Xs: 4.6627784 Ys: 0.27219343 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Influence of season, tourist activities and camp management on body condition, testicular and adrenal steroids, lipid profiles, and metabolic status in captive Asian elephant bulls in Thailand abstract: We previously found relationships between body condition and physiological function affecting health and welfare of female tourist camp elephants in Thailand, and used that approach to conduct a similar study of bull elephants in the same camps (n = 13). A body condition score (BCS) was done every other month, and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations were measured twice monthly for 1 year. Effects of season, camp management and tourist activity on lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG)] and metabolic factors [insulin, glucose, fructosamine, glucose to insulin ratio (G:I)] were determined and correlated to measures of body condition, testosterone and FGM. Positive correlations were found between BCS and TG, between FGM and TG, HDL and glucose, and between testosterone and HDL, whereas BCS and testosterone were negatively associated with the G:I. There was a significant positive relationship between FGM and testosterone. Elevated FGM concentrations were associated with altered lipid and metabolic profiles and were higher in winter compared to summer and rainy seasons. Insulin and glucose levels were higher, while the G:I was lowest in the winter season. Strong positive associations were found between TC and HDL, LDL and HDL and glucose, and glucose and insulin. By contrast, negative relationships were found between the G:I and HDL and glucose, and between insulin and G:I. Differences also were found between High and Low tourist season months for FGM, insulin, and G:I. Last, there was notable variation among the camps in measured parameters, which together with tourist season effects suggests camp management may affect physiological function and welfare; some negatively like feeding high calorie treats, others positively, like exercise. Last, compared to females, bull elephants appear to be in better physical health based on normal BCSs, lower insulin levels and higher G:I ratios. © This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.


Xs: 3.976423 Ys: 0.77035874 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Palm oil and dietary change: Application of an integrated macroeconomic, environmental, demographic, and health modelling framework for Thailand abstract: Palm oil is a cooking oil and food ingredient in widespread use in the global food system. However, as a highly saturated fat, palm oil consumption has been associated with negative effects on cardiovascular health, while large scale oil palm production has been linked to deforestation. We construct an innovative fully integrated Macroeconomic-Environmental-Demographic-health (MED-health) model to undertake integrated health, environmental, and economic analyses of palm oil consumption and oil palm production in Thailand over the coming 20 years (2016–2035). In order to put a health and fiscal food policy perspective on policy priorities of future palm oil consumption growth, we model the implications of a 54% product-specific sales tax to achieve a halving of future energy intakes from palm cooking oil consumption. Total patient incidence and premature mortality from myocardial infarction and stroke decline by 0.03–0.16% and rural-urban equity in health and welfare improves in most regions. However, contrary to accepted wisdom, reduced oil palm production would not be environmentally beneficial in the Thailand case, since, once established, oil palms have favourable carbon sequestration characteristics compared to alternative uses of Thai cropland. The increased sales tax also provokes mixed economic impacts: While real GDP increases in a second-best Thai tax policy environment, relative consumption-to-investment price changes may reduce household welfare over extended periods unless accompanied by non-distortionary government compensation payments. Overall, our holistic approach demonstrates that product-specific fiscal food policy taxes may involve important trade-offs between nutrition, health, the economy, and the environment.


Xs: 2.9274433 Ys: 0.8439137 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Serum leptin levels and body composition in obese Thai children abstract: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum leptin concentrations and body composition among a sample of obese Thai children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 158 schoolchildren, of whom 107 were obese and 51 normal weight; their mean age was 8.2 years. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and subcutaneous skinfold thickness at 4 sites (triceps, biceps, subscapular, and supra-iliac) were measured. Total body fat (TBF) was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fasting blood samples were obtained to determine serum lipid profiles. The food intake of the children was estimated from interviews with the children and their mothers to elicit 24-hour food recall over 2 days. The results reveal subcutaneous fat skinfold, total body fat and waist circumference were significantly higher in obese than normal weight children (p < 0.001). Serum leptin levels and lipid profile results, ie serum triglycerides (TG), serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and energy intake, were also significantly higher in the obese children than their normal-weight peers. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicates that among boys, WC (p < 0.001) and serum TG (p = 0.019), and among girls, WC (p < 0.001) and TBF (p = 0.030), were significantly associated with leptin concentrations. No associations were found between leptin and energy intake in these children. A prospective study should investigate the influence of leptin levels on weight gain and subcutaneous adiposity, and the interrelationship between food intake and circulating leptin levels in children.


Xs: 4.7342887 Ys: 0.2337785 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Body condition and adrenal glucocorticoid activity affects metabolic marker and lipid profiles in captive female elephants in Thailand abstract: Studies in western zoo elephants have found relationships between body condition and physiological function, and identified mitigating management strategies to optimize health and welfare. A similar methodological approach was used in this study, which evaluated a body condition score (BCS; 1 = thinnest, 5 = fattest) every other month and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations twice monthly in 33 tourist camp elephants in Thailand for a 1-year period to assess seasonal variations, and determine how lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG)] and metabolic parameters [insulin, glucose, fructosamine, glucose to insulin ratio (G:I)] related to measures of body condition and adrenal function. The most prevalent BCS was 3-3.5 (60.6%), with 27.3% at BCS = 4 (overweight) and 12.1% at BCS = 4.5-5 (very overweight); no elephants had a BCS


Xs: 3.2372465 Ys: 0.730668 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effectiveness Of A School-Based Multicomponent Intervention On Nutritional Status Among Primary School Children In Bangkok, Thailand abstract: BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity has become a major public health issue today. The prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing in both adults and children. Childhood obesity in Thailand has more than doubled since the 1960s and a recent study reported that overweight and obesity in Thais is the 5th highest in Asia. The present study objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a life-skills, multicomponent, school-based intervention on child nutritional status. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was conducted in two-groups (control and intervention schools) on 453 students attending grade levels 4-5 in Bangkok. Two schools were selected for control, and two schools for intervention groups. The interventions included education, diet, physical activity (PA), food-environment, school builtenvironment, and life-skills components. Subjects were measured at baseline and at 6 months post-treatment. RESULTS: The intervention group had significant differences in overall healthy practices (+1.5 mean difference, p=0.048), dietary habits, physical activity, lower total cholesterol (TC) levels (-2.43 mean, p=0.019) and higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (+4.06 p=0.028) as compared to the control. A higher reduction of overweight individuals among the intervention group over the intervention period was observed. Physical activity and consumption of vegetables increased while consumption of high-caloric snacks and fast foods decreased in children after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that a multidisciplinary approach in school-based interventions is most likely to be effective in preventing children from becoming overweight in the long term. More research should be conducted on school-based interventions with longer intervention periods and higher sustainability.


Xs: 3.3601537 Ys: 3.5841868 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Selected probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented foods for functional milk production: Lower cholesterol with more beneficial compounds abstract: Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from fermented foods and identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus ENM104 and Lactobacillus plantarum SPS109. ENM104 reduced cholesterol at 7.53 ± 1.78% in basal medium containing 100 μg/ml cholesterol, while SPS109 released γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 1,157.01 ± 4.76 μg/ml in MRS containing 5 mg/ml monosodium glutamate (MSG). They hydrolysed skim milk, deconjugated glycocholic acid (GCA), taurocholic acid (TCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) as bile salts and tolerated simulated gastrointestinal juice, including H2O2. None performed any haemolysis. ENM104 cultured in MRS reduced cholesterol at 15.34 ± 1.12% (initial content, 100 μg/ml) at 72-h and produced intracellular cholesterol oxidase at 8.73 ± 2.00 mU/mg protein. Milk fermentation using the two strains as starters in single cultures and a co-culture showed that the co-culture (1:1) was the most effective. At 72 h, cholesterol in milk fermented with the co-culture was significantly reduced cholesterol at 10.98 ± 3.80%, while GABA content increased to 4.47 ± 0.04 μg/ml and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition increased to 57.63 ± 2.97%. Based on 2,2′-azinobiz(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, all antioxidant activities significantly increased. Fermented milk using probiotic LAB ENM104 and SPS109 has the potential to be an approved functional dairy product.


Xs: 3.0718474 Ys: 1.2516199 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: The accuracy in using modified Friedewald equation to calculate LDL from non-fast triglyceride: a pilot study abstract: Total cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) are important risk factors of coronary heart disease. It is costly to perform the LDL test for follow-up cardiovascular diseases (CVD) especially for Gold Card Holders (Thirty Bahts Universal Coverage). Hypertriglyceridemia is also important as it is associated with uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes mellitus, low HDL, and metabolic syndrome. Because the serum triglyceride level changes with time after meal consumption, blood test for triglyceride level should be taken after fasting 12 hours. However this causes hunger and inconvenience in many patients.
To find out the optimal time to take blood for triglyceride measurement and using it for calculation of LDL with the original Friedewald Formula and the new Modified Friedewald Formula.
Patients were asked the approximate time of last meal/eating, drinking soft drink, milk. Additionally, the time of blood drawn from the patients was recorded The blood samples were drawn as usual amounts and the tests were done as the physicians ordered If enough sera were left, it would be analyzed for lipid profiles. LDL was also calculated by using standard Friedewald equation (sfLDL) and Modified Friedewald equation (mfLDL = total cholesterol - HDL - 1/6 triglyceride). Comparison between direct measured LDL (dmLDL), sfLDL, and mfLDL with time interval of last food, drink intake was done.
There were 999 serum tubes left to be analyzed for lipid profiles and 919 sera (92.0%) left having triglyceride less than 300 mg/dl. Of those, 381, 84, and 454 samples came after fasting (nothing per oral = NPO) approximately less than 8 hours (h), 8-11.9 h, and 12 h or more respectively with sfLDL to dmLDL +/- 10 mg, comparison of 64.0%, 65.5% and 68.3% respectively. In contrast, comparing mfLDL to dmLDL +/- 10 mg being of 82.7%, 83.3% and 84.8% from the same samples and time intervals respectively thus, statistical significant (p-value < 0.001, odd ratios (OR) 2.59- 2.68). If blood drawn regardless of time from last food intake with triglyceride less than 300 mg/dl and with the above condition mfLDL, it gave 83.8% related to dmLDL while sfLDL gave only 66.3% p < 0.0001 and OR = 2.63.
The present pilot study showed 919 of 999 sera (92.0%) with serum triglyceride less than 300 mg/ dl, regardless of the time of the last food intake. The authors used the new Modified Friedewald equation to calculate that the LDL had 83.8% accuracy when compared to direct measured LDL +/- 10 mg. This equation is more accurate than the standard (original) Friedewald equation with OR of 2.63. The authors offer that to save the cost, the new Modified Friedewald equation should be used to calculate LDL. Then, direct LDL measurement could be reserved for patients with hypertriglyceridemia, in the treatment of LDL in high-risk CVD.


Xs: 3.515577 Ys: 0.9598959 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Epidemiological survey of vitamin deficiencies in older Thai adults: Implications for national policy planning abstract: To examine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin deficiencies among older Thai adults.
The cross-sectional study was conducted in four rural communities, one from each of the four main regions of Thailand. In total, 2336 subjects aged 60 years and over were recruited. Anthropometric variables, demographic data, blood glucose and lipid profile, albumin, globulin and blood levels of vitamin A, beta-carotene, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B1 were all measured.
The prevalence of vitamin deficiencies was 0.6% for vitamin B12, 6.1% for vitamin A, 9.9% for vitamin C, 30.1% for vitamin B1, 38.8% for erythrocyte folate, 55.5% for vitamin E and 83.0% for beta-carotene. Male gender was a common risk factor for at least three vitamin deficiencies, i.e. beta-carotene, folate and vitamin E. Being a manual worker was a common risk factor of beta-carotene and vitamin B1 deficiency. Poor income was found as a risk factor only in erythrocyte folate deficiency while increasing age was a significant factor only in vitamin C deficiency.
The prevalence of vitamin deficiencies among older Thai people was quite different from that found in Western countries, reflecting different socio-economic backgrounds. Vitamin deficiency was not only from poor food intake but also from the dietary habit of monotonous food consumption in older people. Some common associated factors of atherosclerosis were also significantly related to folate and vitamin E deficiencies.


Xs: 3.8101366 Ys: 2.344638 Publish year: 2006 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effects of health food from cereal and nata de coco on serum lipids in human abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate cereals and nata de coco supplementation on the lipid status in 22 subjects with hyperlipidemia. Subjects consisted of eleven men and eleven women aged 32-75 years, and had serum total cholesterol (TC) level of >5.2 mmol/L, serum total triglyceride (TG) level of >1.7 mmol/ L and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) level of >3.4 mmol/L. The study consisted of four weeks of control and 20 weeks of supplementation period. The subjects were given 15 g of the supplement twice daily for 20 weeks. The daily 30 g supplement consisted of unpolished rice, hulled mung bean, sweet corn, and nata de coco and provided 122.6 kcal, 5.5 g of protein, 0.5 g of fat, 24.1 g of carbohydrate and 2.7 g of dietary fiber. After 20 weeks, the subjects were divided into two groups, according to their dietary compliance, group A: > 90% compliance, and group B: < 90% compliance with the assigned supplement intake. There were 15 subjects in group A, and 7 in group B. Results showed that in group A the mean TG levels at weeks 4, 8, and 16 were significantly different (P<0.05), but no significant differences were observed in TC, LDL-c and HDL-c except that TC level at week 16 was significantly lower than that at week 0 (P<0.05). Thus, the results appeared to indicate that health food from unpolished rice, hulled mung bean, sweet corn and nata de coco may reduce the serum TG and TC in hyperlipidemic patients.


Xs: 2.802957 Ys: 0.74208724 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Antiretroviral-Naive and Antiretroviral-Experienced HIV-1 Infected Thai Adults abstract: Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MS), a group of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes, has been increasingly reported among HIV-infected patients. Data on the prevalence and risk factors for MS among HIV-1 infected Thai adults are limited. The study collected cross-sectional data from 580 HIV-1 infected adults-46.2% were men and 71% were antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced. The majority (78.8%) of them used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Data on lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, CD4 count, HIV RNA, antiretroviral therapy (ART), anthropometry, food intake, and exercise were recorded. MS was defined using American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute criteria. Overall prevalence of MS was 22.2%; 15.9% in ART-naïve group vs. 24.9% in ART-experienced group, p = 0.018. Significant risk factors for MS in multivariate analyses included age ≥35 years (odds ratio, OR, 4.2, 95%CI 1.6-11.0, p = 0.004), high cholesterol (OR 4.7, 95%CI 1.7-12.9, p = 0.002), and living outside Bangkok (OR 4.2, 95%CI 1.6-10.8, p = 0.003) in the ART-naïve group, and female gender (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.8, p = 0.05), lipodystrophy (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.0-3.0, p = 0.032), high cholesterol (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.1-3.1, p = 0.015), and food insecurity (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.0-3.3, p = 0.05) in the ART-experienced group. All variables, except for female gender in the ART-experienced group, remained significantly associated with MS in a model where lipodystrophy was excluded. We concluded that MS was common among HIV-1-infected Thai adults. As HIV-infected patients get older, early screening and intervention, such as ART modification to avoid lipodystrophy, may reduce MS and CVD-related morbidities and mortalities in long-term care.


Xs: 2.9532797 Ys: 1.2517449 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: R219K Polymorphism of ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Related with Low HDL in Overweight/Obese Thai Males abstract: ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays a role in the initial stage of removing cholesterol from the body via cholesterol efflux. Mutations of this gene cause wide-ranging HDL deficiency, as evident in Tangier disease and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the presence of ABCA1 gene polymorphism could be a risk factor for overweight/obesity.
The presence of R219K and I883M genetic variant was determined by PCR-RFLP analysis in 112 overweight/obese and 117 control subjects of both sexes. Statistical analysis was performed to find an association between polymorphism and lipid data.
Overweight/obese men carrying the mutant allele of R219K had lower level of HDL than the control (p = 0.006). However, no positive association was observed using bivariate logistic regression analysis. On the contrary, there was no difference in HDL level among genotypes in I883M polymorphism. Both polymorphisms appeared to be common in Thai ethnic groups. No difference was detected in genotype frequency between the two populations for both polymorphisms.
Although the lower level of HDL in overweight/obese men carrying R219K in comparison to the control suggests the possible involvement of this gene with obesity, further investigations are needed to prove the influence of ABCA1 gene polymorphism on HDL level and to determine whether it could be a genetic determinant of obesity.


Xs: 3.749285 Ys: 1.5082997 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Overcoming the Trans Fat Problem in Thailand abstract: Background
Owing to the clear impact of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on cardiovascular disease, Thailand urgently needs to evaluate the problem and formulate appropriate policies in order to protect the health of its own people and to benefit exportation. Since 9 January, 2019, Thailand's FDA has not allowed the use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) in foods.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation and potential health risk from TFAs in foods available in Thailand, changes in fatty acid profiles upon replacement of PHOs, as well as to propose control measures for TFAs in the country.

Methods
A total of 176 food samples representing potential sources of TFAs were analyzed for fatty acid profiles, which were later used to evaluate potential health risk based on Thailand's Food Consumption Survey data and the FAO/WHO Guideline on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (FAO/WHO guideline). Criteria for postmarketing monitoring of TFAs in food products were also proposed.

Results
TFAs were naturally highest in butter (5%) but lower than the limit in the FAO/WHO guideline regarding consumption pattern. TFAs in refined cooking oils were 0.4–0.8%, which was below the European Union (EU) legislative limit. Bakery products, i.e., puffs, pies, and deep-fried donuts, that used PHOs contained 3–5% TFAs and were the main sources of TFAs in Thailand. The postmarketing monitoring process should be based on the FAO/WHO guideline and EU legislative limit for TFAs. The PHOs in bakery products could be replaced with blended oils, although saturated fatty acids might increase.

Conclusions
Thailand's TFA problem was mainly due to the use of PHOs in bakery products. It is feasible to replace PHOs with blended oils. The international TFA limits should be used for the postmarketing monitoring of TFAs in foods on the market.


Xs: 3.8463988 Ys: 0.8694802 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Evidence on the magnitude of the economic, health and population effects of palm cooking oil consumption: An integrated modelling approach with Thailand as a case study abstract: Background:
Palm oil's high yields, consequent low cost and highly versatile properties as a cooking oil and food ingredient have resulted in its thorough infiltration of the food sector in some countries. Longitudinal studies have associated palm oil's high saturated fatty acid content with non-communicable disease, but neither the economic or disease burdens have been assessed previously.

Methods:
This novel palm oil-focussed disease burden assessment employs a fully integrated health, macroeconomic and demographic Computable General Equilibrium Model for Thailand with nine regional (urban/rural) households. Nutritional changes from food consumption are endogenously translated into health (myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke) and population outcomes and are fed back into the macroeconomic model as health and caregiver-related productive labour supply effects and healthcare costs to generate holistic 2016-2035 burden estimates. Model scenarios mirror the replacement of palm cooking oil with other dietary oils and are compared with simulated total Thai health and macroeconomic burdens for MI and stroke.

Results:
Replacing consumption of palm cooking oil with other dietary oils could reduce MI/stroke incident cases by 8280/2639 and cumulative deaths by 4683/894 over 20 years, removing approximately 0.5% of the total Thai burden of MI/stroke. This palm cooking oil replacement would reduce consumption shares of saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids in Thai household consumption by 6.5%/3% and increase polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption shares by 14%, yielding a 1.74% decrease in the population-wide total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio after 20 years. The macroeconomic burden that would be removed is US$308mn, approximately 0.44% of the total burden of MI/stroke on Thailand's economy or 0.003% of cumulative 20-year GDP. Bangkok and Central region households benefit most from removal of disease burdens.

Conclusions:
Simulations indicate that consumption of palm cooking oil, rather than other dietary oils, imposes a negative health burden (MI and stroke) and associated economic burden on a high consuming country, such as Thailand. Integrated sectoral model frameworks to assess these burdens are possible, and burden estimates from our simulated direct replacement of palm cooking oil indicate that using these frameworks both for broader analyses of dietary palm oil use and total burden analyses of other diseases may also be beneficial.


Xs: 4.782205 Ys: 0.22057825 Publish year: 2024 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Physiological changes in captive elephants in northern Thailand as a result of the COVID-19 tourism ban—stress biomarkers abstract: The international travel ban instituted by the Thai government in March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected how tourist camp elephants were managed, with reductions in exercise opportunities, longer chaining hours, and diminished food provisioning. This study was conducted to determine how those changes affected health and welfare biomarkers in individual elephants over the 2 years of the countrywide lockdown (April 2020–April 2022). Blood and fecal samples were collected from 58 elephants at six camps (monthly in Year 1, quarterly in Year 2) and analyzed for stress biomarkers — fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM), serum oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)], and stress leukograms. Overall, fGCM concentrations increased within the first few months and remained higher than pre-COVID levels, as did the H/L ratio, a measure affected by cortisol. Serum 8-OHdG, an indicator of DNA oxidative damage, also increased over time, while monocytosis and lymphopenia further suggested alterations in immune function as a result of stress. By contrast, another marker of oxidative stress, serum MDA, declined, possibly in response to reduced roughage and supplement intake. A notable finding was a seasonal pattern of fGCM that was significantly different from previous studies. Whereas higher fGCM during the rainy season were observed in this study, previously, concentrations were highest during the winter, high tourist season. Thus, ironically, both the presence and absence of tourists have been associated with increased fGCM concentrations, albeit for different reasons. Camp management factors negatively affecting stress outcomes included shorter chain lengths, longer chain hours, lack of exercise, and reduced roughage and supplements. Overall, it was clear that camps struggled to maintain adequate care for elephants during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the importance of tourist income and need for contingency plans to cope with potential future disruptions to tourism.


Xs: 4.0125427 Ys: 0.81581587 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Understanding the Complexities of Eliminating Trans Fatty Acids: The Case of the Trans Fatty Acid Ban in Thailand abstract: Trans fatty acids (TFAs) have no known health benefits and are linked to an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). To eliminate TFAs from the food supply, the government of Thailand imposed a ban on partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) in 2018. This study was aimed at analyzing the government policies and actions to eliminate TFAs in Thailand, focusing on policy content, context, process, and actors. This single-case qualitative study used a documentary review and interviews with 20 key policy actors. The data analysis was guided by thematic analysis based on the policy triangle framework. The results reveal that policy actors—government organizations, academics, civil society organizations, and the food industry—have different roles, interests, and influences with regard to eliminating TFAs in Thailand. Both formal and informal communication among policy actors aided in the policymaking process and the actions that followed. Changing perceptions of TFAs, the low intake of PHOs in Thailand, hype around trans fats, and trade dynamics shaped the government’s decision to impose the ban. As a result, the ban was selected to avoid the technical components of TFA elimination. This study suggests that eliminating TFAs in Thailand could be further enhanced by strengthening government actions in terms of enforcement and creating consumer awareness.


Xs: 2.9493682 Ys: 0.23061703 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effects of a social support family caregiver training program on changing blood pressure and lipid levels among elderly at risk of hypertension in a northern Thai community abstract: Hypertension is becoming increasingly prevalent among the elderly. Family caregivers play an important role in caring for elderly people and empowering them to care for themselves. This study's goal was to see how social support training for family caregivers affected changes in hypertension, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and how such support led to the prevention of hypertension behaviors among the elderly in rural areas. This was a quasi-experimental study with 268 elderly people at risk of hypertension and their caregivers. Sixty seven pairs of elderly people and their caregivers were assigned to the intervention and control groups. Baseline data were collected in November 2020. The intervention group received the Social Support Family Caregiver Training Program (SSFCTP), while the control group received a regular program from the local health authority. The activity lasted 12 weeks, with home visits and telephone check-ups along the way, and data collection took place after the program ended. The final data were collected three months after the end of the intervention. An analysis of repeated measures ANOVA showed the overall effect of the SSFCTP on knowledge, self-efficacy, health care behaviors, and blood pressure among elderly people during three different time periods (p


Xs: 3.2913604 Ys: 0.8242189 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Case-control study of nutritional and environmental factors and the risk of oral clefts in Thailand abstract: Background:
One infant in 700 is born with an oral cleft. Prior studies suggest low micronutrient status is associated with an increased risk of oral clefts. Environmental factors such as passive smoke exposure or supplement use may also affect oral cleft risk. We examined nutrition and environmental related risk factors for oral clefts.

Methods:
We conducted a case-control study in Northeast Thailand in 2012 to 2013. We enrolled 95 cases and 95 controls. We recruited cases with a nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without a cleft palate (CL±P) less than 24 months old. Cases were matched to controls on age and place of conception. We collected survey data, a food frequency questionnaire, and measured zinc concentrations in toenail trimmings. We calculated descriptive statistics by case and control status. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted associations, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values.

Results:
Any liver intake (adjusted OR [aOR] for ≥1/week versus none), 10.58; 95%CI, 1.74-64.37, overall p = 0.02) and the presence of food insecurity (aOR, 9.62; 95% CI, 1.52-61.05; p = 0.02) in the periconceptional period increased CL±P risk. Passive smoke exposure increased the risk of CL±P (aOR, 6.52; 95% CI, 1.98-21.44; p < 0.01). Toenail zinc concentrations were not associated with CL±P risk.

Conclusion:
Our findings add to a growing body of knowledge of environmental risk factors for oral clefts from low- and middle-income countries. Our findings on liver are contradictory to prior results. Large multisite studies are needed to identify environmental and genetic risk factors for oral clefts. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Xs: 4.052155 Ys: 1.0593387 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand abstract: Pesticide exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for developing a wide range of adverse health issues. Some examples are metabolic syndromes, including diabetes. This study investigated the relationship between current occupational use of pesticides and metabolic and cardiovascular biomarker levels among organic and conventional farmers in Thailand. In total, 436 recruited farmers were divided into two groups: conventional farmers (n = 214) and organic farmers (n = 222). Participants, free of diabetes, were interviewed and submitted to a physical examination. Serum samples were collected for clinical laboratory analyses, i.e., serum glucose and lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins). Potential risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and heavy exercise were significantly different between the two groups. There were significant differences in terms of the years of pesticide use, pesticide use at home, sources of drinking water, and distance between the farmers’ homes and farms between the groups. After adjusting for confounders, current conventional farmers had significantly higher abnormal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage (% body fat), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein values as compared to organic farmers. Conventional farmers had higher risk of many metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors as compared to organic farmers, putting them at higher risk of metabolic diseases in the future.


Xs: 2.887186 Ys: 0.9717907 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effect of nutritional counseling on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among Thai HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy abstract: HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy have increased risk of metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia. In this study, we determined whether individual nutritional counseling reduced dyslipidemia, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, among HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia not currently taking lipid-lowering medication. We conducted a randomized 24-week trial among HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia who were on antiretroviral therapy and were eligible to initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes according to the Thai National Cholesterol Education Program. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group that received individual counseling with a nutritionist for seven sessions (baseline, weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24) and a control group that received standard verbal diet information at baseline and nutritional counseling only at week 24. A 24-h recall technique was used to assess dietary intake for both groups at baseline and week 24. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride) was measured at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. An intention-to-treat and linear mixed model were used. Seventy-two patients were randomly assigned, and 62 (86%) participants completed their lipid profile test. After 12 weeks of follow-up, there were significant reductions in the intervention group for total cholesterol (-14.4 ± 4.6 mg/dL, P = .002), LDL cholesterol (-13.7 ± 4.1 mg/dL, P = .001), and triglyceride (-30.4 ± 13.8 mg/dL, P = .03). A significant reduction in LDL cholesterol was also observed in the control group (-7.7 ± 3.8 mg/dL, P = .04), but there were no significant differences in change of mean lipid levels between the groups at 12 weeks of follow-up. After 24 weeks, participants assigned to the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater decreases in serum total cholesterol (-19.0 ± 4.6 vs. 0.2 ± 4.3 mg/dL, P = .003) and LDL cholesterol (-21.5 ± 4.1 vs. -6.8 ± 3.8 mg/dL, P = .009). There were no significant changes in HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels in either group.


Xs: 2.8931987 Ys: 0.25301698 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Cost of diabetes and its complications in Thailand: A complete picture of economic burden abstract: Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder with increasing burden in Thailand. The chronic nature along with associated complications makes the disease very costly. In Thailand, there exist some studies on cost of diabetes; however, those studies estimated the cost either from provider or from patient perspective. In order to capture the complete picture of economic burden caused by diabetes, using prevalence-based approach; the present study estimated the cost of illness of diabetes from societal perspective, the broadest viewpoint covering all costs irrespective of who incur them. Data were collected from 475 randomly selected diabetic patients who received treatment from Waritchaphum hospital in Sakhon Nakhon province of Thailand during 2007-2008 with a response rate of 98%. A micro-costing approach was used to calculate the cost. The direct medical cost was calculated by multiplying the quantity of medical services consumed by their unit costs while indirect cost was calculated by using human capital approach. The total cost of illness of diabetes for 475 study participants was estimated as USD 418,696 for the financial year 2008 (1 USD = 32 THB). Of this, 23% was direct medical cost, 40% was direct non-medical cost and 37% was indirect cost. The average cost of illness per diabetic patient was USD 881.47 in 2008 which was 21% of per capita gross domestic product of Thailand. Existence of complications increased the cost substantially. Cost of informal care contributed 28% of total cost of illness of diabetes. Therefore, the disease not only affected the individual but also the family members, friends and neighbours. The economic and social burden of the disease therefore emphasises the need for initiatives to prevent the disease prevalence and counselling to the diabetic patients to prevent the progression of the disease and its devastating complications.


Xs: 2.951097 Ys: 0.77725214 Publish year: 2008 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Lipid treatment assessment project II in Thailand (LTAP-II Thailand) abstract: Evaluate treatment practices and their outcomes in Thai patients with hyperlipidemia. The factors contributing to success of treatment were also determined.
A multi-center cross-sectional survey with the support of 98 physicians from 48 hospitals was done. Each physician enrolled up to 20 dyslipidemic patients by simple randomization.
One thousand nine hundred twenty one cases, 45.1% males with a mean age of 58.6 years (SD = 9.6) were recruited. The patients were divided into three groups: 1,178 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD equivalents, 424 patients with high risk, and 319 patients with low risk. The main targets for treatment were LDL-C levels of< 100, < 130 and < 160 mg/dL for each respective group. As a whole, the risk factors listed in order of frequency were age at risk (78%), hypertension (69. 8%), diabetes mellitus (43.6%), smoking (24.6%), and family history of CHD (6.9%). Obesity (body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2) was found in 53.8% of the patients. Twenty eight percent of the patients experienced CHD or other atherosclerotic diseases. Statin was the commonest prescribed drug (64%) followed by fibrate (25%). The overall success rate was 46.5%. Percentage of cases achieving LDL-C targets in the CHD and CHD equivalents, high and low risk group was 34.6%, 56.4%, and 76.8%, respectively. The patients in the low risk group, being under specialist care and receiving statin therapy reached target of treatment at a significantly higher rate.
The present study showed that statin was the most common drug used in the management of hyperlipidemia. Patients with CHD and CHD equivalents were the group with least achievement of LDL-C target. The factors contributing to achievement of LDL-C target were lower risk patient, specialist care, and statin therapy.


Xs: 3.2632587 Ys: 0.5865541 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Changing trends of obesity and lipid profiles among Bangkok school children after comprehensive management of the bright and healthy Thai kid project abstract: Background
Cardiovascular diseases are the world’s leading cause of death. Children in Thailand are currently facing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and high atherogenic indices. This study aimed to assess the success of the Bright and Healthy Thai Kid project in reducing obesity and high lipid profiles among Bangkok school children.

Methods
A community-based, intervention (participatory action) with pre-post comparison of anthropometric and lipid profile data was conducted in five randomly selected Bangkok primary schools. The participatory action involved teachers, students, and parents. Data collection on anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, physical activity, and fasting blood samples of three generations of students was carried out during July–August (midterm months in Thailand) in the years 2004, 2017, and 2019. SPSS for Windows, version 16 was used for data analysis.

Results
Comparing the data from 2004, 2017, and 2019, obesity rates of 19.3 in 2004 gradually declined to 16.9 and 15.6 in 2017 and 2019 (P < 0.001). High serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and atherogenic indices decreased significantly (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
We believe that the great time and effort expended for a campaign to reduce rates of obesity and hyperlipidemia in school children does work to prevent future cardiovascular diseases. Long-term investment in national programs is required to achieve whole societal involvement in improving knowledge and skills related to health, nutrition, and healthy food choices.


Xs: 3.5112212 Ys: 1.2404735 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Eggs on Growth, Biochemical Indices, and Microbiota of Rural Thai Primary School Children abstract: Background Protein-energy malnutrition is still problematic worldwide. It directly impacts growth and development, especially in children. We investigated the long–term effects of egg supplementation on the growth, biochemical indices, and microbiota of primary school children.
Methods A randomized controlled cluster study was carried out in six rural schools in Thailand. Participants were randomly assigned into three groups: 1) whole egg (WE) – consuming 10 additional eggs/week [n = 238], 2) protein substitute (PS) – consuming yolk–free egg substitute equivalent to 10 eggs/week [n = 200], and 3) control group (n= 197]). Demographic and biochemical indices, and microbiota composition were measured at weeks 0, 14, and 35.
Findings 635 students (8 to 14 years old) were recruited (51·5% female). At baseline, 17% of the participants were underweight, 18% were stunted, and 13% were wasted. At week 35, compared to the control group, body weight and height increased significantly in WE (3·6 ± 23·5 kg, P<0·001 and 5·1 ± 23·2 cm, P<0·001). No significant differences in weight or height were observed between PS and Control. Prealbumin levels were higher (1·5 ± 8·4 mg/dL, P<0·001) in WE, but not in PS, compared to control. Significant decreases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol were observed in the WE, but not in the PS groups. HDL cholesterol tended to increase in WE (0·7 ± 25·2 mg/dL, ns). Neither the alpha nor beta diversity of the bacterial diversity was significantly different among all groups. After WE supplementation, the overall relative abundance of Bifidobacterium increased by 1·28-fold as compared to baseline and the differential abundance analysis also indicated that Lachnospira increased significantly and Varibaculum decreased.
Interpretation Long-term whole egg supplementation is an effective, feasible and low-cost intervention to reduce protein-energy malnutrition, particularly in low-middle-income countries. Whole egg supplementation improves growth and nutritional biomarkers, and positively impacts gut microbiota without adverse effects on blood cholesterol levels.
Funding Agricultural Research Development Agency (ARDA) of Thailand (PRP6105022310, PRP6505030460).


Xs: 3.1261733 Ys: 1.5423516 Publish year: 2010 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: The effects of transdermal contraception on lipid profiles, carbohydrate metabolism and coagulogram in Thai women abstract: To evaluate the effects of the contraceptive patch on lipid profiles, carbohydrate metabolism and coagulogram in Thai women.
Fifty healthy Thai women were assigned to use contraceptive patches. Blood chemistries test including liver function test, lipid profiles and coagulogram were evaluated at baseline, cycles 3 and 6.
Total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL were significantly increased, whereas LDL was slightly decreased. The ratio of total cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL significantly decreased when applying the patch. After discontinued use of contraceptive patch, the women whose blood tests present hypercholesterol during patch use showed a continuous decrease in blood results of total cholesterol level over 3 months. Moreover, mean fasting glucose, SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphate were decreased. No woman suffering from VTE in this study.
The use of contraceptive patch does not exert a negative effect on carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profile, liver function test and blood coagulogram. However, further studies are required to elucidate the effect of the contraceptive on the patch user in long term.


Xs: 3.9183528 Ys: 2.6252453 Publish year: 2010 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Sericin Reduces Serum Cholesterol in Rats and Cholesterol Uptake into Caco-2 Cells abstract: A cholesterol lowering effect of sericin was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Rats were dosed with cholesterol with and without sericin for 14 days. Non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total serum cholesterols were reduced in rats fed high-cholesterol diet with all three tested doses of sericin (10, 100, and 1000 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). The potential mechanism of actions was determined by measuring the uptake of radiolabeled cholesterol into differentiated Caco-2 cells and cholesterol solubility in mixed lipid micelles. Concentration of sericin as low as 25 and 50 μg/mL inhibited 30% of cholesterol uptake into Caco-2 cells whereas no effect was found at higher concentration. Cholesterol micellar solubility was reduced in the presence of sericin. This study suggests the cholesterol lowering effect of sericin results from its inhibition of cholesterol absorption in intestinal cells and its reduction of cholesterol solubility in lipid micelles.


Xs: 3.3560004 Ys: 3.4608605 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 Supplementation on Total Cholesterol, and on the Parameters of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Digestion in Thai Hypercholesterolemic Subjects abstract: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease. Probiotics can help to improve high blood lipid levels in hypercholesterolemia patients. Lactobacillus paracasei has been reported to have beneficial effects in several subjects; however, there is a lack of studies on Thai hypercholesterolemic subjects. Thus, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of L. paracasei HII01 on cholesterol, oxidative stress, and other biomarkers. Fifty-two subjects were randomized into two groups: the L. paracasei treatment group and the placebo group. The study was conducted over an intervention period of 12 weeks of supplementation. The results show that L. paracasei HII01 significantly reduced the total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TGs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the patients, and increased their HDL, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and propionic acid compared to the placebo group. Moreover, the supplementation of L. paracasei HII01 significantly increased lactic acid, IL-10 and IFN-γ, and substantially decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) at the end of the treatment. The results suggest that L. paracasei HII01 improves the blood lipid profile, reduces oxidative stress, and is beneficial for health among Thai hypercholesterolemic subjects.


Xs: 2.7631526 Ys: 0.82217985 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effects of Weighted Hula-Hooping Compared to Walking on Abdominal Fat, Trunk Muscularity, and Metabolic Parameters in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Study abstract: Background:
Weighted hula-hoops have gained popularity, but whether they indeed reshape the trunk or have beneficial metabolic effects in overweight subjects is unknown.

Objectives:
To determine effects of hula-hooping and walking matched for energy expenditure on android fat %, trunk muscle mass, and metabolic parameters in a randomized cross-over study.

Design:
We recruited 55 overweight nondiabetic subjects, who were randomized to hula-hooping (HULA) for 6 weeks using a 1.5-kg weighted hula-hoop followed by walking (WALK) for another 6 weeks or vice versa. The increments in energy expenditure were similar by HULA and WALK. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline and after HULA and WALK. The primary endpoint was the change in fat % in the android region.

Results:
A total of 53subjects (waist 92 ± 1 cm, body mass index 28 ± 1 kg/m2) completed the study. Body weight changed similarly (-0.6 ± 0.2 vs. -0.5 ± 0.2 kg, nonsignificant; HULA vs. WALK). During the intervention the subjects hula-hooped on average 12.8 ± 0.5 min/day and walked 9,986 ± 376 steps/day. The % fat in the android region decreased significantly by HULA but not by WALK (between-group change p < 0.001). Trunk muscle mass increased more by HULA than by WALK (p < 0.05). Waist circumference decreased more by HULA than by WALK (-3.1 ± 0.3 cm vs. -0.7 ± 0.4 cm, p < 0.001; HULA vs. WALK). WALK but not HULA significantly lowered systolic blood pressure and increased HDL cholesterol while HULA significantly decreased LDL cholesterol.

Conclusions:
Hula-hooping with a weighted hula-hoop can be used to decrease abdominal fat % and increase trunk muscle mass in overweight subjects. Its LDL lowering effect resembles that described for resistance training.


Xs: 3.1065779 Ys: 0.57452023 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: The association between obesity and blood pressure in Thai public school children abstract: Background
The prevalence of obesity has substantially increased in the past 3 decades in both developed and developing countries and may lead to an increase in high blood pressure (BP) at an early age. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and its association with blood pressure among primary school children in central Thailand.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in two public schools in Bangkok in 2012. A total of 693 students (317 boys and 376 girls) aged 8–12 years participated voluntarily. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and BP were collected. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipid parameters. Child nutritional status was defined by body mass index (BMI) for age based on the 2000 Center for Diseases Control and Prevention growth charts. The cutoff for abdominal obesity was WC at the 75 percentile or greater. Hypertension was defined according to the 2004 Pediatrics US blood pressure reference. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between high BP and obesity after controlling for other covariates.

Results
The prevalence of obese children was 30.6% for boys and 12.8% for girls (mean prevalence 20.9%). Pre-hypertension (Pre-HT) was 5.7% and 2.7% for boys and girls and hypertension (HT) was 4.7% for boys and 3.2% for girls, respectively. Children with pre-HT and HT had significantly higher body weight, height, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, and TC/HDL-C levels but lower HDL-C levels than those children with normotension. After controlling for age, sex, glucose and lipid parameters, child obesity was significantly associated with pre-HT and HT (odds rations (ORs) = 9.00, 95% CI: 3.20-25.31 for pre-HT and ORs = 10.60, 95% CI: 3.75-30.00 for HT). So also was WC (abdominal obesity) when considered alone (ORs = 6.20, 95% CI: 2.60-14.81 for pre-HT and ORs = 13.73, 95% CI: 4.85-38.83 for HT) (p-value < 0.001).

Conclusions
Obesity among school children was positively associated with higher BP. Prevention of childhood obesity should be strengthened to prevent the risk of early high BP including cardiovascular risk factors.


Xs: 3.4346533 Ys: 0.83370787 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: The pediatrician's role in the first thousand days of the child: The pursuit of healthy nutrition and development abstract: Objectives:
To describe the concept of the first 1000 days, its importance for health, and actions to be implemented, particularly by pediatricians, in order to attain healthy nutrition and development.

Data source:
A nonsystematic review was carried out in the SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, encompassing the last decade, using the terms 1000 days, child nutrition, child development, childhood, and child. A non-systematic search was performed online for organizations that use the 1000-day concept and give recommendations on children's health.

Summary of the findings:
The first 1000 days range from conception to the end of the second year of life. It represents an important period to implement interventions to ensure healthy nutrition and development, which will bring benefits throughout life. Children should receive adequate nutrition, through proper prenatal diet, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, addition of adequate complementary foods, and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of life. Given the condition of absolute dependence on an adult's care, it is crucial to establish an enabling and friendly environment, necessary for the development of strong bonds with caregivers, laying the groundwork for a full and healthy development.

Conclusions:
The pediatrician, together with other professionals, can act by promoting actions emphasizing the concept of the first 1000 days to ensure healthy nutrition and development. Focusing on actions in this period may increase the child's chance of having a healthy and productive life in the future, strengthening family and community ties, helping to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty.


Xs: 2.8067086 Ys: 0.9904437 Publish year: 2005 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Relationship between soluble leptin receptor, leptin, lipid profiles and anthropometric parameters in overweight and obese Thai subjects abstract: Median, range and 95% confidence interval (CI) for median of age, anthropometric variables, soluble leptin receptor, serum leptin and lipid profile levels of 48 overweight (Body mass index (BMI) = 25.00-29.99 kg/m2) and obese (BMI > or = 30. 00 kg/m2) Thai males and 166 overweight and obese Thai females, compared with 26 males and 81 females in a control group (BMI = 18.50-24.99 kg/m2), were determined The study subjects were persons who turned up regularly for physical check-ups at the Out-patient Department, General Practice Section, Ratchawithi Hospital, Bangkok, aged between 18-60 years. Serum leptin, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio) were significantly higher in the overweight and obese males and females. Soluble leptin receptor and HDL-C were significantly lower in the overweight and obese males and females. Cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly higher in the overweight and obese females, but there was no significant difference in the overweight and obese males when compared with the control males. Low soluble leptin receptor levels were found in 38.1% (8/21) of the overweight and obese males, while 31.5% (29/92) were found in the overweight and obese females. Elevated leptin levels were found in 66.7% (32/48) and 89.8% (149/166) of the overweight and obese males and females, respectively. Both low soluble leptin receptor levels and elevated leptin levels were found in 9.5% (2/21) and 29.4% (27/92) of the overweight and obese males and females, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between soluble leptin receptor and cholesterol, and between weight, BMI, waist, hip and HDL-C, with leptin. Serum soluble leptin receptor levels were significantly negatively correlated with leptin and BMI. The results can elucidate the causes and consequences of obesity, and are expected to aid the provision of care for overweight and obese Thai people.


Xs: 4.521924 Ys: 2.4843426 Publish year: 2006 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extract from the dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariff L in hypercholesterolemic rats abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (roselle) with regard to protection of LDL oxidation in vivo and ex vivo in rats made hypercholesterolemic by continuous cholesterol feeding. Administering the dried calyx extracts of roselle at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg together with continuous cholesterol feeding to hypercholesterolemic rats for 6 weeks significantly decreased serum cholesterol level by 22% and 26%, respectively (p<0.001); serum triglycerides level by 33% and 28%, respectively (p<0.05); serum LDL level by 22% and 32%, respectively (p<0.05). However, serum HDL level was not affected. LDL was extracted from plasma of the hypercholesterolemic rats and the effects of the dried calyx extracts of roselle on the oxidation of LDL in vivo and ex vivo were examined. Six-week treatment with 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of the extracts significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) formation (p<0.05) while the formation of conjugated dienes during the oxidation of LDL induced by CuSO(4) was reduced, but not significantly different. These lines of evidence suggest that the aqueous extracts from the dried calyx of roselle possess both antioxidant effects against LDL oxidation and hypolipidemic effects in vivo. However, its mechanism(s) of action remains to be elucidated.


Xs: 2.8653426 Ys: 0.98906565 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Relationship between aerobic capacity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Thai men and women with normolipidemia and dyslipidemia abstract: [Purpose] This research aimed to investigate the relationship between aerobic capacity (VO2,peak) and cardiovascular risk factors in normolipidemic and dyslipidemic Thai men and women. [Subjects and Methods] We recruited 104 dyslipidemic and 100 healthy participants. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for lipid and blood glucose levels. Anthropometry, blood pressure, and body composition were measured before exercise. Each subject underwent exercise testing to determine VO2, peak. Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the exercise test. [Results] Dyslipidemic participants had a lower VO2, peak than normolipidemic participants (p<0.01). In normolipidemic male participants, VO2, peak was positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and negatively correlated with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratios; in females, VO2, peak was negatively correlated with age, total cholesterol, and LDL-C. In dyslipidemic males, VO2, peak was positively correlated with HDL-C levels and negatively correlated with age, LDL-C and TG levels, and percent body fat; in females, VO2, peak was positively correlated with resting HR and heart rate recovery and negatively correlated with age, TG/HDL-C, and waist circumference. [Conclusion] There was a relationship between aerobic capacity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in both normolipidemic and dyslipidemic participants. This relationship was affected by gender.


Xs: 4.013331 Ys: 0.7201258 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Policy framing and crisis narratives around food safety in Vietnam abstract: While progress has been made recently in understanding food systems per se, much less is known about policies around those food systems. In this paper, we aim at understanding the food system policy context with the specific objective to look at policy dynamics-defined as the way policy agendas are identified, justified, and framed by decision-makers, and how they interact. Vietnam is used as a case study. Primary data were generated through face-to-face interviews complemented by an online survey. A policy framing approach was used to structure the research. The analysis reveals how the policy agenda is considered by many actors to be only partially evidence-based and highlights the extent to which the state government remains the most powerful actor in the setting of that agenda. The research also reveals the diffusion of the


Xs: 5.1706643 Ys: 0.14672683 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Tiger and leopard diets in western Thailand: Evidence for overlap and potential consequences abstract: Interference competition by tigers, Panthera tigris, is widely reported to reduce leopard, Panthera pardus, density or cause its shift to more a marginal habitat. In Southeast Asia, lack of a medium sized prey, spotted deer (Axis axis), and increased consumption of sambar (Rusa unicolor) by leopards amplifies dietary overlap between these two large felids. In our study area in western Thailand, leopard density was 2.4 times that of tigers. Using scat analysis we estimated prey biomass in the diet of each species to examine resource competition between these species. Tigers had a 0.89 spatial overlap with leopards and leopards a 0.92 overlap with tigers. Larger prey in this system (>100 kg) composed 89.8 Ackerman's coefficient, ACF, and 79.3% Chakrabati's coefficient, CCF of the biomass in tiger diet and 47.0% (ACF) and 45.3% (CCF) of the biomass in leopard diet. Dietary overlap of prey >100 kg versus smaller prey (≤37 kg) between these felids was 74.4% (ACF) and 81.2% (CCF). Dense cover at our site may reduce interference competition from tigers. In turn, high leopard density and leopard consumption of young sambar likely increases resource competition with tigers and thus potentially reduces tiger density. Given current small tiger population sizes, it is important to recognize that leopards may compete with and potentially suppress tiger numbers at some locations throughout their range and this topic needs further study.


Xs: 4.475381 Ys: 0.6776103 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Can Organic Pork Help Achieve Sustainable Development Goals in Thailand? abstract: This paper examines how organic pork (OP) production, marketing and consumption in Thailand contributes to global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that affect food agri-food system sustainability. The paper discusses technical debates and academic literature sources about OP, socioeconomic and environmental impacts of organic agriculture (OA), food security and SDGs. It reflects on theoretical, practical, policy and empirical issues utilizing Thai case study data on willingness to pay (WTP) for OP to illustrate SDG linkages. The study raises broader questions, complications and contradictions about universal access to safe, healthy and affordable organic food. It suggests that WTP as a niche strategy supporting OP producers has responded to consumer demand and has potential for increased farmer incomes. But WTP for OP is an inadequate, problematic priority if it does not better address ecological, social and economic sustainability concerns, cross-cutting SDGs and national policies including inequities among richer and poorer consumers and farmers. It shows how OP may modestly contribute to SDG2 achievement or help realize other interlinked SDGs in Thailand but can also hinder some SDGs. We conclude that the OA movement and governments must better address difficult challenges affecting livestock systems sustainability, meat production, consumption, value chains and socioeconomic equity.


Xs: 3.573172 Ys: 0.43740413 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Changing patterns of prevalence in Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato infection in children and adolescents in northeast Thailand abstract: Infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (s.l.), a group 1 carcinogen, is the most important risk factor for developing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in Southeast Asia. Cholangiocarcinoma is a fatal disease with the world’s highest incidence being found in northeast Thailand. Liver fluke infection occurs through eating raw or partially cooked cyprinid fish containing metacercariae and, therefore, the control of O. viverrini s.l. infection should lead to a reduction in CCA incidence. In this report, we review and analyze the age-prevalence profile data of O. viverrini to reveal temporal changes in patterns of prevalence pre- and post-control programs in Thailand. The profiles of O. viverrini prevalence have transformed from high prevalence in school children prior to 1983 to low prevalences after 1994. This pattern strongly suggests the influence of the health education program on the likelihood of school children becoming infected. In conjunction with current developments in health and socioeconomic conditions, we predict that the incidence of CCA will be reduced with time as the population cohorts that experienced the education programs reach the age at which CCA is most likely to develop, i.e. >50 years. The lessons learned in Thailand may be applicable to other areas endemic for human liver flukes.


Xs: 3.4371135 Ys: 2.4056413 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials abstract: Oats are a rich source of β -glucan, a viscous, soluble fibre recognised for its cholesterol-lowering properties, and are associated with reduced risk of CVD. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials (RCT) investigating the cholesterol-lowering potential of oat β -glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for the risk reduction of CVD. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. We included RCT of ≥3 weeks of follow-up, assessing the effect of diets enriched with oat β -glucan compared with controlled diets on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol or apoB. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality and risk of bias. Data were pooled using the generic inverse-variance method with random effects models and expressed as mean differences with 95 % CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran’s Q statistic and quantified by the I² -statistic. In total, fifty-eight trials ( n 3974) were included. A median dose of 3·5 g/d of oat β -glucan significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol (−0·19; 95 % CI −0·23, −0·14 mmol/l, P <0·00001), non-HDL-cholesterol (−0·20; 95 % CI −0·26, −0·15 mmol/l, P <0·00001) and apoB (−0·03; 95 % CI −0·05, −0·02 g/l, P <0·0001) compared with control interventions. There was evidence for considerable unexplained heterogeneity in the analysis of LDL-cholesterol ( I² =79 %) and non-HDL-cholesterol ( I² =99 %). Pooled analyses showed that oat β -glucan has a lowering effect on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB. Inclusion of oat-containing foods may be a strategy for achieving targets in CVD reduction.


Xs: 2.813148 Ys: 0.8988968 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Prevalence of dyslipidemia associated with complications in diabetic patients: A nationwide study in Thailand abstract: Abstract Background Dyslipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is diagnosed by the presence of an abnormal lipid profile, primarily with elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, or both, or reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, some studies have reported increased risk of ischemic stroke with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality independent of LDL-C levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data were included for Thai adults with diabetes from the Diabetes Mellitus/ Hypertension (DM/HT) study, 2010–2014 (data was collected by the Medical Research Network of the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools). The target population comprised T2DM patients who were treated at a hospital for more than 12 months. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine factors associated with dyslipidemia. Results In total, 140,557 participants (average age, 60 years) were enrolled, with a dyslipidemia prevalence of 88.9% in the cohort. The factors associated with dyslipidemia included female sex (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.38–1.56); age


Xs: 3.4116719 Ys: 3.3845348 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: A Pilot Study of whether or Not Vegetable and Fruit Juice Containing Lactobacillus paracasei Lowers Blood Lipid Levels and Oxidative Stress Markers in Thai Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial abstract: Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which is the main cause of mortality worldwide. Meanwhile, lipid-lowering drug side-effects may also occur. Thus, consumption of vegetables and fruits containing probiotics is a good alternative to influence the lipid profile in plasma. This study investigated the effect of consuming vegetable and fruit juice (VFJ) with (probiotic group) and without probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei (placebo group), on the body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress enzymes, and bile acid level in dyslipidemic patients (n = 20) at Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital for 30 days. The levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio in the probiotic group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group. The HDL-C concentration in the probiotic group was higher than that in the placebo group. The probiotic group showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels; increased oxidative stress enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the plasma; and increased bile acid (BA) levels in the feces. Therefore, the findings of this study demonstrate that VFJ enriched with probiotic L. paracasei may represent an alternative method for the prevention of dyslipidemia during the primary intervention stage for patients who are not yet taking other medication.


Xs: 3.152603 Ys: 1.1075736 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Association between Dietary Patterns and Low HDL-C among Community-Dwelling Elders in North China abstract: We aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and low HDL-C among the elderly population living in North China. The data were from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015. General information in terms of living habits, health status, and food intake using 24 h dietary recall for three consecutive days was procured, and the weight of edible oil and condiments recorded. Anthropometric index, blood pressure, and fasting serum lipids were measured using standard methods. Dietary patterns were derived from food categories by exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios of low HDL-C across quartiles of dietary patterns. Among 3387 elderly participants, 21.9% had low HDL-C levels. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with highest score versus lowest score in the balanced dietary pattern had a decreased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.88, p for trend = 0.013) in the group with a BMI of 27.1 kg/m2 and above. Compared to the lowest quartile, there was a statistically significant negative association between the highest scores of the Western dietary pattern and low HDL-C (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17–0.82, p for trend = 0.018) in the group with a BMI of 21.6–24.8 kg/m2. However, greater adherence to a thrifty dietary pattern (highest quartiles vs. lowest quartiles) was associated with increased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.05–10.40, p for trend = 0.044), especially in the subgroup with a BMI of 21.6 kg/m2 and below. The study revealed that it is urgent to develop district-specific dietary improvement plans for dyslipidemia based on the nutritional status of the elderly population in North China.


Xs: 4.4912214 Ys: 1.3788437 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Heavy metals contamination in soil, surface water, crops, and resident blood in Uthai District, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand abstract: This study evaluates the heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) contamination in soil, surface water, and crops in Uthai District, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand, an agricultural area located near an industrial park. Further, the blood levels of these metals in residents living in the study area are investigated. The concentrations of the six metals in soil were below the values permitted under the Soil Quality Standard, Thailand. In contrast, the concentrations of As and Hg in surface water exceeded the permissible limits. For the crops, all heavy metal values in eggplant, kale, and rice were at safe levels. However, in basil, both Hg and Cu levels exceeded the permissible limits, and in coriander, Hg content exceeded the permissible limit. Additionally, the potential health risks of heavy metal exposure through consumption of local crops were assessed using target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard indices (HIs). The former values of the crops varied. 100.0% for As, 40% for Cd, 60% for Cu, 20% for Pb, and 30% for Zn of the analyzed samples had THQs above 1. This indicated that consumers were probably exposed to some non-carcinogenic health risk (except for Hg which was 0%). Of greater concern, the HI values of each consumed crop were > 1, indicating obvious risk of adverse health effect. Finally, the heavy metal levels in blood from a sample of local residents (n = 16) were assessed along with blood chemistry tests. The levels of all heavy metals were within the normal ranges. Nevertheless, heavy metal contamination in both the environment and food crops raise concerns of health risks to the residents of this area.


Xs: 4.4154496 Ys: 0.6023763 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: The impact of product image, CSR and green marketing in organic food purchase intention: Mediation roles of corporate reputation abstract: Recent research has focused mainly on the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR). However, few studies have examined the impact of CSR and corporate image on organic food consumption, particularly in developing nations. This study explores the effect of corporate social responsibility on consumers’ intention to purchase organic food in Thailand. This research paper conducts quantitative analysis using a questionnaire that sampled 523 Thai consumers. To examine the effects of the product image and corporate reputation for corporations that implement corporate social responsibility programs on consumer decision-making, a structural equation model is applied. The results supported that product image and corporate image/reputation were the crucial factors influencing Thai consumers’ perspectives and purchase intentions. This research contributes to guiding corporations in applying the findings to build their company image and corporate social responsibility (CSR) toward enterprises. The current study demonstrates how green knowledge and environmental concerns assist firms and contribute to achieving sustainable development goals, focusing on environmental elements. Data collection and generalization to other green consumers are limitations of this study.


Xs: 2.968669 Ys: 0.64364636 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Factors associated with hypertriglyceridemia among the hill tribe people aged 30 years and over, Thailand: a cross-sectional study abstract: Background
Triglycerides are lipids in the human body that are produced from the consumption of daily food and drink. However, elevated serum triglycerides, also known as hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), are key biomarkers indicating an unhealthy status and increased risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and pancreatitis. Different groups of people have different patterns and styles of cooking and different patterns of consumption, such as hill tribe people, who have their own unique culture and cooking practices. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and determine the factors associated with HTG among the hill tribe population in Thailand.

Method
A cross-sectional study was performed. Data and a-5 mL blood sample were collected from participants who were members of one of the six main hill tribes in Thailand: Akah, Lahu, Hmong, Yao, Karen, and Lisu. People who lived in 30 selected hill tribe villages and aged 30 years over were asked to participate the study. Pearson correlation and logistic regression were used to detect the correlations and determine the associations between variables, respectively, at a significant level of α = 0.05.

Results
A total of 2552 participants participated this study; 65.9% were females, 72.35% were aged 40–69 years, 76.7% had no education, 48.7% worked in the agricultural section, and 71.2% had an annual income of less than 50,000 baht/family. Regarding the triglyceride level, 41.7% of participants had elevated levels of serum triglyceride or HTG; 16.4% had a borderline high level, and 25.3% had a high level. After controlling for all potential confounder factors, three variables were found to be associated with elevated serum triglycerides. Those who were members of the Lahu and Hmong tribes were 1.62 times (95%CI = 1.25–2.01) and 1.63 times (95%CI = 1.23–2.16) more likely to have elevated serum triglycerides than those who were members of the Akha tribe, respectively. Those who used a high quantity of cooking oil for daily cooking were 0.73 times less likely to have an abnormal level of triglycerides than those who used a low quantity of cooking oil for daily cooking (95%CI = 0.58–0.91), and those who had a waist circumference indicating obesity were 1.28 times more likely to have an abnormal level of triglycerides than those who had a normal waist circumference (95%CI = 1.08–1.52).

Conclusion
Public health programs that focus on encouraging people to have regular exercise to reduce their body weight, particularly in some tribes, such as Lahu and Hmong, should be implemented.


Xs: 4.9783154 Ys: 2.4672775 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Thai red curry paste lowers glucose, oxidative stress and insulin levels in type II diabetic rats abstract: In order to evaluate whether daily intake of Thai red curry in an amount equivalent to that consumed in a normal Thai meal could decrease blood glucose and oxidative stress of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), six-weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 2 weeks and T2DM was induced with an injection of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg body weight). Rats then were fed a HF diet supplemented with 0.5% freeze dried Thai red curry paste (TRCP). After 3 weeks, beneficial effects were seen in the lowering of blood glucose level, liver enzyme activities and hyperinsulinemia. In addition, TRCP improved moderately antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that TRCP intake may ameliorate insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress in T2DM condition. These benefits might be attributed to the numerous bioactive compounds present in TRCP. Further studies on long term effects and optimal dosage will have to be conducted in the T2DM rat model before recommendations are made regarding the efficacy of TRCP as a dietary supplement for patients with T2DM.


Xs: 6.0083733 Ys: 4.4071374 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Potential health effects of brewers’ spent grain as a functional food ingredient assessed by markers of oxidative stress and inflammation following gastro-intestinal digestion and in a cell model of the small intestine abstract: Brewer's spent grains (BSG) are a by-product of the beer-brewing industry, often employed as animal feeding stuffs. With BSG being rich not only in proteins, lipids, and dietary fiber but also in certain phytochemicals, it constitutes a potentially valuable food source that could be employed as a functional food, e.g. against chronic inflammatory diseases. Several types of bread were prepared with various amounts of BSG as flour replacement (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%), either employing wet BSG or dried BSG after pressing. Total phenolics, flavonoids, insoluble dietary fiber, as well as antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS) were measured in the bread, before and after simulated gastro-intestinal digestion. Furthermore, we investigated digested BSG and bread-containing BSG for their capability to alter oxidative stress (Nrf2, malondialdehyde) and inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, NO, and PGE2) in a Caco-2 cell culture model of the small intestine. Incorporation of BSG significantly and dose-dependently enhanced the amount of dietary fiber in the product, as well as total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, by over 10-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold and 5-fold, respectively, when replacing all of the flour with BSG. This pattern remained after in vitro digestion. However, digesta failed to show significant antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects on the biomarkers observed in the cell model. Consuming 150 g of such a BSG-bread (wet based) would supply the proposed RDA of 25 g d-1 dietary fiber and could be a healthy product valorizing BSG.


Xs: 3.8238833 Ys: 2.3716621 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Effects of dietary traditional fermented soybean on reproductive hormones, lipids, and glucose among postmenopausal women in northern Thailand abstract: Isoflavone in soybean and its products have numerous beneficial health effects. A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that dietary soy isoflavone can relieve menopausal symptoms, lower risks of breast cancer, and lower cholesterol and glucose. Among the various effects of isoflavone, the role of cholesterol and glucose reduction seems to be well documented; however, other effects such as reproductive hormones were inconclusive and inconsistent. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of six-month dietary traditional fermented soybean intake on BMI, reproductive hormones, lipids, and glucose among postmenopausal women. Subjects were women with their last menstrual period occurring at least 12 months prior to selection by interview and health screening from Baan Tham Village, Phayao Province, Thailand. A total of 60 women were divided into 2 groups: experimental group (n=31) and reference group (n=29). The experimental group was permitted to continue their usual diet, and supplemented with fermented soybean for 6 months. The fermented soybean provided approximately 60 mg of isoflavone per day. The remarkable findings were that dietary fermented soybean had favorable effects on progesterone and cholesterol, but had no effects on estradiol, glucose, and triglycerides. Although estradiol and glucose in the experimental group did not change, a decrease of estradiol and an increase of glucose were found in the reference group. Our results, therefore, suggest that fermented soybean may have beneficial effects on reproductive hormones and cholesterol, and they would be warrant further detail investigations.


Xs: 2.1056626 Ys: 1.7218169 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Glycemic and lipid responses to glucomannan in Thais with type 2 diabetes mellitus abstract: To evaluate the benefits of glucomannan supplement on glycemic and lipid controls in type 2 diabetic patients.
A single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with two treatments separated by a 2-week washout period was performed in 10 men and 10 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two separated protocols of experiments were sequentially followed. Initially, purified glucomannan (1 g) or placebo was ingested 30 min before 75-g glucose load to evaluate their effects on glucose absorption and insulin secretion in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Later, the glycemic and lipid changes after 4-week intervention with 3 g/day glucomannan comparing to the placebo were determined. The standard OGTT was performed before and after ending of each intervention.
Glucomannan taken before performing the OGTT can lower the rise of blood glucose and insulin from 1 to 2 hour in comparison with the placebo, though a statistically significance of insulin was not achieved. Long-term glucomannan supplement significantly reduced the 120-min glucose area under the curve of OGTT. Glucomannan also decreased the rise of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Reductions of HOMA-insulin resistance index and body mass index were detected in glucomannan-treated group though the former was shown only in females. No within- and between-group differences of insulin, fructosamine, and other lipids were observed in glucomannan- nor placebo- treated groups.
In type 2 diabetes, pre-prandial glucomannan ingestion attenuated a rise of blood glucose without significantly affecting insulin levels. Long-term supplement of glucomannan to the regular diabetic regimen lessened post challenge glucose AUC and impeded the rise of LDL-C. Supplement of glucomannan may be beneficial to the glycemic and lipid controls in type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Xs: 3.023863 Ys: 0.8809722 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Factors associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among hill tribe people aged 30 years and over in Thailand: a cross-sectional study abstract: Background
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most important types of cholesterol and has an impact on health. Certain lifestyle and dietary habits in different populations may leads to increased levels of LDL-C, particularly among those with poor education and economic statuses, such as hill tribe people in Thailand. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and determine the factors associated with high LDL-C levels among hill tribe people in northern Thailand.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed to gather information from six main hill tribe populations: Akha, Lahu, Hmong, Yao, Karen, and Lisu. Individuals who were aged over 30 years and living in 30 selected hill tribe villages were invited to participate in the study. A validated questionnaire and 5-mL blood specimens were used to obtain data. Correlation analyses, chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression were used to detect correlations and associations.

Results
A total of 2552 participants were recruited into the study; 65.9% were females, and 64.1% were aged younger than 60 years old. Approximately 69.6% of participants had abnormal LDL-C levels; 33.6% had above-optimal levels, 24.3% had borderline high levels, 8.0% had high levels, and 3.7% had very high levels. A total of 17.4% of participants had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high LDL-C levels, while 14.9% had high triglyceride and LDL-C levels. After controlling for sex, age, religion, education, annual family income, and marital status in the multivariate model, three variables were found to be associated with high LDL-C levels: occupation, the amount of lard used in daily cooking, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Those who were working as agriculturalists had a 1.34-fold greater chance of having abnormal LDL-C than traders and others (95% CI = 1.09–1.34). Those who used moderate and high quantities of lard in their daily cooking had a 1.45-fold (95% CI = 1.15–1.82) and 1.31-fold (95% CI = 1.04–1.68) greater likelihood of having abnormal LDL-C levels than those who used low quantities, respectively. Those who had abnormal HbA1c levels were less likely to develop abnormal LDL-C levels than those who had normal HbA1c levels (AOR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.51–92).

Conclusions
Effective public health programs that do not conflict with the cultures of hill tribes are urgently needed, particularly programs encouraging the use of small quantities of lard for daily cooking practices.


Xs: 4.4806232 Ys: 0.59859455 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Determinants of sustainable food consumption: A study of Thai consumers' intention to purchase plant-based meat abstract: Conventional meat consumption is increasingly being seen as unsustainable. Environmental factors, the welfare of animals, and consumer health are among the subjects that consumers are becoming more conscious of as they learn about the bad features of conventional meat. However, plant-based meat alternatives are not widely accepted yet. The purpose of this research was to investigate the determinants that influence Thai consumers' willingness to switch to more plant-based meats. Employing a sample of 585 Thai consumers to validate the model via an online self-administered questionnaire. Customers that are concerned about the environment and animal welfare are more likely to adopt positive attitudes. Plant-based meat purchase intentions are positively influenced by attitudes, while perceived monetary constraints dramatically diminish the intention. Subjective norms are important in a collective culture. The cognitive reaction to plant-based meat aims to trigger expected pride and guilt, which determines the best course of action. Furthermore, limited availability and lower sensory appeal compared to conventional meat were the main challenges for Thai consumers. It has been shown that increased consumer knowledge about sustainable food is associated with a more positive attitude and an inclination to consume plant-based meat.


Xs: 4.444608 Ys: 2.5304637 Publish year: 2008 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Anti-lipidemic actions of essential oil extracted from Ocimum sanctum L. leaves in rats fed with high cholesterol diet abstract: Ocimum sanctum L. (OS) leaves have been shown to have a potential for lipid-lowering action. Thepresent study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidaemic ability of the EO extracted from OSleaves in rats fed with a high cholesterol (HC) diet. EO of OS leaves was extracted using thehydrodistillation method and its chemical composition was further determined by GC-MS. The resultsshowed that phenylpropanoid compounds (eugenol and methyl eugenol) were the major components ofthe EO. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, food intake, and heart weight in allgroups of rats. The HC diet apparently raised the serum total cholesterol, LDL-C and atherogenic indexwithout significant effect on serum triglyceride, whereas it decreased the HDL-C level. The EOsignificantly decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride and atherogenic index whereas nosignificant effect on HDL-C was observed. EO depressed a high level of liver total cholesterol andtriglyceride whereas no significant effect on both lipids excreted in faeces was found. It can beconcluded that the EO extracted from OS leaves contributes to a lipid-lowering action in HC rats. Itsanti-hyperlipidaemic action is predominantly due to the suppression of liver lipid synthesis.Phenylpropanoid compounds, the main composition of EO are possibly responsible for the lipidloweringeffect.


Xs: 4.358458 Ys: 0.59847045 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Factors influencing Muslim and non-Muslim consumers’ consumption behavior: A case study on halal food abstract: Anxieties associated with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has kept people from attending different events and procuring food from unsafe sources. Although there is no evidence to support the transmission of COVID-19 by food, it is interesting to explore how people select food items and whether their consumption choices are influenced by ethical standards. Based on empirical evidence, this study provides new insights into the consumer behavior and purchase intention for halal food products in a developing country context. This study adopted Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB) to study the factors influencing the overall consumer buying behavior toward halal food products. The study used a questionnaire survey to collect data from 267 consumers across 10 provinces of southern Thailand. Using descriptive statistics and correlation and regression analyzes, it analyzed the data to determine the influencing factors. The result indicates that, among all the factors, consumers’ habits and knowledge of halal food significantly influence consumer behavior and purchase intention. The findings of this study suggest that an understanding of purchase intention toward halal food can influence consumer behavior in relation to sustainable consumption.


Xs: 2.9153438 Ys: 0.53754276 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__HDL_in_foods source: Thai title: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Perception of Metabolic Syndrome Among Thai Buddhist Monks in a Rural Community, Central Thailand: A Mixed-Methods Study abstract: Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors that can increase the possibility of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. According to monastic rules, Thai Buddhist monks are not allowed to cook meals and do exercise. This unique lifestyle generally encompasses low physical activities and may cause several noncommunicable diseases. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and perception of MetS among Thai Buddhist monks.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study conducted among Thai Buddhist monks living in Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province, Central Thailand. Study participants completed a questionnaire inquiring about personal and health data, and they also underwent physical examination, including anthropometric measurements, before undergoing biochemical blood tests. MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III (NCEP ATP3) criteria. A qualitative study using in-depth interview was conducted to determine the knowledge and perceptions regarding MetS among Thai Buddhist monks.

Results
In total, 96 Thai Buddhist monks were included in this study. The prevalence of MetS was 28.1%. Participants who had a body mass index of \(\ge\)25 kg/m² were determined to have a higher risk of developing MetS (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.6–13.3). The in-depth interview revealed that participants’ perceptions were directly associated with their beliefs, experience, and basic healthcare knowledge. A qualitative study identified two primary factors of MetS among Thai Buddhist monks, viz., unhealthy diet and low physical activity.

Conclusions
MetS prevalence in Thai Buddhist monks was moderate compared with that reported by other studies. Medical providers and Buddhist devotees should cooperate in providing health promotion by donating healthy food, conducting annual health checkups, and arranging alternative exercises in a private area that correspond with the monastic rules. Therefore, early screening, treatment, and patient education are the most important factors to manage MetS in Thai Buddhist monks.