Xs: 2.7412987 Ys: 3.9186566 Publish year: 2008 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Regulation of Airway Mucin Gene Expression abstract: Mucins are important components that exert a variety of functions in cell-cell interaction, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and airways protection. In the conducting airways of the lungs, mucins are the major contributor to the viscoelastic property of mucous secretion, which is the major barrier to trapping inhaled microbial organism, particulates, and oxidative pollutants. The homeostasis of mucin production is an important feature in conducting airways for the maintenance of mucociliary function. Aberrant mucin secretion and accumulation in airway lumen are clinical hallmarks associated with various lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Among 20 known mucin genes identified, 11 of them have been verified at either the mRNA and/or protein level in airways. The regulation of mucin genes is complicated, as are the mediators and signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current view on the mediators, the signaling pathways, and the transcriptional units that are involved in the regulation of airway mucin gene expression. In addition, we also point out essential features of epigenetic mechanisms for the regulation of these genes.


Xs: 4.0274577 Ys: 5.0331554 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effect of dietary protein on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in Thai-indigenous heifers abstract: Four Thai-indigenous heifers, average 132±11.71 kg of body weight, were used to determine effect of dietary protein levels on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization using a 4x4 Latin square design with 21d period. Heifers were fed diet containing 6, 9, 12 and 15% of CP. The findings revealed that dietary protein levels did not significantly alter (p>0.05) DM, NDF and ADF digestibilities in heifers. However, CP digestibility of heifers markedly increased (p<0.05) with increasing dietary protein levels. N intake, N fecal and urinary N excretion, N digestion and N retention significantly increased (p<0.05) when dietary protein levels increased. N retentions of heifers fed diet containing 6, 9, 12 and 15% CP were 11.53, 18.64, 24.20 and 31.08 g day-1, respectively. Based on the results, it could be concluded that dietary protein influenced significantly (p<0.05) CP digestibility and N utilization in Thai-indigenous heifers. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that protein requirement for maintenance of Thai-indigenous heifers was lower than 6% of dietary CP.


Xs: 2.69552 Ys: 1.1682389 Publish year: 2001 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Hawaii Diet: ad libitum high carbohydrate, low fat multi-cultural diet for the reduction of chronic disease risk factors: obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the health effects of a high carbohydrate, low fat multi-cultural traditional diet, The Hawaii Diet, fed ad libitum to an adult population.
Twenty-two adults recruited from various cultural backgrounds in Hawaii were fed, without calorie or portion size restriction, the Hawaii Diet for 21 days. The Hawaii Diet, based on familiar traditional foods from different cultures, is high in complex carbohydrate (77% of calories), low in fat (12% of calories), and moderate in protein (11% of calories). Participants were encouraged to eat to satiety.
There was a significant weight loss on The Hawaii Diet averaging 10.8 lbs (23.8 kg) (P < .0001). Blood pressure was decreased from an average of 136.0/82.7 mm Hg to 125.5/78.9 mm Hg yielding a significant decrease of 10.4 mm Hg for systolic (P < .01). Beginning diastolic levels were normal so decreases in these values were not significant. Average lipid values also decreased with total serum cholesterol being significantly reduced from 205.3 to 156.9 mg/dl (P < .0001); LDL from 125.9 to 94.9 mg/dl (P < .001); and HDL from 38.3 to 31.3 mg/dl (P < .0005). Triglycerides (238.7 to 152.2 mg/dl) and the Chol:HDL ratio (5.8 to 5.2) improved at marginally significant levels (P < .08). There was also a significant reduction in blood glucose levels from 112.2 to 91.5 mg/dL (P < .01).
The Hawaii Diet consisting of high carbohydrate, low fat ethnic meals appears to have a beneficial influence on weight loss and in decreasing systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, and blood glucose values. Marginal improvement occurred for triglyceride levels. There was also a significant drop in HDL levels, however, the Chol:HDL was ratio did not increase. Further studies of longer duration with a control group should be conducted to test the effectiveness of The Hawaii Diet in maintaining these health benefits over a longer period of time.


Xs: 2.9375086 Ys: 0.57530665 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Urban and rural variation in clustering of metabolic syndrome components in the Thai population: Results from the fourth National Health Examination Survey 2009 abstract: Information on the distribution of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its combinations by urban/rural areas in lower-middle income countries has been limited. It is not clear how the various combinations of MetS components varied by urban/rural population and if particular combinations of MetS are more common. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MetS and combinations of MetS components according to sex and urban/rural areas from a nationally representative sample of Thai adults.
Data from the fourth National Health Examination Survey of 19,256 Thai adults aged 20 years and over were analyzed. MetS was defined using the harmonized criteria of six international expert groups with Asian-specific cut-point for waist circumference.
The prevalence of MetS was 23.2% among adults aged ≥ 20 years (19.5% in men and 26.8% in women). Among men, the prevalence of MetS in urban was higher than those in rural areas (23.1% vs 17.9%, P < 0.05), but among women, the prevalence was higher in rural areas (27.9% vs 24.5%, P < 0.05). Overall, an individual component of low high density lipoprotein (HDL) and hypertriglyceridemia were more common in rural areas, while obesity, high blood pressure and hyperglycemia were more common in urban areas. The most common combination of MetS components in men was the clustering of low HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, and high blood pressure (urban: 3.4% vs. rural: 3.9%, adjusted OR 0.9, 95%CI 0.7, 1.1). Among women, the most common combination was the clustering of obesity, low HDL, and hypertriglyceridemia (urban: 3.9% vs rural: 5.9%, adjusted OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.6, 0.9), followed by the clustering of these three components with high blood pressure (urban: 3.1% vs. rural 4.5%, adjusted OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.7, 0.9).
Metabolic syndrome affects both urban and rural population with different pattern of MetS combinations. Dyslipidemia and obesity were the most common components among women in rural areas, hence, interventions to prevent and control these factors should be strengthened.


Xs: 2.717134 Ys: 4.190187 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Gut microbiota of obese and diabetic Thai subjects and interplay with dietary habits and blood profiles abstract: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have become major public health issues
globally. Recent research indicates that intestinal microbiota play roles in metabolic
disorders. Though there are numerous studies focusing on gut microbiota of
health and obesity states, those are primarily focused on western countries.
Comparatively only a few investigations exist on gut microbiota of people from Asian
countries. In this study, the fecal microbiota of 30 adult volunteers living in Chiang
Rai Province, Thailand were examined using next-generation sequencing (NGS)
in association with blood profiles and dietary habits. Subjects were categorized by
body mass index (BMI) and health status as follows; lean (L) = 8, overweight
(OV) = 8, obese (OB) = 7 and diagnosed T2DM = 7. Members of T2DM group
showed differences in dietary consumption and fasting glucose level compared to
BMI groups. A low level of high-density cholesterol (HDL) was observed in the OB
group. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that microbial communities of
T2DM subjects were clearly distinct from those of OB. An analogous pattern was
additionally illustrated by multiple factor analysis (MFA) based on dietary habits,
blood profiles, and fecal gut microbiota in BMI and T2DM groups. In all four groups,
Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant phyla. Abundance of
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a butyrate-producing bacterium, was significantly
higher in OB than that in other groups. This study is the first to examine the gut
microbiota of adult Thais in association with dietary intake and blood profiles and
will provide the platform for future investigations.


Xs: 8.361548 Ys: 3.77482 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Studies on Riceberry rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract on the key steps related to carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption: A new source of natural bioactive substances abstract: Riceberry rice (Oryza sativa L.), a new cross-breed from Hom Nin rice, a local non-glutinous purple rice, and Khoa Dawk Mali 105. The present study systematically assessed the effect of Riceberry rice extract (RBE) on the inhibition of key steps of carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption. The main anthocyanin identified in RBE was cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. In the step of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, RBE markedly inhibited intestinal maltase and sucrase. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that RBE was a mix-type competitive inhibitor against intestinal maltase. In Caco-2 cells, RBE had no effect on inhibition of glucose uptake but it could suppress mRNA expression of SGLT1. The results showed that RBE caused the reduction of lipid digestion and absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, decreasing the micellar cholesterol solubility and binding of bile acid. Moreover, RBE showed non-competitive inhibition toward pancreatic lipase activity. In Caco-2 cells, RBE exhibited a significant reduction in cholesterol uptake and suppressed mRNA expression of NPC1L1 transporter. These findings provide important evidence that Riceberry rice may be a potential natural source for inhibiting the key steps of carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption. Keywords: Riceberry rice, Anthocyanin, Carbohydrate, Lipid


Xs: 2.8949733 Ys: 0.76432097 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Sugar Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain over 4 Years in a Thai National Cohort - A Prospective Analysis abstract: Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are implicated in the rising prevalence of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases worldwide. However, little is known about their contribution to weight gain in Asian populations. This study aimed to investigate weight change associated with SSB consumption between 2005 and 2009 in a large national cohort of Thai university students.
Questionnaire data were collected from a large Thai cohort (the Thai Health-Risk Transition: a National Cohort Study). The analysis was based on responses from 59 283 of the 60 569 (98%) cohort members who had valid SSB consumption and weight variables in 2005 and 2009. The relationship between SSB consumption in 2005 and self-reported weight change was analysed using multiple linear regression models controlled for socio-demographic, activity and (non-validated) dietary factors shown to influence weight.
Higher frequency of SSB consumption in 2005 was significantly associated with greater weight gain between 2005 and 2009 in all age groups and in both sexes (p<0.0001); persons who consumed SSBs at least once a day in 2005 gained 0.5 kg more than those who consumed SSBs less than once a month. The estimated weight gain for the average person in the sample was 1.9 kg (95% C I 1.95-1.96). The difference in weight gain between those who increased their consumption frequency ( once per day) between 2005 and 2009 compared to those who maintained it was 0.3 kgs, while persons who reduced their consumption frequency (once a day to > once a month) gained 0.2 kgs less than those whose consumption remained unchanged.
SSB consumption is independently associated with weight gain in the Thai population. Research and health promotion in Thailand and other economically transitioning countries should focus on reducing their contribution to population weight gain and to diet-related chronic diseases.


Xs: 2.6843207 Ys: 0.051667657 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Diabetes type 2 self‐management among Thai Muslim women abstract: lundberg pc & thrakul s (2011) Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness 3, 52–60 Diabetes type 2 self-management among Thai Muslim women
Aim. To explore and describe Thai Muslim women’s self-management of diabetes type 2.
Background. The importance of diabetes self-management is well recognised. However, research on diabetes self-management in Thailand is limited, and no such research related to Muslim patients with diabetes type 2 has been found.
Methods. An explorative qualitative study using ethnography was conducted. The ethnographic method was based on qualitative interview and participant observation carried out in 2008. Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory provided the theoretical framework. Purposive convenience sampling was used, and twenty-nine women aged 40–80 years participated.
Results. Four themes of self-management among Thai Muslim women with diabetes type 2 emerged, viz., daily life practices (dietary management, exercise, use of medicine, see doctor to follow-up, self-monitoring of blood sugar and use of herbal remedies), impact of the illness (feeling psychological burden of diabetes and struggling to control the disease), everyday life as before (maintaining religious practices and learning to live with the disease) and family support.
Conclusion. The Thai Muslim women suffered from a partial self-care deficit. The results underline the importance of taking religious traditions into account in the care, offering health education that helps patients cope with their disease, involving family members who can reinforce information given to patients, and increasing self-management power and capability of patients.
Relevance to clinical practice. When caring for Thai Muslim women with diabetes type 2, health care professionals should stimulate their patients to adopt a powerful strategy for modifying their daily life behaviour, and they should be aware of the existence of certain problematic behaviour of their patients. It is also important that they understand the roles of cultural background, religious tradition and family as parts of the basis for educational strategies aimed at helping patients successfully integrate disease management into their lives.


Xs: 3.6525633 Ys: 4.8606477 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Organic acid production from potato starch waste fermentation by rumen microbial communities from Dutch and Thai dairy cows abstract: Background
Exploring different microbial sources for biotechnological production of organic acids is important. Dutch and Thai cow rumen samples were used as inocula to produce organic acid from starch waste in anaerobic reactors. Organic acid production profiles were determined and microbial communities were compared using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene amplicon pyrosequencing. ResultsIn both reactors, lactate was the main initial product and was associated with growth of Streptococcus spp. (86% average relative abundance). Subsequently, lactate served as a substrate for secondary fermentations. In the reactor inoculated with rumen fluid from the Dutch cow, the relative abundance of Bacillus and Streptococcus increased from the start, and lactate, acetate, formate and ethanol were produced. From day 1.33 to 2, lactate and acetate were degraded, resulting in butyrate production. Butyrate production coincided with a decrease in relative abundance of Streptococcus spp. and increased relative abundances of bacteria of other groups, including Parabacteroides, Sporanaerobacter, Helicobacteraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Porphyromonadaceae. In the reactor with the Thai cow inoculum, Streptococcus spp. also increased from the start. When lactate was consumed, acetate, propionate and butyrate were produced (day 3–4). After day 3, bacteria belonging to five dominant groups, Bacteroides, Pseudoramibacter_Eubacterium, Dysgonomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, were detected and these showed significant positive correlations with acetate, propionate and butyrate levels. Conclusions
The complexity of rumen microorganisms with high adaptation capacity makes rumen fluid a suitable source to convert organic waste into valuable products without the addition of hydrolytic enzymes. Starch waste is a source for organic acid production, especially lactate.


Xs: 2.570564 Ys: 4.128951 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Distinct Genetic and Functional Traits of Human Intestinal Prevotella copri Strains Are Associated with Different Habitual Diets abstract: The role of intestinal Prevotella species in human health is controversial, with both positive and negative associations. Strain-level diversity may contribute to discrepancies in genus and species associations with health and disease. We dissected the gut meta- genomes of Italians with varying dietary habits, inves- tigating the presence of distinct Prevotella copri strains. Fiber-rich diets were linked to P. copri types with enhanced potential for carbohydrate catabolism. P. copri strains associated with an omnivore diet had a higher prevalence of the leuB gene—involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis—a risk fac- tor for glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. These P. copri pangenomes were compared to existing co- horts, providing evidence of distinct gene repertoires characterizing different P. copri populations, with drug metabolism and complex carbohydrate degra- dation significantly associated with Western and non-Western individuals, respectively. Strain-level P. copri diversity in gut microbiomes is affected by diet and should be considered when examining host-microbe associations.


Xs: 3.3628144 Ys: 0.7708388 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Childhood Obesity: An Overview abstract: Obesity is considered as one of the most serious health challenges of the 21st century. Obesity in children is an equally significant public health concern. Childhood obesity is increasing at alarming rate every year all over the world. Obesity is defined as condition of excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to an extent that health may be impaired. Childhood obesity has been linked to both environmental and genetic factors. Various factors contributing towards childhood obesity includes consumption of energy dense fast foods, decreased fruits and vegetable intake, shifting to sedentary lifestyle with no physical activity and excessive use of electronic media. Obesity is creating economic and health burden by increasing the risk for health problems such as elevated blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, respiratory and psychological problems among overweight and obese children. Nutrition education,
promotion of physical activity along with behaviour modifications and decrease in sedentary lifestyle among children could be the factors in the prevention of childhood obesity.


Xs: 3.236331 Ys: 0.88004565 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Designing optimal food intake patterns to achieve nutritional goals for Japanese adults through the use of linear programming optimization models abstract: Simultaneous dietary achievement of a full set of nutritional recommendations is difficult. Diet optimization model using linear programming is a useful mathematical means of translating nutrient-based recommendations into realistic nutritionally-optimal food combinations incorporating local and culture-specific foods. We used this approach to explore optimal food intake patterns that meet the nutrient recommendations of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) while incorporating typical Japanese food selections.
As observed intake values, we used the food and nutrient intake data of 92 women aged 31-69 years and 82 men aged 32-69 years living in three regions of Japan. Dietary data were collected with semi-weighed dietary record on four non-consecutive days in each season of the year (16 days total). The linear programming models were constructed to minimize the differences between observed and optimized food intake patterns while also meeting the DRIs for a set of 28 nutrients, setting energy equal to estimated requirements, and not exceeding typical quantities of each food consumed by each age (30-49 or 50-69 years) and gender group.
We successfully developed mathematically optimized food intake patterns that met the DRIs for all 28 nutrients studied in each sex and age group. Achieving nutritional goals required minor modifications of existing diets in older groups, particularly women, while major modifications were required to increase intake of fruit and vegetables in younger groups of both sexes. Across all sex and age groups, optimized food intake patterns demanded greatly increased intake of whole grains and reduced-fat dairy products in place of intake of refined grains and full-fat dairy products. Salt intake goals were the most difficult to achieve, requiring marked reduction of salt-containing seasoning (65-80 %) in all sex and age groups.
Using a linear programming model, we identified optimal food intake patterns providing practical food choices and meeting nutritional recommendations for Japanese populations. Dietary modifications from current eating habits required to fulfil nutritional goals differed by age: more marked increases in food volume were required in younger groups.


Xs: 3.460843 Ys: 0.69487464 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Cross-sectional study of nutritional intake among patients undergoing tuberculosis treatment along the Myanmar–Thailand border abstract: Objective
This study summarises nutritional intake among patients with tuberculosis (TB) along the Myanmar–Thailand border according to the local diet.

Setting
TB clinic along the Myanmar–Thailand border.

Participants
Cross-sectional surveys of 24-hour food recall were conducted with participants receiving anti-TB treatment. Participants were purposively selected to reflect proportion of age, sex and HIV co-infection based on historical patient records. Out of a total of 28 participants, 20 (71.4%) were men and 5 (17.9%) were co-infected with HIV.

Primary and secondary outcome measures
The primary outcome compared actual recorded intake to recommended intake. Secondary outcomes compared weight gain and body mass index (BMI) from diagnosis to time of survey.

Results
There were no significant differences in macronutrient or micronutrient intake by sex or for patients supplementing their rations. Mean treatment length at time of survey was 20.7 weeks (95% CI: 16.5 to 24.8). A significantly higher proportion of women (8/8, 100%) met caloric requirements compared with men (9/20, 45.0%, p=0.010), but few participants met other macronutrient or micronutrient requirements, with no significant differences by sex or for patients supplementing their rations. From diagnosis to the time of the survey, participants averaged significant weight gain of 6.48 kg (95% CI: 3.87 to 9.10) and increased BMI of 2.47 kg/m ² (95% CI: 1.45 to 3.49; p=0.0001 for both). However, 50% (14/28) still had mild or more severe forms of malnutrition.

Conclusions
This cross-sectional survey of nutritional intake in patients undergoing TB treatment in a sanatorium setting demonstrates the difficulty in sufficiently meeting nutritional demands, even when providing nutritional support.


Xs: 3.827274 Ys: 3.7928033 Publish year: 2003 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Lipid to carbohydrate ratio in donkey's ear abalone (Haliotis asinina, Linne) diets abstract: Five isonitrogenous diets were prepared to vary in the percentage inclusion of lipid/carbohydrate as follows: diet 1, 1.3:47.8%; diet 2, 5.8:43.4%; diet 3, 10.2:39.5%; diet 4, 14.8:36.1%; and diet 5, 19.0:31.4%. The calculated values of gross energy in diets 1 to 5 were 17.6, 18.8, 19.6, 20.6 and 21.6 MJ kg−1 feed, respectively. Abalones, Haliotis asinina, Linne, with a shell length of 11–12 mm and 0.9 g average weight, were stocked in 15 net cages at 50 piece per cage. Three net cages were each fed to satiation once a day in the evening for 28 weeks with growth recorded every 4 weeks. The abalone fed diet 1, containing 1.3% fat and 47.8% carbohydrate obtained the final average body weight that was significantly (P


Xs: 2.8863149 Ys: 1.0031943 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Measurement of the levels of leptin, BDNF associated with polymorphisms LEP G2548A, LEPR Gln223Arg and BDNF Val66Met in Thai with metabolic syndrome abstract: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors including dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and central obesity. BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and leptin have been implied in the energy homeostasis. The purposes of this study were to examine concentrations of leptin, BDNF and biochemical parameters in metabolic-syndrome subjects and healthy controls, and also to search for associations of leptin gene (LEP) G2548A, leptin receptor gene (LEPR) Gln223Arg, and BDNF gene (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphisms with leptin levels, BDNF levels and metabolic syndrome among Thais.
The case-controlled design was performed using 322 Thai volunteers (160 metabolic-syndrome subjects; 162 controls) during the health screening program. Metabolic syndrome was assessed by using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The levels of leptin, BDNF, insulin, glucose and lipids were measured in samples. Genotyping of LEP G2548A, LEPR Gln223Arg and BDNF Val66Met was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique.
Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the metabolic-syndrome group than the control group (p < 0.01), but the BDNF difference between them was not significant. Significant associations of LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism were found with leptin and glucose levels (p < 0.05), after adjusting for potential covariates. This LEPR polymorphism in the metabolic-syndrome group was also significantly more frequent than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, other gene polymorphisms, LEP G2548A and BDNF Val66Met, showed no significant relationship with leptin levels, BDNF levels or metabolic syndrome.
These findings suggest leptin levels are linked with metabolic syndrome. LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism impacted leptin concentrations, and this gene polymorphism may influence susceptibility to metabolic syndrome among Thais.


Xs: 2.3718944 Ys: 2.3623567 Publish year: 2008 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: High-sugar diets increase cardiac dysfunction and mortality in Hypertension compared to low-carbohydrate or high-starch diets abstract: Sugar consumption affects insulin release and, in hypertension, may stimulate cardiac signaling mechanisms that accelerate left ventricular hypertrophy and the development of heart failure. We investigated the effects of high-fructose or sucrose diets on ventricular function and mortality in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Rats were fed chows that were either high starch (70% starch, 10% fat by energy), high fat (20% carbohydrates, 60% fat), high fructose (61% fructose, 9% starch, 10% fat), or high sucrose (61% sucrose, 9% starch, 10% fat). Hypertension was induced by adding 6% salt to the chow (n = 8-11/group).
After 8 weeks of treatment, systolic blood pressure and left ventricular mass were similarly increased in all rats that were fed high-salt diets. Hypertension caused a switch in mRNA myosin heavy chain isoform from alpha to beta, and this effect was greater in the high-salt sucrose and fructose groups than in starch and fat groups. The cardiac mRNA for atrial natriuretic factor was also increased in all high-salt groups compared to respective controls, with the increase being significantly greater in the hypertensive sucrose fed group. Mortality was greater in the sucrose group (44%) compared to all the other hypertensive groups (12-18%), as was cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the high-salt sucrose group, which was due to an increase in end-systolic volume, and not increased end-diastolic volume.
Diets high in sugar accelerated cardiac systolic dysfunction and mortality in hypertension compared to either a low-carbohydrate/high-fat or high-starch diet.


Xs: 2.1448717 Ys: 1.3515815 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Special fitness level of combat sports athletes: mixed martial arts (MMA) and thai boxing (muay thai) in the aspect of training experience abstract: Introduction: The best test of the technical skills and special physical fitness of the combat sports athlete is his or her response to the specific effort that occurs in a sports fight during tournaments. The aim of the study was to assess the variation in the level of special fitness and technical skills of modern combat sports athletes from the Legion Team Tarnów sports club. Material and Method: The research was conducted in a group of 30 athletes of two different fighting styles in terms of techniques and tactics: mixed martial arts (MMA, group 1, N=15) and Thai boxing (group 2, N=15). Measurements of basic somatic body build characteristics were performed. The fitness of the participants was measured using the special kickboxing fitness test (SKFT). The strength of the correlation between special fitness level and training experience was also evaluated. Results: The analyses revealed that the body build of the athletes of different combat sports does not significantly differ between each other. The athletes of both groups (MMA and Thai boxing) presented similar levels of basic somatotype characteristics. The level of special fitness in the MMA and Thai boxing groups significantly differed between the athletes of these sports in terms of the second series of punches (p = 0.030) and the second series of kicks (p = 0.011). A higher level of these elements of special fitness was displayed by Thai boxing athletes. The MMA group showed a very high strength of correlation that was statistically significant between training experience and first series of punches, second series of punches, and final HR. Furthermore, the first series of kicks and the second series of kicks showed high and significant strength of correlation. In the Thai boxing group, statistically significant relationships were found, with very high strength of correlation, in the first series of punches, first series of kicks, second series of punches, second series of kicks, and HR measured after one minute. Conclusions: The results allow for the initial diagnosis and interpretation of special fitness competencies along with the level of technical skills in the application of basic striking techniques in MMA and Thai boxing, which promotes optimization and enhances the quality of coaching control.


Xs: 3.5671806 Ys: 1.3309029 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary Factors Affecting the Prevalence and Impact of Periodontal Disease abstract: Simona Santonocito, Alessandro Polizzi, Giuseppe Palazzo, Francesco Indelicato, Gaetano Isola Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyCorrespondence: Gaetano IsolaUnit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania, 95123, ItalyTel/Fax +390953782453Email gaetano.isola@unict.itAbstract: In the last few decades, growing evidence have shown a possible impact of diet and nutrients on oral health. This review aims to describe, in the light of current knowledge, the role of diet, nutrients, and micronutrients in periodontal health and periodontal diseases. A variety of macronutrients and micronutrients could have an impact on periodontal health. The balanced intake of unprocessed complex carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins positively affects periodontal inflammation. On the other way, refined carbohydrates, non-vegetable proteins, proinflammatory saturated fatty acids and an unbalanced supply of vitamins and minerals may increase periodontal inflammation. This review will discuss the current evidence that shows how a healthy and balanced diet has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on periodontal health. Therefore, it appears that adopting a correct lifestyle and diet should be encouraged in patients with oral and periodontal disease.Keywords: periodontitis, nutrition, diet, macronutrients, micronutrients, oral health


Xs: 2.5293972 Ys: 0.10517415 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Feasibility study of automated interactive voice response telephone calls with community health nurse follow‐up to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes abstract: Background:
Thailand has a shortage of community health nurses for supporting the self-management of type 2 diabetes, which is prevalent and poorly controlled.

Aim:
This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a self-care assistance programme for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The SukapapNet programme consisted of automated interactive voice response calls to patients and automated follow-up email notifications to their nurses.

Design:
Single-arm pre-post trial.

Methods:
Six nurses and 35 type 2 diabetes patients were recruited from primary care settings in suburban provinces in Thailand. The study was conducted from June 2017 to November 2017. We assessed patients before and after 12 weeks of the SukapapNet intervention.

Results:
Mean glycated haemoglobin decreased by 0.9%. Patients reported reduced carbohydrate consumption, increased physical activity, increased medication adherence, improved sleep quality, and more frequent foot care. Patients and nurses both recommended using the intervention, although nurses expressed concerns regarding increased workload.

Conclusions:
The study programme could improve outcomes in Thai type 2 diabetes patients. Further study of the impact of technology upon nurses' workload is warranted.


Xs: 2.7026062 Ys: 0.9397078 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injection was Associated with a Greater Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: a Study at East Jakarta Public Health Centres abstract: Objective: To study the relationship between the history of contraceptive injection depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) exposure with incidence of diabetes mellitus and the associated risk factors. Methods: This is a case-control study conducted in 6 Public Health Centers in East Jakarta involving 30 cases of diabetes mellitus and 61 controls. Body mass index (BMI), parity, type of contraception, duration of contraceptive use, history of gestational diabetes and breastfeeding were assessed in each group. Data were analyzed with Chi Square or Fisherâ€™s test, and logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 45.00 (35-67) years, with a median number of parity of 3.00 (0-7), and the median of BMI was 27.31 (15.24 to 40.27). The number of DMPA injections users was 31.9% and the mean duration of contraception usage was 5.36 Â± 4.42 years. There was a correlation between the history of DMPA injections with incidence of diabetes mellitus, with an odds ratio of 3.36 95% CI [1.098 to 10.469]. The risk persisted after adjustment of age and BMI. Conclusion: DMPA exposure was associated with a greater risk of diabetes mellitus. Risk was associated with length of use and persisted after adjusment with age and BMI. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 36-2: 100-4 Keywords: depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), diabetes mellitus


Xs: 3.420774 Ys: 0.14525929 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Functional Dentition and 12-Month Changes in Body Measurements among Thai Older Adults abstract: This study evaluated the association of functional dentition with 12-month changes in body measurements and nutrient intake among older adults. Data from 651 community dwellers, aged 60 years and over, in Phetchaburi, Thailand, were analysed (retention rate: 83%). Data were collected via interviews (including a semi-structured food frequency questionnaire), anthropometric measurements and dental examinations. Associations were tested in linear regression models adjusted for baseline sociodemographic factors, behaviours, chronic conditions and medications. On average, participants experienced a significant increase in body mass index (BMI) and significant decreases in waist circumference (WC) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF). A negative, albeit not significant, association between functional dentition and change in BMI was observed after adjusting for confounders. Whilst participants who had non-functional dentition without dentures experienced increases in BMI (predicted mean change: 0.25; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.09, 0.41), those who had non-functional dentition with dentures (0.21; 95%CI: −0.08, 0.50) and functional dentition (−0.07; 95%CI: −0.42, 0.28) remained stable. No similar trends were noted for WC or TSF. Functional dentition was not associated with changes in nutrient intake either. The findings provide little evidence on the association of functional dentition with short-term changes in nutrient intake or nutritional status.


Xs: 2.1196656 Ys: 1.7297435 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary support in insulin resistance: An overview of current scientific reports abstract: Over the past 30 years, a significant increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) has been observed. It is associated with more frequent occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, excessive weight, cardiovascular diseases, and endocrine disorders. The results of current studies do not indicate a necessity to exclude dairy products from the diet of insulin-resistant individuals. In addition, it has been found that moderate amounts of alcohol as part of a balanced, low-energy diet do not have a negative effect on insulin sensitivity. The authors of recent studies emphasize the importance of reducing the intake of simple sugars, especially from sweet drinks, sweets and excessive fruit juice consuption. Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of consuming complex, low-glycemic-index carbohydrates that are rich in dietary fiber. An insulin-resistant patient's diet should be rich in whole grains and high amounts of non-starchy vegetables and raw fruit. The beneficial effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet) and the Mediterranean diet has been confirmed. The positive correlation between low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate diets requires confirmation in long-term studies with the participation of insulin-resistant patients. Research shows the benefits of increased calorific intake during the first half of the day, especially from a high-energy and low-glycemic-index breakfast. Furthermore, many researchers indicate that slow and mindful eating is a significant component of an appropriate diet for insulin-resistant individuals.


Xs: 3.8471599 Ys: 5.2983494 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Replacing soybean meal with yeast-fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, rumen microorganism, fermentation, and N-balance in Thai native beef cattle abstract: The principle of the study was to assess the influence of yeast-fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) as a protein supplement on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, rumen microbial protein synthesis, fermentation end-products, and N-balance in Thai native beef cattle. The experiment was conducted following the 4 × 4 Latin square design using 4 levels of YFCP supplementation (0, 100, 200, and 300 g/head/day) in 3-year-old Thai native beef cattle crossbreds. The response of YFCP supplementation level using rice straw as a roughage source revealed promising results. The rumen ecology parameters including cellulolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic bacterial population were significantly increased while the protozoal population were reduced, as affected by increasing level of YFCP supplementation (P < 0.05). In parallel with these results, totals VFA, propionate (C3) production in the rumen, and the ratio of C2:C3 were remarkably increased (P < 0.01), while rumen methane production by prediction from VFA was decreased (P < 0.01), as YFCP supplementation increased. Regarding, the nutrient digestibilities, those of OM and CP were remarkably enhanced (P < 0.01), hence increased DM intake. Furthermore, the use of YFCP at high level resulted in the highest N-balance and N retention absorption (P < 0.01). The results indicated that YFCP can be nutritionally enhanced by yeast fermentation, thus is promising to be used as a protein source in ruminant feeding.


Xs: 3.9185696 Ys: 0.49964958 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Thai Food Culture in Transition abstract: In the modern world a globalized food system has emerged, dominated by transnational food companies. Local food cultures, environments, and diets are being transformed with increased food availability and diversity reducing malnutrition worldwide; however, increased energy availability is driving an epidemic of obesity and diet-related disease. In Thailand modern food retail now controls 50% of food trade and the nutrition transition—a shift to diets higher in processed foods and animal products, fats, and sugars—is well under way. In this chapter an innovative multidisciplinary study is described, sampling from a large national cohort of community-based working Thai adults. A quantitative survey and qualitative interviews and accompanied shopping trips are combined to produce a picture of the differing food provisioning and dietary patterns among modern and traditional shoppers. Combined with cohort data this study design sheds light on the links among food retail systems, food provisioning behavior, dietary choices, and health outcomes.


Xs: 4.605068 Ys: 0.7285265 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Traditional ecological knowledge in Thailand: Mechanisms and contributions to food security abstract: Despite worldwide advances in science and technology, human well-being of the rich and poor has been threatened by food insecurity. Due to socio-economic and environmental pressures on agriculture, developing countries have faced a shortage of food access and degraded quality of food resources. We argue that traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), when appropriately used and adapted could play a significant role in addressing food security for rural, smallholder farmers. Data were collected in two rural farming communities located in the drought-prone and poverty-stricken Northeast Region of Thailand. Both were situated in diverse ecological settings: one characterized as a subsistent, lowland rice farming community and the other, the upland, all of which were dominated by cash crops. We employed a combined data collection method including in-depth interviews, participant observations, and household surveys to examine household-based food acquisition patterns. We found that the lowland subsistence farming community was endowed with a higher level of TEK and showed a stronger indication of food security than the upland cash-crop focused community. Furthermore, under environmental change, local villagers drew upon TEK to support their way of life. TEK also helped villagers to adapt to new environmental and socio-economic changes, to sustain ecosystem services and agricultural activities, and to build a secure and safe food system. This finding suggests that over-promotion of export-oriented agriculture could leave smallholder farmers and disadvantaged populations in a vulnerable situation. Their food security could be enhanced by the conservation of community-based natural resources with respect given to the role of TEK.


Xs: 2.675815 Ys: 4.027451 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Crisis of the Asian gut: Associations among diet, microbiota, and metabolic diseases abstract: The increase of lifestyle-related diseases in Asia has recently become remarkably serious. This has been associated with a change in dietary habits that may alter the complex gut microbiota and its metabolic function in Asian people. Notably, the penetration of modern Western diets into Asia, which has been accompanied by an increase in fat content and decrease in plant-derived dietary fiber, is restructuring the Asian gut microbiome. In this review, we introduce the current status of obesity and diabetes in Asia and discuss the links of changes in dietary style with gut microbiota alterations which may predispose Asian people to metabolic diseases.


Xs: 4.354575 Ys: 4.010508 Publish year: 2002 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Glucan from spent brewer's yeast: Preparation, analysis and use as a potential immunostimulant in shrimp feed abstract: Spent brewer's yeast was autolysed and the residual solids were further treated with hot alkali to produce a fraction containing 95% (w/w) carbohydrate, with a glycogen content of 42% and an apparent glucan content of ca. 53% (w/w). FTIR and solid state C-NMR spectra basically showed a spectrum characteristic for an impure -glucan. In vitro, this glucan induced release of prophenoloxidase from intact black tiger shrimp haemocytes. When fed to shrimp at 0.2% (w/w of the feed) for 3 days, significant increases in phenol oxidase, the number of haemocytes and the bacterial killing activity against the pathogen Vibrio harveyi were observed. Furthermore, this feeding resulted in the appearance of an inducible -(1,3)-glucanase in the liver. Methods to analyse the fractions are discussed and a number of commercial products with potential immune stimulating properties have been included for comparative purposes.


Xs: 2.4632888 Ys: 3.3832042 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effect of Rice, Wheat, and Mung Bean Ingestion on Intestinal Gas Production and Postprandial Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Non-Constipation Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of rice, mung bean, and wheat noodle ingestion on intestinal gas production and postprandial gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in non-constipation irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.

Methods:
Twenty patients (13 F, 46 ± 11 y) underwent 8 h breath test studies and GI symptom evaluations after standard rice, wheat, or mung bean noodle meals at 8:00 a.m. in a randomized crossover study with a 1-week washout period. The same meal was ingested at 12:00 p.m.

Results:
The H2 and CH4 concentration in the breath samples were similar at baseline (rice:wheat:mung bean, H2 = 3.6 ± 0.5:4.1 ± 0.5:4.0 ± 0.7 ppm, CH4 = 1.3 ± 0.3:2.1 ± 0.4:1.9 ± 0.4 ppm, p > 0.05). Beginning at the fifth hour after breakfast, H2 and CH4 concentrations significantly increased after wheat compared to rice and mung bean (8 h AUC H2 = 4120 ± 2622:2267 ± 1780:2356 ± 1722, AUC CH4 = 1617 ± 1127:946 ± 664:943 ± 584 ppm-min, respectively) (p < 0.05). Bloating and satiety scores significantly increased after wheat compared to rice (p < 0.05), and increased but did not reach statistical significance compared to mung bean (p > 0.05). A higher bloating score after wheat compared to rice and mung bean was observed clearly after lunch but not after breakfast.

Conclusion:
Wheat ingestion produced more intestinal gas and more bloating and satiety scores compared to rice and mung bean, especially after lunch. This provides insight into the role of intestinal gas in the development of bloating symptoms in IBS.


Xs: 5.3251944 Ys: 0.060052264 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Diet of Phayre's leaf-monkey in the Phu Khieo wildlife sanctuary, Thailand abstract: Trachypithecus is reported to rely more on leaves, and predicted to eat more mature leaves, than other Asian colobines. I therefore predicted that leaves should dominate the diet of Phayre's Leaf-monkeys Trachypithecus phayrei (Blyth). To test this, I conducted five 20-minute focal samples each month (June 2004 to May 2005) for all adult monkeys in three social groups (N=23), with instantaneous sampling of behavior at one-minute intervals (N=24,439). Based on feeding time, the percentage of instantaneous samples within each dietary category, leaves were the dominant food item (46.2%) as predicted, with young leaves (31.3%) eaten more than mature leaves (12.4%). Fruit represented 39.5% of the diet, with monkeys consuming seeds and pulp from immature fruits (23.9%) more than mature fruits (12.6%). Flowers comprised 8.9% of the diet, while bamboo shoots, insects, and other items represented less than 5%. Insects and bamboo shoots were important for a period of less than two months. Diet varied across the year, with immature fruits becoming important as immature leaves disappeared from the diet. Most food items came from 28 plant genera, many of which are consumed throughout the year. Trachypithecus phayrei consumed more mature leaves than reported for Presbytis and Nasalis, providing support for stronger adaptation to a leaf diet.


Xs: 2.597654 Ys: 3.8849342 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: Major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health abstract: Abstract The human gut microbiome is a critical component of digestion, breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and to a lesser extent fats that reach the lower gastrointestinal tract. This process results in a multitude of microbial metabolites that can act both locally and systemically (after being absorbed into the bloodstream). The impact of these biochemicals on human health is complex, as both potentially beneficial and potentially toxic metabolites can be yielded from such microbial pathways, and in some cases, these effects are dependent upon the metabolite concentration or organ locality. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of how macronutrient metabolism by the gut microbiome influences human health. Metabolites to be discussed include short-chain fatty acids and alcohols (mainly yielded from monosaccharides); ammonia, branched-chain fatty acids, amines, sulfur compounds, phenols, and indoles (derived from amino acids); glycerol and choline derivatives (obtained from the breakdown of lipids); and tertiary cycling of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Key microbial taxa and related disease states will be referred to in each case, and knowledge gaps that could contribute to our understanding of overall human wellness will be identified.


Xs: 2.686928 Ys: 4.066989 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Accepted manuscript Gut Prevotella as a possible biomarker of diet and its eubiotic versus dysbiotic roles-A comprehensive literature review abstract: Gut microbiota has a profound impact on human health. Emerging data shows that dietary patterns are associated with different communities of bacterial species within the gut. Prevotella species have been correlated with plant rich diets, abundant in carbohydrates and fibres. Dysbiosis within the gut ecosystem has been associated with the development of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, type 1 diabetes, allergies and other diseases. The purpose of this comprehensive literature review was to evaluate the available data on the impact of diet on Prevotella genus, as a dietary fibre fermenter in the gut, as well as its implications as a potential biomarker for homeostasis or disease state, through its metabolite signature. Studies were identified by conducting PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and Google Scholar electronic searches. We found 85 publications reporting the impact of dietary patterns on gut microbial communities including Prevotella or Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio in particular. Moreover, the role of Prevotella species on health status was also evaluated. Prevotella possess a high genetic diversity, representing one of the important groups found in the oral cavity and large intestine of man. The gut commensal Prevotella bacteria contribute to polysaccharide breakdown, being dominant colonizers of agrarian societies. However, studies also suggested a potential role of Prevotella species as intestinal pathobionts. Further metagenomic studies are needed in order to reveal health- or disease-modulating properties of Prevotella species. in the gut.


Xs: 3.5424495 Ys: 0.59874606 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Addressing the double burden of malnutrition among Thai school-aged children with a complex school nutrition intervention: A process evaluation abstract: Background
The Dekthai Kamsai programme, a complex school nutrition intervention implemented in Thailand, demonstrated favourable outcomes in reducing the risk of developing obesity and stunting. This article aims to describe the intervention, contextual factors, and their interactions influencing the outcomes.

Methods
We conducted a process evaluation using data obtained from 14 focus group discussions held with 69 school staff from 14 intervention schools and 4 control schools, from January to February 2022, and a document analysis.

Results
Perceived strengths of the programme included: 1) its multi-component design targeting both diet and physical activity using food and physical activity guidelines for children, close monitoring of students’ anthropometric outcomes for ongoing nutrition improvements, and complementary components that synergistically enhanced and sustained its outcomes; and 2) a multi-sectoral support system to build schools’ capacity and facilitate programme implementation. Perceived limitations were no adequate effort to address wasting and suboptimal fidelity. Regarding contextual factors, child nutrition and well-being were not a priority for the education sector, which resulted in limited resources and the willingness of school staff to adopt and implement the programme. Schools in higher socio-economic urban neighbourhoods tended to receive greater external support and benefit more from better infrastructure of urban areas. The programme’s impact in urban schools tended to be offset by urban obesogenic environments. School staff having interest in children’s well-being tended to adopt and implement the programme intensively. A healthier food culture tended to enhance the intervention success.

Conclusions
These findings highlight the importance of 1) providing multifaceted interventions; 2) making child nutrition and well-being a priority of the education sector; and 3) improving school contexts notably policy, leadership, capacity, social capital, social and physical environments.


Xs: 7.98344 Ys: 3.2170625 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities of Local Thai Green Macroalgae Crude Extracts in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) abstract: Macroalgae are potentially excellent sources of bioactive secondary metabolites useful for the development of new functional ingredients. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of the hot water crude extracts (HWCEs) of three species of local Thai green macroalgae Ulva intestinalis (Ui), U. rigida (Ur), and Caulopa lentillifera (Cl) and a commercial ulvan from U. armoricana (Ua). Chemical analysis indicated that the HWCE of Ur showed the highest sulfate content (13.9% ± 0.4%), while that of Ua contained the highest uronic acid and carbohydrate contents (41.47% ± 4.98% and 64.03% ± 2.75%, respectively), which were higher than those of Ur (32.75% ± 1.53% and 51.02% ± 3.72%). Structural analysis of these extracts by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that these HWCEs are complex with a signal at 1250 cm−1 corresponding to S=O stretching vibrations, while the signals at 850 cm−1 were attributed to the C–O–S bending vibration of the sulfate ester in the axial position. These HWCEs showed the growth suppression against some pathogenic Vibrio spp. Interestingly, the HWCEs from Ui at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL completely inhibited white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp injected with HWCE–WSSV preincubated solutions. This inhibitory effect was further confirmed by the reduction in viral loads and histopathology of surviving and moribund shrimp.


Xs: 3.445439 Ys: 0.704972 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Risk Factors of Dental Caries in the Thai Population: The Retrospective Cohort Study abstract: A bstract

Aim
The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of dental caries increments in Thai dental patients.

Materials and Methods
The dental chart records of 500 patients who visited the Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Mahidol University during 2003–2013 were included in this research. Risk factors such as age, gender, medical history, marital status, routine oral checkup, oral appliance usage, initial and final records of decayed (DT)-missing-filled (DMF-T), dental history of tooth extraction due to caries, xerostomia, presence of visible plaque, presence of interproximal restoration, and caries risk level were retrieved from dental records. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the association of caries risk factors and new dental caries increments.

Results
The results indicated that the rate of incidence of new dental caries was 2.1 per 100 person-month. In the multivariate hazard model, past caries experience in more than three teeth (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.53–3.44) and xerostomia (adjusted hazard ratio: 4.47, 95%CI: 1.82–10.98) were independent risk factors of dental caries increments. Other factors, such as demographic data, physical factors, clinical factors, and other contributing factors, were not associated with the incidence of new dental caries.

Conclusion
The presence of past caries experience and xerostomia were predictors of the occurrence of new dental caries.


Xs: 7.7982073 Ys: 2.201001 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Acemannan Stimulates Gingival Fibroblast Proliferation; Expressions of Keratinocyte Growth Factor-1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Type I Collagen; and Wound Healing abstract: Aloe vera has long been used as a traditional medicine for inducing wound healing. Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) play an important role in oral wound healing. In this study, we investigated the effects of acemannan, a polysaccharide extracted from Aloe vera gel, on GF proliferation; keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and type I collagen production; and oral wound healing in rats. [(3)H]-Thymidine incorporation assay and ELISA were used. Punch biopsy wounds were created at the hard palate of male Sprague Dawley rats. All treatments (normal saline; 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide; plain 1% Carbopol; and Carbopol containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% acemannan (w/w)) were applied daily. Wounded areas and histological features were observed at day 7 after treatment. From our studies, acemannan at concentrations of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/ml significantly induced cell proliferation (P<0.05). Acemannan concentrations between 2 - 16 mg/ml significantly stimulated KGF-1, VEGF, and type I collagen expressions (P<0.05). Wound healing of animals receiving Carbopol containing 0.5% acemannan (w/w) was significantly better than that of the other groups (P<0.05). These findings suggest that acemannan plays a significant role in the oral wound healing process via the induction of fibroblast proliferation and stimulation of KGF-1, VEGF, and type I collagen expressions.


Xs: 3.313239 Ys: 0.57907015 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Comparison of body image perception and the actual BMI and correlation with self-esteem and mental health: A cross-sectional study among adolescents abstract: INTRODUCTION: Body image perception refers to an individual's idea about his/her body. Dissatisfaction regarding body image may have a major impact on one's psychological well-being and may be a risk factor for eating disorders. This is generally seen to be more prevalent among growing individuals, namely, adolescents, and this study was conducted to assess the prevalence, find the underlying risk factors, and assess means to manage the conditions effectively to prevent an adverse impact on mental health and well-being. This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among adolescents and to make a comparison of these findings among male and female adolescents, and also between the early, middle, and late teens. METHODOLOGY: A total of 309 adolescents (M = 128, F = 181; age range 10-19 years; and mean age = 15.2) were assessed using anthropometric measurements, Body Mass Index calculation, and body image perception questionnaire. This information was correlated with the self-esteem scores of these individuals using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Questionnaire. RESULTS: Both males and females were found to be equally concerned about their appearance and body shape (51.46% and 48.53%, respectively). Among these, we found that the middle (14-16 years) and late teens (17-19 years) had higher scores of body image dissatisfaction compared to early teens (10-13 years). Majority (62.38%) of the early teens was unconcerned with their body shapes. Not only overweight but also even underweight adolescents had higher body shape dissatisfaction with 64.72% perceiving their body shape wrongly. Mental health and self-esteem scores were shown to have a positive correlation with body dissatisfaction indicating that those who were dissatisfied with their body were more likely to have lower self-esteem (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: The present study found that majority of the adolescents has body dissatisfaction, which negatively affects their self-esteem.


Xs: 4.0773287 Ys: 3.7194376 Publish year: 2006 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Subcellular cadmium distribution, accumulation, and toxicity in a predatory gastropod, Thais clavigera, fed different prey abstract: Bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cd were investigated in a marine predatory whelk, Thais clavigera, after being fed with the rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata, or the herbivorous snail, Monodonta labio, for up to four weeks. The oysters and snails had different subcellular Cd distributions and concentrations in their bodies given their different metal-handling strategies and were exposed to dissolved Cd for two weeks before being fed to the whelks. After four weeks of dietary exposure, the Cd body concentrations in T. clavigera increased from 3.1 microg/g to between 22.9 and 41.8 microg/g and to between 22.7 and 24.1 microg/g when they were fed with oyster and snail prey, respectively. An increasing proportion of Cd was found to be distributed in the metallothionein (MT)-like proteins and organelle fractions, whereas the relative distribution in the metal-rich granules fraction decreased when the whelks were fed Cd-exposed prey. At the highest Cd dosage, more Cd was distributed in the pool of metal-rich granules when the whelks were fed the oysters than when they were fed the snails. Among all the biomarkers measured (MT induction, condition index, lipid peroxidation, and total energy reserve including carbohydrate, lipid, and protein), only MT showed a significant difference from the control treatments, and MT was the most sensitive biomarker for dietary Cd exposure. No toxicity was found in the whelks fed different Cd-exposed prey as revealed by various biomarkers at the different biological levels. Our results imply that metal fractionation in prey can alter the subsequent subcellular metal distribution in predators and that dietary Cd toxicity to the whelks was low, even when the accumulated Cd body concentrations were high.


Xs: 3.8635097 Ys: 5.2313805 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Feed intake, digestibility and energy partitioning in beef cattle fed diets with cassava pulp instead of rice straw abstract: Objective:
This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing rice straw with different proportions of cassava pulp on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility, rumen microbial population, energy partitioning and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization in beef cattle.

Methods:
Eighteen yearling Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with an average initial body weight of 98.3 ± 12.8 kg were allocated to one of three dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 149 days in a randomized complete block design. Three dietary treatments using different proportions of cassava pulp (100, 300 and 500 g/kg dry matter basis) instead of rice straw as a base in a fermented total mixed ration were applied. Animals were placed in a metabolic pen equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to determine total digestibility and energy balance.

Results:
The average daily weight gain, digestible intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrate, total protozoa, energy intake, energy retention and energy efficiency increased linearly (p < 0.05) with an increasing proportion of cassava pulp in the diet, whereas the three main types of fibrolytic bacteria and energy excretion in the urine (p < 0.05) decreased. The metabolizable energy requirement for the maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle, determined by a linear regression analysis, was 399 kJ/kg BW0.75, with an efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth of 0.86.

Conclusion:
Our results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of cassava pulp up to 500 g/kg of dry matter as a base in a fermented total mixed ration is an effective strategy for improving productivity in zebu cattle.


Xs: 4.1200604 Ys: 0.33878982 Publish year: 2000 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia abstract: The agricultural transition has long been recognized to have been a very important period in human prehistory. Its timing and consequences, including the effects on human health, have been intensively researched. In recent decades, this has included the idea that there is a universal positive correlation between the adoption of agriculture based on a carbohydrate staple crop and dental caries prevalence. This is mainly based on evidence from America, where maize was the staple crop. On the basis of evidence from prehistoric skeletal samples from a series of prehistoric sites in Southeast Asia, this correlation does not appear to apply in areas of the world where the staple crop is rice. Although we have looked only at dental caries, we suggest that caution be applied in the drawing of inferences about subsistence changes from dental health. Patterns reflecting the adoption of one starchy staple are not necessarily applicable to all such crops.


Xs: 7.1788564 Ys: 1.9758806 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Combination therapy of bioactive compounds with acarbose: A proposal to control hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes abstract: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease with a high impact on public health and social welfare. Hyperglycemia is a characteristic of T2D that leads to different complications. Acarbose (ACB) reduces hyperglycemia by inhibiting α‐amylase (AMY) and α‐glucosidase (GLU) enzymes. However, ACB causes low adherence to treatment by patients with diabetes due to its side effects. Consequently, reducing the side effects produced by ACB without compromising its efficacy is a challenge in treating T2D. Bioactive compounds (BC) are safe and could decrease the side effects compared to antidiabetic drugs such as ACB. Nevertheless, their efficacy alone concerning that drug is unknown. The scientific advances have been directed toward searching for new approaches, such as combination therapies between BC and ACB. This review analyzes the combined therapy of BC (extracts or isolates) with ACB in inhibiting AMY and GLU as a proposal to control hyperglycemia in T2D.

Practical application
Postprandial hyperglycemia is one most typical signs of type 2 diabetes, and it can have significant consequences, including cardiovascular problems. Acarbose has side effects that lead to the abandonment of treatment. Bioactive compounds in extracts or isolated forms have become a viable option for controlling hyperglycemia without side effects, but their administration alone is insufficient. The scientific advances of acarbose/bioactive compound combination therapy as a proposal for controlling hyperglycemia in T2D were analyzed. The findings suggested that bioactive compounds combined with acarbose are effective when they function synergistically or additively; however, they are not recommended in therapy when they have an antagonistic effect.


Xs: 2.6191916 Ys: 1.948553 Publish year: 2006 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Association between Carbohydrate Intake and Serum Lipids abstract: The effect of dietary carbohydrate on blood lipids has received considerable attention in light of the current trend in lowering carbohydrate intake for weight loss.
To evaluate the association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids.
Blood samples and 24-hour dietary and physical activity recall interviews were obtained from each subject at quarterly intervals for five consecutive quarters between 1994 and 1998 from 574 healthy adults in Central Massachusetts. Relationships between serum lipids and dietary carbohydrate factors were assessed using linear mixed models and adjusting for other risk factors known to be related to blood lipids. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal results were reported.
Cross-sectional analysis results from this study suggest that higher total carbohydrate intake, percentage of calories from carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI) and/or glycemic load (GL) are related to lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and higher serum triacylglycerol levels, while higher total carbohydrate intake and/or GL are related to lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. In a one-year longitudinal analysis, GL was positively associated with total and LDL-C levels, and there was an inverse association between percentage of calories from carbohydrate and HDL-C levels.
Results suggest that there is a complex and predominantly unfavorable effect of increased intake of highly processed carbohydrate on lipid profile, which may have implications for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Further studies in the form of randomized controlled trials are required to investigate these associations and determine the implications for lipid management.


Xs: 3.6949737 Ys: 0.7408025 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Thailand Conquered Undernutrition Very Successfully but Has Not Slowed Obesity. abstract: Under-nutrition in Thailand has been successfully controlled for over two decades. However, Thailand is now facing a double-burden malnutrition problem where under- and over-nutrition coexist. Overweight, obesity, and related diseases are the main nutritional challenges, leading to high costs for curative care. Thailand foresees that nutrition can be an effective strategy for preventing diet-related NCDs, and the country aims to reduce costs for secondary and tertiary health care. Various organizations have conducted national programs, focusing especially on nutrition education and public campaigns, which have been sustainable and not sustainable. Only milk and certain foods for children are mandated for nutrition labeling. Guideline for daily amounts (GDA) is now the nutrient profile mandated for snack foods in Thailand. To increase efficiency, Thailand's National Food Committee has been established to link food, nutrition and health via a multisectoral approach.


Xs: 7.1632657 Ys: 1.9968874 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effect of Green and Red Thai Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) on pancreatic digestive enzymes (alpha-glucosidase and lipase) and acetyl-carboxylase 1 activity: A possible therapeutic target for obesity prevention abstract: Regular use of Thai kratom has been linked to reduced blood triglyceride levels and body mass index (BMI) in healthy individuals. We analyzed Green Thai Kratom (GTK) and Red Thai Kratom (RTK) to investigate their effects on pancreatic digestive enzymes. The ethanol extracts of GTK and RTK inhibited lipase activity more strongly than alpha-glucosidase activity, suggesting the presence of lipase inhibitors. Mitragynine, the major compound in GTK, showed potent lipase inhibition and moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Quercetin, found in both extracts, strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase but had limited effects on lipase. These findings suggest that mitragynine and quercetin may hinder triglyceride and starch digestion. Combination inhibition studies revealed synergistic effects between mitragynine and quercetin on alpha-glucosidase activity. Additionally, both GTK and RTK extracts reduced fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells, with quercetin specifically inhibiting Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, GTK and RTK extracts, particularly mitragynine and quercetin, exhibit potential anti-obesity effects. We report the novel finding that Thai kratom inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis by targeting ACC1, resulting in decreased fat accumulation in adipocytes. Regular use of Thai kratom in specific populations may improve blood triglyceride levels and reduce BMI by inhibiting lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and ACC1 activity. Further clinical trials are needed to determine optimal dosage, duration, toxicity levels, and potential side effects of Kratom use.


Xs: 2.6457431 Ys: 3.3699596 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Resistant starch content, in vitro starch digestibility and physico-chemical properties of flour and starch from Thai bananas abstract: Flour and starch were prepared from six Thai banana cultivars: Kluai Hom, Kluai Khai, Kluai Lebmuenang, Kluai Namwa, Kluai Hakmuk and Kluai Hin, and their resistant starch (RS), in vitro starch digestibility and physico-chemical properties were determined. The RS content of the flour is 52.2-68.1%, with flour from Kluai Hin containing the highest amount of RS, followed by that from Kluai Hakmuk. The starch has a higher RS content (70.1-79.2%), the highest value coming from Kluai Hakmuk starch, followed by Kluai Hom starch. A significant linear relationship between apparent amylose and RS was observed. Interestingly, most of the flour showed a slower rate of in vitro starch digestibility than that of the starch, with Kluai Hin flour exhibiting the slowest rate, followed by Kluai Namwa. Rapid viscosity analysis showed significantly higher peak viscosity of the starch than the flour, the highest final and setback viscosity being obtained from Kluai Hin starch. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an endothermic transition enthalpy over a range of 17.4 J/g for Kluai Lebmuenang starch to 18.6 J/g for Kluai Hin starch. X-ray diffractograms of the starches exhibited a typical B-pattern with Kluai Hin showing the highest degree of relative crystallinity (31.3%) with a sharp peak at 5.5°. The overall results seemed to indicate an effect of the BB genotype on the resistance of banana starch granules to enzymatic digestion due to amylase molecules and the crystallinity of amylopectin. ©2012 by Maejo University, San Sai, Chiang Mai, 50290 Thailand.


Xs: 2.241326 Ys: 1.4732122 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss Maintenance abstract: Weight regain after a successful weight loss intervention is very common. Most studies show that, on average, the weight loss attained during a weight loss intervention period is not or is not fully maintained during follow-up. We review what is currently known about dietary strategies for weight loss maintenance, focusing on nutrient composition by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies and discuss other potential strategies that have not been studied so far. Twenty-one studies with 2875 participants who were overweight or obese are included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies investigate increased protein intake (12 studies), lower dietary glycemic index (four studies), green tea (three studies), conjugated linoleic acid (three studies), higher fibre intake (three studies), and other miscellaneous interventions (six studies). The meta-analysis shows a significant beneficial effect of higher protein intake on the prevention of weight regain (SMD (standardized mean difference) −0.17 (95% CI −0.29, −0.05), z = 2.80, p = 0.005), without evidence for heterogeneity among the included studies. No significant effect of the other strategies is detected. Diets that combine higher protein intake with different other potentially beneficial strategies, such as anti-inflammatory or anti-insulinemic diets, may have more robust effects, but these have not been tested in randomized clinical trials yet.


Xs: 3.1083927 Ys: 0.48379192 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Trends, prevalence and associated factors of obesity among adults in a rural community in Thailand: serial cross-sectional surveys, 2012 and 2018 abstract: Abstract Background Obesity is one principle risk factor increasing the risk of noncommunicable diseases including diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. In Thailand, a 2014 study reported obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) in a Thai population aged ≥15 years was 37.5, 32.9 and 41.8% overall and among males and females, respectively. The study aimed to determine trends in the prevalence of obesity among adults residing in a Thai rural community between 2012 and 2018 and investigate the associations between obesity and behavioral factors. Methods Serial cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2012 and 2018 among adults in Na-Ngam rural community. In 2012 and 2018, all 635 and 627 individuals, respectively, were interviewed using structured questionnaires related to demographics, risk behaviors, comorbidities and arthrometric measurement. Spot urine was collected by participants and obesity was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2. The risk factors for obesity were analyzed in the 2018 survey. Results A total of 1262 adults in Na-Ngam rural community were included in the study. The prevalence of obesity was 33.9% in 2012 and 44.8% in 2018 (P 2 diseases AOR 2.15; 95%CI 1.32–3.50), and higher spot urine sodium level (AOR 1.002; 95%CI 0.99–1.01). Conclusion Our data emphasized that obesity constituted a serious problem among adults residing in a rural community. A trend in significant increase was found regarding the prevalence of obesity and average BMI in the rural community over 6 years. Effective public health interventions should be provided at the community level to reduce BMI. Moreover, modifiable risk factors for obesity should be attenuated to inhibit the progression of metabolic syndrome, noncommunicable diseases and their complications.


Xs: 4.009795 Ys: 5.345311 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The effect of excessive elemental sulfur addition on feed intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in Thai native beef cattle fed a diet containing high fresh cassava root abstract: This study aimed to study the effect of excessive elemental sulfur addition on intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in Thai native beef cattle fed diets containing high fresh cassava root (FCR) supplementation. Four Thai native beef cattle with an initial body weight (BW) of 100 ± 10.0 kg were used and randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Two levels of FCR supplementation at 15 (FCR‐1.5) and 20 g/kg of BW (FCR‐2) and two levels of sulfur supplementation in concentrate at 10 (Sulfur‐1) and 20 g/kg dry matter concentrate (Sulfur‐2) were evaluated. This study showed that sulfur and FCR in combination (p < 0.05) increased dry matter and organic matter digestibility and bacterial population. Sulfur‐2 resulted in higher (p < 0.05) sulfur intake and serum thiocyanate concentration than Sulfur‐1. FCR‐2 had a greater (p < 0.05) FCR intake, total volatile fatty acids and propionate concentration than FCR‐1.5. In conclusion, excessive elemental sulfur addition with high FCR supplementation showed no negative effect in Thai native beef cattle.


Xs: 3.8263898 Ys: 5.023128 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effect of Wood Vinegar on the Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Microflora in Weanling Pigs abstract: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the feeding value of wood vinegar in weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, weanling pigs (n = 224; Landrace Yorkshire Duroc, 213 d-old, initial BW 6.120.10 kg) were assigned to four dietary treatments. Different levels of wood vinegar were added to the diets as dietary treatments (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%). Each treatment comprised 4 replicates with 14 piglets in each. Experimental feeding was conducted for 28 d in two phases (phase I, d 0 to 14 and phase II, d 15 to 28). Feeding of wood vinegar linearly (p


Xs: 7.647276 Ys: 4.225283 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: A review study on chemical composition and molecular structure of newly plant gum exudates and seed gums abstract: A large number of plants can produce the complex polysaccharides commercially known as ‘plant-based gums’. Several studies on various plant-based gums (mainly plant gum exudates and seed sums) have resulted in the identification of valuable natural sources of complex carbohydrate polymers that promote the desired quality, stability, texture and appearance. The plant gum exudates and seed gums are the complex polysaccharides/carbohydrate polymers commonly used as a dietary fiber, thickening agent, foaming agent, film, emulsifier, stabilizer and drug delivery agent. The physical and functional properties of plant-based gums depend on their chemical compositions and molecular structures. Recently, there is a substantial interest to elucidate the relationship between the chemical composition, molecular structure and physical characteristics and functional properties of plant gum exudates and seed gums. The present study also summarized the molecular structure, chemical composition and functional properties of various types of plant gum exudates.


Xs: 3.6967366 Ys: 0.4902217 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Shifting Practices, Shifting Selves: Negotiations of Local and Global Cultures Among Adolescents in Northern Thailand abstract: Around the world, adolescents increasingly grow up as members of local and global cultures. Little is known, however, about how precisely adolescents in rapidly globalizing societies blend local and global cultures. Interviews with 40 (16‐ to 19‐year old) Thai adolescents, evenly divided between rural and urban communities, were analyzed alongside participant observation data for the interplay between local and global linguistic and dietary practices. Results revealed that urban adolescents inhabited differentiated selves, alternating between local and global practices based on interactional partner. The activation of each assisted them in navigating—and in some cases, reshaping—hierarchies encountered in everyday relationships. Findings contribute to the developmental science of globalization and point to the utility of interrogating cultural practices as sites of self‐negotiation in rapidly changing cultural contexts.


Xs: 3.0967631 Ys: 0.29626468 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: 24 HEALTH-RISK FACTORS AND THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN A THAI NATIONAL COHORT STUDY (TCS) OF STUDENTS FROM SUKOTHAI THAMMATHIRAT OPEN UNIVERSITY (STOU) abstract: Objective: Thailand is undergoing a health-risk transition which impacts chronic diseases particularly hypertension as a result of rapid transition from a developing to a developed country. This study analyzes the effect of health-risk factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), and body mass index (BMI) on the prevalence of hypertension. Design and methods: The baseline data were obtained in 2005 from 87143 STOU students participating in the TCS (mean age 30.5 years, 54.7% female). Adjusted odds ratios of association between risk factors and hypertension were analysed across 2 age groups by sex, after controlling for the confounding factors such as age, SES, and BMI. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in men was approximately twice as high as that in women (6.9%VS2.6%). Hypertension was associated with aging, a lower education attainment, a higher BMI and having underlying diseases in both sexes. In men, hypertension was associated with high income, spending more time on screens (TV&PC), smoking and alcohol drinking. In women, it was directly correlated with instant and roasted or smoked food consumption. Higher education was associated with lower rates of hypertension in the younger (<=40 years) men and women while household work and gardening had a benefit in older (>40 years) men. Hypertension was related with having a partner and alcohol drinking in the younger women. Conclusion: Thai health-risk transition is in a later stage as the changing pattern is similar with that in developed countries e.g. an inverse association between education attainment and hypertension in both sexes. However, in men, smoking and drinking need to be addressed.


Xs: 4.7257786 Ys: 2.3350453 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Chatuphalatika, a Thai herbal formula, ameliorate obesity and dyslipidemia in high-fat diet fed mice abstract: Background
Chatuphalatika is a Thai traditional health tonic composing of four different herbs namely Terminalia bellerica Linn., T. chebula Retz., T. arjuna Roxb. and Phyllanthus emblica Linn. The fact that phytoconstituents of Terminalia species have been reported to ameliorate obesity and symptoms of metabolic syndrome prompt us to investigate acute toxicity as well as a lipid lowering activity of orally given chatuphalatika aqueous extract (CPT) in animal models.

Methods
CPT was prepared by decoction method and the phytochemical contents were quantified by HPLC analysis. The acute oral toxicity study of CPT was performed in Wistar rats following the protocol of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines No. 420. The assessment of lipid-lowering effect of CPT was carried out in high-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6 mice model.

Results
Gallic acid was the highest content (137.10 ± 5.42 mg/g) found in CPT followed by chebulinic acid (73.60 ± 2.35 mg/g), chebulagic acid (62.60 ± 4.17 mg/g) and ellagic acid (5.2 ± 0.40 mg/g). No lethality and no signs of toxicity were observed in either male or female rats orally treated with CPT at a single dose of 2,000 and 5,000 mg/kg. Daily oral administration of 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg of CPT for 6 weeks to the HFD-induced dyslipidemia mice markedly reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, whereas the significant reduction of total cholesterol (TC) levels was observed only in the high doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of CPT. Moreover, dyslipidemia mice received 1,000 mg/kg CPT exclusively showed the decrease in body weight gain.

Conclusions
The CPT was safe and effective for relieving dyslipidemia and reducing weight gain in animal model supporting further development as functional food for dyslipidemia or overweight population.


Xs: 7.3459563 Ys: 1.9563344 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of medicinal plants in Thai antidiabetic recipes and bioactive compounds from Vitex glabrata R. Br. stem bark abstract: Presently, the traditional medicines are still popular as an alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism of action in lowering blood sugar of most folk recipes remains unproven. In this study, the 37 medicinal plants selected from two Thai folk antidiabetic recipes (Mor-Phon recipe and the recipe of Wang-Nam-Yen hospital, Thailand) were investigated their potential anti-diabetic mechanisms via α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed in the ethanolic extracts of Salacia chinensis, Vitex glabrata, Senna siamea, Terminalia catappa, and Phyllanthus amarus and the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in the ethanolic extracts of T. catappa, V. glabrata, P. amarus, S. chinensis, and S. siamea. The stem bark of V. glabrata was identified as the most bioactive plant and was thus isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation to obtain six known compounds, lupeol (1), β-amyrin (2), α-amyrin (3), betulin (4), betulinic acid (5), and scopoletin (6). The α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of those isolated compounds were tested. The highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were observed by lupeol (1) (IC50 7.4 µM) and β-amyrin (2) (IC50 32.33 µM), respectively. However, compounds 3 - 5 also showed the good inhibition in both digestive enzymes.


Xs: 1.6771327 Ys: 1.9597262 Publish year: 2024 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Fertility and Pregnancy after Bariatric Surgery: Challenges and Solutions abstract: Introduction Obesity is increasing worldwide, and bariatric surgery (BS) is increasingly employed for weight management in women of reproductive age. An interplay between pregnancy and BS is very likely. A review of the challenges faced and solutions needed is warranted.
Materials and Methods A narrative, nonsystematic review of the international literature from a single online database (PubMed) was performed on July 23, 2023. All articles were included. The retrieved relevant literature is narrated in a concise thematic account.
Results BS carries major metabolic, mechanical, and vascular benefits, possibly accompanied by nutritional, vitamins, minerals, and micronutrient deficiencies, which might be clinical or subclinical. A few of the frequently reported postbariatric nutritional jeopardies could be augmented by the physiological changes of pregnancy, which need a different approach to management. Nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy could carry both maternal and fetal short- and long-term risks. Fetal risks may range from miscarriage to low birth weight, neural tube defects, congenital anomalies, cognitive impairment, and internal organ dysplasia. Postbariatric status is, by default, a high-risk pregnancy category, given the altered biochemical, vasomotor, and mechanical indices of any lady treated with BS. Postgastric bypass hypoglycemia (PGBH) is a relatively common phenomenon during pregnancy, and it usually calls for multidisciplinary action to control. A dedicated monitoring protocol before, during, and after pregnancy has been suggested in several guidelines to guard against the potentially devastating consequences to both mother and fetus.
Conclusions Weight reduction after BS enhances fertility. The optimum timing for ladies treated with BS to get pregnant is not very well established yet. However, various societies have provided multidisciplinary management guidance of management prior to and during pregnancy. Many nutritional supplements that are not routinely prescribed during pregnancy will be essential for those treated with BS. Further studies are still warranted to ensure the safe interim between BS and conception as well as the safety of various doses of medications used for postbariatric individuals, for instance, medications used for PGBH.


Xs: 4.1380115 Ys: 0.4536825 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Kin kao laew reu young (‘Have You Eaten Rice Yet’)?: A New Perspective on Food and Tourism in Thailand abstract: Asian countries have for many years used cuisine as a platform to differentiate and promote themselves as destinations by inviting tourists to consume and ‘taste’ local culture. One country that has been particularly successful in promoting its national cuisine is Thailand. This chapter considers how Thailand has positioned its national cuisine to create a culinary brand identity and considers how this has been used to promote and shape tourism. Focusing on the role of rice in Thai culture and society, it is argued that although Thailand has been highly successful in creating a strong cultural and culinary brand through its cuisine, there are further opportunities to enhance and deepen tourists’ experience and understanding of Thai culture though food. Specifically, to understand Thai culture through its cuisine, one needs to also understand (not just eat) rice. Recent Thai tourism campaigns that invite tourists to explore Thainess through rice are discussed.


Xs: 2.6150303 Ys: 3.4032183 Publish year: 2010 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Are Rice and Spicy Diet Good for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders? abstract: Rice- and chili-containing foods are common in Asia. Studies suggest that rice is completely absorbed in the small bowel, produces little intestinal gas and has a low allergenicity. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that rice-based meals are well tolerated and may improve gastrointestinal symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Chili is a spicy ingredient commonly use throughout Asia. The active component of chili is capsaicin. Capsaicin can mediate a painful, burning sensation in the human gut via the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). Recently, the TRPV1 expressing sensory fibers have been reported to increase in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with FGID and visceral hypersensitivity. Acute exposure to capsaicin or chili can aggravate abdominal pain and burning in dyspepsia and IBS patients. Whereas, chronic ingestion of natural capsaicin agonist or chili has been shown to decrease dyspeptic and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms. The high prevalence of spicy food in Asia may modify gastrointestinal burning symptoms in patients with FGID. Studies in Asia demonstrated a low prevalence of heartburn symptoms in GERD patients in several Asian countries. In conclusion rice is well tolerated and should be advocated as the carbohydrate source of choice for patients with FGID. Although, acute chili ingestion can aggravate abdominal pain and burning symptoms in FGID, chronic ingestion of chili was found to improve functional dyspepsia and GERD symptoms in small randomized, controlled studies.


Xs: 8.249751 Ys: 2.827333 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutritional and Functional Properties of Edible Mushrooms: A Food with Promising Health Claims abstract: Over the past two decades, there has been a steady flow of publications about the health effects related to mushrooms consumption. They represent a valuable source of protein, present high levels of fiber, some vitamins and minerals, and they also have reduced amount of fat and sodium. In addition, their complex carbohydrates profile can strengthen considerably the immune system. Edible mushrooms have been related to significant functional properties due to their bioactive compounds, such as eritadenine, phenolic compounds, sterols (as ergosterol), chitosan, etc., These substances are considered as important agents in the prevention and treatment of different health conditions like obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. However, it is important to remember that most of scientific studies are made in animal models and, therefore, some evidences regarding mushroom consumption have yet to be confirmed in clinical trials. Despite of the growing appeal for humans by their medicinal effects and nutritional value, mushrooms are also very appreciated for their texture, flavor, and versatility in culinary. They can be easily incorporated into any kind of dish, improving the dietary diversity without adding many calories. The information presented in this review point out that the positive effect of mushrooms on health is beyond basic nutrition. Therefore, it is very valuable expanding our knowledge about mushrooms, in order to identify all their active principles and the mechanisms involved in each health benefit, getting aware about the doses required to achieve that, in a safe range for humans.