Xs: 7.127465 Ys: 3.964934 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Effect of drying conditions on properties, pigments and antioxidant activity retentions of pretreated orange and purple-fleshed sweet potato flours abstract: Pigmented sweet potatoes (SPs) are outstanding sources of anthocyanin, β-carotene and other color-related phytonutrients. However, fresh SP roots are highly perishable and difficult to store. To reduce losses and extend their uses, fresh SP could be converted into flour. SP cultivars with deep purple (Phichit 65–3) and orange-fleshed (T101) colors newly developed in Thailand were studied. The influence of drying methods on physico-chemical properties, anthocyanin, β-carotene and antioxidant activity retentions of purple and orange-fleshed SP flours (SPFs) was investigated. Peeled purple and orange SPs were pretreated by blanching (100 °C, 5 sec) and soaking in 0.5 % (w/v) sodium metabisulphite, then dried in either hot air oven at 50–80 °C or steamed for 10 min and placed to the drum dryer at 80–110 °C and 3–7 rpm drum speed. The drying processes significantly enhanced anthocyanin contents of SPFs by 1.8 to 3.8 times; however, there was a significant loss of β-carotene occurred during drying processes. Drum drying yielded SPFs with better color, higher total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity than the hot air drying. Pasting temperatures of hot air dried orange-fleshed SPFs (84–85 °C) were slightly higher than those of purple-fleshed SPFs (80–83 °C). Drum drying process produced pre-gelatinized (instant) SPFs as indicated by RVA and DSC results. The optimal conditions for drum dried and hot air dried SPF manufactured were 95 °C at 5 rpm and 70 °C, respectively, based on anthocyanin, β-carotene, total phenolic, antioxidant activity, color retentions, and pasting properties.


Xs: 7.5927196 Ys: 4.0907803 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Characterization and response surface optimization driven ultrasonic nanoemulsification of oil with high phytonutrient concentration recovered from palm oil biodiesel distillation abstract: Nanoemulsions are kinetically stable colloidal systems with low viscosity. They are generally prepared using oil and a surfactant in an aqueous medium by dispersion, producing nanometer sized droplets. Nanoemulsions often have a higher load capacity for active lipophilic ingredients than those of microemulsions, which is vital for various applications. In this study, nanoemulsions based on oil‒in‒water (O/W) were obtained using ultrasonication (US) assisted by microwaves (MW), using oil with high phytonutrients concentration (OHPC) recovered from the distillation of palm oil biodiesel, diluted in high oleic palm olein (HOPOo) (2 to 6 % w/w) in the oily phase, with soy lecithin (1.0 to 2.0 % w/w), gelatin (1.5 to 2.5 % w/w), and gum Arabic (1.5 to 2.1 % w/w) and Milli‒Q water as the aqueous phase were used for the preparation of various nanoemulsions. Three experimental designs based on the response surface methodology (RSM) were used for optimizing the process. The physical stability of the optimized nanoemulsion was assessed at 4 and 20 °C during 4 days of storage by monitoring the average particle size and color of the nanodispersion. The effect of the techniques used for nanostructuring over the molecular components and phytocompound contents in the oily phase was assessed by FTIR, GC‒FID, GC‒MSD and HPLC‒FLD/DAD analyses, respectively, before and after processing the nanoemulsion. In the OHPC, the estimated average concentrations were found to be 17584 mg·kg‒1 of vitamin E, 155464 mg·kg‒1 of phytosterols, and 5675 mg·kg‒1 of squalene. The optimal conditions for producing emulsions with higher stability were 2.0 % w/w of the oily phase, 1.998 % w/w of soy lecithin, 1.596 % w/w of gelatin, and 1.564 % w/w of gum Arabic in the aqueous phase, and three cycles of US‒MW treatment. The average particle size in the optimized nanoemulsion was 83.1 ± 0.5 nm, which remained almost constant during storage at 4 °C and increased gradually during storage at 20 °C. No substantial differences in the molecular composition and phytocompound contents in the oily phase were found before and after processing the nanoemulsion. This study aims to highlight the benefits of OHPC as a new raw material for the utilization of phytonutrients of nutritional and functional value, in addition to displaying the optimal conditions for the production of OHPC in HOPOo nanoemulsions by US–MW via statistical experimental design. Finally, OHPC nanoemulsions could be used in the formulation of new phytonutrient‒enriched products for human and animal consumption.


Xs: 7.195706 Ys: 1.7770206 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Traditional Healers in Roi Et, Thailand abstract: Traditional healers in Thailand are a primary source of health care for the Thai people. Highly experienced traditional healers are generally older people and they continue to pass away without recording or passing on their knowledge. Consequently, the cumulative knowledge held by traditional healers regarding the use of medicinal plants is being eroded and could be lost. In this study, we aimed to identify and document the medicinal plants and associated ethnobotanical knowledge held by traditional healers in Roi Et in northeastern Thailand. Data and plant specimens were collected from four traditional healers of the Phu Tai people. They were selected by purposive sampling and questioned using a semi-structured interview. The interviews covered their training, the ailments treated, treatment techniques, method of preparation and in addition, several healing sessions were observed. During field walks, we searched for the medicinal plants with the healers to review and document the availability of medicinal plants at each locality and in different habitats around the villages. Use values (UV) were calculated to estimate the importance of each medicinal plant and informant agreement ratios (IAR) were calculated to understand how widely known the uses were. The four Phu Tai traditional healers knew 162 medicinal plant species in 141 genera and 63 families. The family with the most medicinal plants was Leguminosae with 15 species. The plant part that they used most commonly was the stem, which was used for 82 species (49%). The most common preparation method was decoction, which was done for 124 species (75%). The most important and widely used medicinal plants were Rothmannia wittii, which had the highest use value (UV = 1.7). Most medicinal plants were used for treating tonic (34 species (21%)). Jaundice had the highest informant agreement ratio (IAR = 0.5). The most common life form among the medicinal plants was trees (56 species (34%)). The medicinal plants were mostly collected in community forests (81 species (49%)). Considering the richness of the healer's pharmacopeia, and the fact that their profession is not being perpetuated, this study points to the urgent need to document the traditional knowledge from the old herbalists before it disappears with the last practitioners from rural communities in Thailand.


Xs: 5.421572 Ys: 1.2997204 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Nutraceutical Regulations: An Opportunities in ASEAN Countries abstract: In today's era of increased standards of lifestyle and life expectancy, there has been a constant demand for supplements by consumers. Nutraceuticals are among the supplements in demand. Although there is a big opportunity for the nutraceutical business, there are no uniform regulatory requirements in different regions. Nations are looking to the nutraceutical sector to help keep their populations healthy and safe by introducing certain rules and regulations. Generally, developed countries have regulations in place, but there are some countries, such as those in the Asia Pacific regions or in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, that have not yet fine-tuned their regulations for nutraceutical products. The ASEAN countries involve highly commercialized markets such as Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The overall nutraceutical market of ASEAN countries is growing at a compound annual growth rate of ∼8.4%. About 40% of the ASEAN population consumes nutraceuticals on a daily basis. ASEAN countries are forming harmonized regulations for dietary supplements. This could be a big opportunity for manufacturers to introduce their products into the ASEAN market. A special unit of the Traditional Medicine and Health Supplements Product Working Group (TMHA PWG) helps manufacturers understand the regulatory procedures of these countries. Despite countries' own special requirements, manufacturers can follow the standards and harmonized guidelines put forth by TMHA PWG. The aim of this review is to introduce the regulatory procedure and requirements for international business developers to launch any new nutraceutical products into the ASEAN market.


Xs: 7.5007544 Ys: 2.5943048 Publish year: 2004 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Medicinal Plants Used in Primary Health Care abstract: The radical scavenging activity of five Thai medicinal plants used in primary heath care namely; Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae), Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) and Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) was determined. By measuring the scavenging effect on 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, methanolic extract of C. longa rhizome exhibits the highest radical scavenging activity with EC 50 of 0.34 mg/mL which is 50 times lower than that of dried Japanese green tea leaf. Since plant phenolic compound is one of the phytochemicals possessing radical scavenging activity, the amount of total phenolic compound was also determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as a standard. The result reveals that higher concentration of phenolic content is associated with a the higher radical scavenging activity.


Xs: 7.369255 Ys: 2.6655085 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Relationship of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities in Gymnema inodorum leaf extracts abstract: Gynmena inodorum (GI) is a green leafy vegetable used in the Northern Thai cuisine which has antioxidant activities and may be applicable for preventing oxidative stress and aging-related disease. However, understanding the relationship between GI phytonutrients and their antioxidant properties has been unclear. The aims of this study were to identify the GI leaf phytochemicals and to study their antioxidant activities. A chromatogram of LC-ESI-MS/QTOF-MS showed that the GI leaves were potentially composed of phenolics, quinic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins. This study was able to authenticate quercetin, kaempferol, and triterpenoid GIA1 in the samples. The GI materials with high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, quercetin, and kaempferol showed significant relation to antioxidation and protection in endothelial cell death suppressed by reactive nitrogen species. Meanwhile, triterpenoids had a low antioxidant impact. Ultimately, GI leaves with high phenolic compounds are a promising raw material to develop as an antioxidant functional food.


Xs: 8.089412 Ys: 2.3155582 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Protective effect of purple corn silk extract against ultraviolet-B-induced cell damage in human keratinocyte cells abstract: Ultraviolet-B (UVB) could lead to inflammation and cell death induction. Purple corn silk (PCS), part of female flower of corn has multiple pharmacological properties. This investigation focused on determining the preventive effects of PCS extract on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell damage induced by UVB irradiation. Cells were irradiated with 25 mJ/cm2 UVB after pre-treated with PCS extract for 1 h. Then, the cells were then placed in culture medium followed by subsequent experiments. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay. The immunofluorescence, DCFH-DA, JC-1, and Hoeshst33342 staining assays were used to determine γ-H2AX, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential of mitochondria, and nuclear condensation, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the proteins expression. The statistically significant comparison was calculated by analysis of variance at P < 0.05. The fluorescence and protein band intensity were quantified by Image J densitometer. The results indicated cell survival was increased upon PCS extract pretreatment followed by UVB exposure. PCS extract decreased γ-H2AX expression, intracellular ROS overproduction, and nuclear condensation in cells induced by UVB. Furthermore, The PCS extract pretreatment attenuated apoptosis response through stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased apoptosis mediator proteins including Bax, Bak, cleaved-caspases, and cleaved-PARP, and increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression comparing to the UVB-treated control. This finding demonstrated that the PCS extract can reduce the deleterious effects from UVB exposure through decreased intracellular ROS, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction on HaCaT cells.


Xs: 6.6179624 Ys: 2.1896672 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.): An emerging source of nutrients, omega-3 fatty acid and phytochemicals Download link: https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1d-5M16Ds1oQ6B abstract: Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) (SI) is an oleaginous plant producing oil and protein-rich seeds. It has been cultivated for centuries and is native to the tropical rainforest of the Amazon region of South America including parts of Peru and northwestern Brazil. At present, SI seeds are emerging as a potential source of macro- and micronutrients, α-linolenic acid and phytochemicals. This review attempts to elucidate the nutrients, phytonutrients, safety, toxicity, health benefits and food applications of SI seed. Recent scientific studies have associated the consumption of SI seed/oil with reduced risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, lack of awareness and in-depth understanding has resulted in it being neglected both at the consumer and industrial level. In all, SI is an underutilized and undervalued oleaginous crop which not only has the potential to mitigate food and nutritional insecurity but also offers humongous opportunities for the development of novel value-added food products.


Xs: 7.3542757 Ys: 3.939672 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Extraction Methods of Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm-pressed Mesocarp Oil and their Phytonutrients abstract: The Refined, Bleached and Deodorized (RBD) Coconut Oil (CO) and RBD Palm Oil (PO) are heavily consumed as cooking oils by Asians. Recently, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Palm-pressed Mesocarp Oil (PPMO) emerged into the market as functional oils. A number of studies were conducted to extract these edible oils by using different methods and conditions. Thus, this review focuses on the extraction methods of CO, VCO, CPO and PPMO, together with their yields and phytonutrient profiles. Phytonutrients such as carotenoids, tocopherol and tocotrienols, squalene, phytosterol and coenzyme Q10 were found in all the oils with various concentrations depending on their respective extraction methods. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) showed the highest efficiency in extracting VCO and PPMO among the extraction methods, in terms of yield and phytonutrient contents. VCO extracted by SFE contains higher medium chain fatty acids which promotes good digestibility when compared to other extraction methods. PPMO extracted by SFE is clean with a pleasant aroma without the presence of the gums and contains a lower amount of phospholipids. Furthermore, water soluble-phenolics were found to be present in the PPMO that contribute to its antioxidant activity. Thus, SFE is highly recommended for the extraction of VCO and PPMO.


Xs: 7.2976885 Ys: 3.1864986 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Phytonutrients and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Five Edible Flowers Used in Culinary abstract: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the natural pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids and antho-cyanins), phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of water and 95% ethanol extracts from five edible flowers-snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), carnation (Dianthus plumarius), garden geranium (Pelargonium hortorum), petunia (Petunia integrifolia) and dahlia (Dahlia decorative). It was found that water extracts gave higher extractive yields. The highest carotenoids and total anthocyanins content were detected in snapdragon and dahlia flowers. The total phenolic content dominated in water extracts of petunia, garden geranium, carnation and snapdragon-above 30 mg GAE/g of dry extract. Sinapic acid was detected in all edible flowers. Gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, sinapic and ferulic acid were detected only in carnation. Antioxidant activity was the highest in ethanol extracts of petunia, garden geranium, carnation by FRAP method. The current study demonstrated the future application of edible flower extracts as a source of antioxidants for culinary purposes.


Xs: 7.4895587 Ys: 2.8692334 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract abstract: The ethanol extracts from 24 samples plant species commonly found in Thailand were investigated and compared on their antioxidant activity by ABTS assay. The ethanol extract from the leaves of guava (Psidium guajava) showed the highest antioxidant capacity with the TEAC value of 4.908 ± 0.050 mM/mg, followed by the fruit peels of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) with the TEAC values of 3.074 ± 0.003 and 3.001 ± 0.016 mM/mg, respectively. The further investigation of guava leaf extracts from different solvents; n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol, was examined using ABTS and FRAP assays. The total phenolic content was done by Folin–Ciocalteu reaction. The results indicated that the methanol fraction possessed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively. The hexane fraction showed the lowest antioxidant activity. The results demonstrated that the mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extracts was free radical scavenging and reducing of oxidized intermediates. The phenolic content in guava leaf fraction played a significant role on the antioxidant activity via reducing mechanisms.


Xs: 8.349393 Ys: 3.930636 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Phytonutrients and Antioxidant Properties of Rice By-products abstract: Rice by-products are good sources of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. The richness and diversity in the bioactive compounds varied based on the extraction process and cultivars. Rice by-products are rich in tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, phytic acid, phenolic compounds, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and dietary fiber. These substances have been reported to have hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, anticancer, and anti-diabetic activities. Most of these bioactive constituents show encouraging findings in the prevention of these diseases. Nonetheless, the bioactivities of these bioactive compounds are poorly understood. In this chapter, we presented the composition of bioactive components in rice by-products. The results from both in vivo and in vitro experiments in relation to chronic diseases are also discussed in this chapter.


Xs: 6.348023 Ys: 2.2094746 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: 12th IFDC 2017 Special Issue - Nutrient and phytonutrient profiles of some Indigenous vegetables of Manipur, Northeast India abstract: Manipur, a state in Northeastern India, has rich source of Indigenous plant foods for a sustainable and diverse diet. However, existing data on the nutrient composition of these plant foods is scarce. The purpose of this study was to identify the nutrient and phytonutrient composition of these Indigenous plant foods, which would eventually lead to a better understanding of their potential role in shaping future food and nutrition security. Nineteen Indigenous vegetables from Manipur were analysed for their nutrient and phytonutrient profiles. The proximate composition ranged from 1.33 to 7.40% for protein, 0.171–2.51% for fat, 0.265–3.87% ash and 1.27–23.9% for dietary fiber. Parkia roxburghii and Vicia faba showed high protein content (7g/100g). These Indigenous vegetables possessed high vitamin B9 (total folate) content ranging from 36.1 to 441 μg/100g. Eurgale ferox exhibited high vitamin E content (42.7mg/100g of α tocopherol equivalent). High iron content was found in Nephalium indicum, Polygonum posumba and Wendlandia glabrata. These Indigenous vegetables also had higher copper, magnesium and calcium compared to the commonly consumed vegetables of India. Catechin and epicatechin were found abundantly in most of the samples analyzed. The study indicated that some Indigenous vegetables have the potential to be a good source of nutrients and might help overcome nutrient deficiency in the local diet.


Xs: 6.1585674 Ys: 2.5261822 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Cruciferous vegetables: a mine of phytonutrients for functional and nutraceutical enrichment abstract: The sedentary lifestyle coupled with continuously changing food habits and search for nutrient-dense enriched protective foods has resulted in increased demand and consumption of natural foods. Among natural dietary ingredients, vegetables are the daily consumed dietary ingredients packed with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and an array of bioactive phytochemicals. Amongst vegetable crops, cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, arugula, horseradish, mustard green, bok choy, brussels sprouts, etc. are the crops which are perceived far important than the mere table items for daily consumption owing to their rich functional bioactive profile. Presence of the sulfur-rich compounds (methyl cysteine sulfoxide and glucosinolates), coloring pigments (carotenoids, anthocyanins), minerals (Se, Fe, K, Ca), vitamins (B complex and C), dietary fiber, and other bioactive compounds (phytoalexins, terpenes, tocopherols, hydroxycinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, synapic acid and flavonols) give them the distinctive nutraceutical status with well documented therapeutic benefits. Most of the research effort in the last decade has been directed to effectively find out the exact mode of action of these bioactive compounds on health with their minimum effective concentration, means to ensure their effective delivery to the target organs, and increased bioavailability of these compounds. Though, there is substantial evidence based on in vivo and in vitro findings that scientifically demonstrate their benefits more research needs to be conducted with an exploration of the unknown beneficial activities as well as the unwanted effects. Future research should be directed towards the functional enrichment either through genetic modifications or through regulation of pathways for ensuring the national and health security to the general population and the health-conscious people.


Xs: 4.003406 Ys: 5.46107 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: The Effect of Yeast and Roughage Concentrate Ratio on Ruminal pH and Protozoal Population in Thai Native Beef Cattle abstract: The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) adding and roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) on nutrients utilization, rumen fermentation efficiency, microbial protein synthesis, and protozoal population in Thai native beef cattle. Four Thai native beef cattle, weighing an average of 120 ± 10 kg live weight, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A was the level of roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) at 60:40 and 40:60; factor B was the levels of live yeast (LY) supplementation at 0 and 4 g/hd/d; urea–calcium-hydroxide-treated rice straw were used as a roughage source. Findings revealed that total intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) were increased (p < 0.05) by both factors, being greater for steers fed a R:C ratio of 40:60 supplemented with 4 g LY/hd/d. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and propionate (C3) were increased (p < 0.05) at the R:C ratio of 40:60 with LY supplementation at 4 g/hd/d, whereas rumen acetate (C2) and the C2 to C3 ratio were decreased (p < 0.05). With a high level of concentrate, LY addition increased total bacterial direct counts and fungal zoospores (p < 0.05), but decreased protozoal populations (p < 0.05). High-concentrate diet and LY supplementation increased nitrogen absorption and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen protein production. In conclusion, feeding beef cattle with 4 g/hd/d LY at a R:C ratio of 40:60 increased C3 and nutritional digestibility while lowering protozoal population.


Xs: 5.6593094 Ys: 3.0794508 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Effect of Phytonutrient Rich Juice Blends on Antioxidant Status and Lipid Profile in Young Adults: A Randomised Trial abstract: Introduction: Phytonutrients like polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates and phytoestrogens may not be as essential as micronutrients. But, these have been useful to prevent disease and keep the fitness of the body. Amla (Indian Gooseberry), guava, kokum and purple grapes are highly nutritious seasonal fruits, rich in these phytonutrients and micronutrients. Regular consumption of these fruit-based beverages can improve the antioxidant status and health of the young adults. Aim: The aim was to study efficacy of two formulations (F1 and F2) as health beverages made using juices of amla and dark grapes as main ingredients to be assessed as antioxidant rich natural fortificants. Materials and Methods: Fourty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited (age 18-35 years) and randomised in a double blind trial of four weeks comprising of three groups (placebo, F1 and F2). Placebo was pineapple flavoured sugar syrup, F1 was amla based syrup containing water extracts of tulsi, brahmi, bael and jambhul juice while F2 had purple grape juice as major ingredient along with guava, pomegranate and kokum juices in sugar syrup. Results were assessed using Two-way ANOVA followed by paired t-test and p-value


Xs: 3.9806821 Ys: 5.2985415 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Potential Use of Kasedbok (Neptunia javanica Miq.) on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbial Populations in Thai Native Beef Cattle abstract: Simple Summary
Kasedbok (Neptunia javanica Miq.) is a fodder tree legume that grows successfully in a range of tropical and subtropical regions. Kasedbok could be used as a protein source in beef cattle’s concentrate diet, which would lower the cost of feeding. We evaluated the effect of the Kasedbok levels in the diets on feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and the microbial population in beef cattle. The findings indicated that using up to 240 g/kg Kasedbok in concentrate diets does not affect feed utilization, rumen characteristics, or microbial population, lowering feed costs.

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the influence of Kasedbok (Neptunia javanica Miq.) on the feed utilization, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in Thai Native beef cattle. Four animals with a mean body weight of 295 ± 15 kg were randomly arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. There were four treatments, utilizing 0, 80, 160, and 240 g/kg Kasedbok in concentrate. Local feed resources, including cassava chips, rice bran, palm kernel meal, and soybean meal, were utilized to formulate the concentrate diets, which contained between 11.8 and 12.0% crude protein (CP). The trial was conducted for four periods of three weeks each. The first two weeks consisted of an adaptation period, while the final week was a sampling period. The findings of the current study reveal that feed intake, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility were similar between treatments. In addition, there was no effect of Kasedbok levels on rumen pH, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, or volatile fatty acid. However, increasing the inclusion level of Kasedbok linearly decreased CP digestibility and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration (p = 0.04). In contrast, the population of fungal zoospores improved significantly (p = 0.03), while the bacterial and protozoal counts remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Furthermore, when the level of Kasedbok was increased from 0 to 80, 160, and 240 g/kg DM, the cost of concentrate decreased by 4.1, 7.8, and 10.6 USD/100 kg DM, respectively. The results of this experiment suggest that utilizing 240 g/kg of Kasedbok in a concentrated mixture will not affect feed utilization, rumen fermentation, improve microbial population, and reduce feed cost in Thai native beef cattle.


Xs: 7.413643 Ys: 1.8957008 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: A survey of herbal formulas for skin diseases from Thailand's three southern border provinces abstract: Since the manifestations of skin disease are usually openly visible, patients may feel embarrassed. Nowadays, alternative medicine is promoted; therefore, efforts are being made to discover new herbal formulas for healing skin diseases. This study aimed to (1) investigate the diversity and source of medicinal materials for treating skin diseases, and (2) document the folk knowledge of using herbal medicines from the three southern border provinces of Thailand; Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. Semi-structured interviews with ten healers were conducted to collect information including the formula name, herbal ingredients, material parts used, preparation, properties and treatment methods. The data were then further analysed. The results showed that 42 multi-species formulas and 30 single species were used to treat 22 skin diseases. The formulas were comprised of 54 plants and eight chemical elements or compounds. Most formulas were used for treating shingles, scabies, urticaria and itching of unknown cause. The most popular materials for various diseases were: Senna alata for ringworm and pityriasis versicolor, Areca catechu for shingles, Knema globularia for scabies and Tamarindus indica for itching of unknown cause. A review of the literature revealed that 36 plant species had already been tested for their pharmacological activities. The remaining species should be investigated for biological activity to confirm the folk utilization of the medicinal materials.


Xs: 7.2909236 Ys: 2.7170944 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: RP-HPLC based evidences of rich sources of Phenolics and water-soluble vitamins in an annual sedge Cyperus compressus abstract: The present study makes an effort to evaluate the content of water-soluble vitamins like ascorbic acid (C), thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6) and folic acid (B9) by HPLC of Cyperus compressus. The in vitro antioxidant activity was carried out in different solvent system of varying polarity. The 70% ethanol appeared to be the most potent solvent for extraction of antioxidant compounds. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were found 72.544 ± 0.144 mg/g dm and 12.930 ± 0.144 mg/g dm respectively in the plant. Simultaneous HPLC fingerprinting of some standard phenolic acids and flavonoids in the 70 % aqueous ethanol extract was also carried out. B vitamins ranged between 0.028 to 0.431 mg/100g dm. The results confirm that this annual sedge is an excellent source of antioxidant- based phytonutrients, which could be used for the good of human being at the same time it can be used as a vitamin supplement to our diet. The study also provides the scientific basis of traditional significance of Cyperus compressus


Xs: 7.48116 Ys: 3.597743 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Betel leaves (Piper Betle L.) powder: Production, nutritional quality, physico-chemical and functional properties abstract: Betel (Piper betle L.) vines are cultivated for its nutrition and medicinal properties. Good as it is, betel leaves are highly perishable. Hence, it possesses a challenge in commercialisation of betel leaves. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of different drying conditions, i.e., hot-air oven drying at 40 (HAD-40), 50 (HAD- 50), and 60°C (HAD-60) and freeze drying (FD), on the nutritional values, physical, chemical, and functional properties of betel leaves powder. Hot-air oven drying at 60°C was the most effective method to preserve the nutrients of dried betel leaves with proximate compositions of 8.80% moisture, 22.81% crude protein, 5.40% crude fat, 12.02% crude fibre, 12.09% ash, 50.91% total carbohydrate, and 343.44 kcal/100 g energy. Results of physical analyses showed that HAD-40 had higher yield and lower water activity (aw) compared to other powders, while HAD-60 demonstrated highest bulk density value. FD showed the highest lightness, greenness, and yellowness values. For chemical properties, HAD-40 had the highest pH and total titratable acidity values, while the total soluble solid of all samples were insignificantly (P > 0.05) different. The functional properties results demonstrated that HAD-40 had the highest water holding capacity and the lowest oil holding capacity. HAD-40 betel leaves powder appeared to be the best drying method as it shows the highest value for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential assay. However, in 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging ability, FD technique recorded the highest value. Overall, the suitable drying method in the production of betel leaves powder can be identified for their further applications as food ingredients, depending on characteristics and quality of the end product.


Xs: 6.7635036 Ys: 3.0823247 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Potential anti-mutagenicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capacities of the extract from perilla seed meal abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro bioactivities associated with the content of phytochemicals in the extracts from perilla seed meal extract (PSME) compared with dietary seed (PSE). PSE had higher total phenolics and flavonoids content than PSME. However, hydrophilic phytochemical contents in PSME were quantitatively equivalent to PSE. Rosmarinic acid was predominantly found in both extracts. Cell viability and anti‐mutagenicity testing demonstrated that PSE and PSME were biosecured and non‐genotoxic. Both extracts strongly scavenged free radicals and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The extracts drastically diminished nitric oxide (NO) production of LPS‐treated RAW 264.7 cells via iNOS mRNA expression. The expression of IL‐6 and COX‐2 were evidently inhibited by these extracts. It could be concluded that PSE and PSME clearly showed in vitro anti‐mutagenicity, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacities. In particular, the by‐product perilla seed meal could be considered as a high nutritive functional food.

Practical applications
This study suggests that the seed meals, a by‐product from seed oil industry, can be utilized as a valuable dietary source for humans and animals. The high content of polyphenols and their bioactivities can be developed as functional foods, and excipients and fillers in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals production. Moreover, recycling of the by‐product seed meals should also reduce environmental and sanitary pollution.


Xs: 6.728191 Ys: 2.2559268 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Phytosome Supplements for Delivering Gymnema inodorum Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes abstract: Gymnema inodorum (GI) is a leafy green vegetable found in the northern region of Thailand. A GI leaf extract has been developed as a dietary supplement for metabolic diabetic control. However, the active compounds in the GI leaf extract are relatively nonpolar. This study aimed to develop phytosome formulations of the GI extract to improve the efficiencies of their phytonutrients in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin-resistant activities in macrophages and adipocytes, respectively. Our results showed that the phytosomes assisted the GI extract’s dispersion in an aqueous solution. The GI phytocompounds were assembled into a phospholipid bilayer membrane as spherical nanoparticles about 160–180 nm in diameter. The structure of the phytosomes allowed phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene derivatives to be embedded in the phospholipid membrane. The existence of GI phytochemicals in phytosomes significantly changed the particle’s surface charge from neutral to negative within the range of −35 mV to −45 mV. The phytosome delivery system significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory activity of the GI extract, indicated by the lower production of nitric oxide from inflamed macrophages compared to the non-encapsulated extract. However, the phospholipid component of phytosomes slightly interfered with the anti-insulin-resistant effects of the GI extract by decreasing the glucose uptake activity and increasing the lipid degradation of adipocytes. Altogether, the nano-phytosome is a potent carrier for transporting GI phytochemicals to prevent an early stage of T2DM.


Xs: 6.3863773 Ys: 2.2814374 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Carotenoids, ascorbic acid, minerals, and total glucosinolates in choysum (Brassica rapa cvg. parachinensis) and kailaan (B. oleraceae Alboglabra group) as affected by variety and wet and dry season production abstract: Choysum (Brassica rapa cvg. parachinensis) and kailaan (Brassica oleraceae Alboglabra Group) are economically and nutritionally important leafy brassicas in east and southeast Asia. We evaluated 22 commercial varieties of each crop in dry and wet season trials at the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) to assess genetic diversity among varieties for phytonutrient content and phytonutrient yields (product of plot yield and plot nutrient content), and to measure the effect of season on phytonutrient content. The season strongly affected the content of most phytonutrients. Mean total carotenoid content of choysum and kailaan varieties declined by 37% and 23%, respectively, in wet season versus dry season trials. In contrast, calcium and ascorbic acid contents of both crops were about 50% and 20% higher in the wet season than in the dry season trial. Varietal variation for total carotenoids was about five-fold and four-fold, respectively, for choysum and kailaan in the dry season trial, and variation in iron content was about three-fold in the wet season trial. Several varieties of each crop ranked among the best varieties in both seasons for phytonutrient yield. Varieties outstanding for content of a particular phytonutrient tended to perform well in either dry or wet season, but not both.


Xs: 6.250036 Ys: 2.195701 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Sprouts and Microgreens—Novel Food Sources for Healthy Diets abstract: With the growing interest of society in healthy eating, the interest in fresh, ready-to-eat, functional food, such as microscale vegetables (sprouted seeds and microgreens), has been on the rise in recent years globally. This review briefly describes the crops commonly used for microscale vegetable production, highlights Brassica vegetables because of their health-promoting secondary metabolites (polyphenols, glucosinolates), and looks at consumer acceptance of sprouts and microgreens. Apart from the main crops used for microscale vegetable production, landraces, wild food plants, and crops’ wild relatives often have high phytonutrient density and exciting flavors and tastes, thus providing the scope to widen the range of crops and species used for this purpose. Moreover, the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals often vary with plant growth and development within the same crop. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are often more nutrient-dense than ungerminated seeds or mature vegetables. This review also describes the environmental and priming factors that may impact the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals of microscale vegetables. These factors include the growth environment, growing substrates, imposed environmental stresses, seed priming and biostimulants, biofortification, and the effect of light in controlled environments. This review also touches on microgreen market trends. Due to their short growth cycle, nutrient-dense sprouts and microgreens can be produced with minimal input; without pesticides, they can even be home-grown and harvested as needed, hence having low environmental impacts and a broad acceptance among health-conscious consumers.


Xs: 4.0738873 Ys: 5.322372 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Supplementation of growth enhancer on Ongole grade cattle: effects on nutrient utilization, and growth performance abstract: p class="MDPI17abstract"> Objective: This experiment aimed to assess natural growth enhancers supplementation on nutrient metabolism and production performance of Ongole grade cattle.
Methods: The solid growth enhancer (GE) was formulated to contain highly soluble energy sources (molasses), nitrogen (urea), bypass protein (dried-Leucaena leaves and soybean meal), polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish oil), phytonutrient-rich source ( T. catappa ), and mineral premix. In total, 25 Ongole grade cattle at 1-1.5 years in age averaged 150 ± 12 kg of initial body weight were distributed to receive five dietary treatments as follow: P0 = basal diet; P1 = P0 + 5 g/kg BW0.75 GE; P2 = P0 + 10 g/kg BW0.75 GE; P3 = P0 + 20 g/kg BW0.75 GE; P4 = PO + 30 g/kg BW0.75 GE, respectively, (5 replicates per treatment). The experiment lasted 10 months.
Results: GE supplementation at 5g/kg BW0.75 (P1) significantly increased daily gain and final BW compared to P0 (P<0.05). Voluntary intake for dry matter, crude protein, and total digestible nutrient increased for cattle fed diets containing GE (P<0.05) compared to P0 but no difference among supplementary levels (P>0.05). Digestibility of DM and CF were significantly higher at P1 t (P<0.05) while N retention was highest on P1 and P2 and P0 was the lowest (P<0.05). Cattle fed with P1 and P2 treatments excreted higher allantoin and uric acid thus produced higher microbial protein synthesis than other treatments (P<0.05).

Conclusions: In conclusion, dietary GE increased nutrient density of the ration and supplementation at 5g/kg BW0.75 could increase voluntary intake and nutrient utilization, and thus increased performance parameters of Ongole grade cattle.</p


Xs: 4.066171 Ys: 5.2448573 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Effects of Supplementing Finishing Goats with Mitragyna speciosa (Korth) Havil Leaves Powder on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality abstract: The objective of this study was to see how dried Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves (DKTL) affected growth, hematological parameters, carcass characteristics, muscle chemical composition, and fatty acid profile in finishing goats. In a randomized complete block design, twenty crossbred males (Thai Native x Boer) weaned goats (17.70 ± 2.50 kg of initial body weight (BW)) were provided to the experimental animals (5 goats per treatment) for 90 days. Individual dietary treatments of 0, 2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 g/d of DKTL on a dry matter basis were given to the goats. The diets were provided twice daily as total mixed rations ad libitum. In comparison to the control diet, DKTL supplementation had no effect on BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass composition, meat pH, or meat color (p > 0.05). After DKTL treatment, the hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, oleic acid (C18:1n9), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and protein content increased, but saturated fatty acids (SFA) and ether extract decreased (p < 0.05). To summarize, DKTL supplementation can improve goat meat quality.


Xs: 6.543771 Ys: 2.5877728 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Cancer preventive effect of Thai rat-tailed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef) abstract: The cancer preventive effect of Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef (Thai rat-tailed radish) extract was evaluated against the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. HPLC and GC-MS were used to identify the phytoconstituents in Thai rat-tailed radish extract. Thai rat-tailed radish extract showed high cytotoxicity against HCT116 with an IC50 at 9.42 +/- 0.46 mu g/ml. Apoptosis induced by Thai rat-tailed radish extract was confirmed (a) by DAPI staining which demonstrated nuclei morphological changes, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation and (b) by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry. GC-MS analysis of Thai rat-tailed radish extract revealed two isothiocyanates; sulforaphane and sulforaphene, whose cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction effect were evident, giving Thai rat-tailed radish extract its anticancer attributes. This is the first report on the cancer preventive effect of Thai rat-tailed radish extract against HCT116 colon cancer cell line, through apoptosis induction.


Xs: 4.1130805 Ys: 5.4457893 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios abstract: Two experiments were conducted under this study: Experiment 1 was to study production yield, chemical composition, and in vitro degradability of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo; BS) leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk at various maturity ages of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after plantation and regrowth and Experiment 2 was to evaluate the effect of flavonoid extract from BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk and dietary ratios on ruminal gas production, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro degradability. Experiment 1 showed that maturity ages after planting and regrowth increased, the yield significantly increased. Increasing maturity ages significantly (p < 0.05) increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content and decreased crude protein content, total flavonoid (TF) content, and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Maturity ages from 15 to 30 days after plantation and regrowth resulted (p < 0.05) the highest TF content and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Thus, BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk samples from 15 to 30 days of age were used for flavonoid extraction and used in the Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was conducted according to a 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Three roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios at 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 were used, and five levels of flavonoid extract (FE) at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg of substrate dry matter (DM) were supplemented. Experiment 2 showed that R:C ratio and FE had an interaction effect only on acetate to propionate ratio. Varying R:C ratios significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vitro DM degradability, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and propionate (C3) concentration. FE supplementation linearly (p < 0.05) increased total VFA and C3 concentration and decreased methane production and protozoal population. This study could conclude that FE from BS could effectively modulate ruminal fermentation and decrease methane production. However, in vivo study needs to elucidate in order to validate the present results.


Xs: 6.373298 Ys: 2.192071 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: African Nightshades and African Eggplants: Taxonomy, Crop Management, Utilization, and Phytonutrients abstract: The Solanaceae plant family contains many food crops
important to agriculture, food security, human nutrition and
health. These include globally-consumed peppers (Capsicum
sp), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (S. lycopersicum),
eggplant (S. melongena) and regionally consumed, such as,
African nightshades (Solanum section Solanum, S. scabrum
and S. villosum) and African eggplants (S. aethiopicum, S.
macropcarpon and S. anguivi). The taxonomy of Solanum is
complex, and the “deadly nightshade” reputation of S. nigrum
and other Solanum weeds or medicinal plants has extended to
the edible African nightshades and African eggplants; this has
confused people unfamiliar with these plants. The attention
of scientists and policymakers has been focused on potato,
tomato and peppers. Information on other regionally important
Solanum crops is lacking. This paper reviews the taxonomy,
crop management and the uses of African Solanum food crops
as well as their nutritional values and glycoalkaloid contents.


Xs: 7.1421804 Ys: 2.4712791 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Bamboo Shoots: A Novel Source of Nutrition and Medicine abstract: Bamboos, a group of large woody grasses belonging to the family Poaceae and subfamily Bambusoideae, are much talked about for their contribution to the environment. However, the food potential of Bamboo shoot per se remains unexploited. Literature on the nutritional and medicinal potential of bamboo shoots is scarce. This paper therefore provides insight on bamboo shoot as a food resource. Various edible species and exotic food products (fermented shoots, pickle, etc.) and recipes of bamboo shoots (bamboo beer, bamboo cookies) are consumed worldwide. Change in nutritional composition of different species of bamboo shoots with processing has also been reviewed. Bamboo shoots possess high protein, moderate fiber, and less fat content. They are also endowed for having essential amino acids, selenium, a potent antioxidant, and potassium, a healthy heart mineral. Occurrence of taxiphyllin, a cyanogenic glycoside in raw shoots, and its side effect on human health calls for the demand to innovate processing ways using scientific input to eliminate the toxic compound without disturbing the nutrient reserve. Lastly, the paper also reviews the utilization of medicinal properties acquired by bamboo shoot. Using the traditional knowledge, pharmaceutical preparations of bamboo shoots like bamboo salt, bamboo vinegar, bamboo extracts for diabetes and cholesterol control, etc. are now gaining importance. Further investigation is required by the researchers to make novel nutraceutical products and benefit the society.


Xs: 4.008992 Ys: 5.4493876 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf pellet can manipulate rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability abstract: Objective:
Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf has been found to be an important source of protein, vitamins, minerals, as well as phytonutrients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) with various level of crude protein (CP) in the concentrate on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in in vitro gas production technique.

Methods:
In an in vitro rumen fermentation study the dietary treatments were arranged according to a 3×5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, consisting of Factor A: three levels of CP of concentrate mixtures (14%, 16%, and 18% CP, respectively) and Factor B: five levels of CHYP supplementation (at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of dry matter substrates).

Results:
The gas production kinetics, fraction (a) and fraction (b) were lower (p<0.05) with an increasing CHYP addition. Additionally, the fraction (a+b) was found to yield a significant interaction (p<0.05) while the fraction (c) was not impacted by CHYP addition. However, in vitro DM degradability was enhanced and interactive (p<0.05), using 16% CP of concentrate with 6% and 8% CHYP, when compared with 18% CP in the non-addition. Additionally, the treatment with higher CP of the concentrate was higher in NH3-N concentration (p<0.001) and by CHYP supplementation group (p<0.05). Nevertheless, protozoal counts in the rumen were remarkably decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of CHYP supplementation. Furthermore, rumen C2 concentration was lower (p<0.05) in the treatments with CHYP supplementation, while C3 was significantly increased and interactive (p<0.05) between levels of CP and CHYP supplementation especially at 8% CHYP supplementation.

Conclusion:
Based on this study, the results revealed CHYP as a promising feed supplement to enhance rumen fermentation and to mitigate methane production. However, in vivo feeding experiments should be subsequently conducted to elucidate the effect of CHYP supplementation on rumen fermentation, as well as ruminant production efficiency.


Xs: 5.2196455 Ys: 3.3988452 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Does timing of phytonutrient intake influence the suppression of postprandial oxidative stress? A systematic literature review abstract: Background:
Postprandial oxidative stress markers in blood are generated transiently from various tissues and cells following high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate (HFHC) meals, and may be suppressed by certain phytonutrients, such as polyphenols and carotenoids. However, the transient presence of phytonutrients in circulation suggests that timing of consumption, relative to the meal, could be important. This systematic review investigates the effect of timing of phytonutrient intake on blood markers of postprandial oxidative processes.

Method:
EMBASE, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science were searched up to December 2020. Eligible studies met the criteria: 1) healthy human adults; 2) phytonutrient(s) consumed in solid form within 24 h of a HFHC meal; 3) postprandial measurements of oxidative stress or antioxidants in blood; and 4) controlled study design. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to compare studies.

Results:
Nine studies, involving 256 participants, were included. Phytonutrients were consumed either at the same time, 1 h before, or the day (>12 h) before a HFHC meal. Significant decreases in blood markers - plasma lipid hydroperoxides, plasma malondialdehyde, serum sNox2-dp, serum 8-iso-PGF2α, platelet p47phox phosphorylation, and Keap-1 and p47phox protein levels in mononuclear cells (MNCs) - were observed where the phytonutrient was consumed together with the challenge meal (n = 4). Lack of any effect on oxidative stress markers was observed where phytonutrients were consumed with (n = 1), 1 h before (n = 1), and the day before (n = 2) the HFHC meal.

Conclusion:
Phytonutrients consumed with a HFHC meal significantly suppressed some markers of oxidative stress in blood. Although there were only a limited number of studies, it appears that suppression appeared effective at the time of peak phytonutrient concentration in plasma. However, further studies are required to confirm the observations and systematically optimise the effect of timing.


Xs: 7.337015 Ys: 3.5779102 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Investigation of the effects of extraction temperature and time on bioactive compounds content from garlic (Allium sativum L.) husk abstract: Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) has been used as a functional food and medicine in traditional prescriptions for centuries. The extract of garlic husks contains phytonutrients and antioxidant capacity, which can be applied in the food, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, garlic husks, a by-product of the food industry, are considered agricultural wastes. Hence, this research aims at evaluating the content of several compounds in the extract of garlic husks and determining the appropriate temperature and time for the extraction processing of bioactive compounds from garlic husks. In this research, garlic husk powder was extracted at different temperatures from 40 to 80 o C during time durations of 30–120 min. This study found that the optimum temperature was from 60 to 70 o C and the time duration was from 60 to 90 min for the extraction process. The optimal content of total polyphenols content of 8.93 ± 0.252 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, total flavonoids content of 0.028 ± 0.002 (mg quercetin equivalent/g), total thiosulfinates content of 9.73 ± 0.071 (μmol/g), and total anthocyanins content of 0.0047 ± 0.0001 (mg/g) of dried garlic husk. Based on the finding, the study suggests that garlic husk should be utilized as a potential source of natural antioxidants in garlic extract, a food supplement, that contains antioxidants to support the cardiovascular and immune systems+ and odorless garlic products.


Xs: 6.4316497 Ys: 2.4199781 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Contents of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, minerals and total glucosinolates in leafy Brassica pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. chinensis) as affected by season and variety abstract: BACKGROUND: Pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. chinensis) is economically and nutritionally important in East and Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of season and variety on its phytonutrient content (carotenoids, minerals, ascorbic acid and total glucosinolates).
RESULTS: Thirty-five varieties were evaluated in one dry season and one wet season field trial at AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan. Mean carotenoid content was about 36% greater in the dry season than in the wet season trial. In contrast, ascorbic acid and total glucosinolate contents were 48 and 72% higher respectively in the wet season than in the dry season trial. Dry matter, calcium and iron contents were also 69, 69 and 21% greater respectively in the wet season than in the dry season trial. Significant differences among entries were found for most phytonutrients; the ranges of variety means were fourfold for total carotenoids, fivefold for iron and total glucosinolates and twofold for calcium.
CONCLUSION: Season strongly influences the phytonutrient content of pakchoi grown in the tropics. Significant differences among entries were found for all phytonutrients, and there is potential to increase levels of individual phytonutrients through plant breeding. However, breeding would need to target varieties for either the dry or the wet season. Copyright


Xs: 6.410891 Ys: 2.7153063 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Screening tomato cultivars for high β-carotene and bacterial wilt resistance abstract: To improve tomato cultivars for high β-carotene with bacterial wilt resistance, tomato cultivars reported to have high β-carotene and/or bacterial wilt resistance were evaluated. Thirty tomato cultivars were evaluated for high β-carotene under open field and plastic-net house during dry season (October 2008- Febuary 2009). The level of β-carotene and fruit yield were recorded and combined for analysis. The best cultivar code number 106 showed the highest values in both of β-carotene ('CLN2585A' and 'Lukullus') and fruit yield under both conditions compared to the control cultivars ('Thubtimdang' and 'Thomas'). For bacterial wilt resistance screening, 32 cultivars were evaluated during dry season (October 2008- Febuary 2009), and 12 selected cultivars were evaluated during the rainy season (May-September, 2009), compared to the resistant ('Hawaii 7996') and susceptible ('VF134-1-2') cultivars. The seedlings were transplanted into infested soil in concrete blocks with artificial inoculation of mix 13 isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum. During dry season, the cultivars of code number 222, 223, 225 and 226 gave the highest fruit yield and resistant to bacterial wilt, and were similar to 'Hawaii 7996'. However, no resistant cultivars were detected under the rainy season, even though 'Hawaii 7996' showed moderate susceptibility.


Xs: 8.240797 Ys: 4.073654 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Quantification of polyphenolic content and bioactive constituents of some commercial rice varieties in Taiwan abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), an important food crop in Asian diets, has been reported to be a good source of bioactive phytonutrients. This study proposed to analyze the free polyphenolic content and their bioactive antioxidative constituents in different grain parts of eleven commercial rice varieties in Taiwan. Results showed that rice bran had the highest total phenolic (1.29-14.27 g GAE/kg) and total flavonoid (1.23-25.83 g QE/kg) contents, followed by brown rice and rice husk; polished rice contained the lowest. The total polyphenolic contents of the Japonica rice varieties were higher than the Indica rice varieties, and the contents in pigmented rice varieties were higher than in non-pigmented rice varieties. Results from high performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed that the major bioactive polyphenolic constituents present in the analyzed rice varieties were ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, vanillic acid and caffeic acid. Regardless of the grain parts, ferulic acid was found to be the most abundant and was mainly distributed in rice bran, while p-coumaric acid was present mainly in rice husk.


Xs: 8.228087 Ys: 4.1078253 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Nutritional composition and bioactivity of germinated Thai indigenous rice extracts: A feasibility study abstract: The feasibility of the production of germinated rice extracts using indigenous rice from Southern Thailand, including Khemtong (KHT) and Khai Mod Rin (KMR) from a single location at the Pak Phanang River Basin in Nakhon Si Thammarat, was investigated. The nutritional composition and bioactivity of the germinated rice extracts from both cultivars were evaluated. Optimum germination time for both rices was 96 h, leading to the highest GABA, thiamine, free amino acid, total sugar, and α-amylase activity (p<0.05). Germinated KHT had a higher α-amylase activity than germinated KMR at all germination times. Mashing at 60°C/pH 5.5 rendered the extract with the highest GABA content (p<0.05) and desirable contents of other nutrients. In comparison with germinated Sungyod (local colored rice) and Jasmine (commercial Thai rice) extracts, KHT and KMR showed a higher scavenging activity against DPPH•, OH•, and H2O2 (p<0.05) with a comparable ABTS•+ inhibition. For metal chelation, reducing power and ACE inhibitory activity, the germinated Sungyod extract was greater than KHT/KMR. The results demonstrated the potential use of germinated local Thai rice for the production of functional beverages.


Xs: 7.4600244 Ys: 3.7230425 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Influence of drying conditions on colour, betacyanin content and antioxidant capacities in dried red‐fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) abstract: In this study, drying of red‐fleshed dragon fruit at different temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C) and air velocities (1.0 and 1.5 m s⁻¹) was conducted under the specific humidity of 25 g H2O kg⁻¹ dry air. The results showed that drying at higher temperatures resulted in shorter drying times. However, temperature and air velocity did not significantly affect the total betacyanin contents and antioxidant capacities in dried products. Seven betacyanins identified by LC‐MS were betanin, isobetanin, phyllocactin, isophyllocactin, betanidin 5 –O‐(6′O‐3‐hydroxybutyryl)‐β‐glucoside, isobetanidin 5 –O‐(6′O‐3‐hydroxybutyryl)‐β‐glucoside and decarboxylated phyllocactin. In addition, the temperature increased the isomerisation of betacyanins. The most preferable condition for preserving the colour and betacyanin contents of red‐fleshed dragon fruit was the drying at a temperature of 80 °C and air velocity of 1.5 m s⁻¹ since it could shorten the drying time and give a bright red colour to the dried product as well as it had no significant impact on the betacyanins.


Xs: 7.7323203 Ys: 2.7328534 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Total Active Compounds and Mineral Contents in Wolffia globosa abstract: Wolffia globosa, or watermeal, is an aquatic plant belonging to the Lemnaceae family that is consumed as food and sold in local markets of Thailand. The aim of this study was to quantify selected active compounds and minerals in W. globosa ethanolic extract and evaluate its antioxidant activity. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of beta-carotene, ferulic acid, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol. Mineral contents (iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and sodium) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Antioxidative activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging assays. The beta-carotene, ferulic acid, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol contents of the extract were 2.52 ± 0.10, 1.40 ± 0.10, 2.42 ± 0.50, and 1.57 ± 0.14 mg/g extract, respectively. The highest mineral content in the W. globosa extract was magnesium. The wet extract of W. globosa showed higher amounts of all minerals than the dry extract. Freshly prepared and boiled W. globosa extracts showed radical scavenging activity at 1000 µg/milliliter with 75.77 ± 0.93% and 67.10 ± 0.20% inhibition of DPPH and 70.40 ± 7.20% and 59.78 ± 3.16% inhibition of ABTS, respectively. This plant is a promising novel source of natural phytochemical constituents and antioxidants and has potential for development as a plant-based nutraceutical product for the treatment of diseases caused by free radicals.


Xs: 6.820562 Ys: 2.5671432 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Other Health Effects of Dragon Fruit and Potential Delivery Systems for Its Bioactive Compounds abstract: Dragon fruit (Hylocereus genus) has the potential for the prevention of diseases associated with inflammatory and oxidative processes. We aimed to comprehensively review dragon fruit health effects, economic importance, and possible use in delivery systems. Pubmed, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched, and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines were followed. Studies have shown that pitaya can exert several benefits in conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer due to the presence of bioactive compounds that may include vitamins, potassium, betacyanin, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid. Moreover, pitaya has the potential to be used in food and nutraceutical products as functional ingredients, natural colorants, ecologically correct and active packaging, edible films, preparation of photoprotective products, and additives. Besides the importance of dragon fruit as a source of bioactive compounds, the bioavailability is low. The development of delivery systems such as gold nanoparticles with these compounds can be an alternative to reach target tissues.


Xs: 6.575219 Ys: 2.6342494 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Local Perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.) from Northern Thailand abstract: Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of LocalPerilla(Perilla frutescens(L.) Britt.) from Northern Thailand.Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an important oil and culinary crop in Asia, is a valuable genetic resource. Despite its nutritional value and historic and cultural importance, research on Perilla has been scarce, particularly as far as its genetic diversity is concerned. The aims of the present study were to assess variability within and between 29 seed samples of P. frutescens collected from farmers in northern Thailand, and evaluation conducted of their genetic, morphological, and agronomic characteristics, and the seed composition, including polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, and the vitamin E γ-tocopherols. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. of northern Thailand is genetically variable, and structured according to origin of collection which was the consequence of local adaptation. The discovery of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely α-linolenic acid and γ-tocopherols, in some Perilla samples indicates the potential for utilizing Perilla for its high omega-3 content including as a vitamin E supplement for humans, a prospect that should be taken into account when planning conservation strategies or when Perilla variability is used in breeding programs.


Xs: 4.383174 Ys: 5.30852 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Agronomic Performance and Phytochemical Profile of Lettuce Grown in Anaerobic Dairy Digestate abstract: Anaerobic liquid dairy digestate is a by-product of dairy waste anaerobic digestion from dairy operations and is associated with environmental risks if not handled properly, particularly nutrient leaching losses, water contaminations, and greenhouse gas emissions. We tested the applications of anerobic digestate (AD) as a biofertilizer and water source in greenhouse vegetable production to integrate food production and industry waste management for sustainable environments. We used a deep water culture system to assess the effects of AD effluent alone, inorganic nutrient solution (NS), and a combination of AD and NS on the growth, yield, and phytonutrient profile and heavy metal contamination assessment of hydroponically produced lettuce. Lettuce produced in AD had a lower leaf area, total chlorophyll content, and fresh biomass; however, it displayed significantly higher chicoric acid (200%), chlorogenic acid (67%), luteolin (800%), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (378%), quercetin-3-glucoside (200%), quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucoside (1077%), folate (248%), pantothenic acid (200%), total phenolics (111%), total antioxidants (44%), and soluble sugars (253%) compared to control (inorganic feed). The AD-produced lettuce also showed significantly lower heavy metal bioaccumulation risks associated with the human consumption. Based on various results, we may conclude that AD utilization in hydroponics can offer a sustainable solution to harvest a better lettuce yield, higher phytonutrients, and environmental benefits.


Xs: 6.860592 Ys: 2.747596 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Jackfruit and Its Many Functional Components as Related to Human Health: A Review abstract: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an ancient fruit that is widely consumed as a fresh fruit. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. This review presents an overview of the functional, medicinal, and physiological properties of this fruit.


Xs: 5.230933 Ys: 1.9879129 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Biomarkers of Micronutrients and Phytonutrients and Their Application in Epidemiological Studies abstract: Nutritional biomarkers can be used as important indicators of nutritional status and play crucial roles in the prevention as well as prognosis optimization of various metabolism-related diseases. Measuring dietary with the deployment of biomarker assessments provides quantitative nutritional information that can better predict the health outcomes. With the increased availability of nutritional biomarkers and the development of assessment tools, the specificity and sensitivity of nutritional biomarkers have been greatly improved. This enables efficient disease surveillance in nutrition research. A wide range of biomarkers have been used in different types of studies, including clinical trials, observational studies, and qualitative studies, to reflect the relationship between diet and health. Through a comprehensive literature search, we reviewed the well-established nutritional biomarkers of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, and their association with epidemiological studies, to better understand the role of nutrition in health and disease.


Xs: 6.543565 Ys: 2.8810294 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Phenolic Profiles and Bioactivities of Ten Original Lineage Beans in Thailand abstract: Legumes and pulses are important food components with various phytochemicals and health benefits. However, the health-related bioactivities of some underutilized species remain uninvestigated. To breed a new bean lineage with particular health-related properties, this study investigated phenolics (specifically, isoflavones) and the in vitro inhibitory activities of the enzyme relevant to some non-communicable diseases in underutilized cultivars of Phaseolus lunatus (lima beans), compared to the commonly consumed P. vulgaris (red kidney bean) and beans in the Glycine and Vigna genera. The results indicated that soybeans in the Glycine genus contained the highest isoflavone contents, especially glycitein (1825–2633 mg/100 g bean) and daidzein (1153–6471 mg/100 g bean), leading to potentially higher enzyme inhibitory activities (25–26% inhibition against α-amylase, 54–60% inhibition against α-glucosidase, 42–46% inhibition against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 12–19% inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and 20–23% inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase) than those from other genera. Interestingly, lima beans with low isoflavone content (up to 2 mg/100 g bean) still possessed high inhibitory activities against lipase (12–21% inhibition) and β-secretase (50–58% inhibition), suggesting that bioactive compounds other than the isoflavones might be responsible for these activities. Isoflavone contents and enzyme inhibitory activities in Vigna beans were diverse, depending on the particular cultivars. The information gained from this study can be used for further investigation of bioactive components and in-depth health properties, as well as for future breeding of a new lineage of bean with specific health potentials.


Xs: 6.4979625 Ys: 3.2071924 Publish year: 2010 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Effect of Fermentation of Sweet Orange (C itrus sinensis ) Fruit Peel on its Phytonutrients and the Performance of Broiler Starter abstract: A 5-week feeding trial to determine the effect of fermentation of sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis ) fruit peel on its maize replacement value in broiler starter diet was conducted. Sweet orange fruit peels were collected from peeled orange sellers and divided into three portions. The first portion was not fermented (SP0), while the second and third portions were fermented for 24hrs (SP24) and 48hrs (SP48), respectively. They were separately sun-dried, milled and samples screened and analyzed for phytonutrients. Four different diets namely the control (CD) and three test diets SP0D, SP24D and SP48D in which SP0, SP24D and SP48 replaced maize in the control diet (CD) at 30% level in that order were compounded. Seven-day old one hundred and twenty Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to these diet groups to evaluate their performance. There was a decrease in the concentration of each of oxalate, flavonoid, tannin, saponin and phytate detected in the peels as the duration of fermentation increased from 0 to 48hrs. Thirty percent replacement of maize by the fermented sweet orange fruit peel meal depressed body weight gain (p<0.01), feed intake (p<0.05) and live weight (p<0.01) of broiler starter. The fermentation technique used in this study did not improve the nutritive value of the sweet orange fruit peels to enhance its suitability as a feed resource in broiler starter production.


Xs: 5.0091195 Ys: 1.0285954 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Natural Resources, Agriculture, and the Environment: From Traditional Practices to Modern Challenges and Solutions abstract: Agriculture is a set of interdependent industries mainly specialized in the production of raw materials for the food and processing industries. This review explores the correlation between agriculture and the environment, spanning the practices of hunting and gathering to contemporary agricultural methods, while addressing the significant issues encountered within this pivotal domain. Plant and animal farming is affected by seasonal and environmental changes. Land is both a tool and a target for work in agriculture, and soil conditions greatly affect crop production. Intensive and wide cultivation is considered to meet the rising food demand. Intensive farming uses contemporary technology, high crop yields, and fertilizer, whereas extensive farming uses less labor and capital per unit of land. This study examines trade trends in agricultural export and import countries. It highlights the specialization of countries in agricultural products as a function of natural resources and economic choices. It also examines environmental issues linked to agriculture, such as soil erosion, surface water contamination, and water use. Sustainable agriculture and water resource management are essential for solving these problems. The research recommends coordinated management of soil, water, plants, and nutrients to conserve agricultural water. Emphasis is placed on demand-responsive irrigation, optimizing irrigation scheduling, and reducing evaporation losses. Nuclear and isotopic technologies can improve agricultural water management. These technologies include water isotope signatures, soil moisture, nitrogen fertilizer monitoring, and landscape water flows.


Xs: 6.5505223 Ys: 3.26694 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Capsaicinoids, Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activities of Capsicum annuum: Comparative Study of the Effect of Ripening Stage and Cooking Methods abstract: Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are an important crop usually consumed as food or spices. Peppers contain a wide range of phytochemicals, such as capsaicinoids, phenolics, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. Capsaicinoids impart the characteristic pungent taste. The study analyzed capsaicinoids and other bioactive compounds in different pepper cultivars at both the mature green and red stages. The effect of roasting on their nutritional content was also investigated. In the cultivars tested, the levels of capsaicin ranged from 0 to 3636 µg/g in the mature green stage and from 0 to 4820 µg/g in the red/yellow stage. The concentration of dihydrocapsaicin ranged from 0 to 2148 µg/g in the mature green stage and from 0 to 2162 µg/g in the red/yellow stage. The levels of capsaicinoid compounds in mature green and red /yellow stages were either reduced or increased after roasting depending on the cultivar. The ranges of total phenolic and total flavonoids compounds were 2096 to 7689, and 204 to 962 µg/g, respectively, in the green and red/yellow mature stage pods. Ascorbic acid levels in the peppers ranged from 223 to 1025 mg/ 100 g Dry Weight (DW). Both raw and roasted peppers possessed strong antioxidant activity as determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reagent (DPPH, 61–87%) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS, 73–159 µg/g) assays. Ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity decreased after roasting in the mature green and red stages, whereas total phenolics and flavonoids increased except in the mature green stage of Sweet Delilah and yellow stage of Canrio.


Xs: 7.0060744 Ys: 3.0117378 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel: A better source of antioxidants and a -glucosidase inhibitors than pulp, flake and seed, and phytochemical profile by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS abstract: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel is an underutilized by-product in both, the production and processing of jackfruit. This research compared the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential of jackfruit peel with jackfruit pulp, flake and seed for the first time. The phytochemical profile of peel extract was characterized with HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Results revealed that peel extract exhibited the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content, and the phenolics was 4.65, 4.12 and 4.95 times higher than that of pulp, flake and seed extract, respectively. The strongest DPPH· and ABTS⁺· scavenging ability, α-glucosidase inhibition were also found in peel extract, and the α-glucosidase inhibition was about 11.8 fold of that of acarbose. The HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis led to the tentative identification of 53 compounds, prenylflavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and glycosides are the predominant bioactive compounds. Above results reveal promising potential of jackfruit peel as a new source of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents.


Xs: 7.204131 Ys: 2.4579098 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Edible Flowers: A Rich Source of Phytochemicals with Antioxidant and Hypoglycaemic Activity. abstract: Edible flowers are receiving renewed interest as rich sources of bioactive compounds. Ethanol extracts of eight edible flowers were phytochemically characterized and investigated for their bioactivity. Rutin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and myricetin were selected as standards and quantified by HPLC. The fatty acids profile was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using different in vitro tests. The hypoglycaemic effects were investigated via the inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. S. nigra exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 1.4 microg/mL), followed by H. coronarium (IC50 of 1.6 microg/mL). Both species contained high quercetin and rutin content. S. nigra extract exerted the highest activity in preventing lipid oxidation. M. sylvestris extract inhibited bothalpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values of 7.8 and 11.3 microg/mL, respectively. These findings support the consumption of edible flowers as functional foods and their use as sources of natural antioxidants by food industry.


Xs: 6.8722916 Ys: 2.815466 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Variation of Lycopene and Beta-carotene Contents after Harvesting of Gac Fruit and its Prediction abstract: The effects were investigated of three different stages of harvesting, the storage time and sample preparation methods before extraction using a Waring blender (WBM) or ball mill (BMM) on the lycopene and β-carotene contents from the gac aril. It was found that after harvesting and being stored at 26 ± 1°C and 24 ± 1% RH for 15 d, the lycopene contents from the color break, medium ripe and fully ripe stages of gac fruits grown in Thailand were in the ranges 0.11–8.99 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), 3.88–22.94 mg/100 g FW and 18.95–50.11 mg/100 g FW, respectively, while the β-carotene contents were in the ranges 0.002–4.82 mg/100 g FW, 0.31–13.59 mg/100 g FW and 22.68–39.16 mg/100 g FW, respectively. In addition, neither the WBM nor the BMM sample preparation method had any significant (p > 0.05) effect on the analysis of these phytonutrients. Gac fruit at the fully ripe stage after 6 d of storage provided the highest lycopene content of 50.11 ± 1.59 mg/100 g FW, while the β-carotene was found highest (39.16 ± 1.29 mg/100 g FW) from fully ripe stage fruit after 15 d storage or when they had spoiled. Without classifying the fruits according to harvesting stages, equations for mixed ripe fruit were able to predict the lycopene and β-carotene contents in the aril with coefficients of determination of 0.77 and 0.89 with standard errors of the estimate of 16.09 and 6.39, respectively.


Xs: 3.5272057 Ys: 4.167515 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: In vitro evaluation of potential antimicrobial synbiotics using Lactobacillus kefiri isolated from kefir grains abstract: A strain of Lactobacillus kefiri, isolated from kefir grains and identified by DNA sequencing, was examined for properties associated with probiotic bacteria. The strain was fully resistant to bile at 0.4% (w/v), but showed only moderate resistance to acid. It grew well on media supplemented with prebiotic compounds (two fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and lactulose) and significant inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes was observed when GOS was added to the co-culture medium, whereas Escherichia coli was not significantly affected. The data suggested that acidification was not the sole cause of the inactivation, as similar decreases in pH with other prebiotics did not result in comparable inactivation of L. monocytogenes. Lb. kefiri isolated from kefir grains in the present work shows potential as a probiotic, which is a first step towards the development of a functional product. The present data indicate that it would be most effective in a synbiotic combination with GOS.


Xs: 6.1001177 Ys: 2.138142 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Amaranth sprouts and microgreens – a homestead vegetable production option to enhance food and nutrition security in the rural-urban continuum abstract: Traditional vegetables and vegetable legumes can be a source of readily available daily sustenance when grown in home or kitchen gardens. Lower income groups that lack access to or cannot afford global vegetables and animal protein sources would benefit greatly from the increased availability and consumption of traditional vegetables. Phytonutrient levels of edible parts differ according to the growth stages of the plant and often decrease from the seedling (sprout or microgreen) to the fully developed stage. Sprouts and microgreens can easily be grown in urban or peri-urban settings where land is often a limiting factor, either by specialized vegetable farmers or the consumers themselves. Given their short growth cycle, sprouts and microgreens can be grown without soil and without external inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, around or inside residential areas. Seedlings from semi-domesticated or even wild species typically have high levels of phytonutrients, good flavor, and tender texture. Several crops or different varieties of the same crop can be mixed to create attractive combinations of textures, flavors, and colors. As sprouts and microgreens are usually consumed raw, there is no loss or degradation of heat-sensitive micronutrients through food processing. AVRDC is currently studying potential differences in the levels of essential micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and consumer preferences of selected traditional vegetables and vegetable legumes at different growth and consumption stages. The results obtained with amaranth are reported in this paper. Amaranth is increasingly becoming popular as a nutrient-dense leafy green beyond Asia and the Caribbean (Saelinger 2013). The phytonutrient content was assessed at three stages: (a) sprouts, (b) microgreens, and (c) fully grown plants. The comparison included landraces from the AVRDC Genebank and commercially available cultivars. This work may expand the use of genebank materials for specialty produce such as sprouts and microgreens with great potential to improve food and nutrition security for people living in urban and peri-urban settings.


Xs: 6.186539 Ys: 2.0785935 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Sustainable Cucurbit Breeding and Production in Asia Using Public–Private Partnerships by the World Vegetable Center abstract: The mission of the World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) is research and development to realize the potential of vegetables for healthier lives and more resilient livelihoods. WorldVeg operates across Asia and Africa, and its breeding portfolio comprises global as well as traditional vegetables. Cucurbit crops make an important contribution to global food and nutrition security and are economically important to smallholder farmers in Asia, who account for 83% of global cucurbit production. The global cucurbit breeding program of WorldVeg focuses on four species: bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula), and sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica syn. L. aegyptiaca). Improved cultivars have been developed by the private seed industry, however, repeated recycling of lines derived from elite hybrids has narrowed the genetic base and reduced genetic gains for yield and other key traits. This trend will continue unless a concerted effort is made to introduce new genetic variability into elite hybrids. WorldVeg has organized a breeding consortium with seed companies to facilitate access to the Center’s new breeding lines derived from hitherto unexploited landraces to develop genetically diverse, improved cucurbit cultivars with enhanced yield and resistance to major diseases. Through this partnership, WorldVeg presents its improved lines and F1 hybrids at Crop Field Days for selection by private seed industry staff engaged in breeding, product development, and sales and marketing.


Xs: 7.739265 Ys: 3.3676307 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Nutritional Evaluation of Edible Freshwater Green Macroalga Spirogyra varians abstract: Freshwater macroalgae are important sources of bioactive natural substances. Macroalgae accumulate specific secondary metabolites which are high value products that have applications in the cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries. Macroalgae Spirogyra is being used as nutrient dense foods and sources of fine chemicals. The freshwater alga Spirogyra varians, a filamentous charophyte, collected from the slow running stream, was identified on the basis of morpho-anatomical characters. In this study, a novel strategy that employs a single macroalgae S. varians grown in a natural habitat as a platform to produce pigments, protein, rich carbohydrate and lipid biomass, as desired, was introduced. The pigments, phenolic content and mineral composition showed the possibility of using them as food supplement for human. The total content of protein (% dry weight) ranged from 12.0 % to 24.4%; carbohydrate from 42.8% to 62.0% and lipid from 14.8% to 21.0%. Therefore, the study results suggested that S. varians, could be used for nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.


Xs: 8.268708 Ys: 4.3660507 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Chemical Composition, Digestibility of Crude Fiber and Gross Energy, and Metabolizable Energy of Whole Paddy Rice of Momiroman abstract: The experiment was carried out to determine the chemical composition, digestibility of crude fiber (CF), gross energy (GE), and metabolizable energy (ME) of Momiroman paddy rice (PR) (Momiroman is a kind of feed rice cultivar).
The chemical composition of PR was 5.11% crude protein (CP), 1.83% ether extract, 68.04% nitrogen-free extract and 10.54% CF on air dry basis. The GE of PR (3.77 kcal/g) is close to that of corn. Although the value of CP was low and that of CF was high, this GE value suggests that PR can probably be used as a feasible alternative grain source in poultry diets.
Eight 15-wk-old male Cochin layer chickens (weighing 2.5 kg) housed in individual cages were used to determine the true digestibility (TD) and ME. The TD of CF and GE were 38.65% and 80.35%, respectively. Apparent ME and true ME were 2.79 and 3.02 kcal/g on air dry basis, respectively. The apparent ME values of PR was slightly lower than that of corn in chickens. The present results would provide new information for poultry diet formulations and suggest that PR can probably be used as a good alternative cereal grain source in poultry diets, and can replace corn.


Xs: 6.5287647 Ys: 2.8559003 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Effects of artificial light sources on growth and phytochemicals content in green oak lettuce abstract: The artificial light source is one of the most important factors in a controlled environment for vegetable production. It could provide new opportunities to improve growth and increase phytochemicals content in vegetables. Therefore, this study focused on the effects of artificial light sources on growth and phytochemicals in green oak lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The plants were grown under growth chamber with three artificial light sources, namely bar-LED (the 1:1:1 ratio of blue 460 nm : red 630 nm : red 660 nm), bulb-LED (the 2:1:1 ratio of blue 460 nm : red 630 nm : red 660 nm), and fluorescent lamp (FL) (the wavelength range 380-700 nm) for 4 weeks. The quality of bar-LED light was better than either bulb-LED or FL, when assessed by the parameters of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 400-700 nm), PPFD-B (blue, 400-500 nm), PPFD-R (red, 600-700 nm), the yield photon flux density (YPFD), and the color of red. However, shoot and root (fresh and dry mass), leaf area, leaf number, and shoot/root ratio did not significantly differ between plants grown under bar-LED and bulb-LED, but they were significantly higher than plants grown under FL. Bulb-LED and bar-LED induced larger dry mass of the plants than FL. The dry mass per mole of artificial lighting was highest in plants grown under bar-LED. On the other hand, the fresh mass per mole of artificial lighting was highest in plants grown under bulb-LED. As regards power consumption, bar-LED provided the lowest consumption with 44.4% energy saving over the FL. Total phenolic content, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activities were highest in plants grown under bar-LED. FL lighting gave the least contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a + b. However, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents did not significantly differ among the treatments. Thus, the results suggested that bar-LED has the potential to improve energy saving, and both growth and phytochemicals content of green oak lettuce grown in a controlled environment of vegetable production.


Xs: 6.6113234 Ys: 3.120221 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Comparison of Proximate and Phytonutrient Compositions of Cashew Nuts and Apples from Different Geographical Areas of Burkina Faso abstract: The cashew plant is an allogamous plant that produces two types of fruits: the nut and the cashew apple. The present study was conducted to perform a comparison of proximate and phytonutrient compositions of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts and apples from different geographical areas of Burkina Faso. For this purpose, 60 samples of apples and kernels were collected from the three main cashew cultivation areas. The nutritional potential of cashew nuts and apples produced was evaluated to enhance their food processing. Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, dietary fibers, ascorbic acid, tannins, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, lycopene, and β-carotene contents were assessed. The results revealed high contents of lipids (50.42±2.3 g/100 gDW), proteins (22.32+−1.8 g/100 gDW), and starch (12.05±1.27 g/100 g DW) in almonds. Apples, on the other hand, are rich in lipids, ascorbic acid (387.45±17.4 mg/100 g), soluble sugars (387.45±17.4 mg/100 g,), and pigments (lycopene, anthocyanin, β-carotene, and chlorophyll). In summary, almonds may be suitable as a source of lipids and related products. Apples can be used as natural antioxidants and produce juices. All of these data are important clues for cashew by-product processing. These results obtained provide a scientific basis for their food and economical valorization of cashew fruits.


Xs: 6.426499 Ys: 2.7557595 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__phytonutrients_sources source: Thai title: Recent updates on bioaccessibility of phytonutrients abstract: Background
Fruits and vegetables are rich source of phytonutrients. These phytonutrients are present in high concentrations in raw form, and decrease to some extent after processing. The major phytonutrients present in fruits and vegetables are vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, curcuminoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, peptides, dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, and minerals that exhibit multiple beneficial effects on human health. Lots of research work has been carried out on assessing these phytonutrients in various fruits and vegetables however very limited knowledge is available on assessment of how much of these phytonutrients are available to exert their biological function in the human body.

Scope and approach
In this review we attempted to provide updated information regarding the methods used for assessing bioaccessibility, extent of bioaccessibile phytonutrients from different food matrix and effect of different processing (boiling, microwaving, frying) and preservation techniques (dehydration and freezing) on bioaccessibility of phytonutrients.

Key Finding and Conclusions
Food matrix, processing and preservation methods have major influence on the bioaccessibility of phytonutrients. Cooking, frying and pasteurization increased the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and carotenoids in fruits and vegetables. Dehydration can be a good technique to enhance the bioaccessibility of carotenoids. Freezing showed contradictory response on bioaccessibility as it increased bioaccessibility of phytonutrients in some fruits and decreased in others. To achieve maximum bioaccessibility of carotenoids, thermal treatment along with addition of oil is the best; to enhance ascorbic acid and polyphenols bioaccessibility thermal treatment is the best and for enhanced bioaccessibility of mineral and tocopherols high pressure-processing is most suitable.