Xs: 6.226924 Ys: 2.884613 Publish year: 2008 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Breeding for Phytonutrient Enhancement of Potato abstract: The potato is a vegetable that develops underground as a stem. It is a propagule in the sense that the potato itself is used
as seed for the following crop. As a food it is a rich source of nutrients. All potatoes have carotenoids in the flesh which
are xanthophylls. Of greatest interest are lutein and zeaxanthin, components of the human retina that must be obtained from
foods for proper eye health. Potatoes grown outside the center of origin in the Andes of South America may contain from 50
to 350 micrograms zeaxanthin equivalents per 100g FW. Potatoes developed by farmers in the Andes, especially the Papa Amarilla class of cultivars, may contain as much as 2,000μg per 100g FW. Xanthophylls are fat soluble, have half-lives of several
days in the human body, and are antioxidants that associate with membranes in the cell. Anthocyanins are radically different
compounds conferring red to purple coloration to skin and flesh of potato. Potatoes with color of this type range from 1.5mg
cyanidin equivalents per 100g FW, in colored skin but non-colored flesh types and up to 40mg in colored skin, solidly colored
flesh types. Potent antioxidants, anthocyanins are water soluble and have a half-life of several hours in the body. Some of
the anthocyanins are strong anti-inflammatory agents. Potato is recognized as containing minerals, though never mentioned
as a particularly rich source. A survey of advanced breeding lines and varieties at different growing locations indicates
that different genotypes display a large range of iron content. Iron is the most problematic mineral from a dietary standpoint.
Absorption from food is hindered by phytic acid and polyphenols, which are abundant in small grains and food legumes, while
present in minute amounts in potato. The difficulty in absorption is countered further in the presence of vitamin C, which
aids iron absorption. Potato is a substantial source of vitamin C and theoretically could be a principal component of a food
matrix that provides highly absorbable iron.
La papa es una hortaliza que se desarrolla como tallo bajo tierra. Es un propágulo en el sentido de que la papa en sí es usada
como semilla para el siguiente cultivo. Como alimento es una rica fuente de nutrientes. Todas las papas contienen carotenoides
en la pulpa los cuales son xantófilas. Los de mayor interés son la luteína y la zeaxantina, componentes de la retina humana
y que se deben obtener de los alimentos para la salud apropiada de los ojos. Las papas que se cultivan fuera de su centro
de origen en los Andes de Sudamérica pueden contener 50 a 350 microgramos de equivalentes de zeaxantina por 100 gramos de
peso fresco (PF). Las papas desarrolladas por los agricultores en los Andes, especialmente del tipo Papa Amarilla pueden contener
hasta 2000 microgramos por 100 gramos de PF. Las xantofilas son lipo solubles, tienen una vida media de varios días en el
cuerpo humano, y son antioxidantes que se asocian con las membranas en la célula. Las antocianinas son compuestos radicalmente
diferentes que confieren una coloración roja a la cáscara y pulpa de papa. Papas con este tipo de color contienen 1.5mg de
equivalentes de cianidina por 100g de PF, en los tipos de cáscara coloreada pero pulpa no coloreada y hasta 40mg en los
tipos de cáscara coloreada, pulpa totalmente de color. Las antocianinas, potentes antioxidantes, son solubles en agua y tienen
una vida media en el cuerpo, de varias horas. Algunas antocianinas son potentes agentes anti-inflamatorios. La papa es reconocida
como fuente rica en minerales, aunque nunca es mencionada como fuente particularmente rica. Una inspección de las líneas avanzadas
de mejoramiento y variedades de distintas localidades de cultivo indica que diferentes genotipos muestran un amplio contenido
de hierro. El hierro es el mineral más problemático desde el punto de vista dietético. La absorción de hierro a partir del
alimento es obstaculizada por el ácido fítico y polifenoles, los cuales están presentes en abundancia en granos menudos y
leguminosas comestibles, mientras que en la papa hay pequeñísimas cantidades. La dificultad de absorción es contrarrestada
en presencia de vitamina C, la cual ayuda la absorción de hierro. La papa es una fuente sustancial de vitamina C y teóricamente
puede ser el componente principal de una matriz alimentaria que proporcione hierro altamente absorbible.


Xs: 5.7280664 Ys: 2.8149047 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Role of Phytonutrients in Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Perspective in Curing Breast Cancer abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common type of cancer and an important contributor to female mortality. Several genes and epigenetic modifications are involved in the development and progression of BC. Research in phytochemistry, nutrigenomics, and nutrigenetics has provided strong evidence that certain phytonutrients are able to modulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Such phytonutrients may also be beneficial to prevent and treat BC. In this review, we will focus on the nutrigenomic effects of various phytochemicals including poly-phenols, phytosterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other compounds from different sources. Overall, these phytonutrients are found to inhibit BC cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and induce apoptotic cell death by targeting various molecular pathways. They also alter epigenetic mechanisms and enhance the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of cancer cells. Such phytochemicals may be used for the effective management of BC patients in the clinical setting in the future. The present article aims to summarize the specific molecular pathways involved in the genetic effects of phytochemicals in BC.


Xs: 5.9782577 Ys: 2.501811 Publish year: 2015 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: VEGETABLES AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF NUTRACEUTICALS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS: A REVIEW abstract: About 3 billion people in the world are malnourished due to imbalanced diet. Vegetables are the essential part of balanced diet since they are good source of phytonutrients and nutraceutical compounds. Vegetables are rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals, hence known as protective foods. They also give health protection on account of the presence of secondary metabolites of therapeutic importance. The most important phytonutriceuticals in vegetables that have biological activity against chronic diseases are: vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, organosulfur compounds (glucosinolates and thiosulfides) and flavonoids. Each vegetable contains a unique combination of phytonutriceuticals. A great diversity of vegetables should be eaten to ensure that individual's diet includes a combination of phytonutriceuticals and to get all the health benefits. Phytochemicals are broadly described as phytoestrogens, They have tremendous impact on the health care system and may provide medical health benefits including the prevention and/ or treatment of diseases and physiological disorders. The present review has been devoted to get acquaint with nutraceutical value of vegetables.


Xs: 6.8844376 Ys: 3.114638 Publish year: 2018 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Unravelling the phytonutrients and antioxidant properties of European Vicia faba L. seeds abstract: For the first time, seven European varieties of Vicia faba L. seeds were investigated for (1) their phytonutrients profile by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, (2) total phenolic content (TPC), and (3) antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays). A wide range of compounds were identified, namely alkaloids, organic acids, terpenoids, jasmonates, and phenolics; these two latter being the most abundant. TPC ranged between 2.62 and 4.3 mg (gallic acid equivalent) g⁻¹ dry weight, for V. faba major variety Belshi and V. faba minor variety Bauska, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity showed poor correlation (r = 0.550, P =.041) with TPC, suggesting the presence of other antioxidant sources than phenolics. Still, FRAP was positively correlated with TPC (r = 0.709, P <.01) and DPPH (r = 0.819, P <.01). These results elucidated the phytonutrients and antioxidant properties of V. faba L. seeds as functional food sources.


Xs: 5.297993 Ys: 2.4310205 Publish year: 2012 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Development of an Updated Phytoestrogen Database for Use With the SWAN Food Frequency Questionnaire: Intakes and Food Sources in a Community-Based, Multiethnic Cohort Study abstract: Phytoestrogens, heterocyclic phenols found in plants, may benefit several health outcomes. However, epidemiologic studies of the health effects of dietary phytoestrogens have yielded mixed results, in part due to challenges inherent in estimating dietary intakes. The goal of this study was to improve the estimates of dietary phytoestrogen consumption using a modified Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), a 137-item FFQ created for the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) in 1994. To expand the database of sources from which phytonutrient intakes were computed, we conducted a comprehensive PubMed/Medline search covering January 1994 through September 2008. The expanded database included 4 isoflavones, coumestrol, and 4 lignans. The new database estimated isoflavone content of 105 food items (76.6%) vs. 14 (10.2%) in the 1994 version and computed coumestrol content of 52 food items (38.0%), compared to 1 (0.7%) in the original version. Newly added were lignans; values for 104 FFQ food items (75.9%) were calculated. In addition, we report here the phytonutrient intakes for each racial and language group in the SWAN sample and present major food sources from which the phytonutrients came. This enhanced ascertainment of phytoestrogens will permit improved studies of their health effects.


Xs: 6.0747824 Ys: 2.5312731 Publish year: 2018 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Comparative Phytonutrient Analysis of Broccoli By-Products: The Potentials for Broccoli By-Product Utilization abstract: The phytonutrient concentrations of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) florets, stems, and leaves were compared to evaluate the value of stem and leaf by-products as a source of valuable nutrients. Primary metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, as well as glucosinolates, carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins E and K, essential mineral elements, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and expression of glucosinolate biosynthesis and hydrolysis genes were quantified from the different broccoli tissues. Broccoli florets had higher concentrations of amino acids, glucoraphanin, and neoglucobrassicin compared to other tissues, whereas leaves were higher in carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins E and K, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Leaves were also good sources of calcium and manganese compared to other tissues. Stems had the lowest nitrile formation from glucosinolate. Each tissue exhibited specific core gene expression profiles supporting glucosinolate metabolism, with different gene homologs expressed in florets, stems, and leaves, which suggests that tissue-specific pathways function to support primary and secondary metabolic pathways in broccoli. This comprehensive nutrient and bioactive compound profile represents a useful resource for the evaluation of broccoli by-product utilization in the human diet, and as feedstocks for bioactive compounds for industry.


Xs: 5.6671486 Ys: 2.023284 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: The effects of twenty-one nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function: A narrative review abstract: Background and aim:
Brain health is becoming more important to the average person as the number of people with cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is rising significantly. The current Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapeutics for dementia neither cure nor halt cognitive decline; they just delay the worsening cognitive impairment. This narrative review summarizes the effects of nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was performed to find clinical trials in humans that assessed the effects of nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function published in English between 2000 and 2021. Six independent reviewers evaluated the articles for inclusion in this review.

Results:
Ninety-six articles were summarized in this narrative review. In total 21 categories of nutrients and phytonutrients were included, i.e., α-lipoic acid, Bacopa monnieri, B vitamins, cholinergic precursors, vitamin D, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, lion's mane mushroom, N-acetyl cysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, aloe polysaccharides, Rhodiola rosea, rosemary, saffron, tart cherries, turmeric, wild yam, Withania somnifera, xanthines, and zinc. Particular noteworthy effects on cognition included memory, recollection, attention, intelligence, vocabulary, recognition, response inhibition, arousal, performance enhancement, planning, creative thinking, reaction time, vigilance, task switching, orientation to time, place, and person, reading, writing, comprehension, accuracy, learning, information processing speed, executive function, mental flexibility, daily functioning, decrease in mental fatigue, and freedom from distractibility. Some nutrients and phytonutrients also improved mood and contentedness and reduced anxiety and the need for caregiving. These effects are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health statuses. Adverse effects were minimal or nonexistent.

Conclusion:
Due to the growing population of people with cognitive impairment and the lack of effective pharmacotherapeutics, it is prudent for those afflicted or their caregivers to find alternative treatments. Our narrative review shows that many of these nutrients and phytonutrients may be promising for treating some aspects of cognitive impairment, especially for people afflicted with AD.

Relevance for patients:
As demonstrated in a number of clinical trials, healthy adults and patients with various health challenges (e.g., AD, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease) exhibiting a wide range of severity in cognitive defects would be best served to consider multiple nutrients and phytonutrients to improve aspects of their cognitive function.


Xs: 6.835085 Ys: 3.6675813 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Valorization of waste by-products of rose oil production as feedstuff phytonutrients abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate possibility for valorization of the dry pressed distilled rose petals (DDRP) as a feedstuff phytonutrients in animal husbandry. In connection with the chemical composition and radical scavenging activity of polyphenol complex in rose waste products were studied. The polyphenol composition in dry rose petals, DDRP and waste water after distillation was identified and quantified. The chromatographic analysis was conducted by HPLC-PDA and LC-MS. The experiments were conducted with bird, monogastric and ruminants representatives. A total of 40 one days old chicks from the hybrid combination Ross 308 were distributed into two groups each containing of 20 birds fed for 49 days. The control group C fed with basal diet vs. experimental group R fed with the same fodder plus 40 mg DDRP/kg/d. A total of 72 Danube White 155 days old fattening pigs (both sexes - 36 male and 36 female) of 72.500 ± 1.937 kg were distributed into three groups (one control C and two experimental R1 and R2 supplemented with 0.255 g DDRP/kg/d or 0.545 g DDRP/kg/d). Each one group (24 piglets) was fed for 45 days. A total of 30 numbers of 65 days old lambs from the Synthetic population of Bulgarian milk sheep breed lambs (both sexes - 15 male and 15 female) with average life weight 20.500 ± 1.039 kg were divided into two groups (control C and experimental R) each one containing of 10 animals fed for 50 days. The experimental group was fed with combined feed for lambs granules and ground alfalfa supplemented either 0.545 g DDRP/kg/d. Animals were assessed for average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Thirteen glycosides of kaempferol, ten glycosides of quercetin, six glycosides of gallic acid and the two flavonol aglycones have been identified in dry rose petals. Those polyphenols possess high antioxidant activity and positively influence the growth performance of pigs. The supplementation of pig’s feed with 545 mg DDRP/kg/d increased (p < 0.05) with 6.73% the total feed consumption and with 27.05% the average daily weight gain, and decreases with approximately 16% the feed conversion ratio comparing to control group (C) pigs fattening without DDRP supplementation. The studied concentrations of DDRP were not effective in small ruminants and poultry husbandry.


Xs: 6.064431 Ys: 2.4481208 Publish year: 2017 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Strategies for Enhancing Phytonutrient Content in Plant-Based Foods abstract: As for long applied in traditional medicine, plant foods can be reliable sources of therapeutic molecules—phytonutrients—that aid in the avoidance or cure of several diseases. With the modern requirements of healthier and more environmentally friendly plant-based diets, research interest in increasing these molecules in common foods is in the spotlight. This chapter focuses on the description and mode of action of phytonutrients, their application and the main food sources for them, both in human and animal nutrition. Also, an overview of methods to increase phytonutrient content in food, from conventional breeding to genetic modification, is given. Finally, a description of the main technologies, both low and high-throughput, currently utilised to put this in practise.


Xs: 6.846576 Ys: 3.540288 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Formulation and characterization of phytonutrients‐rich traditional dehydrated snack prepared from skinned baby potatoes abstract: Baby potatoes are common by‐products of tuber size grading during potato processing which have high potential for valorisation due to rich bioactive profile. In this research, baby potatoes (Kufri Chipsona‐1 and Lady Rosette) were utilised for formulation of dehydrated traditional snack ( papad ). Five formulations were prepared utilizing baby potatoes (with peel and without peel) and a table variety (Kufri Pukhraj; without peel) was taken as control. Compared to papads prepared from peeled potatoes, papads prepared from skinned potatoes showed higher protein, fibre, bioactives and minerals which were further confirmed using HPLC and FTIR analysis. However, papads prepared without peel were lighter in colour. Papads from K. Chipsona‐1 (with and without peel) were organoleptically more acceptable and selected for storage studies at room temperature. During storage, moisture content, water activity, total and reducing sugars increased while a significant (p<0.05) decrease in phytochemicals were noticed. The product was found shelf stable for 6 months of storage.


Xs: 5.591643 Ys: 2.3356736 Publish year: 2020 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Consumption of rich/enrich phytonutrients food and their relationship with health status of population abstract: Epidemiological studies have reported the importance of plant foods in distinct diets, because phytonutrients are related to health benefits and longevity. The intake of phytonutrients in plant food contributes to the reduction of risk factors for chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. To obtain a higher index of phytonutrients in the diet, it is recommended that one consume fruits, vegetables, and whole grains presenting their bioactive components with antiinflammatory, antitumoral, and antidiabetic properties, which could improve their beneficial action through synergistic effects, indicating the importance of whole plant food intake for maximum benefits to human health. However, the influence of environmental factors and the individual’s lifestyle factors, such as race, sex, age, and genetics, are still unclear. This chapter will highlight the effects of phytonutrients on the health status of populations.


Xs: 6.015545 Ys: 3.1412683 Publish year: 2013 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Carotenoids: Chemistry, Sources and Physiology abstract: This article summarizes the structure, chemical and physiological mechanisms, dietary sources, and metabolism of carotenoids. Carotenoids are a family of phytonutrients that have antioxidant properties under most physiological conditions. Some carotenoids are also important sources of vitamin A, a nutrient essential for normal growth, development, and eyesight. Good dietary sources are orange, red, yellow, and dark green fruits and vegetables.


Xs: 5.768792 Ys: 3.303024 Publish year: 2015 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Detoxification effects of phytonutrients against environmental toxicants and sharing of clinical experience on practical applications abstract: According to the Food and Health Bureau and Trade and Industry Department of the Hong Kong Government, 90 % of the total food supply in Hong Kong was imported from the Mainland China. In addition, the hidden or illegal use of prohibited pesticides, food adulteration (e.g., using industrial salt in food processing, using gutter oil as cooking oil), and pollutions were periodically reported by the media. Excessive exposure to toxic heavy metals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diet or environmental is inevitable amid industrialization and pollution. Understanding of the detoxification ability among nutrients in plant-based food (i.e., phytonutrients in green tea, onion, garlic, coriander, and turmeric) offers therapeutic and preventive effects against the poisoning effects due to these pollutants. Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory actions are the common mechanisms for heavy metals or POPs toxicities, while phytonutrients counteracts these cellular insults by anti-oxidation, upregulation of anti-inflammatory pathways, and chelation.


Xs: 5.4453177 Ys: 3.0868232 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Attenuation of Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation by Phytonutrients: A Computational Systems Biology Analysis abstract: Background
Low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) is a strong and independent risk factor for many chronic diseases, like cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and neurological conditions. Dietary intervention studies have reported evidence for the role of plant-derived flavonoids in modulation of LGCI. This research explores the efficacy of Fruit/Berry/Vegetable (FBV) juice powder on LGCI.

Methods
The study employs computational systems biology: 1) to identify biomolecular mechanisms of LGCI; 2) to identify the bioactive compounds of FBV juice powder and their specific effects on mechanisms of LGCI; and, 3) to predict the quantitative effects of those bioactive compounds on LGCI.

Results
Four molecular pathways that are affected by the compounds of FBV include: 1) TNF-α production; 2) CCL2 production; 3) IL-1β production; and 4) reactive oxygen species production.. The bioactive compounds including luteolin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, lycopene, quercetin, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E in FBV significantly lowered TNF-α production, CCL2 production, IL-1β production, and reactive oxygen species production.

Conclusion
FBV provides a combination of active ingredients that synergistically affect multiple modalities of low grade chronic inflammation to help improve blood circulation and energy levels, and lower muscle soreness.


Xs: 7.105702 Ys: 2.0054383 Publish year: 2016 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Promising source of micronutrients for specialized foods with modified carbohydrate profile: Traditional medicine experience abstract: Worldwide experience of Traditional medicine (TM) has been successfully applied to the development of modern standardized herbal medicines. Mainly researchers are guided by local sources of medicinal plants and traditional medical systems. TM experience is also used in the search of plants considered as sources of biologically active substances (BAS) and food ingredients. The steady increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes, makes clear the need/or research of domestic plant sources of BAS (with a proven carbohydrate metabolism effect) to create modern specialized foods. This article proves the feasibility of using TM experience of Russia and some neighboring European countries (Belarus, Ukraine) to develop optimized compositions for specialized food products for patients with type 2 diabetes. For reliable identification of the most promising plants, 550 traditional antidiabetic herbal formulations of 66 traditional recipe directories were studied in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. It revealed 37 species of plants included to more than 20% of all bibliographical sources, and 13 plants included to more than 50% of prescription directories. The 3 most popular are bilberry leaves, leaf fruit of common bean, great nettle leaves.


Xs: 6.0196276 Ys: 2.9314194 Publish year: 2015 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Representative Literature on the Phytonutrients Category: Phenolic Acids abstract: Research concerning the benefits derived from dietary polyphenols, a significant class within the family of phytonutrients, has increased considerably in the last decade. Prior to the late 90's, the nutritional spotlight focused on the antioxidant capabilities of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals. More recently, however, research has emerged in strong support of the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols and their role in the prevention and/or treatment of certain cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Polyphenols are categorized according to the nature of their carbon skeleton, ranging from basic phenolic molecules to highly complex compounds, such as flavonoids, the most common and widely studied of all phenolic compounds. The most prevalent phenolic acids include ellagic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, and capsaicin.


Xs: 5.5094676 Ys: 2.619494 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Genetic effects of phytonutrients in metabolic disorders abstract: Metabolic diseases are devastating abnormalities that address human lives toward death if they are not correctly managed. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are the prime factors that induce insulin resistance to signaling pathways and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Phytonutrients are the biologically active agents derived from natural sources such as vegetables, fruits, grains, cereals, and medicinal plants, and present the ability to boost the immune system of patients with metabolic disease and also enhance the conditions by the management of lipid profiles, insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis, and chemopreventive events in case of cancer disease. This chapter highlights some phytonutrients that may have issues with the gene and produce healthy and unhealthy interactions. However, the interaction between genetic and environmental factors such as intake of particular healthy and sufficient diet plans with a good lifestyle encourages the development and pathogenesis of diseases of polygenic dietary components. Phytonutrients are critical tools for the modulation of gene expressions involved in signaling pathways and phenotypes linked with metabolic diseases. It is also noted that human health is also affected by dietary nutrients having carcinogens and aflatoxin attached with them and influence the genetic variants. As the knowledge of carcinogen and anticarcinogen increases, nutritional science leads to promising therapeutics for cancer management by healthy diet plans. This chapter has depicted essential aspects of phytonutrients and their interactions with genes in metabolic disease prevention and treatments.


Xs: 6.8661556 Ys: 3.3578846 Publish year: 2013 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Dietary fiber, phytonutrients and antioxidant activity of common fruit peels as potential functional food ingredient abstract: Abstract: Mangiferaindica L. (carabao mango), AnnonaMuricata L. (soursop), Citrofortunellamicrocarpa(calamansi), and Musa acuminate × balbisianaColla (ABB Group) (plantain banana) have long been used in the processed food industries. However, the peelsof these fruits are normally disposed as waste or at most used as fertilizer and feeds. The objective of the study is to characterize the peels of these fruits as functional food/ingredient. Freeze-dried fruits peels of carabao mango, soursop, calamansi and plantain banana were analyzed for proximate composition, dietary fiber and phytonutrients contents, fermentability invitro and antioxidant activity. Results showed soursop peels having significantly higher soluble (12.75 g/100 g sample) and insoluble (62.55 g/100 g sample) dietary fiber among the fruit peels studied. All peels produced significant amounts of short chain fatty acids, propionate > acetate > butyrate. Carabao mango peels produced the highest amount of acetate while calamansipeels, the highest propionate (215.8 ± 3.6 mg/100 g). Carabao mango and soursop peels have significantly greater total polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanidins andantioxidant activity. The study showed that fruit peels of carabao mango, soursop, calamansi and plantain banana can be potential functional food ingredients.


Xs: 5.9103913 Ys: 2.4065702 Publish year: 2019 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Terms and nomenclature used for plant-derived components in nutrition and related research: efforts toward harmonization abstract: Many terms for plant-derived food components are commonly used in the literature, but there is a notable lack of standardization and definition of nomenclature. The use of terms is often field-specific, leading to misunderstanding and problems with literature searches and systematic reviews, and results in isolated and divided research; this impacts not only publication quality but also innovation, regulatory compliance, and enforcement. To begin to address this issue, this narrative review describes the current use and definition of terms. The terms are either chemical and/or origin-based, such as phytochemical (chemicals from plants), or function-based, such as phytonutrient, bioactive, or nutraceutical. The ultimate goal is to establish a common harmonized, evidence-based understanding for when to use each term, thereby providing clarity and a specific scientific basis for such nomenclature. Neither the quality nor the quantity of evidence needed to allow the use of functional terms such as phytonutrient or nutraceutical is specifically discussed here; rather, it is simply noted that evidence is needed to apply these terms. The next step would be to define the evidence necessary for a compound to have a functional descriptor. The aim in this article is to establish scientific criteria for definitions that could be applied to clearly define and differentiate commonly used terms and thus ensure their consistent application in the scientific literature.


Xs: 6.073584 Ys: 2.97625 Publish year: 2024 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Exploring the health benefits and utility of carrots and carrot pomace: a systematic review abstract: The carrot is a root vegetable well-known for its high nutritional content and health advantages. It is well known for its strong antioxidant content, particularly carotenoids, which have been linked to cancer-fighting effects. Carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins in carrots have been demonstrated to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and immune-boosting qualities, lending credence to the long-held concept that carrots are good for eye health. Numerous in-vivo and in-vitro research have revealed carrots' numerous health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, and facilitate the excretion of fats and bile by the liver. Carrot seed extracts have also been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and hepa-toprotective effects. Carrot pomace, which contains about 50%-carotene, has been recognized as a valuable byproduct that can be economically helpful for boosting culinary products such as biscuits, bread, and cakes, as well as preparing various functional goods. Carrot pomace powder is used to create bread and extruded items, demonstrating this waste's variety and prospective applications. This comprehensive review focuses on the nutritional composition, phytonutrients, functional properties, product development , and utilization of carrots and their byproducts. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the diverse uses and advantages of incorporating carrots into various food and health products by highlighting the potential health benefits and applications of carrots and their derivatives.


Xs: 6.1856356 Ys: 3.1566586 Publish year: 2019 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Effect of different light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation on the shelf life and phytonutrient content of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) abstract: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) is largely cultivated in southern Italy. It is an important source of phytonutrients, which are partially lost during postharvest storage. The aim of this work was to evaluate the overall effect of five different low-intensity light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the quality parameters of broccoli florets over 20 d of cold storage. The level of ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and soluble proteins, as well as colour analysis, were evaluated. Green LED increased the chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content; white, red and yellow LEDs had a positive effect on the redox status of broccoli. Globally, only green LED had a statistically significant positive effect when considering all analysed parameters and could be proposed to prolong the shelf life of broccoli during cold storage.


Xs: 6.577379 Ys: 3.2807586 Publish year: 2011 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Uruguayan native fruits provide antioxidant phytonutrients and potential health benefits abstract: Consumer awareness about health beneficial effects of secondary metabolites from fruits has increased interest in fruits with high levels of these compounds. Globally, non-traditional fruits are generating growing interest for their nutraceutical potential. Uruguay is a primary center of origin of several species of fruits with unique flavor, aroma, appearance and nutritional properties. Those traits have led to their domestication and development as commercial crops. Involved species Guayabo del Pais (Acca selowiana (Berg.) Burret); Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.); Arazá (Psidium cattleianum Wis) and Guaviyú (Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legr.) belong to the family Myrtaceae. The objective of this work was to evaluate total polyphenol (TP) content, total anthocyanins (TA) and the free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant capacity, AC) of native fruits in regard to nutraceutical potential. Guaviyú showed a range between 158-349 mg TP /100 g fresh weight; 19-75 of AC; 51-132 mg anthocyanins/100 g fresh weight. Values for Pitanga were 252-575 mg TP/100 g; 14-34 AC; 83-110 mg of TA. Arazá gave values ranging between 132-644 mg of TP/100 g; 33-68 of AC and 12-17 mg of TA. Guayabo del Pais showed a range of 129-648 mg of TP/100 g and 24-82 for the AC. This study indicated that Uruguayan native fruits have potential as valuable sources of antioxidant components. Data illustrated interesting variability both at the intra-species level as well as among different species under study, indicating a significant input for the breeding of commercial cultivars derived from native Uruguayan germplasm.


Xs: 6.320307 Ys: 2.5525906 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Mint Plants (Mentha) as a Promising Source of Biologically Active Substances to Combat Hidden Hunger abstract: Hidden hunger, also known as micronutrient deficiency, is a form of undernutrition, which is exacerbated when food security is fragile. However, the amount of phytonutrients in the diet can be increased by using underutilized species, such as fresh mint greens (Mentha). These plants have a high biological value due to the high content of biologically active substances. Plants of the genus Mentha, however, differ significantly in their chemical composition and, thus, nutritional value. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the content of phytonutrients in different Ukrainian species of mint: peppermint (Mentha piperita), horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.), silver-leaved horsemint (Mentha longifolia S.), and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), and to determine their stability after drying and freezing. After studying the chemical composition of fresh, dried, and frozen plants of these species, it was established that Ukrainian mint species offer a robust set of phytonutrients and can be used as ingredients of the so-called “functional foods.” The biologically active substances in mint are concentrated during drying. Moreover, such raw materials are easily stored and used as an ingredient. However, the losses of ascorbic acid due to drying mint reach 70%; of carotenoids—approximately 10–15%; of chlorophylls—21–38%; and of phenols—19–29%. Peppermint and spearmint were observed to have higher stability of biologically active compounds. As for the freezing, the best stability of the chemical composition was demonstrated by field mint and spearmint samples. Therefore, a targeted selection of mint types and varieties prior to processing will allow preserving maximal preservation of a maximum amount of biologically active substances, increasing the content of phytonutrients in finished products, and preventing the development of hidden hunger.


Xs: 6.7792416 Ys: 3.0844324 Publish year: 2015 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Changes in phytonutrients and antioxidant properties of Cordia myxa and Carissa carandus fruit during ripening abstract: Fruit ripening is the process resulting in changes in color, taste and texture, which make the fruit acceptable for consumption. A study was conducted to study changes in phytonutrients, viz., soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, antioxidants such as phenols, ascorbic acid and lycopene, and antioxidant activity in terms of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, FRAP and nitric oxide scavenging activity in fruits of Cordia myxa and Carissa carandas at five ripening stages. Soluble proteins, total phenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitric oxide scavenging activity decreased, while total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid content and ferric reducing activity increased with the maturity of fruit. Significant increase in antioxidant lycopene was estimated only in the fully ripened red color Carissa fruit. These studies are important for quantifying nutritive value of ripened fruits.


Xs: 7.4922757 Ys: 2.070909 Publish year: 2014 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrients for controlling starch digestion: Evaluation of grape skin extract abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the structure-function relationship between grape skin extract and human α-amylase. The grape skin extract was characterised as resveratrol-3-O-glucoside by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS, which showed strong inhibition towards α-amylase and the IC50 value was 1.35mg/ml. The kinetic results demonstrated grape skin extract obeyed the non-competitive mode against amylase. Fluorescence data revealed the ability of grape skin binding to amylase belonged to static quenching mechanism with a complex formation and there was only one binding site in α-amylase for grape skin extract. Docking study showed a best pose with total energy value of -118.3kJ/mol and grape skin extract interacted with side chain of Asp300 with hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. This preliminary observation provides the basis for further evaluation of the suitability of grape skin extract as natural inhibitor with potential health benefits.


Xs: 6.2782636 Ys: 2.8758218 Publish year: 2014 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Biochemical profiling of phytonutrients for breeding nutrient rich potatoes abstract: ABSTRACT: Phytochemicals are bioactive non-nutrient compounds with protective or disease preventive properties. Considering the importance of phytonutrients, biochemical analysis of Indian potato genotypes with diverse skin and flesh colour was performed. Significant variations in total anthocyanin, carotenoids and phenolic content were observed in tuber flesh as well as whole tuber with peel, thus edifying potato as a potential source of phytonutrients. Potato peel which accounts for only about 10% of the sample total weight has been found to have significant nutritional composition. The genotypic variations were estimated to be about 20 fold for total anthocyanin, 3 fold for carotenoid as well as phenolic content. Higher magnitude of genotypic to phenotypic variance ratios for all the three parameters signify their transmission into next generation with lesser influence of environment on their accumulation due to minor difference between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. Out of thirty two diverse genotypes tested, eight were found to be excelling in all the three phytonutrients evaluated. The potential genotypes identified in the present study can be utilised as genetic base to breed novel fortified, coloured potato varieties. The alluring tuber flesh may variegate consumer’s plate with additional health benefits.


Xs: 8.21341 Ys: 4.1145377 Publish year: 2018 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrients analysis in ten popular traditional Indian rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) abstract: Antioxidant potentials of native indigenous landraces of rice have been of great interest in the last decade, since a positive correlation of reduced chronic diseases due to consumption of rice has been established. Hence, the study focused on the analysis of phytonutrients in ten traditional rice landraces, such as in three pigmented (Mapillai samba, Kala namak and Iluppai poo samba) and seven non-pigmented (Poongar, Seeragasambha, Karnal, Kuzhiyadichan, Madumuzhungi, Salem sannam and Kitchili samba) varieties collected from different parts of India. Till date, there is no study on analyzing the phytonutrients in these traditional Indian rice landraces. The phytochemical analysis indicated Mapillai samba rice had highest vitamin E content (26.73 ± 0.49 µg/g), whereas Kala namak rice showed highest phenolic content (43.19 ± 0.54 mg/g). The total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were again highest in Kala namak 7.18 ± 0.52 mg/g and Mapillai samba 42.21 ± 0.28 mg/g respectively. The antioxidant properties and reducing power of the ten rice landraces were analyzed, among them Kala namak rice showed significantly higher antioxidants levels, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reducing power. These results suggest that traditional land races possess higher vitamin E content and phytonutrients required to combat chronic diseases associated with their deficiencies. Among the varieties of rice tested, Kala namak pigmented rice variety had comparatively higher levels of vitamin E content and antioxidant potential. Hence, the pigmented traditional rice landraces can be used as a source of phytonutrients and it warrants conservation to preserve its precious genome information. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature


Xs: 6.9411435 Ys: 4.3467307 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Nutrient, phytonutrient and antioxidant potential of selected underutilized nutri-cereal brans abstract: Although cereal brans are gripping the functional food market due to their health promoting components, minor millet brans obtained as a prime by-product of millet processing remain underutilized and understudied. Bran has a short shelf life and requires stabilization before its industrial application. Hence, the present study was conducted to stabilize selected minor millet brans viz. kodo, proso, barnyard and foxtail coupled with estimation of their functional, nutritional, antioxidant and phytonutrient profile. It was evident that stabilization significantly controlled the rise in FFA (free fatty acid) and moisture during 15 days storage, with microwave heating (900 W at 2.5 min) effectively maintaining FFA within permissible limits. Stabilized bran exhibited good water (197.76–265.47 ml/100 g) and oil (162.62–258.18 g/100 g) absorption capacity. Protein, fat, ash, and dietary fibre (DF) content of selected brans ranged from 5.68 to 13.04%, 5.28 to 9.87%, 6.90 to 12.15% and 34.39 to 61.52%, respectively. Amongst all, kodo bran had significantly higher DF (61.52%), total phenols (449.27 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (22.37 µg RE/g) and phytic acid (630 mg/100 g), accounting for its highest antioxidant capacity. Mineral composition of brans suggested that foxtail millet was high in iron (65.58 mg/100 g) and calcium (94.63 mg/100 g), while proso millet in zinc (5.59 mg/100 g) and potassium (630.83 mg/100 g). However, sodium (18.08 mg/100 g) content was highest in barnyard bran. Thus, the present study highlights potent application of selected brans as a promising functional ingredient in food formulations and processing industry, especially where fiber rich nutri-dense products are desired and the isolated compounds can be used in nutraceutical industry.


Xs: 8.014571 Ys: 2.1965277 Publish year: 2010 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: The Role of Phytonutrients in Skin Health abstract: Photodamage is known to occur in skin with exposure to sunlight, specifically ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Such damage includes inflammation, oxidative stress, breakdown of the extracellular matrix, and development of cancer in the skin. Sun exposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors for both nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Many phytonutrients have shown promise as photoprotectants in clinical, animal and cell culture studies. In part, the actions of these phytonutrients are thought to be through their actions as antioxidants. In regard to skin health, phytonutrients of interest include vitamin E, certain flavonoids, and the carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene and lutein.


Xs: 6.1383476 Ys: 2.470009 Publish year: 2020 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: The power of plants: how fruit and vegetables work as source of nutraceuticals and supplements abstract: Plants are a rich source of nutraceuticals/supplements/phytonutrients/secondary metabolites. There are many industries, health care systems and academic activities involved in their use and promotion. However, many of these key players are peripherally involved in the science and policy behind their production, processing and utilisation. Here we will explore some key concepts related to the science and innovative strategies on the use of plants and their bioactive compounds for promoting human health and fight chronic diseases. Knowledge of how bioactive compounds are biosynthesized in the plant under different stress conditions and their mode of action against chronic diseases are key elements needed for an effective use of plant bioactives or nutraceuticals. This information can be the basis for developing preventive and therapeutic nutraceuticals to promote human health and could open opportunities for consumers to access low cost-effective use of plants as medicine, revalue crops, create new products and open new markets.


Xs: 7.170734 Ys: 4.0515685 Publish year: 2009 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Concentration and isolation of individual vitamin e components in palm phytonutrients concentrate using high performance liquid chromatography with flourescence detection abstract: Palm phytonutrients concentrate is a rich source of vitamin E. Vitamin E content in palm phytonutrients concentrate was found to be 15 370 ppm. Components of vitamin E identified in the palm phytonutrients concentrate consists of α-tocopherol (α-T), γ-tocopherol (γ-T), α-tocotrienol (α -T3), γ-tocotrienol (γ -T3) and δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3). This article reports a study on the concentration of individual palm vitamin E components in crude palm oil (CPO), palm phytonutrients concentrate (PPC) and unsaponifiables of palm phytonutrients concentrate (unsap PPC). This article also reports a study on the concentration of bulk vitamin E through the application of open column chromatography and subsequent isolation of individual palm vitamin E components using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection and a semi-preparative silica column. As the vitamin E components are concentrated in a stepwise manner by means of saponification, open column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC, the concentration of individual components can be enriched by up to 94.6%.


Xs: 7.165004 Ys: 3.6818078 Publish year: 2009 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Characterisation, extraction efficiency, stability and antioxidant activity of phytonutrients in Angelica keiskei abstract: Phytonutrients in Angelica keiskei, a dark green leafy vegetable, were characterised and their extraction efficiency by different compositions of water/ethanol as well as stability at different temperatures was determined. A range in the content of lutein (205–265 mg/kg dry wt), trans-β-carotene (103–130 mg/kg dry wt), and total phenols (8.6–9.7 g/kg) was observed amongst Angelica keiskei grown in three different conditions. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified chlorogenic acid, chalcones and the glucosides of luteolin and quercetin as the major phenolic compounds in Angelica keiskei. Only 46% of lutein was extracted by 70% of ethanol and no carotenoid was detected in 40% ethanol and 100% water extracts of Angelica keiskei. Major phytonutrients in Angelica keiskei were stable at −80 °C up to 12 months whilst β-carotene was significantly degraded at room temperature and 4 °C within 2 months and lutein at room temperature within 12 months.The current study indicates that phytonutrients rich in Angelica keiskei can only be extracted partially using ethanol/water and substantial loss of certain phytonutrients such as β-carotene can occur during storage at either 4 °C or room temperature.


Xs: 4.0447087 Ys: 3.8347404 Publish year: 2017 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytoplankton as a basic nutritional source in diets of fish abstract: This article focuses on the biochemical composition and the role of phytoplankton (primary producer)
as a basic nutritional source in diets of fish. In general, an aquatic classical food web
comprises phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish (planktivorous and predatory ones) as predominant
elements, which in turn define the linear direction of an energy-flow pathway and nutritional
transfer. Phytoplankton provides many valuable phytonutrients and biologically active ingredients,
especially fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, organic minerals, enzymes, carotenoids,
chlorophyll, trace elements, and vitamins, which are directly available for the first larval/juvenile
stages of fish or indirectly (through trophic chains) for the more mature forms. Regarding
the biochemical composition of phytoplankton, the most nutritional ones are lipids, which affect
the growth, health and reproduction of aquatic animals, especially fish species. In general, the
freshwater and marine chlorophytes and cryptophytes, and marine diatoms provide more polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA>SAFA>MUFA) than other groups, differently to fatty acids
supplied by freshwater cyanobacteria (SAFA>MUFA>PUFA). Furthermore, cryptophytes have
the highest n-3:n-6 ratio. A similarly high ratio is recorded in fatty acid composition of marine
zooplankton with predominant PUFA. Addition of phytoplankton (e.g. Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis
chui and Nannochloropsis oculata) to the process of fish larval rearing shows to improve
the digestive functions at the pancreatic and intestinal levels. The most essential fatty acids for
all fish are EPA and DHA, and the most popular fish species containing 4.08-11.84 mg g-1 of dry
weight of EPA and DHA, as the sum, can be given in following order:
Anguila anguila>Rutilus rutilus>Cyprinus carpio>Esox lucius>Blicca bjoerkna>Perca
fluviatilis>Abramis brama>Sander lucioperca>Tinca tinca>Carassius carassius.


Xs: 5.91267 Ys: 2.4743624 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Acid-base and electrolyte balance regulations with phytonutrients abstract: The homeostasis of acid-base and serum electrolytes is mandatory for the normal functioning of the body. Different organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs maintain the electrolytes and pH at equilibrium in the body. A slight disturbance in acid-base and electrolytes may result in drastic changes in normal physiological functions. Phytomedicines have been used since ancient times for the management of life-threatening ailments. Food is the essential requirement of human existence. Food provides all the necessary elements required for homeostasis. Biologically active nutraceutical and food supplements have been established as promising supplements in the cure and prophylaxis of various ailments. Polyphenols, terpenoids, ascorbates, glycosides, flavonoids, and tocopherols are among the significant phytonutrients and are effective natural antioxidants having radical scavenging activity. Dietary foods regulate the acid-base and electrolyte balance due to the presence of different types of phytochemical constituents. There is a wide range of scientific literature available on the use of these nutrients concerning type of food substance, serum concentration, average dietary intake, their importance from medical perspective and food services etc. Information on the role of phytonutrients in electrolyte imbalance is scattered in the literature. This chapter is designed to make available the efficient knowledge regarding the acid-base and electrolyte balance regulation with phytonutrients. To date, literature reviews and research findings have been utilized to summarize the idea. It has been established that different phytonutrients such as polyphenols, glycosides, flavonoids, and some plant resources have contributed to the regulation of acid-base and electrolyte balance.


Xs: 6.4933586 Ys: 4.1758256 Publish year: 2017 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrients in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Drink: Effect of Plant Extract on Antiradical Capacity, Nutritional Value and Sensory Characteristics abstract: The purpose of this study was to design the formula and antioxidant potential of gluten-free oat drinks fortified with bioactive plant components. The paper describes the use of three preparations of plant origin: yellow tea leaf extract, mulberry extract and steviol glycosides from stevia leaves. Analyses of the oat drinks basic composition – including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber fractions and antioxidant properties with DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP assays were conducted. Tea extract with steviosides oat drink showed the highest total phenolic concentration and the highest antioxidant activity followed by stevia and mulberry oat drink, whereas stevia oat drink showed the lowest phenolics level and weakest antioxidant activity. Moreover, the applied plant components showed moderate ability to influence the sensory values of the fortified oat drinks. The results demonstrate that tea, stevia and mulberry preparations applied in oat drinks enhanced antioxidant potential and might be a natural source of antioxidant components.


Xs: 2.9877536 Ys: 4.107537 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Effects of phytonutrient-supplemented diets on the intestinal microbiota of Cyprinus carpio abstract: In the aquaculture sector, a strategy for the more efficient use of resources and proper disease control is needed to overcome the challenges of meat production worldwide. Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota is a promising approach for promoting animal health and preventing infection. This feeding experiment was conducted to discover the phytonutrient-induced changes in the gastrointestinal tract microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Acclimatized animals aged 7 months (30 weeks) were divided randomly into five experimental groups to investigate the effects of the applied feed additives. The dietary supplements were manufactured from anthocyanin-containing processing wastes from the food industry, specifically the production of Hungarian sour cherry extract, synbiotics from fermented corn, and fermentable oligosaccharides from Hungarian sweet red pepper seeds and carotenoids from Hungarian sweet red pepper pulps, applied at a dose of 1%. The gut contents of the animals were collected at four time points throughout the 6-week study period. To track the compositional and diversity changes in the microbiota of the carp intestinal tract, V3-V4 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing was performed. The growth performance of common carp juveniles was not significantly affected by supplementation of the basal diet with plant extracts. Phytonutrients improve the community diversity, increase the Clostridium and Lactobacillus abundances and decrease the abundances of potentially pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, such as Shewanella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas. The phyla Proteobacteria, Tenericutes and Chlamydiae were positively correlated with the body weight, whereas Spirochaetes and Firmicutes exhibited negatively correlations with the body weight. We hypothesize that the application of phytonutrients in aquaculture settings might be a reasonable green approach for easing the usage of antibiotics.


Xs: 6.031456 Ys: 2.5305943 Publish year: 2001 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Bitter Taste, Phytonutrients, and the Consumer: A Review abstract: Dietary phytonutrients found in vegetables and fruit appear to lower the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Studies on the mechanisms of chemoprotection have focused on the biological activity of plant-based phenols and polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Enhancing the phytonutrient content of plant foods through selective breeding or genetic improvement is a potent dietary option for disease prevention. However, most, if not all, of these bioactive compounds are bitter, acrid, or astringent and therefore aversive to the consumer. Some have long been viewed as plant-based toxins. As a result, the food industry routinely removes these compounds from plant foods through selective breeding and a variety of debittering processes. This poses a dilemma for the designers of functional foods because increasing the content of bitter phytonutrients for health may be wholly incompatible with consumer acceptance. Studies on phytonutrients and health ought to take sensory factors and food preferences into account.


Xs: 5.7398043 Ys: 2.7639623 Publish year: 2018 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Mechanisms of Phytonutrient Modulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inflammation Related to Cancer abstract: The link between chronic inflammation and cancer involves cytokines and mediators of inflammatory pathways. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, is upregulated during both inflammation and cancer. COX-2 is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines at the site of inflammation and enhanced COX-2-induced synthesis of prostaglandins stimulates cancer cell proliferation, promotes angiogenesis, inhibits apoptosis, and increases metastatic potential. As a result, COX-2 inhibitors are a subject of intense research interest toward potential clinical applications.
Epidemiological studies highlight the potential benefits of diets rich in phytonutrients for cancer prevention. Plants contain numerous phytonutrient secondary metabolites shown to modulate COX-2. Studies have shown that these metabolites, some of which are used in traditional medicine, can reduce inflammation and carcinogenesis.
This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which phytonutrients modulate inflammation, including studies of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids targeting various inflammation-related molecules and pathways associated with cancer. Examples of pathways include those of COX-2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B. Such phytonutrient modulation of COX-2 and inflammation continue to be explored for applications in the prevention and treatment of cancer.


Xs: 6.9849043 Ys: 3.5252163 Publish year: 2014 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Characterization of Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Seed and Seed Oil abstract: In this study, the nutritional composition and phytochemical composition of the rosehip seed, and the fatty acid and sterol compositions of the seed oil were investigated. The rosehip seed contained valuable phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds (2554 μg/g), carotenoids (2.92 μg/g), and ascorbic acid (1798 μg/g). Furthermore, the rosehip-seed oil was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (54.05%), linolenic acid (19.37%), and phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol (82.1%). The rosehip seed and seed oil were found to have antioxidant activity measured by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. It can be concluded that the rosehip seed and seed oil may be utilized as a source of phytonutrients.


Xs: 5.4444895 Ys: 2.0858839 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Perspective: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Data Quality in Nutrient Databases abstract: Nutrient databases are a critical component of nutrition science and the basis of exciting new research in Precision Nutrition (PN). In order to identify the most critical components needed for improvement of nutrient databases, food composition data was analyzed for quality, with completeness being the most important measure, and for FAIRness, how well the data conformed with the data science criteria of findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Databases were judged complete if they provided data for all fifteen Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP) nutrient measures and all 40 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) essential nutrient measures for each food listed. Using the gold-standard United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) SR Legacy database as surrogate, it was found that SR Legacy data were not complete for either NFP or NASEM nutrient measures. Additionally, phytonutrient measures in the four USDA Special Interest Databases were incomplete. To evaluate data FAIRness, a set of 175 food and nutrient data sources were collected from around the world. Many opportunities were identified for improving data FAIRness, including creating persistent URLs, prioritizing usable data storage formats, providing Globally Unique Identifiers (GUIDs) for all foods and nutrients, and implementing citation standards. This review demonstrates that despite important contributions from the USDA and others, food and nutrient databases in their current forms do not yet provide truly comprehensive food composition data. We propose that to enhance the quality and usage of food and nutrient composition data for research scientists and those fashioning various PN tools, the field of nutrition science must step out of its historical comfort zone and improve the foundational nutrient databases used in research by incorporating data science principles, the most central being data quality and data FAIRness.


Xs: 6.22045 Ys: 2.478079 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Health Properties and Breeding for Phytonutrients in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) abstract: With a rapid increase in deadly diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, health awareness is also rapidly increasing among health-conscious consumers, showing their interest in phytonutrient-rich foods that provide a healthy life. Watermelon is considered a functional food due to phytochemicals or bioactive compounds such as lycopene, β-carotene, vitamin C, polyphenols, essential amino acids such as citrulline, and arginine that possess anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and therapeutic values. These phytonutrients reduce the incidence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension, by inhibiting the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. A large diversity is available within the genus Citrullus for several phytonutrients in the genetic resources’ collections, but there is a need to evaluate these germplasms for different phytochemicals. Knowledge of genetic inheritance, breeding behavior, methods, and objectives of watermelon fruit quality traits is vital to developing new futuristic cultivars with enhanced phytochemicals or bioactive compounds in watermelon. The study of the classical genetics of watermelon has facilitated the development of several F1 hybrids for earliness, high yield, and some quality traits. The selection of genotypes based on morphological or visual observations requires the evaluation of genotypes in multiple environments over many seasons and locations, which is time-consuming and expensive. Molecular markers have great potential to overcome the obstacles of traditional breeding. Therefore, the main aim of this chapter is to highlight some key concepts that lay the genetic foundation for watermelon breeding for quality traits.Keywords
Citrullus
Health propertiesPhytonutrientsBioactive compoundsClassical geneticsTraditional breedingQuality traits


Xs: 6.4446583 Ys: 2.6653008 Publish year: 2018 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Evaluation of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Cultivars Grown in Texas and Levels of Various Phytonutrients abstract: BACKGROUND
In the U.S., Momordica charantia, is relatively unknown and usually found in specialty markets. In this study, cultivation of five bitter melon cultivars grown in field conditions in College Station, Texas, was evaluated. Additionally, ascorbic acid, amino acids and phenolic compounds were quantified from various cultivars grown at different years.

RESULTS
The yield of the first year of evaluation was comparable to other bitter melon growing regions, ranging from 9371.5 kg ha‐1 of the Japanese Spindle cultivar to 20,839.1 kg ha‐1 in the Hong Kong Green cultivar. Multivariate analysis suggests a strong correlation between yield and growth degree days, water use efficiency and organic matter, and an inverse correlation to the amount or precipitation during the growing season. The highest levels of total ascorbic acid were shown in the Japanese Spindle (162.97 mg/100 g fresh fruit), while the lowest levels were expressed in the Hong Kong Green (42.69 mg/100g fresh fruit). The highest levels of total phenolics were consistently found the Indian White ranging 10.6‐12.5 mg of catechin equivalents /g. Seven phenolics and organic acids were identified and quantified by LC‐MS and HPLC, respectively. Additionally, the highest levels of total amino acids were found in the Large Top cultivar.

CONCLUSION
The current three‐year field study demonstrates that it is feasible to grow bitter melon commercially in Texas with proper climatic and agronomic conditions. Bitter melon is a rich source for ascorbic acid, amino acids and phenolic compounds, which make is a valuable food source to improve human health.
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Xs: 4.641799 Ys: 2.8553345 Publish year: 2020 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Sesamol: A powerful functional food ingredient from sesame oil for cardioprotection abstract: Phytophenols are important bioactive food based chemical entities, largely present in several natural sources. Among them, sesamol is one of the key natural phenols found in sesame seeds and piper cubeba etc. Several studies have reported that sesame oil is a potent cardioprotective functional food. Papers on the utility of sesamol in sesame oil (Chemical name of sesamol is methylenedioxyphenol-MDP) have appeared in the literature, though, there is no single concise review on the usefulness of seamol in sesame oil in CVD is available in the literature. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most challenging health problems encountered by global population. There has been an increasing interest in the growth of effective cardiovascular therapeutics, specifically of natural origin. Among various natural sources of chemicals, phytochemicals are micronutrients and bio-compatible scaffolds having extraordinary efficacy at the multiple disease targets with minimal or no adverse effect. This review offers a perspective on the existing literature on functional food in sesame oil with particular focus on sesamol and its derivatives having nutritional and cardioprotective properties. This is demonstrated to have shown specifically modulating oxidative enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and other proteins which are detrimental to human well-being. The molecular mechanism of cardioprotection by this food ingredient, primarily attributed to methylenedioxy group present in sesamol component.


Xs: 7.0445685 Ys: 3.771918 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Review of Cocos nucifera L. testa-derived phytonutrients with special reference to phenolics and its potential for encapsulation abstract: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and its value-added products are rich in medium chain triglycerides, polyphenols and flavonoids with a significant anti-oxidant potential. However, coconut and its products are underutilized for the development of nutraceuticals. Coconut testa is a brown cover of the endosperm, which is characterized with the considerable amount of phytonutrients, especially phenolics and flavonoids. The nutrient rich coconut testa is generally diverted for the production of animal feed or abandoned. Around 10–15% of the coconut kernel is removed as testa while preparing coconut desiccated powder. The coconut testa from the virgin coconut oil (VCO) industry also remains underutilized. Nevertheless, biochemical characterization of coconut testa has revealed its enormous anti-oxidant and nutraceutical potential. On the other hand there are reports describing the suitable encapsulation techniques to develop nutraceuticals from the plant-derived bioactives. In this context this review explores the prospect of utilizing the coconut testa-derived phytonutrients in developing a nutraceutical product.


Xs: 6.827499 Ys: 3.8972325 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Enhanced functional and textural properties of waffle premix by addition of phytonutrient-rich industrial potato waste abstract: Industrial processing of potato produces a huge amount of waste as a by-product which has enough potential for value addition due to rich phytochemical profile. Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of addition of industrial potato waste (peel and mash) powders on the quality of waffle premix. Potato waste powders with good bio- and techno-functional properties were incorporated at different concentration levels in refined wheat flour for formulation of waffle premix. Potato waste–enriched waffle premix formulations exhibited improved functional and phytonutritional properties, as corroborated by results of HPLC and FTIR analysis. Waste-incorporated waffles presented a softer texture, which was consistent with SEM results. The study demonstrated that phytochemical-rich waffle premix with desirable texture, sensory quality, and stability could be formulated by substitution of wheat flour with 9 and 3% of potato peel and mash powder, respectively. Valorisation of potato waste can provide dual benefit of producing healthy bakery products and protecting the environment.


Xs: 6.913815 Ys: 2.7178876 Publish year: 2011 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Genus Allium: The Potential Nutritive and Therapeutic Source abstract: The two Allium species, Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) are the most edible and oldest cultivated plants. These two species have not only beneficial effects against disease also they have nutritive potential. They are very rich sources of several phytonutrients, electrolytes, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins and documented to have a significant identical pharmacological characteristic including hypocholestremic, hypotensive, hypoglycecmic, antithrombotic and anti allergic as well as wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidants. This review article will scan the nature with understanding, thinking, realizing and utilization of these two herbs for their therapeutic source in adding together their nutritive potential. In this review we focused on the nutritional attributes along with their curative potential of species of Allium genus (onion and garlic) belonging to the family Alliaceae.


Xs: 6.784907 Ys: 4.325328 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Properties of Wholegrain Bread and Nutritional Quality Baked with Different Methods: A Review abstract: Wheat is excellent health-building food and is considered a good source of protein, minerals, B-group vitamins and dietary fibre. The quality and quantity characteristic of a protein called gluten has to make wheat as the principal cereal, being more widely used for the making of bread than any other cereal. Gluten makes bread dough stick together and gives it the ability to retain gas. This review aimed to access different bread-making methods on quality Properties of wholegrain bread and subsequent shelf life on the quality, phytonutrient contents and antioxidant properties of wholegrain bread. Thus, sourdough bread exhibited the least changes during storage as compared to straight and sponge dough bread (yeast-leavened). The shelf life of bread made from wholegrain or fibre-enriched flours could also be influenced.


Xs: 5.719474 Ys: 2.7369924 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrients in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancer abstract: Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Recent research demonstrates that phytochemicals are critical in preventing and managing gastrointestinal cancer. The increased intake of phytochemicals could reduce the risk of cancer by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and suppressing angiogenesis as well as cancer cell metastasis. These mechanisms are also known to counter Helicobacter pylori infection and modulate gut microbiota. There is preliminary data suggesting that daily supplementation with high doses of certain vitamins combined with conventional therapeutic agents may enhance their growth inhibitory effects on tumor cells and protect normal tissues against some of their toxic effects. This book attempts to fill gaps on the role of phytonutrients in the treatment of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the action of individual vitamins on cellular and molecular parameters and describes how vitamins inhibit protein kinase C activity, increase the production of certain growth factors, and modulate the expression of a number of oncogenes. The book is divided into 2 parts. The first part summarizes the pathophysiology of GIT cancers and introduces readers to anticancer phytonutrients. A chapter on the status of FDA approved nutraceuticals rounds up this section. The second part of the book provides a systematic review on the different plant derived chemicals that can be used to treat GIT cancer. Each chapter in this section focuses on a specific type of phytochemical agent and its molecular mechanisms relevant to the disease. This book will give the reader a holistic view of gastrointestinal cancer treatment and the value of natural compounds in developing functional food and drugs for preventive medicine.


Xs: 6.646266 Ys: 3.0929258 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Biological Properties and Phytonutrient Profile of Beans: Vigna angularis, Vigna radiata, and Glycine max abstract: The consumption of specific plant foods in distinct diets reduces chronic illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and even cancer. This offers an interesting platform to study the various phytonutrients claimed by numerous studies for providing different physiological and pharmacological effects in the human body. This study has focused on the analysis of phytonutrients in three leguminous plants, namely Vigna angularis (VA), Vigna radiata (VR), and Glycine max (GM). Chemical constituents evaluated include polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and polysaccharides, while DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were utilized for in vitro antioxidant activities. The findings showed that the beans contain a professed number of condensed tannins and polyphenols, while they also contain flavonoids and polysaccharides. The 95% ethanol extract of VA showed the highest level of extracted total polyphenols and total condensed tannin content than other extracts. VA 95% EtOH extract exhibited a phytochemical profile consistent with the obtained biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell viability. Our study has successfully determined the phytonutrient profiles of the bean extracts and their associated biological activities.


Xs: 2.749052 Ys: 3.824891 Publish year: 2019 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Beneficial Effect of Potato Consumption on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Epithelial Health abstract: Diet plays an important role in shaping the gut microbiota, which has been called “a separate organ” due to its profound effects on host health. Potato, being a rich source of phytonutrients and bioactive food components, becomes a functional food for improving gut microbiota and gut health. Potato phytonutrients and bioactive food components contribute to gastrointestinal health through direct interactions with the epithelium or indirectly through modulation of the gut microbiota, and microbially derived metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In addition, gut microbiota degrade polyphenols and phytonutrients, and increase their bioavailability and thus the functionality of complex macronutrients. This review discusses the potential role of potato in shaping gut microbiota, strengthening intestinal epithelial barrier function, and thereby improving gastrointestinal health.


Xs: 6.5065103 Ys: 3.0846999 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: The Effect of Different Growth Stages of Black Chokeberry Fruits on Phytonutrients, Anti-Lipase Activity, and Antioxidant Capacity abstract: The present study investigated the nutrients, biologically-active compounds, as well as antioxidant and anti-lipase activities of chokeberry fruits across four different stages of development, from the unripe green to mature black forms. The highest content of total phenolics (12.30% dry weight (DW)), including proanthocyanidins (6.83% DW), phenolic acids (6.57% DW), flavanols (0.56% DW), flavonols (0.62% DW), and flavanones (0.10% DW), was observed in unripe fruits. The unripe green fruits were also characterized by the highest content of protein (2.02% DW), ash (4.05% DW), total fiber (39.43% DW), and chlorophylls (75.48 mg/100 g DW). Ripe black fruits were the richest source of total carotenoids (8.53 mg/100 g DW), total anthocyanins (2.64 g/100 g DW), and total sugars (33.84% DW). The phenolic compounds of green fruits were dominated by phenolic acids (above 83% of the total content), the semi-mature fruits by both phenolic acids and anthocyanins (90%), while the mature berries were dominated by anthocyanins (64%). Unripe fruits were the most effective inhibitor of pancreatic lipase in triolein emulsion, scavenger of 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, and reducer of ferric ion. Biological activities were mainly correlated with total proanthocyanidins and total phenolics. Considering their strong anti-lipase and antioxidant activities, unripe chokeberry fruits may have potential applications in nutraceuticals and functional foods.


Xs: 6.4346404 Ys: 3.2558935 Publish year: 2017 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition of Vaccinium padifolium Sm Wild Berries and Radical Scavenging Activity: Chemical composition of wild blueberries… abstract: Blueberries have a well-deserved reputation as a potential functional food, supported by studies which have identified and quantified various nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals with known benefits for human diet and health. Wild blueberries have attracted particular attention due to the levels and concentrations of those phytonutrients. This study aims to evaluate for the first time the chemical composition of Madeira Island's endemic Vaccinium padifolium Sm wild berry. Results show that this fruit contains high values of total soluble phenolic content (around 4 g GAE kg-1FW), as well as significant values of total monomeric anthocyanin content (around 3 g eq. cyanidin kg-1FW) and DPPH scavenging activity (around 86.72%). Additionally, results reveal that this fruit has water content of about 88% as well as low sugar content (17.98 and 29.73 g kg-1for glucose and fructose, respectively). Results also confirm that this wild blueberry is a good source of dietary fiber, fat and minerals. The high level of terpenoid compounds stands out in the aroma profile analysis.

Practical application:
This study is in line with the efforts of the scientific community to identify new sources of phytonutrients that are beneficial to human health, characterizing the wild Madeira blueberry in terms of phytonutrients that suggest there may be health benefits associated with its consumption. The findings of this research are very important for both the commercial and agricultural sectors that produce this fruit, and for consumers who seek phytonutrient-rich foods.


Xs: 6.6194086 Ys: 3.194397 Publish year: 2013 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Assessment of some aspects of phytonutrients of cashew apple juice of domestic origin in Nigeria abstract: Phytochemical screening, assessment of some biochemical characteristics and antioxidants indices of juice obtained from red and yellow varieties of cashew apple of domestic origin in Western Nigeria was were done with view to gain insight to its phytonutrients and health maintenance potentials. Assessment revealed the presence of phytochemical of the therapeutic importance principally: total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. Quantitative assessment showed that ascorbic acid (mg/mL of juice) ranged from 0.24 to 4.00. Total sugar (mg glucose/mL of juice) ranged from 3.50 to 111.88; titratable acidity (mg citric acid equivalent/mL of juice) ranged from 5.89 to 15.71 and total phenolic content (mg ferulic acid equivalent/mL of juice) ranged from 1.20 to 1.68. Results of reducing power and hydroxyl scavenging power suggest antioxidative endowment.


Xs: 6.2441564 Ys: 2.6214426 Publish year: 1999 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Role of Medicinal Plants, Herbs, and Spices in Protecting Human Health abstract: The body of knowledge about plants, herbs, and spices and their respective and collective roles in promoting human health is modest. Flavonoids in tea and anthocyanins in tart cherries were presented as examples of how to move forward in understanding active compounds. Dietary compounds, their roles in maintaining human health, and their interactions with established nutrients were determined to be short-term research priorities.


Xs: 6.8763394 Ys: 3.8958788 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Apple peel as a source of dietary fiber and antioxidants: effect on batter rheology and nutritional composition, textural and sensory quality attributes of muffins abstract: Apple peel is considered as a valuable by-product obtained during processing of apples. It is a rich source of phytonutrients and dietary fiber, thereby indicating its significant potential in functional foods development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the techno-functional properties of apple peel powder (APP). Also the effect of APP addition at varying levels on batter rheology, antioxidant and textural properties and sensory quality attributes of muffins was analysed. The muffins enriched with APP had significantly higher ash, moisture, dietary fiber, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content as compared to control muffins. The results revealed that both elastic modulus and viscous modulus of muffin batters increased with incorporation of a higher proportion of APP. Texture profile analysis of muffins showed increased hardness, springiness and chewiness with increased level of APP addition. Sensory panelists preferred muffins with 6 and 12% level of APP incorporation due to their higher flavor scores, attractive color and better textural parameters. Therefore, the utilization of apple peels in developing bakery products is a potential way for incorporating dietary fiber and polyphenols in consumer’s diet.


Xs: 5.8463907 Ys: 2.586952 Publish year: 2016 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Pulse Phytonutrients: Nutritional and Medicinal Importance abstract: Pulses are important food crops which offer significant nutritional and health advantages due to their high protein content and a unique nutritional profile, i.e., low fat source of digestible protein, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrates, resistant starch and a number of essential vitamins, especially, the B-group vitamin B9 (folate). In addition to these vitamins and minerals contributing to a healthy diet, pulses contain a number of non-nutritive bioactive substances including enzyme inhibitors, lectins, saponins, phytates, phenolic compounds and oligosaccharides. The latter contributes beyond basic nutritional value and is particularly helpful in the fight against non-communicable diseases often associated with diet transitions and rising incomes. Phytic acid exhibits antioxidant activity and protects DNA damage, phenolic compounds have antioxidant and other important physiological and biological properties, and galacto-oligosaccharides may elicit prebiotic activity. Research findings on different phytochemicals in pulse seeds and their role in preventing the lifestyle diseases has been discussed. Encouraging awareness of the nutritional value of pulses can help consumers adopt healthier diets and also could be an important dietary factor in improving longevity.


Xs: 6.1445565 Ys: 2.5357027 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrients and Secondary Metabolites to Cease SARS-CoV-2 Loop abstract: ABSTRACT
Plants, herbs, shrubs, and trees are nature's gift to help protect the environment and the livelihood of all living organisms on Earth. The essential primary dependence on a plant is for food. They have carbohydrates, proteins, and other nutrients that are essential for humans. Those same plants also possess the capability to build up the immune system against various pathogens. The food that we depend on not only gives us energy but also protects us. Apart from the nutritional aspects of plants, the secondary metabolites, which are produced for their self-defense, provide many protective roles against pathogens. The secondary metabolites are well known for their antioxidant activities, but recently they have gained more attention for their potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has made a historical mark in the current decade. The plant's secondary metabolites like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phytosterols have been explored for their antiviral activity. This chapter focuses on the various secondary metabolites with antiviral properties and summarizes their potential for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2.


Xs: 5.754237 Ys: 2.8457365 Publish year: 2022 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Cancer metabolism regulation by phytonutrients abstract: In spite of the advanced researches, preventive measures, and treatment options, cancer remains a growing ailment all over the world and its prevalence is estimated to increase in future. Cellular metabolic alterations have been documented as a hallmark of cancer. Metabolic regulation is an intricately coupled process whose deregulation leads to tumor progression as well as metastasis. In order to thrive in the living system, cancer cells adapt different metabolic pathways (bioenergetics and biosynthesis). They replenish their metabolic demands by switching from normal metabolism to cancer metabolism by the process of metabolic rewiring. Recent researches suggest that starving cancer cells by the use of nontoxic chemical entities can give promising results regarding cancer proliferation. Natural products, especially those of plant origin, offer different chemical scaffolds to target cancer via modulation of multiple cell signaling cascades. Phytonutrients, the secondary metabolites from the plants, constitute edible phytochemicals which are abundantly found in vegetables, whole grains, and fruits. The growing numbers of evidences suggest that phytonutrients exhibit anticancer as well as chemopreventive activities of these bioactive molecules against several cancers by targeting the various significant enzymes of glycolysis, the PPP pathway, TCA cycle, and serine metabolism. This book chapter presents an update for the scientific community about targeting the cancer metabolism by phytonutrients. The alterations in the cancer metabolism in the context of bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and mitochondrial functions have been discussed while presenting the impact of phytonutrients as modulators of potential metabolic effectors in the cancer metabolism.


Xs: 2.7951376 Ys: 3.8423035 Publish year: 2021 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Effects of dietary fibers, micronutrients, and phytonutrients on gut microbiome: a review abstract: The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a magnitude of bacteria, which are collectively known as the gut microbiome. Research has demonstrated that the gut microbiome significantly impacts the health of its host and alters the host’s risk for various chronic diseases. Many factors, such as diet, could potentially be manipulated to alter the host gut microbiome and induce subsequent preventative and/or therapeutic effects. It has been established that diet partakes in the regulation and maintenance of the gut microbiome; however, specific crosstalk between the microbiome, gut, and host has not been clearly elucidated in relation to diet. In this review of the scientific literature, we outline current knowledge of the differential effects of major plant-derived dietary constituents (fiber, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals) on the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome.


Xs: 7.379487 Ys: 4.089728 Publish year: 2019 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as a Greener Alternative for the Extraction of Hydrophilic (Polar) and Lipophilic (Non-Polar) Phytonutrients abstract: Phytonutrients extracted from natural resources are receiving much attention among researchers due to their highly antioxidative characteristics which prevent several degenerative diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancers. These nutraceutical compounds can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as natural antioxidants, preservatives, colourings and functional foods. Though much works have been reported on the extraction process, there are concerns on the health and safety risks posed by the commonly used organic solvents derived from petrochemical industry. Thus, there is a need to recover the phytonutrients using green, sustainable, efficient and low cost solvents that are safe for human consumption. This work discusses natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as a potential solvent to extract both polar and non-polar phytonutrients simultaneously from natural resources. Previous attempts (in the most recent 3 years) to make use of NADES as an extractant to obtain phytonutrients are presented. The synthesis process of NADES and current challenges when employing NADES are also being reviewed.


Xs: 5.090533 Ys: 2.2978432 Publish year: 2019 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrients: A Potential Role in Obesity (P08-047-19) abstract: Objectives
The primary aim of this study was to determine if phytonutrient intake, measured by the phytonutrient index (PI), is correlated with body composition in participants in Thibodaux, Louisiana. In addition, a second aim was to examine if intake of certain phytonutrient rich foods (based on green, reddish/purple, and yellow/orange colored fruits and vegetables) correlates with body fat percentage, waist circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Methods
Participants Fifty (50) participants, ages18–54 selected. Exclusions were morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) and pregnant subjects.
Procedures Body adiposity was measured by waist circumference, BMI, and fat percentage. Subjects completed three pass 24-hour food recalls (two weekdays/one weekend day. Each completed FFQ to determine the intake of the specific color. Caloric intake was estimated using ESHA software and used for PI calculation. PI formula estimated how much of the subject's energy intake was from phytonutrient rich foods (phytonutrient-rich kcal/total intake kcal) × 100.Phytonutrient rich foods primarily include fruits and vegetables, but also legumes, olive oil, and wine. Pearson correlation was used to assess correlations between phytonutrient index and body adiposity measures. Background data on every participant was gathered such as age, sex, health status, and race. IBM SPSS Statistics was used to analyze the data. Results considered statistically significant if p-value < 0.05.

Results
The results showed a strong inverse correlation between PI and BMI (r = –0.753, P = 0.00), waist circumference (r = –0.730, P = 0.00), and body fat percentage (r = –0.701, P = 0.00). The intake of the specific phytonutrients and improved body composition did show a statistical significance. Individuals with higher weekly intakes of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin rich foods had better body composition in comparison to those who consumed less (P < 0.05; F > Fcrit). Participants with various health conditions had an average PI lower than the population average (38.1 + 22.1). This was true of participants with type 2 diabetes (22 + 17.7), hypertension (17.4 + 11.6), hyperlipidemia (21.6 + 19.4), and osteoarthritis (24.3 + 27.4).

Conclusions
The data in this study demonstrates that there is a strong correlation between higher phytonutrient intake and improved body composition (and disease prevalence). However this correlation remained consistent despite which type of phytonutrients were consumed. These findings conclude that overall diet quality seems to make the most difference, but the phytonutrients in fruits/vegetables are thought to be a key reason for those benefits.

Funding Sources
Louisiana Tech University.

Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs


Xs: 6.7649302 Ys: 2.1156595 Publish year: 2023 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Dynamic bioactive properties of nutritional superfood Moringa oleifera: A comprehensive review abstract: Moringa has attracted a great deal of scientific attention because of its abundance of bioactive components and the property of nutritional powerhouse. These substances, which include seeds, pods, and leaves, have a significant biological impact on humans. Abundant in vital nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and proteins, moringa is a model of sustained nutrition. It is an environmentally responsible choice because of its eco-friendly cultivation, which is in line with the ideas of sustainable farming. Because of its rich antioxidant content, which includes beta-carotene and vitamin C, moringa provides the body with strong defence against free radicals and oxidative stress. A plant rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, moringa exhibits potential anti-cancer capabilities in addition to its nutritional value. Because of its antibacterial qualities, moringa may be able to fight off harmful infections, which adds to its medical value. Considering these exceptional attributes, thorough research is necessary to fully understand the bioactive potential of moringa and the associated health benefits. This review sheds light on the bioactive qualities of moringa by rigorously examining its health-promoting qualities. It also explores the many uses of moringa in different sectors of the economy, highlighting its multifarious function as a nutritional powerhouse and a source of creative solutions for problems related to health and well-being.


Xs: 6.6601696 Ys: 2.3480256 Publish year: 2016 keyword: phytonutrients_sources source: Global title: Phytonutrient Contents of Opuntia ficus indica L. Stem grown in Nigeria abstract: Opuntia ficus-indica L. stem grown in Nigeria was analyzed for some nutraceutical values. Proximate constituents were determined using standard AOAC methods, levels of mineral contents were quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and fatty acid profile was determined with the aid of Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed that O. indica was rich in crude protein, ash content and carbohydrate. The high amount of ash (25.08±0.00 mg/100g) revealed higher levels of magnesium, calcium and iron. Twenty five fatty acids were identified in the stem of O. indica, with saturated fatty acids constituting 35.69% and unsaturated fatty acids 60.66% of the total amount of fatty acids. The present study suggested that O. indica L. could serve as a good source of protein, energy as well as micronutrients and macronutrients for human health benefits.