Xs: 2.1986 Ys: 2.8122706 Publish year: 2002 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Physiological Effects of Dietary Complex Carbohydrates and its Metabolites Role in Certain Diseases abstract: Carbohydrate is one of the basic and an important food nutrient consumed worldwide. Like-wise Pakistani foods contain more carbohydrates than any other food nutrient consumed. Sometimes, Pakistani foods are devoid of protein and may contain only carbohydrates and fats as the major nutrients of the diet e.g. eating chapati (wheat bread) with potato curry. Certain non-communicable diseases can be avoided with adoption of proper healthier food habits and eating foods according to the needs of the body. These diseases are obesity, coronary heart disease, colonic cancer and gastrointestinal disorders (diverticular disease, constipation, hiatal hernia and hemorrhoids). Therefore complex carbohydrate should be an important constituent of our daily meal and it can be adopted for the management of certain diseases provided that it is used in proper amounts. Consumption of certain complex carbohydrates is associated with lower body weight, reduced blood cholesterol, reduced blood glucose and an increased crypt cell proliferation. Therefore, it is necessary and utmost important to know the various types of carbohydrates to enable us to decide to include carbohydrates in our daily food according to our health requirements. Not necessarily all the community need to know but at least those who are associated with nutrition and health management must know the beneficial as well as the harmful effects of carbohydrates.


Xs: 3.0036116 Ys: 2.4190097 Publish year: 1999 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on postprandial lipemia and incretin responses in healthy subjects abstract: Elevations of postprandial triacylglycerol-rich plasma lipoproteins and suppressions of HDL-cholesterol concentrations are considered potentially atherogenic. Long-term studies have shown beneficial effects of monounsaturated fatty acids (eg, oleic acid) on fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans. A direct stimulatory effect of oleic acid on the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) was shown in animal studies.
We compared the postprandial responses of glucose, insulin, fatty acids, triacylglycerol, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and GLP-1 to test meals rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Ten young, lean, healthy persons ingested 3 meals: an energy-free soup consumed with 50 g carbohydrate (control meal), the control meal plus 100 g butter, and the control meal plus 80 g olive oil. Triacylglycerol and retinyl palmitate responses were measured in total plasma, in a chylomicron-rich fraction, and in a chylomicron-poor fraction.
No significant differences in glucose, insulin, or fatty acid responses to the 2 fat-rich meals were seen. Plasma triacylglycerol responses were highest after the butter meal, with chylomicron triacylglycerol rising 2.5-5-fold. Retinyl palmitate responses were higher and more prolonged after the butter meal than after the control and olive oil meals, whereas both postprandial HDL-cholesterol concentrations and GLP-1 and GIP responses were higher after the olive oil meal than after the butter meal.
Olive oil induced lower triacylglycerol concentrations and higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations than butter, without eliciting differences in concentrations of glucose, insulin, or fatty acids. Furthermore, olive oil induced higher concentrations of GLP-1 and GIP than did butter, which may point to a relation between fatty acid composition, incretin responses, and triacylglycerol metabolism in the postprandial phase.


Xs: 1.6318133 Ys: 2.1944406 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A Higher-Complex Carbohydrate Diet in Gestational Diabetes Achieves Glucose Targets and Lowers Postprandial Lipids: A Randomized Crossover Study. abstract: OBJECTIVE
The conventional diet approach to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) advocates carbohydrate restriction, resulting in higher fat (HF), also a substrate for fetal fat accretion and associated with maternal insulin resistance. Consequently, there is no consensus about the ideal GDM diet. We hypothesized that, compared with a conventional, lower carbohydrate/HF diet (40% carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein), consumption of a higher-complex carbohydrate (HCC)/lower fat (LF) Choosing Healthy Options in Carbohydrate Energy (CHOICE) diet (60/25/15%) would result in 24-h glucose area under the curve (AUC) profiles within therapeutic targets and lower postprandial lipids.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using a randomized, crossover design, we provided 16 GDM women (BMI 34 ± 1 kg/m(2)) with two 3-day isocaloric diets at 31 ± 0.5 weeks (washout between diets) and performed continuous glucose monitoring. On day 4 of each diet, we determined postprandial (5 h) glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) following a controlled breakfast meal.RESULTSThere were no between-diet differences for fasting or mean nocturnal glucose, but 24-h AUC was slightly higher (∼6%) on the HCC/LF CHOICE diet (P = 0.02). The continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) revealed modestly higher 1- and 2-h postprandial glucose on CHOICE (1 h, 115 ± 2 vs. 107 ± 3 mg/dL, P ≤ 0.01; 2 h, 106 ± 3 vs. 97 ± 3 mg/dL, P = 0.001) but well below current targets. After breakfast, 5-h glucose and insulin AUCs were slightly higher (P < 0.05), TG AUC was no different, but the FFA AUC was significantly lower (∼19%; P ≤ 0.01) on the CHOICE diet.CONCLUSION
This highly controlled study randomizing isocaloric diets and using a CGMS is the first to show that liberalizing complex carbohydrates and reducing fat still achieved glycemia below current treatment targets and lower postprandial FFAs. This diet strategy may have important implications for preventing macrosomia.


Xs: 2.1237268 Ys: 2.8986082 Publish year: 2017 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Difference Between Simple and Complex Carbohydrates abstract: Simple and complex carbohydrates are the two forms of carbohydrates which are consumed by animals. Carbohydrates are also called starch or sugars. Carbohydrate is a biological molecule composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, with a hydrogen to oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. The main difference between simple and complex carbohydrates is that simple carbohydrates are quickly digested and absorbed by the body whereas complex carbohydrates take time to be digested. An adult man should consume less than 70 g of sugars per day and an adult woman should consume less than 50 g of sugars per day.


Xs: 2.4446638 Ys: 2.3764462 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Simple Versus Complex Carbohydrates And Health: A Frequently Neglected Problem abstract: Aims
The notion that dietary fat is made by different components (at least SAFA, MUFA and PUFA) with different and sometimes contrasting effects in their association with health and disease and coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in general, is recognized by several decades. A similar idea is not so clear for the role of carbohydrates and their components considering that even some major recent studies on the issue did not segregate simple from complex carbohydrates. We aimed at stressing this need.

Data Synthesis
A small number of selected studies are presented and commented where segregation of simple from complex carbohydrates was either performed or disregarded in order to address the inconsistency of not disentangling them.

Conclusions
If only total fats were considered in investigations where fat was studied, the present notion and attitude towards the different role of the various classes of fats, at least SAFA versus unsaturated (MUFA and PUFA) would be missing. To disentangle simple from complex carbohydrates is therefore badly needed and should be systematically applied when addressing CHD or CVD mortality risks and their preventive measures.


Xs: 2.5234454 Ys: 4.041466 Publish year: 2012 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut abstract: Bacteria that colonize the mammalian intestine collectively possess a far larger repertoire of degradative enzymes and metabolic capabilities than their hosts. Microbial fermentation of complex non-digestible dietary carbohydrates and host-derived glycans in the human intestine has important consequences for health. Certain dominant species, notably among the Bacteroidetes, are known to possess very large numbers of genes that encode carbohydrate active enzymes and can switch readily between different energy sources in the gut depending on availability. Nevertheless, more nutritionally specialized bacteria appear to play critical roles in the community by initiating the degradation of complex substrates such as plant cell walls, starch particles and mucin. Examples are emerging from the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobium phyla, but more information is needed on these little studied groups. The impact of dietary carbohydrates, including prebiotics, on human health requires understanding of the complex relationship between diet composition, the gut microbiota and metabolic outputs.


Xs: 1.9464545 Ys: 2.4819098 Publish year: 2001 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Role of Carbohydrates in Insulin Resistance1 abstract: Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder that is increasing worldwide and is associated with some of the most common diseases affecting modern societies including diabetes, hypertension, obesity and coronary heart disease. Although pharmacologic approaches to managing insulin resistance are being advocated by some, public health approaches involving changes in diet and physical activity are attractive because of their lower cost and risk. We briefly summarize some new information on the mechanisms that mediate insulin's many biological actions and examine the effects of dietary carbohydrates on insulin sensitivity. Specifically, we summarize some of the information available on the effects of simple sugars, complex carbohydrates including fiber, slowly digested starch and the general concept of glycemic index. The available data support the idea that consumption of diets high in total carbohydrate does not adversely affect insulin sensitivity compared with high fat diets. Animal data suggest that simple sugars, in particular fructose, have adverse effects on insulin action, but adverse effects have not been shown conclusively in humans. Increased intake of dietary fiber appears to improve insulin action and may protect against the development of diabetes. The effects of diets with high or low glycemic index on insulin action are controversial at this time. For firm conclusions to be reached, future studies must be of reasonable duration, be in defined populations and compare the effects of relevant doses of nutrients on specific endpoints of insulin action.


Xs: 2.4365962 Ys: 1.5396533 Publish year: 2017 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Simple vs. Complex Carbohydrate Dietary Patterns and the Global Overweight and Obesity Pandemic abstract: Nowadays, obesity and being overweight are among the major global health concerns. Many, diet-related diseases impose high tangible and intangible costs, and threaten the sustainability of health-care systems worldwide. In this study, we model, at the macroeconomic level, the impact of energy intake from different types of carbohydrates on the population’s BMI (body mass index). We proceed in three steps. First, we develop a framework to analyse both the consumption choices between simple and complex carbohydrates and the effects of these choices on people health conditions. Second, we collect figures for 185 countries (over the period 2012–2014) regarding the shares of simple (sugar and sweetener) and complex (cereal) carbohydrates in each country’s total dietary energy supply. Third, we use regression techniques to: (1) estimate the impact of these shares on the country’s prevalence of obesity and being overweight; (2) compute for each country an indicator of dietary pattern based on the ratio between simple and complex carbohydrates, weighted by their estimated effects on the prevalence of obesity and being overweight; and (3) measure the elasticity of the prevalence of obesity and being overweight with respect to changes in both carbohydrate dietary pattern and income per capita. We find that unhealthy eating habits and the associated prevalence of excessive body fat accumulation tend to behave as a ‘normal good’ in low, medium- and high-HDI (Human Development Index) countries, but as an ‘inferior good’ in very high-HDI countries.


Xs: 1.9895451 Ys: 2.1310153 Publish year: 2004 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Comparison of a Low-Fat Diet to a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Risk Factors for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Free-Living, Overweight Men and Women abstract: Overweight and obese men and women (24-61 yr of age) were recruited into a randomized trial to compare the effects of a low-fat (LF) vs. a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on weight loss. Thirty-one subjects completed all 10 wk of the diet intervention (retention, 78%). Subjects on the LF diet consumed an average of 17.8% of energy from fat, compared with their habitual intake of 36.4%, and had a resulting energy restriction of 2540 kJ/d. Subjects on the LC diet consumed an average of 15.4% carbohydrate, compared with habitual intakes of about 50% carbohydrate, and had a resulting energy restriction of 3195 kJ/d. Both groups of subjects had significant weight loss over the 10 wk of diet intervention and nearly identical improvements in body weight and fat mass. LF subjects lost an average of 6.8 kg and had a decrease in body mass index of 2.2 kg/m2, compared with a loss of 7.0 kg and decrease in body mass index of 2.1 kg/m2 in the LC subjects. The LF group better preserved lean body mass when compared with the LC group; however, only the LC group had a significant decrease in circulating insulin concentrations. Group results indicated that the diets were equally effective in reducing systolic blood pressure by about 10 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 5 mm Hg and decreasing plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 bioactivity. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were increased in the LC only, at the 2- and 4-wk time points. These data suggest that energy restriction achieved by a very LC diet is equally effective as a LF diet strategy for weight loss and decreasing body fat in overweight and obese adults.


Xs: 2.1946259 Ys: 3.0609884 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Complex Carbohydrates abstract: ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.


Xs: 1.9578632 Ys: 2.3577383 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATE IN DIABETIC NUTRITION: A REVIEW abstract: This review looks at the definition of carbohydrate and its classification; the type and effect of food processing that affect blood glucose and insulin response to carbohydrate. The glycaemic index of carbohydrate food and its role in nutritional management of diabetes was emphasized. The goals of MNT in diabetes management were briefly mentioned. 2


Xs: 2.3975823 Ys: 1.854364 Publish year: 2022 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary Patterns vs. Dietary Recommendations abstract: Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) are important for developing labeling laws, identifying populations at risk of over- or under-consumption, and promoting public health interventions. However, the process of developing DRVs is quite complex, and they should not be viewed as recommendations ready to use or goals for individuals. Rather, they require interpretation by professionals and can form the basis of dietary advice. On the other hand, focusing on foods rather than macronutrients can assist individuals in understanding a healthy diet by taking into consideration many variables that may help compliance with a healthy dietary style. Evolution, tradition within specific geographical and historical contexts, taste, economic affordability, season-associated local dietary resources, and lifestyle may all explain the increasing popularity of dietary patterns that are highly successful today. Three models (the Mediterranean, New Nordic, and Japanese) have been recently characterized for geographical setting and food composition, as well as the associated lifestyle. Of note, all these three models rely on pyramids sharing a large basis made up of local vegetal resources and a top of red meats (allowed in many cases, but in limited amounts), thus allowing for the urgent demand of sustainability for the planet's health. This mini-review aimed to summarize the meaning of DRVs and to describe the dietary patterns that better contemplate health, diet diversity, and sustainability.


Xs: 2.089894 Ys: 2.6483872 Publish year: 2012 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The role and requirements of digestible dietary carbohydrates in infants and toddlers abstract: Digestible carbohydrates are one of the main sources of dietary energy in infancy and childhood and are essential for growth and development. The aim of this narrative review is to outline the intakes of digestible carbohydrates and their role in health and disease, including the development of food preferences, as well the consequences of excess carbohydrate. Key experts in these fields provided up-to-date reviews of the literature. A search of available information on dietary intakes of children below the age of 4 years was conducted from 1985 up to 2010. Articles and reports including information about sugars and/or starch intakes were selected. A number of factors limit the ability to obtain an overall picture of carbohydrate intakes and food sources in this age group. These include small numbers of intake studies, differing approaches to analysing carbohydrate, a variety of terms used to describe sugars intakes and a dearth of information about starch intakes. Data suggest that sweet taste is preferred in infancy and later food choices. There are few established adverse consequences of high intakes of digestible carbohydrate for young children. The greatest evidence is for dental caries, although this is influenced by high intake frequency and poor oral hygiene. Evidence for detrimental effects on nutrient dilution, obesity, diabetes or cognition is limited. In infants, minimum carbohydrate (mainly lactose) intake should be 40% of total energy, gradually increasing to 55% energy by the age of 2 years.


Xs: 2.7863457 Ys: 2.4129655 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A Low-Fat, High-Complex Carbohydrate Diet Supplemented with Long-Chain (n-3) Fatty Acids Alters the Postprandial Lipoprotein Profile in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome abstract: Dietary fat intake plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study addressed the hypothesis that dietary fat quantity and quality may differentially modulate postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in MetS patients. A multi-center, parallel, randomized, controlled trial conducted within the LIPGENE study randomly assigned MetS patients to 1 of 4 diets: high-SFA [HSFA; 38% energy (E) from fat, 16% E as SFA], high-monounsaturated fatty acid [HMUFA; 38% E from fat, 20% E as MUFA], and 2 low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate [LFHCC; 28% E from fat] diets supplemented with 1.24 g/d of long-chain (LC) (n-3) PUFA (ratio 1.4 eicosapentaenoic acid:1 docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo (1.24 g/d of high-oleic sunflower-seed oil) for 12 wk each. A fat challenge with the same fat composition as the diets was conducted pre- and postintervention. Postprandial total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo B-48, apo A-I, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol, TG, retinyl palmitate, and apo B in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL; large and small) were determined pre- and postintervention. Postintervention, postprandial TG (P < 0.001) and large TRL-TG (P = 0.009) clearance began earlier and was faster in the HMUFA group compared with the HSFA and LFHCC groups. The LFHCC (n-3) group had a lower postprandial TG concentration (P < 0.001) than the other diet groups. Consuming the LFHCC diet increased the TG (P = 0.04), large TRL-TG (P = 0.01), TRL-cholesterol (P < 0.001), TRL-retinyl palmitate (P = 0.001), and TRL-apo B (P = 0.002) area under the curve compared with preintervention values. In contrast, long-term ingestion of the LFHCC (n-3) diet did not augment postprandial TG and TRL metabolism. In conclusion, postprandial abnormalities associated with MetS can be attenuated with LFHCC (n-3) and HMUFA diets. The adverse postprandial TG-raising effects of long-term LFHCC diets may be avoided by concomitant LC (n-3) PUFA supplementation to weight-stable MetS patients.


Xs: 2.4055102 Ys: 3.8586125 Publish year: 2024 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A step closer to understanding how a diet high in simple carbohydrates may cause dysbiosis abstract: The gut microbiota is an integral part of the human metaorganism that is required to shape physiologic host immune responses including host defense against pathogens. Disease-associated gut dysbiosis has been characterized by blooms of pathobionts, which are bacterial species that can drive disease under certain conditions. Pathobionts like Enterobacteriaceae often bloom during flares of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are causally linked with IBD in murine models. In this issue of the JCI, Hecht and colleagues investigated how simple carbohydrates are causally linked to the bloom of the gut pathobiont Klebsiella pneumoniae, which belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Notably, the presence of fiber reduced the dissemination of K. pneumoniae into the blood and liver in a colitis model. Their findings provide a diet-related mechanism for gut dysbiosis, which has implications in the management of IBD and other conditions in which gut dysbiosis is an underlying factor.


Xs: 2.3288126 Ys: 2.2052221 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Are refined carbohydrates worse than saturated fat? abstract: GI values of individual foods largely depend on rate of digestion and speed of carbohydrate absorption, making their physical form an important factor. Typically, foods with more compact granules (low-starch gelatinization) and high amounts of viscose soluble fiber (eg, barley, oats, and rye) are digested at a slower rate and have lower GI values than do highly processed refined carbohydrates (eg, white bread). These refined carbohydrates are more rapidly attacked by digestive enzymes due to grinding or milling that reduces particle size and removes most of the bran and the germ. Numerous epidemiologic studies have found that higher intake of refined carbohydrates (reflected by increased dietary GL) is associated with greater risk of type 2 diabetes and IHD, whereas higher consumption of whole grains protects against these conditions (1). In this issue of the Journal, Jakobsen et al (6) compared the association between saturated fats and carbohydrates with IHD risk among 53,644 men and women in a Danish cohort of the Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. During 12 y of follow-up, 1943 incident cases of myocardial infarction (MI) were diagnosed. Multivariate analyses showed that saturated fat intake was not associated with risk of MI compared with carbohydrate con- sumption—a finding consistent with the results from a recent pooled analysis and a meta-analysis (2, 3). However, replace- ment of saturated fat with high-GI-value carbohydrates signifi- cantly increased the risk of MI (relative risk per 5% increment of energy from carbohydrates: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.64), whereas replacement with low-GI-value carbohydrates showed a nonsig- nificant inverse association with IHD risk (relative risk per 5% increment of energy from carbohydrates: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.72- 1.07). This study is notable for its large size, long duration of follow- up, and detailed assessment of dietary and lifestyle factors. It is thefirst epidemiologic study to specifically examine the effects of replacing saturated fats with either high- or low-quality carbohy- drates, and it provides direct evidence that substituting high-GI- value carbohydrates for saturated fat actually increases IHD risk.


Xs: 2.2397256 Ys: 3.1791167 Publish year: 2024 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrate Structure and Role abstract: Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules that play a variety of structural and functional roles in living organisms. As one of the three major macronutrients, along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are a vital energy source and metabolic fuel. However, carbohydrates contribute much more than just calories. This review provides an in-depth examination of carbohydrate chemistry, structure, function, and metabolism. Focus is given to how the specific molecular structures of different carbohydrate classes including monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides determine their physiological activities. Key topics covered include carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis, energy storage, and cell signaling roles. Special attention is paid to glucose metabolism and homeostasis due to the critical importance of blood sugar regulation. Potential links between carbohydrate structures and the development of metabolic disorders are also discussed. Tables and figures are provided to illustrate key concepts and summarize important information. Current areas of research and future directions are highlighted to demonstrate how continued elucidation of carbohydrate structural chemistry may lead to improved understanding of carbohydrate biology and better therapeutic interventions for carbohydrate-related diseases. This broad review provides a structural perspective to improve comprehension of the diverse functional roles of carbohydrates in biological systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH & REVIEWS j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. i j m r r. o n li n e / in d e x. p h p / h o m e Shailja and Parul Singh (2024). Carbohydrate Structure and Role.


Xs: 1.7678169 Ys: 2.3880131 Publish year: 1985 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary carbohydrates and endurance exercise abstract: Antecedent diet can greatly influence both substrate utilization during exercise and exercise performance itself. A number of studies have convincingly demonstrated that short-term (three to seven days) adaptation to a low carbohydrate diet results in greatly reduced liver and muscle glycogen stores. While carbohydrate utilization after such a diet is reduced, the limited glycogen stores can severely limit endurance exercise performance. High carbohydrate diets on the other hand expand carbohydrate stores which can limit performance. However, long-term adaptation to a low carbohydrate diet can greatly alter muscle and whole body energy metabolism to drastically limit the oxidation of limited carbohydrate stores with no adverse effect on performance. Glycogen loading techniques can result in supercompensation of muscle stores. Exercise induced depletion of muscle glycogen is the most important single factor in this phenomenon. Following the exercise a low carbohydrate diet for two to three days after which a high carbohydrate diet is eaten seemingly has the same effect on increasing muscle glycogen stores as simply eating a high carbohydrate diet. The form of the dietary carbohydrate during glycogen loading should be high in complex carbohydrates; however, the type of dietary starch that effects the greatest rate of resynthesis has not been investigated. Rapid resynthesis of glycogen following exercise is at least in part due to increased insulin sensitivity. The enhanced glucose transport caused by the increased sensitivity provides substrate for glycogen synthase. How rapidly this enhanced sensitivity returns to pre-exercise levels in humans is uncertain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Xs: 2.2869525 Ys: 2.3178594 Publish year: 2005 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber abstract: The most widely spread eating habit is characterized by a reduced intake of dietary fiber, an increased intake of simple sugars,
a high intake of refined grain products, an altered fat composition of the diet, and a dietary pattern characterized by a
high glycemic load, an increased body weight and reduced physical activity. In this chapter the effects of this eating pattern
on disease risk will be outlined. There are no epidemiological studies showing that the increase of glucose, fructose or sucrose
intake is directly and independently associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease (CHD).
On the other hand a large number of studies has reported a reduction of fatal and non-fatal CHD events as a function of the
intake of complex carbohydrates—respectively ‘dietary fiber’ or selected fiber-rich food (e.g., whole grain cereals). It seems
that eating too much ‘fast’ carbohydrate [i.e., carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (GI)] may have deleterious long-term
consequences. Indeed the last decades have shown that a low fat (and consecutively high carbohydrate) diet alone is not the
best strategy to combat modern diseases including atherosclerosis. Quantity and quality issues in carbohydrate nutrient content
are as important as they are for fat. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that for cardiovascular disease prevention a high
sugar intake should be avoided. There is growing evidence of the high impact of dietary fiber and foods with a low GI on single
risk factors (e.g., lipid pattern, diabetes, inflammation, endothelial function etc.) as well as also the development of the
endpoints of atherosclerosis especially CHD.


Xs: 2.2962172 Ys: 3.5687811 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Complex carbohydrates: Their effect in human health abstract: Whole grain consumption is associated with diminished risk of serious, diet-related diseases, which are major problems in wealthy industrialised economies and are emerging in developing countries demographic and nutrition transition. These conditions include coronary heart disease, certain cancers (especially of the large bowel), inflammatory bowel disease and disordered laxation. Carbohydrates are important contributors to the health benefits of whole grains. Insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are effective laxatives. Soluble NSP lower plasma cholesterol and so can reduce heart disease risk but the effect is inconsistent. Processing seems to be an important contributor to this variability and other grain components may be involved. However, starch not digested in the small intestine (resistant starch, RS) appears to be as important as NSP to large bowel function. Native Africans at low risk of diet-related disease through consumption of unrefined cereals may actually have relatively low fibre intakes. While NSP are effective faecal bulking agents, they are fermented to a very variable extent by the large bowel microflora. In contrast, RS seems to act largely through the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by these bacteria. One SCFA (butyrate) appears to be particularly effective in promoting large bowel function and RS fermentation appears to favour butyrate production. Animal studies show that dietary RS lowers dietinduced colonocyte genetic damage and chemically-induced large bowel cancer which correlates with increased butyrate. These effects in long term could contribute to a lower risk of cancer and ulcerative colitis. Cereal grain oligosaccharide (OS) may also function as prebiotics and increase the levels of beneficial bacteria in the large bowel.


Xs: 2.381161 Ys: 3.5052693 Publish year: 2022 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease abstract: Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet, since they provide the body with glucose to support bodily functions and physical activity. However, the abusive consumption of refined, simple, and low-quality carbohydrates has a direct implication on the physical and mental pathophysiology. Then, carbohydrate consumption is postulated as a crucial factor in the development of the main Western diseases of the 21st century. We conducted this narrative critical review using MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl databases with the MeSH-compliant keywords: carbohydrates and evolution, development, phylogenetic, GUT, microbiota, stress, metabolic health, consumption behaviors, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, mental disease, anxiety, depression, cancer, chronic kidney failure, allergies, and asthma in order to analyze the impact of carbohydrates on health. Evidence suggests that carbohydrates, especially fiber, are beneficial for the well-being and growth of gut microorganisms and consequently for the host in this symbiotic relationship, producing microbial alterations a negative effect on mental health and different organic systems. In addition, evidence suggests a negative impact of simple carbohydrates and refined carbohydrates on mood categories, including alertness and tiredness, reinforcing a vicious circle. Regarding physical health, sugar intake can affect the development and prognosis of metabolic disease, as an uncontrolled intake of refined carbohydrates puts individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequently developing metabolic disease.


Xs: 2.271679 Ys: 3.1447804 Publish year: 2007 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrates and dietary fibre abstract: Summary The health benefits of including sufficient dietary fibre in the diet have been well described and have formed the basis of dietary recommendations around the world. However, dietary fibre is a complex dietary entity, consisting of many non-digestible components of food. Debate surrounding the definition and measurement of dietary fibre has resulted in inconsistencies in labelling, description and recommendations set across the world. In the UK, dietary recommendations are made using the fraction of non-digestible material described as non-starch polysaccharide that is measured by the Englyst method. However, the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods, used widely by the food industry, capture a much greater range of non-digestible material, that some suggest should be included in any definition of dietary fibre. An attempt to resolve such discrepancies, possibly by taking an approach that considers the health effects of fractions not captured in the Englyst method, is probably overdue.
Additionally, it is clear that the effects of these various non-digestible components of dietary fibre are not interchangeable, and it is important that fibre comes from a range of sources to ensure maximum health benefits from the fibre in the diet. Traditional ‘insoluble’ fibres are required to add bulk as well as rapidly fermentable, viscous fibres to bring about cholesterol lowering. There is also a convincing argument for including slowly fermented components, such as resistant starches, that are well tolerated in the digestive system and can bring about improvements in gut function. Currently there is insufficient data from well designed human intervention trials to make specific recommendations on the amounts of these fibre components in the diet, but it may be useful for health professionals to talk in terms of the different food sources of these types of fibre, as well as total fibre amounts.


Xs: 2.3078134 Ys: 3.3867652 Publish year: 2004 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary carbohydrates and health: Do we still need the fibre concept? abstract: Dietary fibre, principally the non-starch polysaccharides of the plant cell wall, is an important component of our diet. After more than 30 years of research into the many and varied claims for its benefits, it is now clear that fibre has uniquely significant physical effects in the gut and in addition through fermentation is a major determinant of large bowel function and bowel habit. Its physical properties in the small bowel effect lipid absorption and the glycaemic response. Fibre has some modest effects on appetite. These benefits feed through into a protective role in large bowel cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease.


Xs: 2.1683185 Ys: 2.1060352 Publish year: 2008 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: One-Year Comparison of a High–Monounsaturated Fat Diet With a High-Carbohydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and high-carbohydrate (CHO) diets on body weight and glycemic control in men and women with type 2 diabetes.
Overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 124, age = 56.5 +/- 0.8 years, BMI = 35.9 +/- 0.3 kg/m2, and A1C = 7.3 +/- 0.1%) were randomly assigned to 1 year of a high-MUFA or high-CHO diet. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 months of dieting.
Baseline characteristics were similar between the treatment groups. The overall retention rate for 1 year was 77% (69% for the high-MUFA group and 84% for the high-CHO group; P = 0.06). Based on food records, both groups had similar energy intake but a significant difference in MUFA intake. Both groups had similar weight loss over 1 year (-4.0 +/- 0.8 vs. -3.8 +/- 0.6 kg) and comparable improvement in body fat, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, A1C, and fasting glucose and insulin. There were no differences in these parameters between the groups. A follow-up assessment of a subset of participants (n = 36) was conducted 18 months after completion of the 52-week diet. These participants maintained their weight loss and A1C during the follow-up period.
In individuals with type 2 diabetes, high-MUFA diets are an alternative to conventional lower-fat, high-CHO diets with comparable beneficial effects on body weight, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, and glycemic control.


Xs: 2.2475913 Ys: 3.4406555 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: REVIEW: Molecular Diversity in Pulse Seed Starch and Complex Carbohydrates and Its Role in Human Nutrition and Health abstract: Seven major pulse crops account for approximate to 90% of global pulse production. Pulses are an important component of human nutrition as sources of proteins, carbohydrates, and minor nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. The major pulse seed storage polysaccharide is starch, which is made up of highly branched amylopectin and sparsely branched amylose. Pulse starches generally contain a higher concentration of amylose as compared to cereal and tuber starches. The nonstarch complex carbohydrates are major components of dietary fiber including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectic polysaccharides with considerable structural diversity. Diets rich in pulses are associated with health benefits such as reduced calorific content, reduced or no effect on blood glucose levels (low glycemic index), and improved heart health. These health benefits have been attributed to the high amylose concentration (>30%) that gives rise to resistant starch that, along with dietary fiber, remains undigested in the small intestine but is fermented by the microbiota in the colon. Colonic fermentation increases the growth of beneficial bacteria and production of short chain fatty acids which have been associated with reduced risk of colon cancer. Clinical trials with human subjects to confirm the beneficial effects of diets rich in pulses are inconclusive. Advances in genetic strategies to develop pulse seeds with desired carbohydrate concentration and composition, carbohydrate structure characterization, combined with utilization of in vitro and in animal models may be helpful to identify carbohydrate structure function relationship responsible for beneficial effects on human health associated with pulse consumption.


Xs: 2.4909525 Ys: 3.8758492 Publish year: 2017 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Role of Supplemental Complex Dietary Carbohydrates and Gut Microbiota in Promoting Cardiometabolic and Immunological Health in Obesity: Lessons from Healthy Non-Obese Individuals abstract: Dietary supplementation with complex carbohydrates is known to alter the composition of gut microbiota, and optimal implementation of the use of these so called “prebiotics” could be of great potential in prevention and possibly treatment of obesity and associated cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases via changes in the gut microbiota. An alternative to this “microbiocentric view” is the idea that health-promoting effects of certain complex carbohydrates reside in the host, and could secondarily affect the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota. To circumvent this potential interpretational problem, we aimed at providing an overview about whether and how dietary supplementation of different complex carbohydrates changes the gut microbiome in healthy non-obese individuals. We then reviewed whether the reported changes in gut bacterial members found to be established by complex carbohydrates would benefit or harm the cardiometabolic and immunological health of the host taking into account the alterations in the microbiome composition and abundance known to be associated with obesity and its associated disorders. By combining these research areas, we aimed to give a better insight into the potential of (foods containing) complex carbohydrates in the treatment and prevention of above-mentioned diseases. We conclude that supplemental complex carbohydrates that increase Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, without increasing the deleterious Bacteroides, are most likely promoting cardiometabolic and immunological health in obese subjects. Because certain complex carbohydrates also affect the host’s immunity directly, it is likely that host–microbiome interactions in determination of health and disease characteristics are indeed bidirectional. Overall, this review article shows that whereas it is relatively clear in which direction supplemental fermentable carbohydrates can alter the gut microbiome, the relevance of these changes regarding health remains controversial. Future research should take into account the different causes of obesity and its adverse health conditions, which in turn have drastic effects on the microbiome balance.


Xs: 2.2797549 Ys: 2.808296 Publish year: 2008 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effects of Diets Containing Different Types of Carbohydrates on Hepatic Metabolism abstract: Summary The study of diets rich in different quantities of simple and complex carbohydrates is essential as an aid in the prevention of several types of organic damage. Objectives: To assess the effects of hyperglycidic, iso- caloric diets with variations in carbohydrate type (simple or complex) on the metabolism of rats. Methodol- ogy: Forty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (57.96% starch and 12.04% saccharose - CG), carbohydrate mixture group (35% saccharose, 35% starch - MG), simple-carbohydrate-group (70% saccharose - SG), and complex-carbohydrate-group (70% starch - CCG). The animals were allowed to ha- bituate to the diets and then received them for 28 days, with free access to water. Results: Ration weight and consumption did not differ between groups. The amount of hepatic fat was found to be greater in SG com- pared to CG. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) determination revealed that SG presented the lowest value, although this result was accompanied by the lowest vitamin E value, demonstrating that the consumption of this antioxidant was higher in SG. Reduced glutathione values did not differ between groups, raising the hypothesis that in this case vitamin E was the first antioxidant barrier to be utilized. Blood glucose levels differed between CG, MG and SG in relation to CCG only on day 14; however, the oral glucose tolerance test performed at the end of the experiment did not demonstrate a difference between groups. Serum fruc- tosamine differed significantly between MG and CG and CCG and also between SG and CG and CCG, with the values for MG and SG being higher than those for the other groups. Conclusion: The consumption of simple carbohydrates led to hepatic steatosis and altered the antioxidant system even within a short period of time, in addition to modifying the fructosamine values, revealing an increase in glycated serum proteins that may cause damage over a longer period of time.


Xs: 2.1408224 Ys: 2.6862829 Publish year: 2016 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effect of High-Carbohydrate Diet on Plasma Metabolome in Mice with Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex III Deficiency abstract: Mitochondrial disorders cause energy failure and metabolic derangements. Metabolome profiling in patients and animal models may identify affected metabolic pathways and reveal new biomarkers of disease progression. Using liver metabolomics we have shown a starvation-like condition in a knock-in (Bcs1lc.232A>G) mouse model of GRACILE syndrome, a neonatal lethal respiratory chain complex III dysfunction with hepatopathy. Here, we hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD, 60% dextrose) will alleviate the hypoglycemia and promote survival of the sick mice. However, when fed HCD the homozygotes had shorter survival (mean ± SD, 29 ± 2.5 days, n = 21) than those on standard diet (33 ± 3.8 days, n = 30), and no improvement in hypoglycemia or liver glycogen depletion. We investigated the plasma metabolome of the HCD- and control diet-fed mice and found that several amino acids and urea cycle intermediates were increased, and arginine, carnitines, succinate, and purine catabolites decreased in the homozygotes. Despite reduced survival the increase in aromatic amino acids, an indicator of liver mitochondrial dysfunction, was normalized on HCD. Quantitative enrichment analysis revealed that glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, and urea cycle were also partly normalized on HCD. This dietary intervention revealed an unexpected adverse effect of high-glucose diet in complex III deficiency, and suggests that plasma metabolomics is a valuable tool in evaluation of therapies in mitochondrial disorders.


Xs: 1.9582368 Ys: 2.4323163 Publish year: 1980 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose and insulin responses to test meals in normal subjects abstract: Plasma glucose and insulin responses were measured in 22 subjects after two meal tolerance tests that varied only in the food source of carbohydrate. Each meal contained 45% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 40% fat and provided 40% of calculated daily caloric requirement. The meals elicited a similar glucose response; however, the insulin response was significantly lower when rice and corn supplied the carbohydrate as compared to potato and gelatin. The total insulin response, calculated as area under the response curve, was 60% (P less than 0.001) greater in the meal with potato and gelatin versus the rice and corn meal.


Xs: 2.1369655 Ys: 2.2405865 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Glycemic index of selected carbohydrate-based foods consumed in Qatar abstract: This study determined the glycemic index (GI) of selected carbohydrate-rich foods consumed in Qatar. Recruited volunteers (n = 19) consumed two reference foods, glucose and white bread, and 10 test foods. The foods tested for their GI were Fatayer (cheese, Zaatar, spinach), Tanour white bread, white basmati rice, Shearia, Muhalabea, Sago Awama and Qurs Aquili. Results of the study indicated that all of the foods tested had high GIs (> 70). Shearia had the highest GI (84.0 +/- 1.85) using the glucose scale, and Fatayer Spinach had the lowest GI (77.6 +/- 2.00). There was no significant correlation between the GI of all test foods, using glucose or white bread as standard foods, and the age or the body mass index of the volunteers (P > 0.05). The study provides data on the GIs of carbohydrate-based foods consumed in Qatar and other Arabian Gulf countries that have not been reported before.


Xs: 2.4993162 Ys: 2.0072968 Publish year: 2004 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The National Cholesterol Education Program Diet vs a Diet Lower in Carbohydrates and Higher in Protein and Monounsaturated Fat abstract: In the United States, obesity is a major clinical and public health problem causing diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, as well as increasing cardiovascular and total mortality. Dietary restrictions of calories and saturated fat are beneficial. However, it remains unclear whether replacement of saturated fat with carbohydrates (as in the US National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] diet) or protein and monounsaturated fat (as in our isocaloric modified low-carbohydrate [MLC] diet, which is lower in total carbohydrates but higher in protein, monounsaturated fat, and complex carbohydrates) is optimal.
We randomized 60 participants (29 women and 31 men) to the NCEP or the MLC diet and evaluated them every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. They were aged 28 to 71 years (mean age, 44 years in the NCEP and 46 years in the MLC group). A total of 36% of participants from the NCEP group and 35% from the MLC group had a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) greater than 27. The primary end point was weight loss, and secondary end points were blood lipid levels and waist-to-hip ratio.
Weight loss was significantly greater in the MLC (13.6 lb) than in the NCEP group (7.5 lb), a difference of 6.1 lb (P = .02). There were no significant differences between the groups for total, low density, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or the proportion of small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles. There were significantly favorable changes in all lipid levels within the MLC but not within the NCEP group. Waist-to-hip ratio was not significantly reduced between the groups (P = .27), but it significantly decreased within the MLC group (P = .009).
Compared with the NCEP diet, the MLC diet, which is lower in total carbohydrates but higher in complex carbohydrates, protein, and monounsaturated fat, caused significantly greater weight loss over 12 weeks. There were no significant differences between the groups in blood lipid levels, but favorable changes were observed within the MLC diet group.


Xs: 1.9245428 Ys: 2.4361987 Publish year: 2020 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary Complex and Slow Digestive Carbohydrates Prevent Fat Deposits During Catch-Up Growth in Rats abstract: A nutritional growth retardation study, which closely resembles the nutritional observations in children who consumed insufficient total energy to maintain normal growth, was conducted. In this study, a nutritional stress in weanling rats placed on restricted balanced diet for 4 weeks is produced, followed by a food recovery period of 4 weeks using two enriched diets that differ mainly in the slow (SDC) or fast (RDC) digestibility and complexity of their carbohydrates. After re-feeding with the RDC diet, animals showed the negative effects of an early caloric restriction: an increase in adiposity combined with poorer muscle performance, insulin resistance and, metabolic inflexibility. These effects were avoided by the SDC diet, as was evidenced by a lower adiposity associated with a decrease in fatty acid synthase expression in adipose tissue. The improved muscle performance of the SDC group was based on an increase in myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) and creatine kinase as markers of muscle differentiation as well as better insulin sensitivity, enhanced glucose uptake, and increased metabolic flexibility. In the liver, the SDC diet promoted glycogen storage and decreased fatty acid synthesis. Therefore, the SDC diet prevents the catch-up fat phenotype through synergistic metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. These coordinated adaptations lead to better muscle performance and a decrease in the fat/lean ratio in animals, which could prevent long-term negative metabolic alterations such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver fat deposits later in life.


Xs: 2.2432926 Ys: 3.2321627 Publish year: 2008 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates abstract: Dietary carbohydrate characterization should reflect relevant nutritional and functional attributes, and be measured as chemically identified components. A nutritional classification based on these principles is presented, with a main grouping into 'available carbohydrates', which are digested and absorbed in the small intestine providing carbohydrates for metabolism, and 'resistant carbohydrates', which resist digestion in the small intestine or are poorly absorbed/metabolized. For the available carbohydrates, the chemical division into the starch and total sugars categories does not adequately reflect the physiological or nutritional attributes of foods. Characterizing carbohydrate release from starchy foods provides insight into some of the inherent mechanisms responsible for the varied metabolic effects. Also, a pragmatic approach to product signposting consistent with guidelines to limit free (or added) sugars is proposed. The most prominent of the resistant carbohydrates are the non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from plant cell walls, which are characteristic of the largely unrefined plant foods that provide the evidence base for the definition and measurement of dietary fibre as 'intrinsic plant cell-wall polysaccharides' as proposed in conjunction with this paper and endorsed by the scientific update. Indigestibility in the small intestine was not considered to be an adequate basis for the definition of dietary fibre, as there is insufficient evidence to establish public health policy by this approach and concerns have been raised about potential detrimental effects of high intakes of rapidly fermentable resistant carbohydrates. Functional ingredients such as resistant starch and resistant oligosaccharides should therefore be researched and managed separately from dietary fibre, using specific health or function claims where appropriate. This structured approach to the characterization of nutritionally relevant features of dietary carbohydrates provides the basis for establishing population reference intakes, nutrition claims and food labelling that will assist the consumer with properly informed dietary choices.


Xs: 2.0044527 Ys: 2.811475 Publish year: 1988 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Complex carbohydrates in the dietary management of patients with glycogenosis caused by glucose-6-phosphate deficiency abstract: Carbohydrates with digestion characteristics between those of lente uncooked starches and rapidly digestible oligosaccharides were administered in a dose of 1.5 g/kg body weight to five patients with glycogenosis from glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency. Postprandial duration of normoglycemia and concentrations of blood insulin and lactate were determined. Uncooked barley groats in water, or incorporated in a meal turned out to behave as lente carbohydrates. Uncooked couscous in water, couscous incorporated in a meal, and partially cooked macaroni given as a meal behaved as semilente carbohydrates as compared with uncooked cornstarch and glucose. The in vitro determination of the digestibility index along with the in vivo tolerance test enables us to choose and incorporate semilente carbohydrates in the day-time treatment of patients.


Xs: 2.1833358 Ys: 1.999871 Publish year: 2018 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Are excess carbohydrates the main link to diabetes & its complications in Asians? abstract: Dietary carbohydrates form the major source of energy in Asian diets. The carbohydrate quantity and quality play a vital function in the prevention and management of diabetes. High glycaemic index foods elicit higher glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through beta-cell exhaustion. This article reviews the evidence associating dietary carbohydrates to the prevalence and incidence of T2D and metabolic syndrome (MS) in control of diabetes and their role in the complications of diabetes. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show that higher carbohydrate diets are linked to higher prevalence and incidence of T2D. However, the association seems to be stronger in Asian-Indians consuming diets high in carbohydrates and more marked on a background of obesity. There is also evidence for high carbohydrate diets and risk for MS and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the quality of carbohydrates is also equally important. Complex carbohydrates such as brown rice, whole wheat bread, legumes, pulses and green leafy vegetables are good carbs. Conversely, highly polished rice or refined wheat, sugar, glucose, highly processed foods such as cookies and pastries, fruit juice and sweetened beverages and fried potatoes or French fries are obviously 'bad' carbs. Ultimately, it is all a matter of balance and moderation in diet. For Indians who currently consume about 65-75 per cent of calories from carbohydrates, reducing this to 50-55 per cent and adding enough protein (20-25%) especially from vegetable sources and the rest from fat (20-30%) by including monounsaturated fats (e.g. groundnut or mustard oil, nuts and seeds) along with a plenty of green leafy vegetables, would be the best diet prescription for the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases such as T2D and CVD.


Xs: 2.3949199 Ys: 3.8328795 Publish year: 2016 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function abstract: Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being uniquely suited for infant nutrition. Nonetheless, most neonates in the West are fed alternatives by 6 months of age. Although inferior to human milk in most aspects, infant formulas are able to promote effective growth and development. However, while breast-fed infants feature a microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, the bacterial flora of formula-fed infants is usually heterogeneous with comparatively lower levels of bifidobacteria. Thus, the objective of any infant food manufacturer is to prepare a product that results in a formula-fed infant developing a breast-fed infant-like microbiota. The goal of this focused review is to discuss the structure, synthesis, and function of carbohydrate additives that play a role in governing the composition of the infant microbiome and have other health benefits.


Xs: 3.747022 Ys: -0.9209528 Publish year: 2022 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Change to a healthy diet in people over 70 years old: the PREDIMED experience abstract: Purpose
It is difficult to change dietary habits and maintain them in the long run, particularly in elderly people. We aimed to assess whether adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and cardiovascular risk factor were similar in the middle-aged and oldest participants in the PREDIMED study.

Methods
We analyzed participants belonging to the first and fourth quartiles of age (Q1 and Q4, respectively) to compare between-group differences in adherence to the nutritional intervention and cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) control during a 3-year follow-up. All participants underwent yearly clinical, nutritional, and laboratory assessments during the following.

Results
A total of 2278 patients were included (1091 and 1187 in Q1 and Q4, respectively). At baseline, mean ages were 59.6 ± 2.1 years in Q1 and 74.2 ± 2.6 years in Q4. In Q4, there were more women, greater prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, and lower obesity and smoking rates than the younger cohort ( P ≤ 0.001, all). Adherence to the MedDiet was similar in Q1 and Q4 at baseline (mean 8.7 of 14 points for both) and improved significantly ( P < 0.01) and to a similar extent (mean 10.2 and 10.0 points, respectively) during follow-up. Systolic blood pressure, low density–lipoprotein cholesterol, and body weight were similarly reduced at 3 years in Q1 and Q4 participants.

Conclusion
The youngest and oldest participants showed improved dietary habits and CRFs to a similar extent after 3 years’ intervention. Therefore, it is never too late to improve dietary habits and ameliorate CRF in high-risk individuals, even those of advanced age.

Registration
The trial is registered in the London-based Current Controlled Trials Registry (ISRCTN number 35739639).


Xs: 2.811221 Ys: 2.5010233 Publish year: 1996 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary Carbohydrate Type and Fat Amount Alter VLDL and LDL Metabolism in Guinea Pigs abstract: The effects of low/high fat diets and simple/complex carbohydrate intake on specific aspects of plasma VLDL and LDL metabolism were evaluated. Guinea pigs were fed for 4 wk two different fat/carbohydrate concentrations: 2.5/58 (g/100 g) or 25/29 (g/100 g) with either sucrose or cornstarch as the sole carbohydrate source. Intake of high fat diets resulted in higher plasma cholesterol (P < 0.001), whereas sucrose intake resulted in higher plasma triacyglycerol (TAG) concentrations (P < 0.03). Intake of starch increased apolipoprotein (apo) B secretion rates (P < 0.001), and nascent VLDL were smaller and contained less TAG/apo B than particles from the sucrose-fed group (P < 0.01). Guinea pigs fed the starch diets had higher plasma VLDL apo B flux and faster VLDL apo B clearance than those fed sucrose diets (P < 0.01). In addition, more rapid VLDL removal from plasma in guinea pigs fed complex carbohydrate/high fat diets was associated with less conversion of VLDL to LDL and lower plasma cholesterol concentrations compared with the high fat/sucrose group (P < 0.01). Low fat compared with high fat intake resulted in 60% more rapid plasma LDL apo B fractional catabolic rates (FCR). The LDL apo B fractional catabolic rate of all dietary groups was inversely correlated with plasma cholesterol concentrations (r = -0.83, P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that in guinea pigs, low fat diets decrease plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations by increasing LDL turnover rates, and complex carbohydrates reduce plasma TAG by affecting the composition of nascent VLDL particles and by increasing VLDL apo B catabolism.


Xs: 2.2042875 Ys: 2.427254 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrates: Separating fact from fiction abstract: The role of carbohydrate in a healthy diet has been controversial. The confusion over carbohydrate has come from the long standing limitation of dietary recall studies as well as inability in many of these studies to delineate between the different types of carbohydrates. It is the aim of this paper, to understand and review the data on the role of carbohydrate as pertaining to weight, insulin resistance, diabetes, inflammation, lipids, as well as epidemiological data on long-term cardiovascular outcome and all-cause mortality.
We have reviewed the latest epidemiological and intervention studies on fiber, whole grain, and refined carbohydrates on weight, diabetes, lipids as well as major adverse cardiac events that we deemed were scientifically rigorous.
High intakes of dietary fiber and whole grains are associated with positive effects on metabolic health while diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates have negative effects on cardiometabolic health. Consistent evidence indicates that low fat and low carbohydrate diets at comparable energy levels have similar effects on body weight. Large epidemiological studies show when carbohydrates are substituted for animal-derived fat or protein mortality increased while carbohydrate exchanged with plant based protein was associated with mortality reduction. Types of carbohydrate appear to be critical for mortality and cardiovascular events.
Evidence shows that quality of the carbohydrate determine cardiometabolic health and cardiovascular events. Given that most people worldwide currently consume less than 20 g of dietary fiber per day with persistently high consumption of refined carbohydrates, current evidence emphasize the need for additional measures to increase the amount and the diversity of fiber intake for improvement of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular outcomes.


Xs: 2.363489 Ys: 3.5523307 Publish year: 2015 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Microbial Degradation of Whole-Grain Complex Carbohydrates and Impact on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Health abstract: Whole-grain cereals have a complex dietary fiber (DF) composition consisting of oligosaccharides (mostly fructans), resistant starch, and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs); the most important are arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage β(1,3; 1,4)-d-glucan (β-glucan), and cellulose and the noncarbohydrate polyphenolic ether lignin. The highest concentration of NSPs and lignin is found in the outer cell layers of the grain, and refined flour will consequently be depleted of a large proportion of insoluble DF components. The flow and composition of carbohydrates to the large intestine are directly related to the intake of DF. The type and composition of cereal DF can consequently be used to modulate the microbial composition and activity as well as the production and molar ratios of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Arabinoxylans and β-glucan in whole-grain cereals and cereal ingredients have been shown to augment SCFA production, with the strongest relative effect on butyrate. When arabinoxylans were provided as a concentrate, the effect was only on total SCFA production. Increased SCFA production in the large intestine was shown by the concentration in the portal vein, whereas the impact on the concentration in peripheral blood was less because the majority of propionate and butyrate is cleared in the liver. Active microbial fermentation with increased SCFA production reduced the exposure of potentially toxic compounds to the epithelium, potentially stimulating anorectic hormones and acting as signaling molecules between the gut and the peripheral tissues. The latter can have implications for insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
© 2015 American Society for Nutrition.


Xs: 2.3351183 Ys: 3.6372786 Publish year: 2020 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Specific Carbohydrate Diet and Diet Modification as Induction Therapy for Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Randomized Diet Controlled Trial abstract: Background:
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disorder associated with intestinal dysbiosis. Diet modulates the intestinal microbiome and therefore has a therapeutic potential. The aim of this study is to determine the potential efficacy of three versions of the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) in active Crohn's Disease.

Methods:
18 patients with mild/moderate CD (PCDAI 15-45) aged 7 to 18 years were enrolled. Patients were randomized to either SCD, modified SCD(MSCD) or whole foods (WF) diet. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. PCDAI, inflammatory labs and multi-omics evaluations were assessed.

Results:
Mean age was 14.3 ± 2.9 years. At week 12, all participants (n = 10) who completed the study achieved clinical remission. The C-reactive protein decreased from 1.3 ± 0.7 at enrollment to 0.9 ± 0.5 at 12 weeks in the SCD group. In the MSCD group, the CRP decreased from 1.6 ± 1.1 at enrollment to 0.7 ± 0.1 at 12 weeks. In the WF group, the CRP decreased from 3.9 ± 4.3 at enrollment to 1.6 ± 1.3 at 12 weeks. In addition, the microbiome composition shifted in all patients across the study period. While the nature of the changes was largely patient specific, the predicted metabolic mode of the organisms increasing and decreasing in activity was consistent across patients.

Conclusions:
This study emphasizes the impact of diet in CD. Each diet had a positive effect on symptoms and inflammatory burden; the more exclusionary diets were associated with a better resolution of inflammation.


Xs: 2.0251567 Ys: 2.3505292 Publish year: 1996 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Exercise down-regulates hepatic lipogenic enzymes in food-deprived and refed rats abstract: The effects of an acute bout of prolonged exercise on the activities of several hepatic lipogenic enzymes and the abundance of fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA were evaluated using a food deprivation-refeeding protocol in which diets contained 50% of the energy from either fructose or cornstarch. Food was withheld from male rats for 48 h and refed for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 or 48 h. At each time point, half of each dietary group was subjected to a single bout of treadmill running until exhaustion and killed immediately. The other half of each group rested without food for the same amount of time before being killed. Exercise significantly decreased FAS activity by 57, 46, 10, 26 and 70% at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h of refeeding, respectively, in the fructose-fed rats; and by 70 and 63% at 24 and 48 h of refeeding, respectively, in the cornstarch-fed rats. Activities of L-type pyruvate kinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased after exercise in the fructose-fed, but not cornstarch-fed rats. In rested rats, FAS mRNA abundance increased approximately fourfold above the unfed levels after 8 and 12 h of refeeding. Exercise attenuated the diet-induced increases in FAS mRNA abundance. At 8 h of refeeding, both cornstarch- and fructose-fed exercised rats had 71% (P < 0.05) of the FAS mRNA levels of their rested counterparts; at 12 h, these exercised rats showed only 46 and 27% (P < 0.05) of FAS mRNA levels compared with rested rats fed the same diet. We conclude that dietary induction of FAS activity and mRNA abundance can be inhibited by prolonged exercise, suggesting that exercise may influence FAS transcription and/or mRNA stability.


Xs: 2.5414004 Ys: 3.5358093 Publish year: 2017 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Functional Carbohydrates: Development, Characterization, and Biomanufacture abstract: “Functional carbohydrates” is the term used to describe those carbohydrates that play an important role in strengthening immunity, decreasing the level of blood-lipid, and regulating the intestinal flora of humans, beyond those simply used as the energy-supplying materials. To date functional carbohydrates mainly cover dietary fiber, functional polysaccharides, functional oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and other functional monosaccharides. Functional Carbohydrates: Development, Characterization, and Biomanufacture facilitates tracking the important progresses in functional carbohydrates. This book addresses the history and recent developments of a selected number of important functional carbohydrates and it introduces the source, properties, and applications of a number of functional carbohydrates. It describes in detail the biomanufacture of these carbohydrates based on fermentation or enzyme catalysis, including the strain screening and improvement, optimization of fermentation process, and product downstream processing.


Xs: 1.5966336 Ys: 2.1022058 Publish year: 2015 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Women With Gestational Diabetes Randomized to a Higher-Complex Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet Manifest Lower Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Glucose, and Free Fatty Acids: A Pilot Study abstract: Diet therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has focused on carbohydrate restriction but is poorly substantiated. In this pilot randomized clinical trial, we challenged the conventional low-carbohydrate/higher-fat (LC/CONV) diet, hypothesizing that a higher-complex carbohydrate/lower-fat (CHOICE) diet would improve maternal insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis, and infant adiposity.
At 31 weeks, 12 diet-controlled overweight/obese women with GDM were randomized to an isocaloric LC/CONV (40% carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein; n = 6) or CHOICE (60%/25%/15%; n = 6) diet. All meals were provided. AT was biopsied at 37 weeks.
After ∼7 weeks, fasting glucose (P = 0.03) and free fatty acids (P = 0.06) decreased on CHOICE, whereas fasting glucose increased on LC/CONV (P = 0.03). Insulin suppression of AT lipolysis was improved on CHOICE versus LC/CONV (56 vs. 31%, P = 0.005), consistent with improved IR. AT expression of multiple proinflammatory genes was lower on CHOICE (P < 0.01). Infant adiposity trended lower with CHOICE (10.1 ± 1.4 vs. 12.6 ± 2%, respectively).
A CHOICE diet may improve maternal IR and infant adiposity, challenging recommendations for a LC/CONV diet.
© 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.


Xs: 2.5243382 Ys: 3.9395664 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Regulation of the gut barrier by carbohydrates from diet – Underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications abstract: The gut barrier has been recognized as being of relevance in the pathogenesis of multiple different diseases ranging from inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory joint disease, fatty liver disease, and cardiometabolic disorders. The regulation of the gut barrier is, however, poorly understood. Especially, the role of food components such as sugars and complex carbohydrates has been discussed controversially in this respect. More recently, the intestinal microbiota has been proposed as an important regulator of the gut barrier. Whether the microbiota affects the barrier by its own, or whether food components such as carbohydrates mediate their effects through alterations of the microbiota composition or its metabolites, is still not clear. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on this topic derived from both animal and human studies and discuss data for possible clinical impact.


Xs: 2.2016792 Ys: 2.330599 Publish year: 2015 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrates and Endothelial Function: Is a Low-Carbohydrate Diet or a Low-Glycemic Index Diet Favourable for Vascular Health? abstract: Low-carbohydrate diets have become increasingly popular in both media and clinical research settings. Although they may improve some metabolic markers, their effects on arterial function remain unclear. Endothelial dysfunction is the well-established response to cardiovascular risk factors and a pivotal feature that precedes atherosclerotic diseases. It has been demonstrated that a high carbohydrate-induced hyperglycemia and subsequent oxidative stress acutely worsen the efficacy of the endothelial vasodilatory system. Thus, in theory, a carbohydrate restricted diet may preserve the integrity of the arterial system. This review attempts to provide insight on whether low-carbohydrate diets have a favorable or detrimental impact on vascular function, or it is perhaps the quality of carbohydrate that should direct dietary recommendations. Research to date suggests that diets low in carbohydrate amount may negatively impact vascular endothelial function. Conversely, it appears that maintaining recommended carbohydrate intake with utilization of low glycemic index foods generates a more favorable vascular profile. Understanding these relationships will aid in deciphering the diverging role of modulating quantity and quality of carbohydrates on cardiovascular risk.


Xs: 2.3506613 Ys: 1.7615805 Publish year: 2018 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Ethnography in Nutrition and Dietetics Research: A Systematic Review abstract: Ethnography is a qualitative research approach used to learn about people and their culture. There is a need to explore the application and use of ethnographic methodology in nutrition and dietetics research to inform future research and practice. Our aim was to examine the extent, range, nature, and contribution of ethnographic methodology in nutrition and dietetics research. Eight electronic databases were searched using a defined search strategy until November 2017. No restrictions were placed on language, date, or study design of original research. Two authors independently assessed titles and abstracts, then full-text records, against inclusion criteria. Hand-searching of reviews identified in the database search was undertaken. Quality assessment was conducted using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Data were described narratively. A total of 2,185 records were identified, with 92 studies from public health nutrition (n=72), clinical nutrition (n=13), and foodservice (n=7) practice areas meeting inclusion criteria. Common research areas included infant/child feeding, food choice, diabetes, nutrition in schools and food insecurity. In addition to observation, frequently reported data collection techniques were interview (n=85), focus groups (n=17), and document analysis (n=10). Ethnographic research was most often reported from North America (n=31), Europe (n=16), and Australia/Oceania (n=13). This research approach was shown to inform dietetic research and practice by illuminating sociocultural factors that influence dietary beliefs and practices, practitioner training opportunities, evaluating nutrition education methods, informing programs and interventions, identifying nutrition policy and guideline focus areas, and the need for new approaches and communication strategies. Ethnography can increase understanding of complex food and nutrition-related health issues and their contributing factors across public health nutrition, foodservice, and clinical dietetic practice. It can be used to explain health inequalities, direct policy, and inform more effective intervention design and delivery. Wider uptake of this research approach as a stand-alone or complementary study design will advance efforts to improve health and wellbeing through food and nutrition.


Xs: 2.367242 Ys: 1.9135078 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Role of Age and Sex on Simple and Complex Carbohydrates Rich Foods Consumption and Thyroid Cancer Risk: Hospital Based Case - Control Study abstract: Background
The risk of thyroid cancer has already been related to diet/carbohydrates rich foods, but the association has not been investigated in terms of age and sex implications.

Objective
We studied the relationship between thyroid cancer and the consumption of simply and complex carbohydrates rich foods, mainly investigating the possible predictive role of age and sex.

Methods
We analyzed data from a hospital case-control study conducted in Italy from 2015 to 2018, including 106 cases of thyroid cancer and 121 controls. The consumption of simple and complex carbohydrates rich foods was investigated through the validated Lifestyles Questionnaire using a 4-level scale (never, 1 time per week, 2–3 times a week, 6 times a week). Statistical data analysis was conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 program.

Results
We found a moderate negative correlation between simple carbohydrates rich foods consumption and age (rho= -0.364, p:0.00), particularly in females (females: rho= -0.374, p:0.00; males: rho=-0.266, p=0.036). A weak positive correlation was found between age and complex carbohydrates-rich foods only in males (rho= 0.244, p=0.054). The Two-Way Analysis of Variance confirmed that, overall, simple carbohydrates rich foods consumption decreased with age categories (Case: F=2.59, p=0.032; Control: F=3.14, p=0.011), although it remains higher for female than male cases at all age categories (≤38, 39-52, 53+years). Conversely the complex carbohydrates rich foods intake had interaction with age categories only in controls group (Control: F=1.95, p=0.09; Case: F=0.744, p=0.592), where based on sex, it remains higher for female than male at ≤38 and 39-52 age categories. It should be emphasized that in category ≤38 we had only one male cases.

Conclusion
Our study adds new and relevant information to support the hypothesis that age and sex could impact the thyroid cancer risk by their involvement in simple carbohydrates rich foods consumption. Therefore, future interventions are needed for an understanding of the pathophysiological associations between only carbohydrates rich foods intake and thyroid cancer, mainly for older and female populations, and also for the improvement of preventive public health policies and “Gender Medicine”.


Xs: 2.2126005 Ys: 2.072971 Publish year: 2018 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary carbohydrates: a review of international recommendations and the methods used to derive them abstract: Background/objectives:
Renewed dietary recommendations for carbohydrates have recently been published by various international health authorities. The present work (1) reviews the methods and processes (systematic approach/review, inclusion of public consultation) used to identify, select and grade the evidence underpinning the recommendations, particularly for total carbohydrate (CHO), fibre and sugar consumption, and (2) examines the extent to which variation in the methods and processes applied relates to any differences in the final recommendations.

Subjects/methods:
A search of WHO, US, Canada, Australia and European sources identified 19 documents from 13 authorities with the desired detailed information. Processes and methods applied to derive recommendations were compiled and compared.

Results:
(1) A relatively high total CHO and fibre intake and limited intake of (added or free) sugars are generally recommended. (2) Even where recommendations are similar, the specific justifications for quantitative/qualitative recommendations differ across authorities. (3) Differences in recommendations mainly arise from differences in the underlying definitions of CHO exposure and classifications, the degree to which specific CHO-providing foods and food components were considered, and the choice and number of health outcomes selected. (4) Differences in the selection of source material, time frames or data aggregation and grading methods appeared to have minor influence.

Conclusions:
Despite general consistency, apparent differences among the recommendations of different authorities would likely be minimized by: (1) More explicit quantitative justifications for numerical recommendations and communication of uncertainty, and (2) greater international harmonization, particularly in the underlying definitions of exposures and range of relevant nutrition-related outcomes.


Xs: 2.0484357 Ys: 2.1188598 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: An eight-week High complex carbohydrate, energy restricted dietary intervention Is associated with weight loss and a reduction of inflammation markers abstract: Background
Sub-clinical systemic inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity. In addition to impacting body weight, dietary modification may modulate markers of inflammation.

Methods
Overweight/obese adults were recruited to an eight-week dietary intervention characterized by energy restriction and increased complex carbohydrate intake. Blood samples for inflammatory and metabolic markers as well as anthropometric measurements were taken before and following the intervention.

Results
The study included 72 overweight or obese participants (BMI 31.8±5.8 kg/m2). Significant reductions from baseline weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference were observed following dietary intervention. Levels of inflammatory markers hs-CRP, ESR, WBC, and ICAM decreased significantly from baseline following the 8-week intervention. Metabolic measures including serum triglycerides, total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly declined from baseline. Insulin and HOMA-IR declined in the subgroup of hyperinsulinemic participants.

Conclusion
An energy-restricted diet rich in complex carbohydrates is associated with weight loss, reduction of inflammatory markers and improved metabolic profile.


Xs: 1.8688482 Ys: 2.0824003 Publish year: 2017 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Consensus Statement: Immunonutrition and Exercise abstract: In this consensus statement on immunonutrition and exercise, a panel of knowledgeable contributors from across the globe provides a consensus of updated science, including the background, the aspects for which a consensus actually exists, the controversies and, when possible, suggested directions for future research.


Xs: 2.3654144 Ys: 3.8242826 Publish year: 2022 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A maternal higher-complex carbohydrate diet increases bifidobacteria and alters early life acquisition of the infant microbiome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with considerable imbalances in intestinal microbiota that may underlie pathological conditions in both mothers and infants. To more definitively identify these alterations, we evaluated the maternal and infant gut microbiota through the shotgun metagenomic analysis of a subset of stool specimens collected from a randomized, controlled trial in diet-controlled women with GDM. The women were fed either a CHOICE diet (60% complex carbohydrate/25% fat/15% protein, n=18) or a conventional diet (CONV, 40% complex carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein, n=16) from 30 weeks’ gestation through delivery. In contrast to other published studies, we designed the study to minimize the influence of other dietary sources by providing all meals, which were eucaloric and similar in fiber content. At 30 and 37 weeks’ gestation, we collected maternal stool samples; performed the fasting measurements of glucose, glycerol, insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides; and administered an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to measure glucose clearance and insulin response. Infant stool samples were collected at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 4–5 months of age. Maternal glucose was controlled to conventional targets in both diets, with no differences in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). No differences in maternal alpha or beta diversity between the two diets from baseline to 37 weeks’ gestation were observed. However, women on CHOICE diet had higher levels of Bifidobacteriaceae, specifically Bifidobacterium adolescentis, compared with women on CONV. Species-level taxa varied significantly with fasting glycerol, fasting glucose, and glucose AUC after the OGTT challenge. Maternal diet significantly impacted the patterns of infant colonization over the first 4 months of life, with CHOICE infants showing increased microbiome alpha diversity (richness), greater Clostridiaceae, and decreased Enterococcaceae over time. Overall, these results suggest that an isocaloric GDM diet containing greater complex carbohydrates with reduced fat leads to an ostensibly beneficial effect on the maternal microbiome, improved infant gut microbiome diversity, and reduced opportunistic pathogens capable of playing a role in obesity and immune system development. These results highlight the critical role a maternal diet has in shaping the maternal and infant microbiome in women with GDM.


Xs: 3.1553051 Ys: 2.3947763 Publish year: 1992 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Comparison of the effects on lipoproteins of a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids enriched with avocado and a high carbohydrate diet abstract: A randomized trial was conducted to compare effects of a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids, enriched with avocado (AE), and a high-complex-carbohydrate diet (AHA-III) on blood lipid concentrations. Fifteen females between 37 and 58 y of age were allocated either to AE followed by AHA-III, or vice versa. Each dietary phase lasted 3 wk. Both diets were found to lower total cholesterol compared with baseline values. AE was more effective, with an 8.2% decrease (P less than 0.05) whereas AHA-III was associated with a 4.9% decrease (NS). Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B decreased significantly on AE but not on AHA-III (P less than 0.05). The high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) concentration did not change on AE but decreased 13.9% on AHA-III (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that AE is more effective than is AHA-III in decreasing total cholesterol, and, unlike AHA-III, it does not decrease HDL concentrations.


Xs: 2.1285875 Ys: 2.1253364 Publish year: 2002 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome abstract: Overweight individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary vascular disease. Weight gain and features of the syndrome may be ameliorated by dietary intervention.
We investigated the effects of replacing one-quarter of daily fat intake by complex or simple carbohydrate on body weight and intermediary metabolism.
Forty-six subjects with > or =3 metabolic syndrome risk factors were randomly assigned to receive a control diet; a low-fat, complex carbohydrate diet (LF-CC); or a low-fat, simple carbohydrate diet (LF-SC) for 6 mo. Thirty-nine subjects completed the trial. About 60% of daily dietary intake was provided free of charge through a grocery store. Energy intake was ad libitum. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and blood lipids were measured at months 0, 2, 4, and 6.
There was a significant diet x time interaction on body weight and BMI (P < 0.001). Weight loss was greatest with the LF-CC diet [change in body weight: control diet, 1.03 kg (NS); LF-CC diet, -4.25 kg (P < 0.01); LF-SC diet, -0.28 kg (NS)]. Total cholesterol decreased by 0.33 mmol/L, 0.63 mmol/L, and 0.06 mmol/L in subjects consuming the control, LF-CC, and LF-SC diets, respectively (difference between the LF-CC and LF-SC groups: P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in LDL cholesterol, whereas HDL cholesterol decreased over time in all 3 groups (P < 0.0001). Triacylglycerol concentrations were higher in the LF-SC group than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.05).
A low-fat, high-polysaccharide diet in overweight individuals with abnormal intermediary metabolism led to moderate weight loss and some improvement in serum cholesterol. Increasing simple carbohydrates did not promote weight gain, but nor was there improvement in body weight or lipid profile.


Xs: 1.5739076 Ys: 2.2423604 Publish year: 2016 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrate Content in the GDM Diet: Two Views: View 1: Nutrition Therapy in Gestational Diabetes: The Case for Complex Carbohydrates abstract: IN BRIEF Restriction of dietary carbohydrate has been the cornerstone for treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, there is evidence that a balanced liberalization of complex carbohydrate as part of an overall eating plan in GDM meets treatment goals and may mitigate maternal adipose tissue insulin resistance, both of which may promote optimal metabolic outcomes for mother and offspring.


Xs: 2.0651333 Ys: 2.182723 Publish year: 2018 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Associations Between Oral Complex Carbohydrate Sensitivity, BMI, Liking, and Consumption of Complex Carbohydrate Based Foods: CHO “taste,” BMI, liking, and consumption… abstract: Recent work suggests that humans may perceive complex carbohydrates and that their sensitivity to simple carbohydrates (i.e., glucose and sucrose) is independent from tasting complex carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to confirm whether humans could sense complex carbohydrates from a range of concentration levels; and if their oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrate relates to their BMI, liking, and consumption of complex carbohydrate‐based foods using a large sample group of adults. Participants’ (n = 92 females, age 23.7 ± 0.5 yr [range, 19 to 47 yr]) oral sensitivity towards complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin) and sweet taste function (glucose) was assessed by measuring detection threshold and suprathreshold intensity perception (gLMS). Participants were asked to complete an online version of a Food Frequency Questionnaire and a Likes and Dislikes Questionnaire. Hedonic ratings for complex carbohydrate and sweet solutions, as well as for a range of complex carbohydrate and sweet prototypical foods, were also measured. Consistent with previous findings, there was large interindividual variation in detection and intensity measures for maltodextrin and glucose. No significant associations were found between oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity, Body Mass Index (BMI), and frequency of consumption of complex carbohydrate‐based foods measured. Similarly, no differences were observed between liking of complex carbohydrates, BMI, and food intake. All in, these results from a large sample group further support the proposition that complex carbohydrates are not invisible to the human palate, and can be sensed in the oral cavity even at low concentration levels.


Xs: 1.9276937 Ys: 2.3583548 Publish year: 1986 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Postprandial glucose and Insulin responses to various snacks of equivalent carbohydrate content in normal subjects abstract: To evaluate glucose and insulin responses after ingestion of snacks, we gave healthy, nondiabetic male subjects carbohydrate equivalent (25 g) snacks or isocaloric (265 kcal) snack meals in a random crossover design. Individual snacks composed of either a milk chocolate bar, granola bar, chocolate milk, peanut butter cups, yogurt, or potato chips produced similar glucose response curves. Plasma glucose concentrations were lower (p less than or equal to 0.05) at 30 and 60 min postprandially than after a corresponding oral glucose challenge. In contrast, insulin responses to the snacks exhibited a two-fold variation in peak values. Isocaloric snack meals of cereal-milk, cheese sandwich-milk, and peanut butter sandwich-chocolate milk produced glucose and insulin responses similar to individual snacks. Although glucose concentrations at 60 min fell somewhat below baseline values after each snack, clinical hypoglycemia was not evident. These data clearly indicate a similarity in glycemic response among normal individuals consuming a variety of common snacks.


Xs: 1.7910007 Ys: 2.3668723 Publish year: 2013 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Absorption patterns of meals containing complex carbohydrates in type 1 diabetes abstract: Aims/hypothesis:
Successful postprandial glycaemia management requires understanding of absorption patterns after meals containing variable complex carbohydrates. We studied eight young participants with type 1 diabetes to investigate a large low-glycaemic-load (LG) meal and another eight participants to investigate a high-glycaemic-load (HG) meal matched for carbohydrates (121 g).

Methods:
On Visit 1, participants consumed an evening meal. On follow-up Visit 2, a variable-target glucose clamp was performed to reproduce glucose and insulin levels from Visit 1. Adopting stable-label tracer dilution methodology, we measured endogenous glucose production on Visit 2 and subtracted it from total glucose appearance measured on Visit 1 to obtain meal-attributable glucose appearance.

Results:
After the LG meal, 25%, 50% and 75% of cumulative glucose appearance was at 88 ± 21, 175 ± 39 and 270 ± 54 min (mean ± SD), whereas glucose from the HG meal appeared significantly faster at 56 ± 12, 100 ± 25 and 153 ± 39 min (p < 0.001 to 0.003), and resulted in a 50% higher peak appearance (p < 0.001). Higher apparent bioavailability by 15% (p = 0.037) was observed after the LG meal. We documented a 20 min deceleration of dietary mixed carbohydrates compared with dietary glucose for the HG meal and a twofold deceleration for the LG meal.

Conclusions/interpretation:
Absorption patterns may be influenced by glycaemic load and/or meal composition, affecting optimum prandial insulin dosing in type 1 diabetes.


Xs: 2.5148647 Ys: 1.4881502 Publish year: 2003 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Lifestyle Change for Weight Loss in the Inner-City abstract: In low-income minority communities, there is high prevalence and clustering of obesity, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Evidence suggests one way to treat and prevent these conditions is through a very low-fat, high fiber, vegetarian diet. A feasibility study was conducted to determine whether inner-city African American and Latino patients will accept a low-fat vegetarian diet and to assess attitudes about the life-style intervention. Reductions in fat and animal products were acceptable, though complete conversion to vegetarianism was not. Meanwhile, group support was the most highly rated component of the class. Contrary to common perceptions of immigrants needing to maintain traditional habits, the Latino participants enthusiastically adopted new concepts and incorporated new recipes into their diet. Weight loss was achieved during the 8 week course and continued through 18 month follow-up. It appears that individual empowerment through the group intervention, coupled with simple diet messages, supported life-style change in a high-risk group.