 with anhydrous copper (II) sulfate gives phenylbutadiene (1a,b), a metabolite of Zingiber cassumunar, within 3 min in 42–48% yield, respectively. All the steps involve environmental friendly solvents and reagents, mild reaction conditions, and overall formation of product 1a,b from 3a,b in 34–38% yield within 9 min under microwave irradiation.


X: 0.43584964 Y: 10.012438title: INTERLEUKIN LEVELS IN THE Zingiber cassumunar-TREATED MICE publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The cytokine is one of the proteins responsible for the immune system. Several types of cytokines acting as key regulators of infection include IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14. The chemical content of Zingiber cassumunar shows potential immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of Zingiber cassumunar (EEZC) on the expressions of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14. The test animals were BALB/c mice, which were divided into five groups, i.e., normal group (untreated), negative control group (treated with 10% of tween 80), and three treatment groups that respectively received 1.25 mg, 2.5mg, and 5mg/20g BW of EEZC. The treatment was carried out for 21 days. On the 22ndday, the mice were induced with LPS intraperitoneally (except for the normal group). The interleukin expression was observed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies, and the expressed cells were counted under a microscope. The administration of EEZC at the doses of 1.25 mg, 2.5mg, and 5mg/20g BW for 21 days increased the expression of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14 significantly and proportionally to the dose. and suggested the potency of extract to induce both innate and adaptive immunity. This activity may be attributable to curcumin as an active compound in this extract.Â


X: -1.0365684 Y: 7.9045935title: Bakera, a herbal steam bath for postnatal care in Minahasa (Indonesia): Documentation of the plants used and assessment of the method publish year: 2007 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Bakera, a steam bath prepared with various plants, is a traditional method used in Minahasa (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) for recuperation after childbirth. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 midwives and 166 mothers in different villages of Minahasa, in order to document the preparation and plants used for the bakera. Overall, the use of 60 different plant species for the bakera was recorded. Among the 10 most frequently cited bakera plants, eight are essential oil plants, which are usually cultivated in the kitchen gardens and often used as spices. The therapeutic effects of thermotherapy and aromatherapy contribute to the effectiveness of the bakera. Thermotherapy soothes symptoms such as muscular strain, heaviness in the limbs, edema, loss of appetite, and constipation, whereas the essential oils of the plants used have an immuno-stimulant, antiseptic, and antiphlogistic effect. If applied under the guidance of an experienced person, during the late childbed, the bakera can be regarded as an effective and safe method for recuperation after child birth.


X: 1.2815524 Y: 12.650518title: New Curcuminoids Isolated from Zingiber cassumunar Protect Cells Suffering from Oxidative Stress: A Flow-Cytometric Study Using Rat Thymocytes and H2O2 publish year: 1998 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Effects of new complex curcuminoids (cassumunin A and cassumunin B) isolated from tropical ginger, Zingiber cassumunar, were examined in dissociated rat thymocytes suffering from oxidative stress induced by 3 mM hydrogen peroxide by using a flow cytometer and ethidium bromide. The effects were compared with those of curcumin, a natural antioxidant, whose chemical structure is included in those of cassumunins A and B. Pretreatment of rat thymocytes with the respective cassumunins at concentrations ranging from 100 nM to 3 microM dose-dependently prevented the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced decrease in cell viability. It had the same action, although less effective, against the treatment with cassumunin A or B (3 microM) immediately after or 60 min after start of the oxidative stress. Respective potencies of cassumunins A and B in protecting the cells suffering from H2O2-induced oxidative stress were greater than that of curcumin. It is suggested that cassumunins A and B may possess a potent protective action on living cells suffering from oxidative stress.


X: -1.6684079 Y: 10.340677title: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Essential Oil-Loaded Electrospun Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(ethylene oxide) Fiber Blend Membrane for Antibacterial Wound Dressing Application publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai) has long been used in Thai herbal remedies to treat inflammation, pains, sprains, and wounds. It was therefore loaded into an electrospun fibrous membrane for use as an analgesic and antibacterial dressing for wound care. The polymer blend between poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide) was selected as the material of choice because its wettability can be easily tuned by changing the blend ratio. Increasing the hydrophilicity and water uptake ability of the material while retaining its structural integrity and porosity provides moisture balance and removes excess exudates, thereby promoting wound healing. The effect of the blend ratio on the fiber morphology and wettability was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurement, respectively. The structural determination of the prepared membranes was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The release behavior of (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD), a marker molecule with potent anti-inflammatory activity from the fiber blend, showed a controlled release characteristic. The essential oil-loaded electrospun membrane also showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. It also exhibited no toxicity to both human fibroblast and keratinocyte cells, suggesting that the prepared material is suitable for wound dressing application.


X: 0.5204429 Y: 9.949615title: Histopathological Changes in the Wistar Rats Liver Treated with Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Rhizome Ethanol Extract during Acute Toxicity Test publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Malaria is still an infectious disease that can not be eradicated. The presence of antimalarial drug resistance case encourages the research on herbal plants that are expected to be a complementary therapy drug of malaria, one of them is bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.). This research aimed to investigate the effect of bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) rhizome ethanol extract to the histopathological changes of Wistar rats liver during acute toxicity test. This research type was true experimental laboratories with posttest only control group design using four treatment groups (given dose 42,609 mg/200gBW + Tween 1%, 213,045 mg/200gBW + Tween 1%, 426,09 mg/200gBW + Tween 1%, and 852.18 mg/200gBW + Tween 1%) and one control group (given 1% Tween). Each treatment groups consisted of five male rats and five female rats. The final mean score of hepatocyte damage as the research data was analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test and showed that p=0,084. It indicated that there was no significant difference of liver histopathology results between groups.

Keywords: malaria, bangle rhizome, acute toxicity test, liver histopathology


X: 0.38277483 Y: 10.093307title: A Phase I Study of Oral Phlai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) Capsule in Healthy Adult Volunteers publish year: 2022 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., called Phlai in Thai, is a traditional herb, has multiple bioactive properties including anti-inflammatory activity, smooth muscle relaxation, antihistamine activity, and mucin secretion lowering properties. As a result, Phlai may have the potential to treat asthma. Our phase I study aimed to study the safety profile of oral Phlai capsules in healthy adult volunteers during 12 weeks of consumption. Ten participants, aged 18-50, were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples were taken to measure complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolyte, liver function and fasting blood sugar; urinary analyses for all, and urine pregnancy testing for female volunteers, were done. With normal lab results, the volunteers commenced taking two oral Phlai capsules once daily (200 mg/day) over 12 weeks. The same blood and urine tests were performed at 1, 2, 4, 12 and 14 weeks. The mean age (SD) of participants was 36.10 (7.26) years old. There were no laboratory abnormalities during the study and follow-up period except in one volunteer, a 25-year-old male with a slightly decreased white blood count of 3.6 x103/μl (neutrophil 39.8%) in the 1st week and 3.9 x10 3 /μl (neutrophil 40.6%) in the 14th week. Four participants reported somnolence 4-5 hours after taking the drug during the first two weeks. In conclusion oral Phlai capsules (200 mg/day) for 12 weeks did not cause serious adverse events, including the laboratory abnormalities in our healthy volunteers. However, somnolence was found in 40% of the participants during the first 2 weeks and improved over time.


X: 0.82276726 Y: 8.043283title: Biotechnology of Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr.: A review publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The present article reviews the biotechnological research in Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr. (cassumunar ginger). Studies on biotechnological interventions in this plant were focused mainly on the application of tissue culture techniques. Recently, attentions are being drawn towards the genomic studies which mostly aimed at establishing the genetic relationship of different gene pools. The present review summarizes the various aspects of tissue culture protocol for in vitro micropropagation, in vitro microrhizome induction, in vitro conservation technology and molecular biology studies of this medicinal plant. This review will help in further research of this plant in areas related to tissue culture for propagation and increased production of important secondary metabolites, phylogenetic analysis and genetic engineering. Moreover, it will offer an insight into crop improvement and breeding programs of this important underutilized medicinal plant for improved yield and quality of secondary metabolites.


X: 0.20311533 Y: 10.866684title: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Optically Active Phenylbutenoid Dimers publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The total synthesis of optically active phenylbutenoid dimers 1, 3, and ent-3 is described. The key step to access optically active cyclohexene rings was achieved by Diels-Alder reaction of chiral acryloyloxazolinone 9 and phenylbetadiene 10.


X: -0.271047 Y: 10.297203title: IN VITRO ANTICOAGULANT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF PRASAPLAI RECIPE AND ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR ROXB. EXTRACTS publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objective: This present study aimed to evaluate the anticoagulant activity and antioxidant properties of Prasaplai recipe (PPR), a Thai traditionalmedicine, and its major ingredient, Zingiber cassumunar (ZC) Roxb. extracts, seeking new therapeutic purposes for the recipe.Methods: Aqueous extracts of PPR and ZC Roxb. were prepared by hot water decoction technique. The anticoagulant activity of the extracts wasevaluated by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests. In addition to anticoagulant activity, total phenolcontent and antioxidant activity were investigated. Total phenol content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The antioxidant activity wasestimated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay.Results: The APTT of plasma samples mixed with the PPR and ZC Roxb. extracts was significantly prolonged (p<0.05) at the concentration of1.0 mg/ml and above comparing to the control (normal saline solution) but was no significantly different for the PT. These results suggested thatPPR and ZC Roxb. extracts showed anticoagulant activity affecting the function of coagulation factor in the intrinsic pathway. All aqueous extractspossessed considerable antioxidant activity and were rich in total polyphenol.Conclusion: This finding indicates that the aqueous extracts possess significant anticoagulant and antioxidant activities, thus showing the potentialPPR and ZC Roxb. as a new source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic purposes, with particular emphasis on the prevention and treatment ofthrombosis.


X: -1.3582672 Y: 10.2109375title: Dermal Pharmacokinetics of Terpinen-4-ol Following Topical Administration of Zingiber cassumunar (plai) Oil publish year: 2012 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The purpose of this study was to investigate dermal pharmacokinetics of terpinen-4-ol in rats following topical administration of plai oil derived from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Unbound terpinen-4-ol concentrations in dermal tissue were measured by microdialysis. The dermal pharmacokinetic study of terpinen-4-ol was performed under non-occlusive conditions. The oil was topically applied at a dose of 2, 4, and 8 mg/cm2 plai oil corresponding to the amount of 1.0, 1.9, and 3.8 mg/cm2 terpinen-4-ol, respectively. Following topical application of the oil, terpinen-4-ol rapidly distributed into the dermis and demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics with no changes in the dose-normalized area under the concentration-time curves across the investigated dosage range. The mean percentages of free terpinen-4-ol distributed in the dermis per amount of administered were 0.39 ± 0.06 %, 0.41 ± 0.08 %, and 0.30 ± 0.03 % for 2, 4, and 8 mg/cm2 doses, respectively. The dermal pharmacokinetics of terpinen-4-ol could provide information for its further formulation development and therapy schedules.


X: 0.52585787 Y: 12.368603title: Phytochemical profiles and biological activities of Curcuma species subjected to different drying methods and solvent systems: NMR-based metabolomics approach publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Curcuma species (Zingiberaceae) have been used in traditional medicine in India and Southeast Asia to treat many human ailments and are believed to possess many biological activities. In this study, four Curcuma species (C. zedoaria, C. xanthorrhiza, C. aeruginosa and C. mangga) were compared in terms of their total phenolic contents (TPC), and bioactivities including free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. Their phytochemical constituents were also determined by a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) based metabolomics approach. The species were dried using three drying methods (air, freeze and oven) and extracted with two ethanol ratios (50 and 100%). The correlations between TPC and bioactivities, with phytochemical constituents were obtained using partial least square (PLS) regression. The results showed that C. xanthorrhiza had the highest TPC, antioxidant and NO inhibitory activities, whereas C. mangga showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Notable and clear separations among the four species and the three drying methods for C. xanthorrhiza and C. mangga were revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA scores plot showed close relationship between C. xanthorrhiza and C. mangga, and were separated from C. zedoaria and C. aeruginosa. The PLS model indicated that curcumin, xanthorrhizol, 1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-(lE,6E)-1,6-heptadiene-3,4-dione and demethoxycurcumin were significantly correlated with the higher antioxidant and NO inhibitory activities as demonstrated by C. xanthorrhiza. Meanwhile, zerumin B, dehydrocurdione, (E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial, calcaratarins A and curcuzederone were present in C. mangga contributed to the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The freeze dried samples of all the absolute ethanol extracts of Curcuma species exhibited significant bioactivities with the highest contents of metabolites.


X: 2.7393522 Y: 13.661957title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Andrographis paniculata and Curcuma longa Powder on Growth Performance, Immunity and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial broiler Chicken publish year: 2024 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The research was conducted to assess the effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu) and Curcuma longa(Turmeric) powder supplementation on growth performance and immune response, serum biochemistryand carcass characteristics of commercial broiler chicken. Five hundred and sixty-day-old (Ven Cobb 400)broiler chicks were randomly allotted into seven treatment groups with four replicates of twenty chickseach. The control group T1 was fed a basal diet formulated as per BIS (2007) while in treatment groupsT2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 fed basal diet with A. paniculata powder1.0g/kg (T2), basal diet with C. longa powder 1.0 g/kg
(T3), basal diet with A. paniculata 2.0 g/kg (T4), basal diet with C. longa 2.0 g/kg (T5), basal diet with combinationof A. paniculata powder 1.0g/kg and C. longa powder 1.0 g/kg (T6
) and basal diet with combination of A.paniculata powder 2.0g/kg and C. longa powder 2.0 g/kg (T7) for 42 days period. A. paniculata and C. longa supplementary feed compared to the control feed significantly (P<0.05) increased the average weight gain and average feed intake of broilers. A numerical difference was observed in carcass characteristics. Serum biochemical parameters (serum total protein, serum albumin) did not differ significantly among the treatment groups. The serum cholesterol significantly reduced in treatment groups compared to control. The immune response (HI titre) to Newcastle disease non-significant in treatment groups. But numerical improvement observed in all treatment groups compared to control. The results of this study show that the application of A. paniculata and C. longa powder at the level of 2g/kg in broilers showed better growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to other treatment groups and their combination can to be used effectively as a growth promoter in broilers.


X: -3.088988 Y: 8.997762title: Hypotensive effect and endothelium-dependent vascular action of leaves of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical profile, vascular reactivity, and acute hypotensive effect (AHE) of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum (EEAP). Its chemical profile was evaluated using HPLC-UV, ICP-OES, and colorimetric quantification of total flavonoids and polyphenols. The vascular reactivity of the extract was determined using the mesenteric bed isolated from WKY. AHE dose-response curves were obtained for both EEAP and inorganic material isolated from AP (IAP) in WKY and SHR animals. Cytotoxic and mutagenic safety levels were determined by the micronucleus test. Rutin-like flavonoids were quantified in the EEAP (1.8 +/- 0.03%), and the total flavonoid and polyphenol ratios were 4.1 +/- 1.8% and 5.1 +/- 0.3%, respectively. We observed that the vasodilation action of EEAP was partially mediated by nitric oxide ((NO)-N-center dot). The IAP showed the presence of calcium (137.76 +/- 4.08 mu g mg(-1)). The EEAP and IAP showed an AHE in WKY and SHR animals. EEAP did not have cytotoxic effects or cause chromosomic alterations. The AHE shown by EEAP could result from its endothelium-dependent vascular action. Rutin-like flavonoids, among other polyphenols, could contribute to these biological activities, and the calcium present in EEAP could act in a synergistic way.


X: -1.037924 Y: 10.322527title: Selectivity Encapsulation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. oil by Beta-cyclodextrin Derivatives publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai) is a medical plant widely cultivated in Asia and its essential oil has been reported for several biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidant effects. In this work, the essential oil was extracted from Plai by steam distillation with 0.32% yield. (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD), (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-ene-1-ol (compound D) and terpinen-4-ol were reported as the major components. The components of Plai oil were investigated by GC-MS. It was found that sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and DMPBD were detected as the major components for 23, 20 and 30%, respectively. The three types of beta-cyclodextrins (bCDs) i.e. beta-cyclodextrin (bCD), 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbCD) and citric acid crosslinked beta-cyclodextrin (pbCD) were used to form the inclusion complexes with Plai oil to increase the aqueous solubility, selectivity and anti-analgesic properties. The ratio of CDs and plai oil was varied. The amount of terpinen-4-ol and DMPBD were detected by GC-MS. The results showed that terpinen-4-ol was fitted to bCD whereas HPbCD showed the highest selectivity of DMPBD. The pbCD presented the lowest selectivity both terpinen-4-ol and DMPBD. As the results, the different types of CDs showed the different selectivity for inclusion complex formation with major component in Plai oil. The separation of terpinen-4-ol and DMPBD can be done by using CD inclusion complexes. The anti-analgesic property of Plai oil and its complexes will be further studied.


X: -0.24304588 Y: 10.4917title: HPTLC analysis of (E)-4-(3ʹ,4ʹ-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol in Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract: Method validation and its application on studying compound-genetic relationship publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objectives: This study focused on developing high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) quantitative analysis method for (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (Compound D), a major anti-inflammatory compound in Zingiber cassumunar extract. In addition, an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was applied to explore the genetic differentiation relating to the yield of Compound D. Materials and Methods: HPTLC method validation included linearity, precisions, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and robustness was performed according to International Conference of Harmonization guideline. For genetic differentiation in Z. cassumunar, AFLP method was applied to this study. Results: Linearity of the developed method showed a regression coefficient at 0.9958 and covered concentration range of 84-420 ng/band. The precisions were <2% (relative standard deviation [RSD]). The accuracy demonstrated the average recovery value of 98.31%. The LOD and LOQ were 10 and 40 ng. The results on robustness of the method were also <2% (RSD). When applied this method to determine the amounts of Compound D in Z. cassumunar rhizome extracts from 17 locations in Thailand, the results indicated some correlation between amount of Compound D and major genetic differentiation in Z. cassumunar. Conclusion: The validated HPTLC method has high potential in application of quality control of Compound D in raw material of different variety of Z. cassumunar rhizomes, and its herbal pharmaceutical products.


X: -0.61895454 Y: 9.065619title: Insecticidal activity of different fractions of petroleum ether extract of Zingiber cassumunar rhizome against Tribolium castaneum publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: An experiment was carried out to investigate the efficacy of contact toxicity of different fractions of petroleum ether extract of Zinziber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome against Tribolium castaneum. Seventy-eight different fractions of petroleum ether extract were obtained from column chromatography. Elutes having the similar TLC behavior were combined in eight fractions and were named as: MN-1, MN-2, MN-3, MN-4, MN-5, MN-6, MN-7 and MN-8. Four separate fractions were collected from the MN-1 fraction by preparative thin layer chromatography. These four parts were washed with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Thereafter, these were separated by small column and designated as: M1N1, M1N2, M1N3, M1N4, M2N1, M2N2, M2N3, M2N4, M3N1, M3N2, M3N3, M3N4, M4N1 and M4N2. Fractions of M1N2, M2N2, M3N2 and M4N2 were found to be the most effective against the beetle T. castaneum after 24, 48 and 72 hours. However, some fractions exhibited the moderate effect and other fractions did not work against the beetle.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 143-152, 2015


X: -0.84991974 Y: 9.801801title: Boosting the essential oil yield from the rhizomes of cassumunar ginger by an eco-friendly solvent-free microwave extraction combined with central composite design publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: This study aimed to apply the solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) for isolating the essential oil from the rhizomes of cassumunar ginger and study the kinetic mechanism during the extraction process by light microscopy. A central composite design was employed to evaluate the influence of the key variables including microwave power and irradiation time on the oil recovery. The optimal process conditions of SFME were irradiation of the sample at 700 W for 70 min. Microwave power had the most significant effect on the oil recovery (p < 0.001), followed by irradiation time (p < 0.01). The major volatile constituents in the oil obtained under the optimal conditions were sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, and (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene with a higher amount of the oxygenated compounds compared to those isolated by a conventional hydrodistillation (HD). Isolating the essential oil by SFME showed a complete extraction with higher plant cell rupture and was quicker than HD.


X: 0.444897 Y: 10.287246title: Crude ethanolic extracts of Zingiber cassumunar ROXB. inhibit PMA-induced MUC2 and MUC5AC expression via ERK inhibition in human airway epithelial cells publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Over expression of mucin often leads to serious airway pathologies. The rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. ("Phlai" in Thai) has been used as an anti-asthmatic drug in Thai traditional medicine. However, the effect of this plant on mucin production has not been reported.
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether crude ethanolic extracts of Zingiber cassumunar (CEZE) suppress phorbol12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced mucin production and gene expression in human airway epithelial cells and if so, to examine whether the suppression of mucin gene expression is mediated via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways.
Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with CEZE for 2 hours and then stimulated with 100 or 200 nmol/l PMA for 8 h. The levels of MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA were determined by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Levels of total mucin; MUC2 and MUC5AC inculture supernatants were measured using ELLA and ELISA assays, respectively. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, p38 MAPK protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting.
CEZE (5-100?g/ml) significantly inhibited total mucin production, including MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA and proteins induced by PMA in NCI-H292 cells. The extracts obviously inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, but not JNK and p38 in PMA-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. Our results suggest that Z. cassumunar-mediated suppression of PMA-induced MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA operates via ERK inhibition.
Z. cassumunar suppresses PMA-induced MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression in human airway epithelial cells via inhibition of ERK MAPK-dependent pathway.


X: -1.6875511 Y: 8.714166title: Isolasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Fraksi Etil Asetat Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) serta Uji Aktivitas terhadap Candida albicans publish year: 2024 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat Indonesia yang banyak dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk bahan pembuatan jamu dan pengobatan tradisional seperti mengobati demam, luka, dan nyeri perut. Senyawa metabolit sekunder dari rimpang bangle diketahui memiliki berbagai macam aktivitas biologi, salah satunya adalah sebagai antijamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif dari fraksi etil asetat rimpang bangle serta menguji aktivitasnya terhadap jamur Candida albicans dengan metode difusi sumuran. Tahapan isolasi senyawa meliputi maserasi sampel menggunakan pelarut aseton yang selanjutnya ekstrak aseton diekstraksi partisi cair-cair dengan campuran n-heksana:metanol (1:1), kemudian fraksi metanol dipartisi kembali dengan etil asetat:air (1:1), fraksi etil asetat selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan kromatografi kolom cair vakum dengan elusi bergradien menggunakan campuran pelarut n-heksana dan etil asetat yang ditingkatkan kepolarannya, dan pemisahan senyawa menggunakan kromatografi sentrifugal dengan eluen n-heksana:etil asetat (7:3). Senyawa hasil isolasi diuji fitokimia, kemudian diidentifikasi komponennya menggunakan Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS). Uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa isolat memberikan hasil positif pada uji flavonoid. Hasil analisis LC-MS memperlihatkan bahwa isolat mengandung komponen utama yang teridentifikasi sebagai flavenochromane C pada waktu retensi 6,65 menit, dengan luas area 77,51%, rumus molekul C21H20O6 dan berat molekul 369,13. Hasil pengujian antijamur diketahui isolat menunjukkan aktivitas yang lemah terhadap C. albicans dengan zona hambat 5,25 mm.


X: -1.8123267 Y: 9.570512title: Seminar Nasional TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN INDONESIA 2023 publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Cell Free Supernatan (CFS) is a metabolic result of lactic acid bacteria that have the ability to inhibit the activity of
pathogenic microbes because they have antimicrobial properties. This ability can be applied to food products as a
natural preservative. Generally, BAL can be found on fermented food products such as budu, which is a processed
natural fermentation product based on fish. As for the purpose of this study to know the ability of CFS of
Lactobacillus brevis PR1 as a natural preservative on chicken baked products. The method used is a complete
random design (RAL) 3x4 factorial pattern with three repetitions. The first factor is the addition of CFS: 0%(A1);
0.3%(A2) and 0.6%(A3). Second long storage factor at temperature of 4 C: 0 days(B1); 3 days (B2); 6 days (C3)
and 9 days (B4). The observed variables are water levels, pH and total aerobic colonies. The results of this study
showed that the addition of CFS to chicken bacon products did not affect the water content during storage, as well as the pH and total aerobic colony of chicken Bacon products during the storage period. The addition of CFS up to 0.6% in the formula for the manufacture of chicken bacon is able to maintain the pH value and suppress the overall growth of aerobic colonies.

Keywords : Biopreservative, Cell Free Supernatan, Chicken Meat Ball, Lactobacillus brevis,


X: -0.4111618 Y: 10.462795title: HPLC method development and validation of (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol in Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Thai Herbal Compress ball publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The Thai Herbal Compress ball, Luk Pra Kob, is made from various dried herbs wrapped in cotton and traditionally used in Thai medicine. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. was the major herb used to alleviate pain or inflammation. The (E)-4-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) is the major compound of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. when extracted with organic solvent such as ethanol, and has anti-inflammatory activity. The long retention time of compound D analyzed by HPLC has been reported elsewhere. Therefore, this research aimed to develop the HPLC method and reduce the retention time. This research successfully developed the HPLC method using a gradient elution of 2% acetic acid in deionized water and methanol. The retention time of compound D was reduced to 6.42 min with good linearity, accuracy, and precision.


X: -0.1737968 Y: 10.551002title: HPTLC analysis of (E)-4-(3ʹ,4ʹ-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol in Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract: Method validation and its application on studying compound-genetic relationship publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objectives: This study focused on developing high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) quantitative analysis method for (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (Compound D), a major anti-inflammatory compound in Zingiber cassumunar extract. In addition, an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was applied to explore the genetic differentiation relating to the yield of Compound D. Materials and Methods: HPTLC method validation included linearity, precisions, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and robustness was performed according to International Conference of Harmonization guideline. For genetic differentiation in Z. cassumunar, AFLP method was applied to this study. Results: Linearity of the developed method showed a regression coefficient at 0.9958 and covered concentration range of 84-420 ng/band. The precisions were <2% (relative standard deviation [RSD]). The accuracy demonstrated the average recovery value of 98.31%. The LOD and LOQ were 10 and 40 ng. The results on robustness of the method were also <2% (RSD). When applied this method to determine the amounts of Compound D in Z. cassumunar rhizome extracts from 17 locations in Thailand, the results indicated some correlation between amount of Compound D and major genetic differentiation in Z. cassumunar. Conclusion: The validated HPTLC method has high potential in application of quality control of Compound D in raw material of different variety of Z. cassumunar rhizomes, and its herbal pharmaceutical products.


X: -0.7090635 Y: 10.202904title: Phenylbutanoid-rich rhizome oil of Zingiber neesanum from Western Ghats, Southern India publish year: 2007 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Essential oil from the rhizomes of Zingiber neesanum (Graham) Ramamoorthy from the Western Ghats region of southern India was isolated and characterized by GC and GC–MS. Oil constituents were identified by comparison of individual mass spectra with databases and the literature, linear retention indices and co-injection. Sixty-one constituents, comprising 97.4% of the oil, were identified. Phenylbutanoids, viz. (E)-1-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (31.1%), a potential antiinflammatory compound, and (E)-1-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene (23.1%) were isolated from the oil by prep. TLC, characterized by IR, UV, 1H-NMR and MS and quantified by external standardization. (E)-β-ocimene (12.7%), β-pinene (7.4%) and linalool (4.0%) were the major terpenoid constituents in Z. neesanum rhizome oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


X: 0.3808953 Y: 10.160355title: Safety Evaluation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies in Rats publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has been used for traditional medicine, but few studies have described its potential toxicity. In this study, the acute and chronic oral toxicity of Z. cassumunar extract granules were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during the 14-day observation period. However, a decrease in body weights was observed in treated males

(
P
<
0.05
)
. The weights of lung and kidney of treated females were increased

(
P
<
0.05
)
. Treated males were increased in spleen and epididymis weights

(
P
<
0.05
)
. In repeated dose 270-day oral toxicity study, the administration of the extracts at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 11.25, 112.5, and 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day revealed no-treatment toxicity. Although certain endpoints among those monitored (i.e., organ weight, hematological parameters, and clinical chemistry) exhibited statistically significant effects, none was adverse. Gross and histological observations revealed no toxicity. Our findings suggest that the Z. cassumunar extract granules are well tolerated for both single and chronic administration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the extract was 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females.


X: -0.7260931 Y: 10.651094title: Antibacterial and Biofilm Degradation Activity of Extract From Steam Distillation Residue of Zingiberaceae Leaves Against Streptococcus mutans publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiberaceae is a family of plant that has been widely used to treat various diseases and as an element of spice in cooking. In this paper, the potential of the extract from the steam distillation residue of Zingiberaceae leaves as antibacterial and biofilm degradation agent was studied and determined against Streptococcus mutans. Five different species of Zingiberaceae, which consisted of Curcuma longa, Curcuma zeodoaria, Curcuma aeruginosa, Zingiber officinale, Zingiber cassumunar were taken for samples and their distillation residues were extracted by soxhlation using 3 different solvents namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antibacterial and biofilm degradation activity of the assay from each of the samples was determined by the microdilution technique. Among the 15 Zingiberaceae leaves distillation residue extracts, five are categorically active against Streptococcus mutans with their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values being the same with that of chloramphenicol, 15.63 μg/mL. All extracts were found to degrade the biofilm. The methanol extract of C. zeodoaria leaves was found to have the highest antibacterial activity with MIC and MIB vaues of 15.63 ppm and the best to degrade the biofilm with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of 15.33 ppm. The antibacterial and biofilm degradation activities of extracts are not related to the phenolic content and it was suggested that terpenoid such as (-)-zingiberene may have been the active component.


X: 0.4576648 Y: 9.614153title: Potential Bangle (Zingiber montanum J.König) Rhizome Extract as a Supplement to Prevent and Reduce Symptoms of Covid-19 publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The morbidity and mortality rates due to Covid-19 are increasing day by day, to overcome this, we urgently need a better treatment strategy, therefore various ways and strategies for this must be pursued. The purpose of the present review is to explain that the rhizome of bangle (Zingiber montanum) has great potential to increase antibodies and reduce symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which also seems suitable for treating Covid-19. Method: This review is looking for the results of scientific research from various sources, regarding the efficacy of bangle (Zingiber montanum) rhizome which is strongly suspected to be able to prevent, and reduce the symptoms that occur in COVID-19. The results showed that the bangle rhizome extract had activity as immunomodulatory, antiviral and reduced symptoms such as what happened in COVID-19. Conclusion: Bangle rhizome extract has dozens of nutritious substances and has multifunctional activities, and it can be postulated that among the benefits of bangle rhizome extract it is able to prevent and reduce symptoms that occur in Covid-19, and preclinical studies and clinical studies are needed to prove this postulate.


X: -1.3204027 Y: 9.317753title: Anti-allergic activity of some selected plants in the Zingiberaceae family publish year: 2007 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Ethanolic and water extracts, together with volatile oils from the rhizomes of six selected Zingiberaceous plants, including Curcuma mangga, Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia parviflora, Zingiber cassumunar, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet were investigated for their anti-allergic activities using a RBL-2H3 cell line. The ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Kaempferia parviflora exhibited the most potent anti-allergic effect against antigen-induced beta-hexosaminidase release as a marker of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells, with an IC(50) value of 10.9 microg/ml, followed by Zingiber cassumunar (EtOH, IC(50)=12.9 microg/ml) and Curcuma mangga (water, IC(50)=36.1 microg/ml). The volatile oils of these six plants were apparently inactive (IC(50)>100 microg/ml). The crude extracts were also tested on beta-hexosaminidase activity to clarify whether their effects were due to the inhibition of enzyme activity or of degranulation. As a result, the plant extracts were inactive against the enzyme activity of beta-hexosaminidase. These findings support the use in Thai traditional medicine of these selected Zingiberaceous plants, especially Kaempferia parviflora and Zingiber cassumunar, for treatment of allergy and allergic-related diseases.


X: -1.0547748 Y: 9.583911title: Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Nine Zingiberaceae Species publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The rhizome oils of nine Zingiberaceae species [Zingiber officinale Rosc., Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet Smith, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., C. mangga Valeton and van Zyp, C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga Linn., Alpinia galanga Swartz and Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht] were investigated for their antifungal activities against five dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, M. nanum and Epidermophyton floccosum), three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and Mucor sp.) and five strains of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Ca. tropicalis and Torulopsis glabrata). The antifungal testing was carried out by using the broth microdilution and the disc gel diffusion methods. Amongst the essential oils studied, only the oil of B. pandurata was effective against all the fungi, exhibiting the lowest MIC values of 0.63µgµl -1 to Mucor sp., 1.25µgµl -1 to both A. niger and A. fumigatus, and 2.5µgµl -1 to both T. rubrum and E. floccosum, and the highest inhibition zone diameter of 20.6mm against S. cerevisiae. The essential oil of K. galanga showed selective toxicity against A. fumigatus with a MIC value of 0.63µgµl -1, while the essential oils of Z. officinale and Z. cassumunar exhibited high activity against the yeasts (11.7-15.7mm). The chemical composition of the active essential oils was investigated by GC and GC-MS.


X: -3.6753883 Y: 10.563049title: Aktivitas Inhibisi Enzim Alfa-glukosidase dari Ekstrak Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) secara In vitro publish year: 2018 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit kelainan metabolik yang ditandai dengan kondisi hiperglikemia.Salah satu obat yang dapat digunakan untuk menangani diabetes mellitus, khususnya untuk diabetesmellitus tipe II adalah akarbosa. Akarbosa dapat digunakan pada pasien dengan kadar gula post-prandialyang tinggi. Akarbosa bekerja dengan mekanisme menghambat aktivitas enzim alfa-glukosidase di dalamusus. Penghambatan yang terjadi pada enzim alfa-glukosidase menyebabkan penundaan absorpsi dan digestiglukosa. Maka, kenaikan kadar gula post-prandial dapat dicegah. Namun, penggunaan obat sintetik antidiabetesseperti akarbosa dalam jangka waktu panjang dapat memberikan beberapa efek samping, khususnyagangguan pada sistem saluran pencernaan. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan obat bahan alam sebagai terapialternatif dapat dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan. Salah satu tanaman di Indonesia yang memiliki potensisecara empiris sebagai antidiabetes adalah bangle (Zingiber cassumunar). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengujiaktivitas penghambatan terhadap enzim alfa-glukosidase dari ekstrak etanol rimpang bangle. Hasil IC50yang didapatkan dari uji aktivitas penghambatan enzim alfa-glukosidase adalah 98,31 μg/ml. IC50 akarbosasebagai pembanding adalah 36,17 μg/ml. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang didapatkan, dapat disimpulkanbahwa ekstrak etanol rimpang bangle memiliki potensi yang sangat baik untuk dikembangkan dan dipertimbangkanlebih lanjut sebagai kandidat obat antidiabetes, khususnya untuk mengobati diabetes mellitus tipe II.


X: -0.17170529 Y: 10.518317title: Identification of Potential Phytoestrogen of Selected Compounds from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizomes Using PharmMapper and Molecular Docking publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. is a well-known medicinal herb in traditional medicines of SouthEast Asia for the treatment of inflammation. The therapeutic uses also include the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and menstruation cycle irregularity. These activities may be attributed to the binding of receptors in the human body. In this research, reverse docking of compound D, dimethoxyphenylbutadiene (DMPBD), Trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-4-[(E)-3΄,4΄-dimethoxy-styryl]cyclohex-1-ene (Tran-1) and Trans-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-4-[(E)-3΄,4΄-dimethoxy-styryl]cyclo-hex-1-ene (Tran-2) which are chemical compounds found in the rhizomes of this plant were subjected to PharmMapper web server. The results showed carbonic anhydrase 2 and estrogen receptors as likely targets for compound D and DMPBD. The molecular docking of the four compounds was conducted with AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8 suite, and the binding energies of compound D and DMPBD on carbonic anhydrase 2 were found at a moderate level (-5.2 to-5.3 kcal/mol). For estrogen receptors, compound D and DMPBD exhibited a fair, binding pattern and energy (-6.2 to-6.9 kcal/mol). In comparison, Tran-1 and Tran-2 showed better binding pattern and energy in estrogen-α (1A52) (-6.9 to-7.5 kcal/mol) than in estrogen-β (1X7J) (-4.1 to-5.7 kcal/mol). We concluded that there was a correlation between selected phytoestrogen compounds and estrogen receptors.


X: 0.23797306 Y: 10.890003title: A New Cytotoxic Phenylbutenoid Dimer from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar publish year: 2004 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A new phenylbutenoid dimer, (+/-)- trans-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene, was isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar along with the three known compounds, (+/-)- trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene, 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1,3-diene, and 4-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1,3-diene by bioassay-directed fractionation using the A549 human cancer cell line cytotoxicity assay. Structure of the new compound was elucidated by spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments.


X: 0.4366627 Y: 9.598094title: Potential Bangle (Zingiber montanum J.König) Rhizome Extract as a Supplement to Prevent and Reduce Symptoms of Covid-19 publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The morbidity and mortality rates due to Covid-19 are increasing day by day, to overcome this, we urgently need a better treatment strategy, therefore various ways and strategies for this must be pursued. The purpose of the present review is to explain that the rhizome of bangle (Zingiber montanum) has great potential to increase antibodies and reduce symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which also seems suitable for treating Covid-19. Method: This review is looking for the results of scientific research from various sources, regarding the efficacy of bangle (Zingiber montanum) rhizome which is strongly suspected to be able to prevent, and reduce the symptoms that occur in COVID-19. The results showed that the bangle rhizome extract had activity as immunomodulatory, antiviral and reduced symptoms such as what happened in COVID-19. Conclusion: Bangle rhizome extract has dozens of nutritious substances and has multifunctional activities, and it can be postulated that among the benefits of bangle rhizome extract it is able to prevent and reduce symptoms that occur in Covid-19, and preclinical studies and clinical studies are needed to prove this postulate.


X: -0.76828724 Y: 8.917291title: Evaluation of larvicidal activity and brine shrimp toxicity of rhizome extracts of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith publish year: 2013 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Introduction:
In this study, we used dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of the Zingiber zerumbet rhizome to evaluate brine shrimp lethality and larvicidal activity on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles nuneztovari mosquitoes.

Methods:
Bioassays were performed by exposing third-instar larvae of each mosquito species to the DCM or MeOH extracts.

Results:
Probit analysis with DCM and MeOH extracts demonstrated efficient larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and A. nuneztovari larvae.

Conclusions:
The DCM and MeOH extracts showed higher activity against A. nuneztovari larvae than against A. aegypti larvae, suggesting that the extracts have species-specific activity.


X: -0.57326657 Y: 8.855645title: Repellency and contact toxicity of crude extracts from three Thai plants (Zingiberaceae) against maize grain weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschlusky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) publish year: 2016 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: JBiopest 9(1):52-62 (2016) Bioactivity of Zingiberaceae extracts on S. zeamais JBiopest 5(1): 1-6 © 493 Repellency and contact toxicity of crude extracts from three Thai plants (Zingiberaceae) against maize grain weevil, ABSTRACT In the present study, plant crude extracts extracted from the rhizomes of three medicinal plants, Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (cassumunar ginger), and Kaempferia pulchra (Ridl.) Ridl. (peacock ginger) were investigated for their biological activities, repellent and contact toxicity, against maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. The repellent activity was evaluated using the area preferences method whereas the contact toxicity was determined using the micro-applicator to drop onto the thorax of tested insects. For repellency test, cassumunar ginger with solvent hexane scored the highest repellency up to 99% at concentration 1,415 µg/cm 2 at 8 hours after application. The methanol extract of turmeric plant exhibited the highest repellency of 87% at 1,415 µg/cm 2 7 hours after exposure compared to other two solvents, hexane and methylene chloride with same plant. Peacock ginger plant with solvent hexane revealed the maximum repellency of 79% at 1,415 µg/cm 2 5 hours after exposure. On the other hand, for contact toxicity, turmeric plant was found to be the most effective in inducing mortality after one week of treatments. The turmeric crude extract with solvent hexane achieved 13% of mortality of adults S. zeamais at 45 µg/insect. The highest mortality that caused by plant cassumunar ginger was observed by this crude extract with solvent methylene chloride (8%) at 45 µg/insect at seven days after application. Methanol extract of peacock ginger has the lowest mortality (6%) compared to 2 other plants mentioned above. Thus, these results demonstrated that hexane extracts of C. longa and Z. cassumunar were one of the alternative extracts that were possible to use as insecticidal for S. zeamais control.


X: -0.44748878 Y: 9.937873title: Conventional and microwave assisted extraction of eulophia ochreta lindl and zingiber cassumunar roxb: An Comparitive account publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: MAE is the simplest and the most economical technique for extraction of many plant derived compounds. Conventional techniques as heating, boiling, or refluxing can be used to extract the plant material, however, the disadvantages are the loss of active constituents due to ionization, hydrolysis and oxidation during extraction as well as the long extraction time. Other techniques like ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) have also become of interest as alternatives for conventional methods. Microwave extraction can be the better alternative to conventional extraction. Microwave assisted extraction requires shorter time, less solvents, higher extraction rate and better products with lower loss. There is less risk of decomposition and oxidation of phytoconstituents.An attempt has been made to make use of microwave for extraction of two indigenous drugs Eulophia ochreta lindl and Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. The widely used plants were selected on the basis of their phytochemical profile. In the present study, the tubers of Eulophia ochreata lindl and roots of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb were subjected to successive solvent extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol ,water etc. Similarly the powders of both the drugs were subjected to extraction using microwave. The parameters selected for comparison were time required and % yield. Trial and error methods was followed to select different intensity and to set time. It was observed that there was significant increase in the yield but the time required was much less as compared to conventional extraction. The results were found to be encouraging to conduct further studies.


X: 0.107204735 Y: 10.632691title: Inhibitory Activity of Extract, Fractions, and Compounds from Zingiber montanum Rhizomes on the Migration of Breast Cancer Cells publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber montanum rhizomes are traditionally used for the treatment of numerous human ailments. The present study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory activity of the crude extract, chromatographic fractions, and purified compounds from Z. montanum rhizomes on the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. The effect of the extract on cell migration was investigated by a scratch assay, which showed significant inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. Vacuum liquid chromatography on silica gel afforded four fractions (Frs. 1 – 4), which were tested on cell migration in the scratch assay. Frs. 1 and 2 showed the most significant inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cell migration. The effect of the most potent fraction (Fr. 2) was further confirmed in a transwell migration assay. The study of Frs. 1 and 2 by gelatin zymography showed significant inhibition of MMP-9 enzyme activity. Chromatographic separation of Frs. 1 and 2 afforded buddledone A (1), zerumbone (2), (2E,9E)-6-methoxy-2,9-humuradien-8-one (3), zerumbone epoxide (4), stigmasterol (5), and daucosterol (6). In a cell viability assay, compounds 1 – 4 inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The study of buddledone A (1) and zerumbone epoxide (4) on cell migration revealed that 4 significantly inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in both scratch and transwell migration assays. The results of the present study may lead to further molecular studies behind the inhibitory activity of zerumbone epoxide (4) on cell migration and support the traditional use of Z. montanum rhizomes for the treatment of cancer.


X: -0.5256746 Y: 10.022926title: Conventional and microwave assisted extraction of eulophia ochreta lindl and zingiber cassumunar roxb: An Comparitive account publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: MAE is the simplest and the most economical technique for extraction of many plant derived compounds. Conventional techniques as heating, boiling, or refluxing can be used to extract the plant material, however, the disadvantages are the loss of active constituents due to ionization, hydrolysis and oxidation during extraction as well as the long extraction time. Other techniques like ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) have also become of interest as alternatives for conventional methods. Microwave extraction can be the better alternative to conventional extraction. Microwave assisted extraction requires shorter time, less solvents, higher extraction rate and better products with lower loss. There is less risk of decomposition and oxidation of phytoconstituents.An attempt has been made to make use of microwave for extraction of two indigenous drugs Eulophia ochreta lindl and Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. The widely used plants were selected on the basis of their phytochemical profile. In the present study, the tubers of Eulophia ochreata lindl and roots of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb were subjected to successive solvent extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol ,water etc. Similarly the powders of both the drugs were subjected to extraction using microwave. The parameters selected for comparison were time required and % yield. Trial and error methods was followed to select different intensity and to set time. It was observed that there was significant increase in the yield but the time required was much less as compared to conventional extraction. The results were found to be encouraging to conduct further studies.


X: -1.0678313 Y: 9.586424title: Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Nine Zingiberaceae Species publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The rhizome oils of nine Zingiberaceae species [Zingiber officinale Rosc., Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet Smith, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., C. mangga Valeton and van Zyp, C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga Linn., Alpinia galanga Swartz and Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht] were investigated for their antifungal activities against five dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, M. nanum and Epidermophyton floccosum), three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and Mucor sp.) and five strains of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Ca. tropicalis and Torulopsis glabrata). The antifungal testing was carried out by using the broth microdilution and the disc gel diffusion methods. Amongst the essential oils studied, only the oil of B. pandurata was effective against all the fungi, exhibiting the lowest MIC values of 0.63µgµl -1 to Mucor sp., 1.25µgµl -1 to both A. niger and A. fumigatus, and 2.5µgµl -1 to both T. rubrum and E. floccosum, and the highest inhibition zone diameter of 20.6mm against S. cerevisiae. The essential oil of K. galanga showed selective toxicity against A. fumigatus with a MIC value of 0.63µgµl -1, while the essential oils of Z. officinale and Z. cassumunar exhibited high activity against the yeasts (11.7-15.7mm). The chemical composition of the active essential oils was investigated by GC and GC-MS.


X: 2.7071133 Y: 13.686967title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Andrographis paniculata and Curcuma longa Powder on Growth Performance, Immunity and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial broiler Chicken publish year: 2024 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: The research was conducted to assess the effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu) and Curcuma longa(Turmeric) powder supplementation on growth performance and immune response, serum biochemistryand carcass characteristics of commercial broiler chicken. Five hundred and sixty-day-old (Ven Cobb 400)broiler chicks were randomly allotted into seven treatment groups with four replicates of twenty chickseach. The control group T1 was fed a basal diet formulated as per BIS (2007) while in treatment groupsT2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 fed basal diet with A. paniculata powder1.0g/kg (T2), basal diet with C. longa powder 1.0 g/kg
(T3), basal diet with A. paniculata 2.0 g/kg (T4), basal diet with C. longa 2.0 g/kg (T5), basal diet with combinationof A. paniculata powder 1.0g/kg and C. longa powder 1.0 g/kg (T6
) and basal diet with combination of A.paniculata powder 2.0g/kg and C. longa powder 2.0 g/kg (T7) for 42 days period. A. paniculata and C. longa supplementary feed compared to the control feed significantly (P<0.05) increased the average weight gain and average feed intake of broilers. A numerical difference was observed in carcass characteristics. Serum biochemical parameters (serum total protein, serum albumin) did not differ significantly among the treatment groups. The serum cholesterol significantly reduced in treatment groups compared to control. The immune response (HI titre) to Newcastle disease non-significant in treatment groups. But numerical improvement observed in all treatment groups compared to control. The results of this study show that the application of A. paniculata and C. longa powder at the level of 2g/kg in broilers showed better growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to other treatment groups and their combination can to be used effectively as a growth promoter in broilers.


X: -2.2936914 Y: 8.372152title: Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolite from Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. Isolated from Alpinea galanga Willd. Rhizome publish year: 2015 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Abstract: Objective of this research was to investigate the presence of antimicrobial compound as a secondary metabolite by the endophytes isolated from Alpinea galanga willd., rhizome. Isolation of endophytic fungi was carried out using screening methods. Characterization of the organism was performed morphologically and biochemically. Extraction and identification of secondary metabolite was performed using standard analytical methods. Antifungal activity was done using agar diffusion method. Nine different endophytes were isolated from rhizomes. One of the endophyte was identified as Aspergillus terrious
MTCC11987. The culture was deposited at MTCC, Chandigarh, India. The organism was found to be positive for amylase, catalase and cellulase enzyme production. Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans with zone diameters of 12.5 and 14 mm respectively were observed for the broth. The broth showed U.V. absorption maxima at 245 nm. TLC of the broth showed Rf of 0.72 near to reference sample. FTIR and 1H NMR data reveals the presence of lovastatin in open ring form in the isolated sample. This study confirms the ability of Aspergillus terrious MTCC11987 isolated from Alpine galanga to produce
lovastatin. The statin produced is effective on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Hence it can be predicted that the antimicrobial and hypolipidimic activity of Alpinea galanga rhizomes is synergistically affected by the endophyte. Further the mechanism that exactly determines the synergism of the endophyte has to be derived.


X: 0.27402794 Y: 8.0192795title: Morphological characteristics of Zingiberaceae in Serang District, Banten, Indonesia publish year: 2021 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Windarsih G, Utami DW, Yuriyah S. 2021. Morphological characteristics of Zingiberaceae in Serang District, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5507-5529. Zingiberaceae, known as ginger family, is a family of monocotyledon belonging to the Zingiberales order. This family is widely used its rhizome for various purposes, especially as medicinal plant. The morphological characters can be used to help the identification of species in the field of plant taxonomy. The aim of study was to characterize the morphological traits, both vegetative and generative organs, of Zingiberaceae from Serang District, Banten. Plant specimens were collected from Serang District, Banten, including in Pabuaran, Gunungsari, and Ciomas sub-district using purposive sampling. The examination of morphological characters data was conducted through observation and documentation. There were 13 species/varieties of Zingiberaceae collected from the studied area, i.e. Amomum compactum, Alpinia purpurata, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, C. longa, C. heyneana, C. mangga, C. aeruginosa, Kaempferia rotunda, Etlingera elatior, Zingiber zerumbet, Z. officinale, Zingiber officinale var. rubrum, and Z. cassumunar, in which the generative organs were found only in eight species/cultivars of them. Based on the morphological characters of vegetative organs, thirteen species/cultivars had a similarity distance coefficient from 37% to 94%; while based on the morphological characters of both vegetative and generative organs, the eight species/cultivars had a similarity distance coefficient from 31% to 94%. The results showed that using the characters of vegetative organs data were still able to provide consistent grouping results with the generative organs.


X: -0.6486109 Y: 10.579543title: Antioxidant activity and total volatile oil content of cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum Roxb.) at various rhizome ages publish year: 2007 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum Roxb.) was grown in the experimental field at the Department of Horticulture, Kasetsart University, Thailand. The antioxidant activity and volatile oil content of rhizomes of varying age were measured. Antioxidant activity as determined using the DPPH (diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) method differed significantly between samples of different ages. Antioxidant activity and rhizome age were positively correlated, with 22-month old rhizomes showing the highest radical scavenging activity (79.19%). Volatile oil was obtained by steam distillation of fresh rhizomes. The extraction yield of volatile oil was highest in 16-month old rhizomes (13.02 mL/kg). GC-FID data indicated the presence of three major compounds, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, and (E)-1-(3',4'-dimelhylphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD), however none of the major components were correlated with the age of rhizome.


X: 0.44714573 Y: 12.578773title: APPLICATION OF 1H-NMR SPECTA AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR THE AUTHENTICATION OF CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA FROM ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objective: This study was aimed to apply metabolite fingerprinting for the authentication of Curcuma xanthorrhiza adulterated with Zingiber cassumunar using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (chemometrics) methods, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Methods: The pure dried powder samples of C. xanthorrhiza from different regions, Z. cassumunar, and its binary mixtures of C. xanthorrhiza with various concentrations of Z. cassumunar as adulterants were prepared for 1H-NMR measurements. The binary mixtures were prepared by mixing C. xanthorrhiza with various concentrations (10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, and 75%) of Z. cassumunar. 1H-NMR spectra were subjected to multivariate analysis for classification using PCA and PLS-DA. Results: A diverse group of metabolites could be detected by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PCA using the chemical shift in 1H-NMR spectra of the plant extracts as variables clearly discriminated pure C. xanthorrhiza extracts from different origins and C. xanthorrhiza extract adulterated with Z. cassumunar. PLS-DA employed to enhance the separation obtained from the PCA model resulted in well separation and good classification of pure C. xanthorrhiza from the adulterated ones. Conclusion: The developed method could be a useful and powerfull tools to assess adulteration practice and to evaluate the authentication of C. xanthorrhiza extracts.


X: -0.35572928 Y: 10.269517title: Secretory structure and histochemistry test of some Zingiberaceae plants publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: A secretory structure is a structure that produces a plant’s metabolite substances. Secretory structures are grouped into an internal and external. Zingiberaceae plants are known as traditional medicine plants and as spice plants due to secretory structures in their tissues. The objective of the research were to describe the secretory structure of Zingiberaceae plants and to discover the qualitatively primary metabolite substances in plant’s tissues via histochemistry test. The research was conducted by observation descriptive design, quantitative data including the density of secretory cells per mm². The quantitative data were analyzed by ANOVA and continued by Duncan at α = 5 %. The results showed that the secretory structures in leaves, rhizome, and the root of 14 species of Zingiberaceae plants are found in the mesophyll of leaves and cortex, and also pith in rhizome and roots. The type of secretory structure is internal. Within the root of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.(bengle), Curcuma domestica Val. (kunyit), Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe (kunyit putih), Zingiber zerumbet (L.) J.E. Smith (lempuyang), Alpiniapurpurata K. Schum (lengkuas merah), and Curcuma aeruginosa Val. (temu ireng) were found amylum grains, while in Kaemferia galanga L. (kencur), Boesen bergiapandurata L. (temu kunci), and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (temulawak) there were no amylum grains in the root as well as in the leaves. The roots of bengle had the greatest density of amylum grain, it had 248.1 ± 9.8 secretory cells of amylum grains per mm². Lipids (oil droplets) were found in the root of bengle, Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. emprit (jahe emprit), Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. Gajah (jahe gajah), Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. Rubrum (jahe merah), Keampferia angustifolia L. (kunci pepet), kunyit, kunyit putih, lempuyang, lengkua smerah, Curcuma aeruginosa Val. (temu ireng), and Curcuma mangga Val. and van Zijp (temu mangga); the root of lempuyang had the greatest density of oil droplets, it had 10.4 ± 2.1 secretory cells of oil droplets per mm². All of Zingiberaceae’s root and leaves did not have secretory cells of protein. Zingiberaceae’s rhizomes had amylum grain, protein granules, and oil droplets. Jahe merah’s rhizomes had the greatest density of amylum grain, it had 198.3 ± 21.1 cells of amylum grain per mm². Jahe emprit’s rhizomes had the greatest density of protein granules, it had254.0 ± 90.0 cells of protein granules per mm². Kunyit putih’s rhizomes had the greatest density of oil droplets, it had 254.0 ± 90.0 cells of oil droplets per mm².


X: -0.102715924 Y: 9.706182title: Effect of Plai cream [Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. syn. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.] combined with ultrasound on delayed onset muscle soreness publish year: 2017 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Plai cream (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) has been used as a remedy for release pain and inflammation of musculoskeletal problems. The enhancement of the anti-inflammatory effect of Plai cream by phonoporesis or ultrasound therapy is questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Plai cream combined with ultrasound in the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Seventy-five volunteers were randomly allocated into 3 groups; 14 % Plai cream (5 cm long strip), ultrasound treatment (1MHz, 1watt.cm⁻²) for 5 min, and combined 14 % Plai cream and ultrasound for 5 min. The participants performed eccentric exercise (4 sets of 25 repetitions at a speed of 60°.s⁻¹) of dominant quadriceps using isokinetic dynamometry to induce DOMS. All participants received their allocated treatment once per day for the next 7 days. We found pain score, thigh circumference and serum creatine kinase were increased, while pressure pain threshold and muscle strength were decreased, but small changes of joint motion after intensive exercise (post-exercise day 1, 2, 3 & 7). However, there was no significant difference changes of all outcomes among three groups. In conclusion, combined 14 % Plai cream with ultrasound had no additional benefit at reducing DOMS compared to either14 % Plai cream alone or ultrasound alone. © 2017, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.


X: 0.3110885 Y: 10.138045title: Safety Evaluation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies in Rats publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has been used for traditional medicine, but few studies have described its potential toxicity. In this study, the acute and chronic oral toxicity of Z. cassumunar extract granules were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during the 14-day observation period. However, a decrease in body weights was observed in treated males

(
P
<
0.05
)
. The weights of lung and kidney of treated females were increased

(
P
<
0.05
)
. Treated males were increased in spleen and epididymis weights

(
P
<
0.05
)
. In repeated dose 270-day oral toxicity study, the administration of the extracts at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 11.25, 112.5, and 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day revealed no-treatment toxicity. Although certain endpoints among those monitored (i.e., organ weight, hematological parameters, and clinical chemistry) exhibited statistically significant effects, none was adverse. Gross and histological observations revealed no toxicity. Our findings suggest that the Z. cassumunar extract granules are well tolerated for both single and chronic administration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the extract was 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females.


X: 0.31659952 Y: 8.191927title: Development of SCAR (sequence-characterized amplified region) markers as a complementary took for identification of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) from crude drugs and multicomponent formulations publish year: 2008 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (common or culinary ginger) is an official drug in Ayurvedic, Indian herbal, Chinese, Japanese, African and British Pharmacopoeias. The objective of the present study was to develop DNA-based markers that can be applied for the identification and differentiation of the commercially important plant Z. officinale Roscoe from the closely related species Zingiber zerumbet (pinecone, bitter or 'shampoo' ginger) and Zingiber cassumunar [cassumunar or plai (Thai) ginger]. The rhizomes of the other two Zingiber species used in the present study are morphologically similar to that of Z. officinale Roscoe and can be used as its adulterants or contaminants. Various methods, including macroscopy, microscopy and chemoprofiling, have been reported for the quality control of crude ginger and its products. These methods are reported to have limitations in distinguishing Z. officinale from closely related species. Hence, newer complementary methods for correct identification of ginger are useful. In the present study, RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) analysis was used to identify putative species-specific amplicons for Z. officinale. These were further cloned and sequenced to develop SCAR (sequence-characterized amplified region) markers. The developed SCAR markers were tested in several non-Zingiber species commonly used in ginger-containing formulations. One of the markers, P3, was found to be specific for Z. officinale and was successfully applied for detection of Z. officinale from Trikatu, a multicomponent formulation.


X: 0.12131279 Y: 10.058884title: Efek Analgesik Ekstrak Etanol Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. pada Mencit dengan Metode Writhing Test publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji efek analgesik ekstrak etanol Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. pada mencit yang diinduksi dengan asam asetat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperiment posttest only control design, menggunakan metode writhing test. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 25 mencit terbagi dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan ekstrak Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.; P1, P2, dan P3, dengan masing-masing dosis 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, kelompok kontrol negatif aquades (K-), serta kelompok kontrol positif aspirin (K+). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (P1) dan (P2) signifikan menurunkan jumlah geliat pada mencit dibandingkan (K-) (p < 0,05), dengan persentase penurunan jumlah geliat sebesar 49,53% dan 57,01%, sedangkan (P3) tidak menunjukkan aktivitas analgesik. Ekstrak Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. dosis 100 mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap (K+) untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri.


X: 0.34691584 Y: 12.693627title: Differentiation of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar by TLC fingerprint analysis publish year: 2011 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicine. These three herbs have relatively similar rhizomes colour so it is difficult to be differentiated especially if they are in powder form. A rapid and reliable method, thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint, has been developed in order to identify, authenticate and differentiate these three
herbs through fingerprint profile of chemical compounds. TLC fingerprints of the three herbs were obtained by
visualization of separate zones with visible and UV (254 and 366 nm) light. The TLC fingerprint pattern is different each other and showed a specific marker zones respectively. Therefore, TLC fingerprint can be utilized for identification, authentication and differentiation method in quality control of the three herbs tested.


X: -1.6468272 Y: 9.397538title: Antibacterial Activity of Star Fruit Extract against Vibrio cholera Isolated from Tuna Fish publish year: 2023 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Aims: This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature on the characteristics of star fruit extract, that content of bio active, compounds (polyphenol, flavonoid, alkaloids, saponin, and tannin of star fruit) can inhibit bacterial activity as a preservative for tuna. Study Design: This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely: (1) determine the ethanol concentration and temperature to produce the best extract and (2) determine the antibacterial power of the extract against Vibrio cholera - BSFIL Randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, namely 1 (ethanol concentration 96% and 70%) and 2 (temperature extraction 30ºC, 40ºC and 50ºC. and analysis of variance with Tukey’s honestly significant difference was used to analyze the data. Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at Food Technology laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University on November – April 2022. Results: The best quality (P=0.05) of star fruit extract by 96% ethanol at 30ºC, such as: yield (77%), total flavonoid (7.10%), total tannin (0.914 mg QE /g), total acids (34.24%). and with a concentration of 80% the extract was able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholera (VC-BSFIL) with very strong criteria (inhibition zone diameter: 20.78 mm).


X: 0.3359434 Y: 10.182699title: Safety Evaluation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies in Rats publish year: 2014 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has been used for traditional medicine, but few studies have described its potential toxicity. In this study, the acute and chronic oral toxicity of Z. cassumunar extract granules were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during the 14-day observation period. However, a decrease in body weights was observed in treated males

(
P
<
0.05
)
. The weights of lung and kidney of treated females were increased

(
P
<
0.05
)
. Treated males were increased in spleen and epididymis weights

(
P
<
0.05
)
. In repeated dose 270-day oral toxicity study, the administration of the extracts at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 11.25, 112.5, and 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day revealed no-treatment toxicity. Although certain endpoints among those monitored (i.e., organ weight, hematological parameters, and clinical chemistry) exhibited statistically significant effects, none was adverse. Gross and histological observations revealed no toxicity. Our findings suggest that the Z. cassumunar extract granules are well tolerated for both single and chronic administration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the extract was 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females.


X: -0.5094926 Y: 10.345329title: Secondary metabolites content and essential oil composition of in vitro cultures of Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr publish year: 2020 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Objectives
To determine the secondary metabolite content, antioxidant and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity as well as essential oil composition of in vitro cultures and field grown rhizomes of Zingiber montanum.ResultsMethyl jasmonate-treated cell cultures showed the highest total phenolic content and steroid content of 22.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW) and 41.67 mg/g DW, respectively. Callus cultures exhibited the highest tannin content (39.53 mg tannic acid equivalent/g DW) and strongest antioxidant activity (91.05% inhibition of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH). The highest saponin (81.76 mg/g DW) and alkaloid (113.97 mg/g DW) contents were obtained in in vitro microrhizomes induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6% sucrose and 5 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and MS medium supplemented with 7% sucrose, respectively. The essential oil content varied in cell cultures and microrhizomes and mainly consisted of fatty acid esters, which are precursors of many secondary metabolites. Trace amounts of terpinen-4-ol (0.21 and 0.27 mg/g) and zerumbone (0.0107 mg/g) were also detected in the in vitro microrhizomes.Conclusion
The results obtained indicate the potential of in vitro cultures of Z. montanum for the production of secondary metabolites.


X: 0.52791804 Y: 12.823652title: Characterization of the Curcuminoids Fingerprint Profile in Curcuma and Zingiber Genera by TLC – Digital Image Analysis publish year: 2019 keyword: Zingiber_cassumunar content: Curcuma longa, C. xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, and Zingiber cassumunar contain high curcuminoid and have relatively similar yellow color. Therefore, they are potentially adulterated and difficult to differentiate in the form of powder. Hence, it is necessary to characterize the fingerprints compound profile by a simple and rapid method. This research aims to determine fingerprint compound profile of curcuminoid using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and digital image analysis. The result of the research identified that the fingerprint compound profile of curcuminoid on the four rhizomes was obtained by TLC method using silica gel 60 GF254 as the stationary phase, chloroform: dichloromethane: methanol (13:6:1) as the mobile phase, and observation under UV 254 nm light and citroborate reagent. Thereafter, the digital image analysis was carried out using Image J software according to the gray value and % of RGB (red-green-blue) value. Based on gray value and % of RGB, both Curcuma and Zingiber genera were differentiated through curcumin compound (Rf 0.63), demethoxycurcumin (Rf 0.34), bisdemethoxycurcumin (Rf 0.21). The profile of fingerprint compound on Curcuma longa, C. xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, and Zingiber cassumunar was differentiated through Rf 0.26; Rf 0.17; and Rf 0.10.