Xs: 1.9138614 Ys: 2.265061 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrate Consumption and Fatigue – A Review abstract: Fatigue is a condition that negatively impacts quality of life and occurs in about twenty four percent of adults worldwide. Many factors may contribute to fatigue. One factor is the macronutrient composition of a person’s diet, particularly, the amount of simple carbohydrates. This paper is a review of the current literature and examines the relationship of carbohydrate consumption and fatigue to determine if a diet low in simple carbohydrates results in an improvement in fatigue ratings. Results of studies regarding carbohydrate consumption and fatigue vary, the preponderance demonstrate a positive relationship between simple carbohydrate consumption and fatigue. Additionally, diets low in simple carbohydrates may improve cognition, mood and help reduce type 2 diabetes. To date, no study has been conducted to examine the long term effect of a diet low in simple carbohydrates therefore further research is needed in this area.


Xs: 1.9704063 Ys: 2.010176 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Does Advice Based on Less Restrictive Sucrose Intake Affect Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Established Type 2 Diabetes? abstract: This 12-month, randomised study of individuals with established type 2 diabetes investigated whether dietary advice emphasising a single message to reduce fat intake, would improve weight loss, glycaemic and lipid control, compared to advice based on the once traditional lowfat, low-sucrose message. Participants (n=37, mean BMI 33.25 (+1.0) kg/m2, age 58.0 (+3.3) years, diabetes duration 6.8 (±0.9) yrs, 51% male), were randomised into 2 dietary groups. The 'moderate-sucrose' group (n=19) were advised to reduce total fat intake only; the 'low-sucrose' group (n=18), to reduce both total fat and total sugar intake. Repeated measures ANOVA determined group effects on anthropometric/biochemical variables and Spearman's rank correlations determined relationships between changes in diet and study variables. Reported energy and fat intake significantly reduced in both groups, with no difference in reported sucrose intake. HbA1c fell in both groups (7.7%-7.1% (low-sucrose) vs 7.6%-7.4% (moderate-sucrose), both p=0.003), with no additional effect of the single dietary message. HOMA-IR fell by 33.4% in the 'low-sucrose' group (p≤0.005), but not in the moderate sucrose group. Advice to relax sucrose intake restrictions in favour of a single low fat message had no additional effect on reported behaviour or glycaemic control.


Xs: 4.282475 Ys: 0.07830401 Publish year: 2022 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Reconstructing Neanderthal diet: The case for carbohydrates abstract: Evidence for plants rarely survives on Paleolithic sites, while animal bones and biomolecular analyses suggest animal produce was important to hominin populations, leading to the perspective that Neanderthals had a very-high-protein diet. But although individual and short-term survival is possible on a relatively low-carbohydrate diet, populations are unlikely to have thrived and reproduced without plants and the carbohydrates they provide. Today, nutritional guidelines recommend that around half the diet should be carbohydrate, while low intake is considered to compromise physical performance and successful reproduction. This is likely to have been the same for Paleolithic populations, highlighting an anomaly in that the basic physiological recommendations do not match the extensive archaeological evidence. Neanderthals had large, energy-expensive brains and led physically active lifestyles, suggesting that for optimal health they would have required high amounts of carbohydrates. To address this anomaly, we begin by outlining the essential role of carbohydrates in the human reproduction cycle and the brain and the effects on physical performance. We then evaluate the evidence for resource availability and the archaeological evidence for Neanderthal diet and investigate three ways that the anomaly between the archaeological evidence and the hypothetical dietary requirements might be explained. First, Neanderthals may have had an as yet unidentified genetic adaptation to an alternative physiological method to spare blood glucose and glycogen reserves for essential purposes. Second, they may have existed on a less-than-optimum diet and survived rather than thrived. Third, the methods used in dietary reconstruction could mask a complex combination of dietary plant and animal proportions. We end by proposing that analyses of Paleolithic diet and subsistence strategies need to be grounded in the minimum recommendations throughout the life course and that this provides a context for interpretation of the archaeological evidence from the behavioral and environmental perspectives.


Xs: 2.1958172 Ys: 3.1472247 Publish year: 2020 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Relationship between In Vitro and In Vivo Starch Digestion Kinetics of Breads Varying in Dietary Fibre abstract: The relationship between in vitro and in vivo starch digestion kinetics was studied in portal vein catheterised pigs fed breads varying in dietary fibre (DF) content and composition. The breads were a low DF white wheat bread, two high DF whole grain rye breads without and with whole kernels and two experimental breads with added arabinoxylan or oat β-glucan concentrates, respectively. In vitro, samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min and the cumulative hydrolysis curve for starch was modelled, whereas the in vivo cumulative absorption models for starch were based on samples taken every 15 min up to 60 min and then every 30 min up to 240 min. The starch hydrolysis rate in vitro (0.07 to 0.16%/min) was far higher than the rate of glucose appearance in vivo (0.017 to 0.023% absorbed starch/min). However, the ranking of the breads was the same in vitro and in vivo and there was a strong relationship between the kinetic parameters.


Xs: 1.5573307 Ys: 2.1235046 Publish year: 2023 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Randomization to a Provided Higher-Complex-Carbohydrate Versus Conventional Diet in Gestational Diabetes Results in Similar Maternal 24-Hour Glycemia and Newborn Adiposity abstract: Objective:
Nutrition therapy for gestational diabetes (GDM) has conventionally focused on carbohydrate restriction. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), we tested the hypothesis that a diet (all meals provided) with liberalized complex carbohydrate (60%) and lower fat (25%) (CHOICE diet) could improve maternal insulin resistance and 24-h glycemia, resulting in reduced newborn adiposity (NB%fat; powered outcome) versus a conventional lower-carbohydrate (40%) and higher-fat (45%) (LC/CONV) diet.

Research design and methods:
After diagnosis (at ∼28-30 weeks' gestation), 59 women with diet-controlled GDM (mean ± SEM; BMI 32 ± 1 kg/m2) were randomized to a provided LC/CONV or CHOICE diet (BMI-matched calories) through delivery. At 30-31 and 36-37 weeks of gestation, a 2-h, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was worn for 72 h. Cord blood samples were collected at delivery. NB%fat was measured by air displacement plethysmography (13.4 ± 0.4 day).

Results:
There were 23 women per group (LC/CONV [214 g/day carbohydrate] and CHOICE [316 g/day carbohydrate]). For LC/CONV and CHOICE, respectively (mean ± SEM), NB%fat (10.1 ± 1 vs. 10.5 ± 1), birth weight (3,303 ± 98 vs. 3,293 ± 81 g), and cord C-peptide levels were not different. Weight gain, physical activity, and gestational age at delivery were similar. At 36-37 weeks of gestation, CGM fasting (86 ± 3 vs. 90 ± 3 mg/dL), 1-h postprandial (119 ± 3 vs. 117 ± 3 mg/dL), 2-h postprandial (106 ± 3 vs. 108 ± 3 mg/dL), percent time in range (%TIR; 92 ± 1 vs. 91 ± 1), and 24-h glucose area under the curve values were similar between diets. The %time >120 mg/dL was statistically higher (8%) in CHOICE, as was the nocturnal glucose AUC; however, nocturnal %TIR (63-100 mg/dL) was not different. There were no between-group differences in OGTT glucose and insulin levels at 36-37 weeks of gestation.

Conclusion:
A ∼100 g/day difference in carbohydrate intake did not result in between-group differences in NB%fat, cord C-peptide level, maternal 24-h glycemia, %TIR, or insulin resistance indices in diet-controlled GDM.


Xs: 4.0316386 Ys: 3.9330566 Publish year: 2004 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Complex Carbohydrates Occurring in the Digestive Apparatus of Umbrina Cirrosa (L.) Fry abstract: The glycosoaminoglycans in the digestive apparatus of immature fish have important biological functions and are involved in morphofunctional differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the glycoconjugate histochemistry in the different parts of the digestive apparatus (oesophagus, stomach, intestine) of Umbrina cirrosa (L.) fry using classical histochemical reactions (periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue pH 2.5, Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff, high iron diamine, low iron diamine) in conjunction with glycolytic digestions that degrade different classes of glycosoaminoglycans. No differences were observed in the reactivity to conventional histochemical staining of the oesophagus, stomach or intestine among 27-, 34- or 44-day-old fry. In the oesophagus, the mucopolysaccharides contained chondroitin sulphates B and A and/or C, heparan sulphate and chondroitin. In the stomach, only neutral glycoconjugates were revealed, whereas in the intestine there were only chondroitin sulphates. Some differences in the type and content of glycoconjugates were found in Umbrina cirrosa (L.) fry compared to those of adult subjects, probably related to different dietary habits and to changes in the environmental conditions.


Xs: 2.56957 Ys: 2.575107 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A High-Fat Diet Differentially Affects the Gut Metabolism and Blood Lipids of Rats Depending on the Type of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate abstract: The aim of this model study was to investigate how selected gut functions and serum lipid profile in rats on high-fat diets differed according to the type of fat (saturated vs. unsaturated) and carbohydrate (simple vs. complex). The experiment was conducted using 32 male Wistar rats distributed into 4 groups of 8 animals each. For 4 weeks, the animals were fed group-specific diets that were either rich in lard or soybean oil (16% of the diet) as the source of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, respectively; further, each lard- and soybean oil-rich diet contained either fructose or corn starch (45.3% of the diet) as the source of simple or complex carbohydrates, respectively. Both dietary factors contributed to changes in the caecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, especially to the butyrate concentration, which was higher in rats fed lard- and corn starch-rich diets compared to soybean oil- and fructose-rich diets, respectively. The lowest butyrate concentration was observed in rats fed the soybean oil- and fructose-rich diet. On the other hand, the lard- and fructose-rich diet vs. the other dietary combinations significantly increased serum total cholesterol concentration, to more than two times serum triglyceride concentration and to more than five times the atherogenic index. In conclusion, a high-fat diet rich in fructose can unfavorably affect gut metabolism when unsaturated fats are predominant in the diet or the blood lipids when a diet is rich in saturated fats.


Xs: 2.456994 Ys: 4.125891 Publish year: 2012 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Complex Carbohydrate Utilization by the Healthy Human Microbiome abstract: The various ecological habitats in the human body provide microbes a wide array of nutrient sources and survival challenges. Advances in technology such as DNA sequencing have allowed a deeper perspective into the molecular function of the human microbiota than has been achievable in the past. Here we aimed to examine the enzymes that cleave complex carbohydrates (CAZymes) in the human microbiome in order to determine (i) whether the CAZyme profiles of bacterial genomes are more similar within body sites or bacterial families and (ii) the sugar degradation and utilization capabilities of microbial communities inhabiting various human habitats. Upon examination of 493 bacterial references genomes from 12 human habitats, we found that sugar degradation capabilities of taxa are more similar to others in the same bacterial family than to those inhabiting the same habitat. Yet, the analysis of 520 metagenomic samples from five major body sites show that even when the community composition varies the CAZyme profiles are very similar within a body site, suggesting that the observed functional profile and microbial habitation have adapted to the local carbohydrate composition. When broad sugar utilization was compared within the five major body sites, the gastrointestinal track contained the highest potential for total sugar degradation, while dextran and peptidoglycan degradation were highest in oral and vaginal sites respectively. Our analysis suggests that the carbohydrate composition of each body site has a profound influence and probably constitutes one of the major driving forces that shapes the community composition and therefore the CAZyme profile of the local microbial communities, which in turn reflects the microbiome fitness to a body site.


Xs: 2.1517754 Ys: 2.4771123 Publish year: 2003 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Types of Carbohydrates and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease abstract: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the role of dietary carbohydrates in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Many factors are thought to affect insulin resistance, and little is known about the role of diet. Through effects on postprandial glucose and insulin, dietary glycemic load may have an important role in the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Dietary fiber, through its influence on the glycemic load or through other pathways, may also have important effects on this syndrome. Many short-term experimental studies have supported these hypotheses. Interestingly, associations may be stronger among overweight individuals than among nonoverweight individuals. Similar to findings for fruits and vegetables, whole grain intake has been found to be consistently associated with a reduction in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among both men and women. Several large randomized trials of primary and secondary prevention to date have demonstrated the efficacy of diets based on an abundance of plant foods and, therefore, high carbohydrate quality. The recommendations to follow a diet including an abundance of fiber-rich foods in order to prevent CVD and diabetes are based on a wealth of consistent scientific evidence. More long-term controlled trials are needed to improve our understanding of efficacy and mechanisms. Women and a variety of racial/ethnic groups should be represented in these studies whenever possible.


Xs: 2.4272876 Ys: 2.4121032 Publish year: 2005 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A high-fat, refined-carbohydrate diet induces endothelial dysfunction and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and depresses NOS protein expression abstract: We tested whether consumption of a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFS) diet can affect endothelium-dependent relaxation, whether this precedes the development of diet-induced hypertension previously noted in this model, and whether it is mediated, in part, by changes in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and/or NOS regulatory proteins. Female Fischer rats were fed either a HFS diet or standard low-fat, complex-carbohydrate chow starting at 2 mo of age for 7 mo. Vasoconstrictive response to KCl and phenylephrine was similar in both groups. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine was significantly impaired in the HFS animals, and there were no differences in relaxation to sodium nitroprusside, suggesting that the endothelial dysfunction is due, at least in part, to nitric oxide deficiency. HFS consumption decreased protein expression of endothelial NOS in aorta, renal, and heart tissues, neuronal NOS in kidney, heart, aorta, and brain, and inducible NOS in heart and aorta. Caveolin-1 and soluble guanylate cyclase protein expression did not change, but AKT protein expression decreased in heart and aorta and increased in kidney tissue. Consumption of HFS diet raised brain carbonyl content and plasma hydrogen peroxide concentration and diminished plasma total antioxidant capacity. Because blood pressure, which is known to eventually rise in this model, was not as yet significantly elevated, the present data suggest that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of diet-induced hypertension. The lack of a quantitative change in caveolin-1 and soluble guanylate cyclase protein content indicates that alteration in these proteins is not responsible for the endothelial dysfunction. Thus nitric oxide deficiency combined with antioxidant/oxidant imbalance, appears to be a primary factor in the development of endothelial dysfunction in this model.


Xs: 3.0006378 Ys: 1.9548333 Publish year: 2001 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet in Children With Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Seven-Year Results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) abstract: Diets reduced in fat and cholesterol are recommended for children over 2 years of age, yet long-term safety and efficacy are unknown. This study tests the long-term efficacy and safety of a cholesterol-lowering dietary intervention in children.
Six hundred sixty-three children 8 to 10 years of age with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were randomized to a dietary intervention or usual care group, with a mean of 7.4 years' follow-up. The dietary behavioral intervention promoted adherence to a diet with 28% of energy from total fat, <8% from saturated fat, up to 9% from polyunsaturated fat, and <75 mg/1000 kcal cholesterol per day. Serum LDL-C, height, and serum ferritin were primary efficacy and safety outcomes.
Reductions in dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol were greater in the intervention than in the usual care group throughout the intervention period. At 1 year, 3 years, and at the last visit, the intervention compared with the usual care group had 4.8 mg/dL (.13 mmol/L), 3.3 mg/dL (.09 mmol/L), and 2.0 mg/dL (.05 mmol/L) lower LDL-C, respectively. There were no differences at any data collection point in height or serum ferritin or any differences in an adverse direction in red blood cell folate, serum retinol and zinc, sexual maturation, or body mass index.
Dietary fat modification can be achieved and safely sustained in actively growing children with elevated LDL-C, and elevated LDL-C levels can be improved significantly up to 3 years. Changes in the usual care group's diet suggest that pediatric practices and societal and environmental forces are having positive public health effects on dietary behavior during adolescence.


Xs: 2.023597 Ys: 2.250184 Publish year: 2016 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: EC NUTRITION Review Article Effect of Dietary Interventions in the Gene Expression Involved in Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: Evidence-Based Translational Research from Clinical Trials abstract: Dietary interventions in humans are capable of altering the gene expression related to obesity. The mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity properties of diets and nutrients involved different metabolic pathways, such as energy expenditure, lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammatory signalling, among others. These effects can be analysed through the human tissue samples and / or blood analyses, where changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) levels from genes are observed. Caloric restriction, dietary macronutri-ents distribution, functional food are the most studied interventions, whereas functional food appears to have a synergistic role in the treatment of obesity. In this context, further studies are needed to evaluate the interaction between functional food and dietary modifications.


Xs: 4.4046144 Ys: 0.3365485 Publish year: 2013 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Starch granules and complex carbohydrates at Çatalhöyük abstract: Introduction Çatalhöyük was a sedentary village with domesticated plants, but this does not eliminate the probability that non-domesticated species were also exploited either as food or as raw material. Indeed there is extensive evidence for the presence of wild plant food on the site and it has recently been suggested that manual cultivation at Çatalhöyük was 'small scale' and that insufficiencies in storage facilities for cropped plants at the individual house level, was compensated through sharing of other resources, notably cattle meat (Bogaard et al 2009). Both domesticated and non-domesticated plants have been identified from across the site, but uncertainties continue about the role of some of the non-domesticated plants. Were they used as food by people? As fodder for animals? In ritual contexts? Or did they arrive on the site by accident as part of raw materials that have a wide range of documented uses across the site (Rosen 2005)? The aim of this study was to address the questions of whether some non-domesticated starchy plants might have been used as food at certain times of the year for the human or animal population, or whether they arrived on site accidentally. Many of the domesticated plant food sources found at Çatalhöyük are primarily starchy including wheat, barley and lentils. Starch-based foods constitute between 50-70% of the global dietary food intake today; this intake is based primarily on five plants, one of which is wheat. Starchy food is the most direct dietary source of glucose, which is the essential provider of metabolic energy. While it is possible to survive without eating starchy food regularly, if this happens the body is required to generate energy via an alternative, less efficient, pathway. Consumption of starchy food is likely to have begun long before plant domestication facilitated the control and management of starch sources. The mixture of enzymes produced by the human digestive system is consistent with humans being adapted to a starchy diet and may have been crucial throughout human evolution (Babbitt et al. in press). Additionally, archaeological evidence is offering new and increasing evidence of consumption of starchy foods long before agriculture (Hardy et al. forthcoming a, Henry et al. 2011). Starch granules and starchy food Starch is a carbohydrate and occurs in different plant parts as a form of energy storage. It is composed of a mixture of two polymers-amylase and amylopectin – which together form discrete granules (Radley, 1968). The packing of the amylase and amylopectin layers promotes stability by forming a semi-crystalline structure, but this is easily decomposed by enzymes into water-soluble sugars. Although starch is normally susceptible to enzymatic attack, it is an inherently stable molecule and can survive for long periods of time in certain archaeological contexts. Starch survives in dental calculus as the polysaccharides in dental plaque appear to protect it from the salivary amylase that would normally break it down (Hardy et al. 2009). When starch is heated in the presence of water, granules expand and eventually burst to form a paste that can hold water; this process is known as gelatinization. Once this occurs the granules are no longer recognisable, though with subsequent cooling granules retrograde and can reform to a certain extent. Today starch has a wide range of industrial uses in addition to its role as an essential dietary energy source; perhaps the most relevant for this study are its value as a thickener and an adhesive. The properties of starch as a useful raw material as well as its obvious use as a primary source of complex carbohydrates in the diet, directed the selection of the sampling strategy at Çatalhöyük. Potential sources of non-domesticated starch products. One possible solution to the lack of sufficient storage facilities proposed by Bogaard et al. (2009) is that the domesticated carbohydrates (wheat, barley, lentils) were at times supplemented by locally available wild resources. Some examples of non-domesticated plants found at Çatalhöyük that are high in starch include acorn (Quercus), sea club rush roots (Bolboschoenus maritimus also known as Scirpus maritimus), Rumex roots, grass seeds and the roots of most of the sedges found as phytoliths. Bolboschoenus maritimus in particular is found extensively at Çatalhöyük while evidence for the processing of wild grass seeds has been found at numerous sites across the Near East. When Çatalhöyük was occupied, it was surrounded by a mix of marshes and grasslands, with seasonal lakes and a river running alongside; the cultivable fields are thought to lie on higher elevations at least 12 kilometres away (Rosen & Roberts 2005). The marshy areas would have provided an excellent habitat for sedges and rushes and these were used extensively as raw materials (Rosen 2005). Many sedges and rushes have edible underground storage organs such as rhizomes, tubers or roots, which can be at their most nutritious during late winter – early spring when the plants slowly build up their energy (starch) sources in preparation for new growth. Starch also occurs in edible quantities in some nuts and seeds and the inner bark of some trees. Remains of numerous wild plants have been found at Çatalhöyük and these were used both as food and for raw materials. In addition to the nearby marshes and wetlands, today represented by the Konya plain, the foothills of the Taurus Mountains, which begin at some 12 km to the south of the site provided a different environment and other resources based around oak woodland. Macrobotanical evidence suggests that these mountains were exploited for firewood as well as a wide range of plant foods including acorns (Fairbairn et al. 2005). Materials and methods Sampling A programme of sampling at Çatalhöyük was undertaken to investigate the broad distribution of starch across selected areas of the site. Grid sampling of two house floors was undertaken, this permitted a distinction to be made between generalised starch distribution, likely to represent background natural starch, and concentrations that may indicate a specific use. A selection of items


Xs: 4.3943353 Ys: -1.5609691 Publish year: 2006 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: High fat/refined carbohydrate diet enhances the susceptibility to spatial learning deficits in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia abstract: Intermittent hypoxia during sleep (IH), as occurs in sleep disordered breathing (SDB), induces spatial learning deficits associated with regulation of transcription factors associated with learning and memory in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats. high fat refined carbohydrate diet (HF/RC) can induce similar deficits and associated changes in signaling pathways under normoxic conditions.
Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were fed either with (HF/RC) or low fat/complex carbohydrate diet (LF/CC) starting at post-natal day 30 for 90 days, and were then exposed for 14 days during light phase (12 h/day) to either normoxia (RA) or IH (21% and 10% O2 alternations every 90 s). Place-training reference memory task deficits were assessed in the Morris water maze. Total and ser-133 phosphorylated CREB were assessed in different brain regions by Western blotting and immunostaining in rats exposed to normoxia or IH and to LF/CC or HF/RC.
Substantial decreases in CREB phosphorylation occurred in CA1 but not in motor cortex following either IH, HF/RC, and HF/RC + IH. Place-training reference memory task deficits were observed in rats exposed to IH and to HF/RC, and to a much greater extent in rats exposed to HF/RC + IH.
Nutritional factors alter recruitment of transcription factors, possibly via oxidative-related pathways, and modulate the vulnerability of the CA1 region of the hippocampus to the episodic hypoxia that characterizes SDB, thereby enhancing neurocognitive susceptibility in SDB patients.


Xs: 2.481735 Ys: 2.0927188 Publish year: 1997 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effects at Two Years of a Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet on Radiologic Features of the Breast: Results From a Randomized Trial abstract: The appearance of breast tissue on mammography varies according to its composition. Fat is radiolucent and appears dark on mammography, while stromal and epithelial tissue has greater optical density and appears light. Extensive areas of radiologically dense breast tissue seen on mammography are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the adoption of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for 2 years would reduce breast density.
Women with radiologic densities in more than 50% of the breast area on mammography were recruited and randomly allocated to an intervention group taught to reduce intake of dietary fat (mean, 21% of calories) and increase complex carbohydrate (mean, 61% of calories) or to a control group (mean, 32% of calories from fat and 50% of calories from carbohydrates). Mammographic images from 817 subjects were taken at baseline and compared with those taken 2 years after random allocation by use of a quantitative image analysis system, without knowledge of the dietary group of the subjects or of the sequence in which pairs of images had been taken. The effects of the intervention on the mammographic features of breast area, area of dense tissues in the breast, and the percent of the breast occupied by dense tissue were examined using t tests. Multiple regression was used to examine these effects while accounting for age at trial entry, weight change, and menopausal status.
After 2 years, the total area of the breast was reduced by an average of 233.7 mm2 (2.4%) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 106.9-360.6) in the intervention group compared with an average increase of 26.3 mm2 (0.3%) (95% CI = -108.0-160.5) in the control group (P = .01). The area of density was reduced by 374.4 mm2 (6.1%) (95% CI = 235.1-513.8) in the intervention group compared with an average of 127.7 mm2 (2.1%) (95% CI = 8.6-246.7) in the control group (P = .01). Weight loss was associated with a reduction in breast area. The effect of the intervention on breast area was only marginally statistically significant after weight change, menopausal status, and age at trial entry were taken into account (P = .06). Greater weight loss and becoming postmenopausal were associated with statistically significant reductions in the area of density on the mammographic image at 2 years (P = .04 and P<.001, respectively). Age at entry into the trial was marginally significant in the same direction (P = .06). The effect of the intervention on area of density remained statistically significant after controlling for weight loss, age at entry, and menopausal status (P = .03). The change in the percentage of dense tissue in the mammographic image was not significantly different between the two groups (P = .71).
These results show that after 2 years, a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet reduced the area of mammographic density, a radiographic feature of the breast that is a risk factor for breast cancer. Longer observation of a larger number of subjects will be required to determine whether these effects are associated with changes in risk of breast cancer.


Xs: 2.0154533 Ys: 2.1666102 Publish year: 2007 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Popular weight-loss diets: From evidence to practice abstract: The increasing number of overweight and obese individuals has become one of the leading public health concerns in many countries around the world. Concomitant with this increase in the prevalence of obesity has been the rise in the number of weight-loss diets, many of which alter macronutrient composition, but with the majority focused on carbohydrate restriction. Low-carbohydrate diets are attractive because they promise rapid weight loss without having to count calories and compromise the consumption of many palatable foods. By contrast, traditional dietary recommendations for weight loss endorse a fat-restricted and calorie-restricted diet high in complex carbohydrates. Evidence indicates that low-carbohydrate diets could be better in terms of short-term weight loss relative to traditional low-fat diets, but little is known about their long-term utility and safety. Diets based on the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern are becoming increasingly popular because of their healthful benefits, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes. Mediterranean diets encourage consumption of a variety of palatable foods, optimizing adherence and sustainability. In this Review we discuss the current evidence on the efficacy of low-fat, low-carbohydrate and Mediterranean dietary patterns for weight loss, their potential mechanisms of action and important clinical considerations.


Xs: 1.9096785 Ys: 2.0590057 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Low carbohydrate diet to achieve weight loss and improve HbA1c in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: Experience from one general practice abstract: Patients with diabetes have long been exhorted to give up sugar, encouraged instead to take in fuel as complex carbohydrate such as the starch found in bread, rice or pasta (especially if ‘wholemeal’). However, bread has a higher glycaemic index than table sugar itself. There are no essential nutrients in starchy foods and people with diabetes struggle to deal with the glycaemic load they bring. The authors question why carbohydrate need form a major part of the diet at all. The central goal of achieving substantial weight loss has tended to be overlooked. The current pilot study explores the results of a low carbohydrate diet for a case series of 19 type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes patients over an eight‐month period in a suburban general practice.
A low carbohydrate diet was observed to bring about major benefits. Blood glucose control improved (HbA 1c 51±14 to 40±4mmol/mol; p<0.001). By the end of the study period only two patients remained with an abnormal HbA 1c (>42mmol/mol); even these two had seen an average drop of 23.9mmol/mol. Weight fell from 100.2±16.4 to 91.0±17.1kg (p<0.0001), and waist circumference decreased from 120.2±9.6 to 105.6±11.5cm (p<0.0001). Simultaneously, blood pressure improved (systolic 148±17 to 133±15mmHg, p<0.005; and diastolic 91±8 to 83±11mmHg, p<0.05). Serum gamma‐glutamyltransferase decreased from 75.2±54.7 to 40.6±29.2 U/L (p<0.005). Total serum cholesterol decreased from 5.5±1.0 to 4.7±1.2mmol/L (p<0.01).
This approach is easy to implement in general practice, and brings rapid weight loss and improvement in HbA 1c . Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes 2014; 31(2): 76–79


Xs: 2.0859883 Ys: 2.2472425 Publish year: 2018 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A Plant-Based High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Overweight Individuals in a 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Carbohydrates abstract: The effects of carbohydrates on body weight and insulin sensitivity are controversial. In this 16-week randomized clinical trial, we tested the role of a low-fat, plant-based diet on body weight, body composition and insulin resistance. As a part of this trial, we investigated the role of changes in carbohydrate intake on body composition and insulin resistance. Participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat (vegan) diet (n = 38) or to maintain their current diet (n = 37). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition. Insulin resistance was assessed with the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. A repeated measure ANOVA model was used to test the between-group differences from baseline to 16 weeks. A linear regression model was used to test the relationship between carbohydrate intake, and body composition and insulin resistance. Weight decreased significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect −6.5 [95% CI −8.9 to −4.1] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). Fat mass was reduced in the vegan group (treatment effect −4.3 [95% CI −5.4 to −3.2] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR was reduced significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect −1.0 [95% CI −1.2 to −0.8]; Gxt, p = 0.004). Changes in consumption of carbohydrate, as a percentage of energy, correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = −0.53, p < 0.001), fat mass (r = −0.55, p < 0.001), volume of visceral fat (r = −0.35, p = 0.006), and HOMA (r = −0.27, p = 0.04). These associations remained significant after adjustment for energy intake. Changes in consumption of total and insoluble fiber correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = −0.43, p < 0.001; and r = −0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), fat mass (r = −0.42, p < 0.001; and r = −0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), and volume of visceral fat (r = −0.29, p = 0.03; and r = −0.32, p = 0.01, respectively). The associations between total and insoluble fiber and changes in BMI and fat mass remained significant even after adjustment for energy intake. Increased carbohydrate and fiber intake, as part of a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, are associated with beneficial effects on weight, body composition, and insulin resistance.


Xs: 2.3399076 Ys: 3.5954113 Publish year: 2011 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Physiological Roles of Dietary Fibre abstract: The term dietary fibre (indigestible carbohydrates of plant origin) encompasses a range of divergent compounds that differentially affect numerous important gastrointestinal and systemic bodily processes.The main role of the gut is to absorb nutrients following digestion. Complex neurohumoral pathways control gut secretion and motility. Dietary fibres that inhibit intestinal digestive processes result in decreased upper GI transit times, which may affect satiety and satiation.The large intestine houses a varied microflora. Dietary fibre is a major energy source for these bacteria, and therefore markedly affects microfloral diversity/toxicity. Dietary fibres can also affect innate immune responses of the gut mucosa both directly and indirectly.Dietary fibre impacts all processes of the gut, which as a result may impact on cardiovascular/systemic health. As many commonly-used hydrocolloids are viscous, palatable dietary fibres, they have the potential to be used in acceptable foodstuffs that offer a wide range of added health benefits.


Xs: 2.1651337 Ys: 3.0844595 Publish year: 2008 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrate Terminology and Classification abstract: Dietary carbohydrates are a group of chemically defined substances with a range of physical and physiological properties and health benefits. As with other macronutrients, the primary classification of dietary carbohydrate is based on chemistry, that is character of individual monomers, degree of polymerization (DP) and type of linkage (alpha or beta), as agreed at the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Consultation in 1997. This divides carbohydrates into three main groups, sugars (DP 1-2), oligosaccharides (short-chain carbohydrates) (DP 3-9) and polysaccharides (DP> or =10). Within this classification, a number of terms are used such as mono- and disaccharides, polyols, oligosaccharides, starch, modified starch, non-starch polysaccharides, total carbohydrate, sugars, etc. While effects of carbohydrates are ultimately related to their primary chemistry, they are modified by their physical properties. These include water solubility, hydration, gel formation, crystalline state, association with other molecules such as protein, lipid and divalent cations and aggregation into complex structures in cell walls and other specialized plant tissues. A classification based on chemistry is essential for a system of measurement, predication of properties and estimation of intakes, but does not allow a simple translation into nutritional effects since each class of carbohydrate has overlapping physiological properties and effects on health. This dichotomy has led to the use of a number of terms to describe carbohydrate in foods, for example intrinsic and extrinsic sugars, prebiotic, resistant starch, dietary fibre, available and unavailable carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, glycaemic and whole grain. This paper reviews these terms and suggests that some are more useful than others. A clearer understanding of what is meant by any particular word used to describe carbohydrate is essential to progress in translating the growing knowledge of the physiological properties of carbohydrate into public health messages.


Xs: 2.5477524 Ys: 1.5464625 Publish year: 2018 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: High-Carbohydrate Diets and Food Patterns and Their Associations with Metabolic Disease in the Korean Population abstract: Purpose:
Although an Asian diet is typically high in carbohydrate and low in fat, there has been a steady increase in the rate of cardiometabolic disease in Asian countries over the past decade. We evaluated food patterns of a high-carbohydrate diet and examined their associations with metabolic disease.

Materials and methods:
Using data from the 2013-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we included a total of 13106 subjects aged 20 years or older in this study. Diet was divided into seven groups according to the percentage of energy from carbohydrates. Food patterns were evaluated as individual servings per food group. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate odds ratios (OR) for metabolic disease.

Results:
The proportions of men and women exceeding the recommended range of carbohydrate intake were 58.0% and 60.0%, respectively. A higher carbohydrate diet was associated with intake of low energy and saturated fats, with more grains and fruit, but less meat, fish, egg, bean (MFEB), and dairy consumption. Carbohydrate intake decreased by 3.0-3.4% per serving of MFEB and milk. In men, the highest carbohydrate group showed an OR of 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91 to 1.99] for metabolic syndrome, although this failed to show statistical significance. In women, the highest carbohydrate group had an OR of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.80) for a reduced level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that a very-high-carbohydrate diet for the Korean population is attributable to lower consumption of MFEB and dairy products and is associated with several metabolic risk factors. The appropriate distribution of macronutrients for the prevention and management of metabolic disease should be explored.


Xs: 2.5376318 Ys: 2.4921782 Publish year: 2003 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets1-3 abstract: Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Until recently, the importance of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in contributing to hypertriglyceridemia was difficult to assess because of methodologic limitations.
We evaluated the extent of the contribution by DNL to different conditions associated with hypertriglyceridemia.
After 5 d of an isoenergetic high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, fasting DNL was measured in normoinsulinemic (<or= 85 pmol/L) lean (n = 9) and obese (n = 6) and hyperinsulinemic (>or= 115 pmol/L) obese (n = 8) subjects. Fasting DNL was measured after a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in normoinsulinemic lean (n = 5) and hyperinsulinemic obese (n = 5) subjects. Mass isotopomer distribution analysis was used to measure the fraction of newly synthesized fatty acids in VLDL-triacylglycerol.
With the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, hyperinsulinemic obese subjects had a 3.7-5.3-fold higher fractional DNL (8.5 +/- 0.7%) than did normoinsulinemic lean (1.6 +/- 0.5%) or obese (2.3 +/- 0.3%) subjects. With the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, normoinsulinemic lean and hyperinsulinemic obese subjects had similarly high fractional DNL (13 +/- 5.1% and 12.8 +/- 1.4%, respectively). Compared with baseline, consumption of the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet did not affect triacylglycerol concentrations. However, after the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, triacylglycerols increased significantly and DNL was 5-6-fold higher than in normoinsulinemic subjects consuming a high-fat diet. The increase in triacylglycerol after the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet was correlated with fractional DNL (P < 0.01), indicating that subjects with high DNL had the greatest increase in triacylglycerols.
These results support the concept that both hyperinsulinemia and a low-fat diet increase DNL, and that DNL contributes to hypertriglyceridemia.


Xs: 1.8266846 Ys: 2.2494888 Publish year: 2007 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effects of short-term low- and high-carbohydrate diets on postprandial metabolism in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects abstract: Low-fat high-carbohydrate diets raise plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations. To test whether the nature of the carbohydrate affects metabolic responses, we conducted a randomized cross-over study using a short-term, intensive dietary modification.
Eight non-diabetic subjects and four subjects with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes participated. They followed three isoenergetic diets, each for 3 days: high-fat (50% energy from fat), high-starch and high-sugar (each 70% energy from carbohydrate). Normal foods were provided. We measured plasma TG and glucose concentrations, fasting and after a standard test meal, on day 4 following each dietary period. Fasting TG concentrations were greatest following the high-sugar diet (mean+/-SEM for all subjects 1900+/-420micromol/l) and lowest following high-fat (1010+/-130micromol/l) (P=0.001); high-starch (mean 1500+/-310) and high-fat did not differ significantly (P=0.06). There was a greater effect in the diabetic subjects (diet x diabetes status interaction, P=0.008). Postprandial TG concentrations were similarly affected by prior diet (P<0.001) with each diet different from the others (P<or=0.01). The elevation of fasting TG on the high-sugar versus high-fat diet was strongly related to the average fasting TG concentration (P=0.01 across both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects). Fasting glucose concentrations were not affected by prior diet but postprandial glucose concentrations were (P=0.018), with significantly higher values after the high-fat than the high-sugar diet (P=0.03).
The short-term TG-raising effect of a very low-fat diet is dependent upon the nature of the carbohydrate, with a greater effect of a sugar-rich than a complex-carbohydrate-rich diet.


Xs: 2.343052 Ys: 3.30596 Publish year: 2016 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Compositional evaluation of selected agro-industrial wastes as valuable sources for the recovery of complex carbohydrates: abstract: Re-utilization of various agro-industrial wastes is of growing importance from many aspects. Considering the variety and complexity of such materials, compositional data and compliant methodology is still undergoing many updates and improvements.
Present study evaluated sugar beet pulp (SBP), walnut shell (WS), cocoa bean husk (CBH), onion peel (OP) and pea pods (PP) as potentially valuable materials for carbohydrate recovery. Macrocomponent analyses revealed carbohydrate fraction as the most abundant, dominating in dietary fibres. Upon complete acid hydrolysis of sample alcohol insoluble residues, developed procedures of high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one pre-column derivatization (PMP-derivatization) were used for carbohydrate monomeric composition determination. HPTLC exhibited good qualitative features useful for multi-sample rapid analysis, while HPLC superior separation and quantification characteristics. Distinctive monomeric patterns were obtained among samples. OP, SBP and CBH, due to the high galacturonic acid content (20.81%, 13.96% and 6.90% dry matter basis, respectively), may be regarded as pectin sources, while WS and PP as materials abundant in xylan-rich hemicellulose (total xylan content 15.53%, 9.63% dry matter basis, respectively). Present study provides new and valuable compositional data for different plant residual materials and a reference for the application of established methodology.


Xs: 1.9866745 Ys: 2.1859245 Publish year: 2008 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Comparison of official carbohydrate exchange system with simplified dietary advice in insulin dependent diabetics abstract: Twenty-eight insulin dependent diabetics followed a simple diet, which involved avoiding concentrated highly refined carbohydrate foods and eating regular meals, for three months. For a further three months, they followed a diet which used a conventional carbohydrate exchange system. Mean HbA1 was 12.4% at the start of the study and fell to 11.5% after three months on a simple diet. No further significant improvement occurred after a further three months on the exchange diet (mean HbA1 11.3%). Seven-day food records showed consistency of carbohydrate intake to be no greater on the carbohydrate exchange diet than on the simple diet. There was no significant difference between simple or exchange diets with respect to energy, carbohydrate, or dietary fibre intakes, or percentage energy from carbohydrate. The possibility of improving diabetic control by teaching a simple diet in conjunction with interpreting blood tests and insulin adjustment is discussed.


Xs: 1.8887794 Ys: 2.121943 Publish year: 2005 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Association between Dietary Carbohydrates and Body Weight abstract: The role of dietary carbohydrates in weight loss has received considerable attention in light of the current obesity epidemic. The authors investigated the association of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) with dietary intake of carbohydrates and with measures of the induced glycemic response, using data from an observational study of 572 healthy adults in central Massachusetts. Anthropometric measurements, 7-day dietary recalls, and physical activity recalls were collected quarterly from each subject throughout a 1-year study period. Data were collected between 1994 and 1998. Longitudinal analyses were conducted, and results were adjusted for other factors related to body habitus. Average body mass index was 27.4 kg/m(2) (standard deviation, 5.5), while the average percentage of calories from carbohydrates was 44.9 (standard deviation, 9.6). Mean daily dietary glycemic index was 81.7 (standard deviation, 5.5), and glycemic load was 197.8 (standard deviation, 105.2). Body mass index was found to be positively associated with glycemic index, a measure of the glycemic response associated with ingesting different types of carbohydrates, but not with daily carbohydrate intake, percentage of calories from carbohydrates, or glycemic load. Results suggest that the type of carbohydrate may be related to body weight. However, further research is required to elucidate this association and its implications for weight management.


Xs: 2.251631 Ys: 3.2336218 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Clinical and Mucosal Improvement With Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Pediatric Crohn Disease abstract: Objective:
The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate clinical and mucosal responses to the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) in children with Crohn disease (CD).

Methods:
Eligible patients with active CD (Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [PCDAI] ≥ 15) underwent a patency capsule and, if passed intact, capsule endoscopy (CE) was performed. Patients taking SCD were monitored for 52 weeks while maintaining all prescribed medications. Demographic, dietary, and clinical information, PCDAI, Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI), and Lewis score (LS) were collected at 0, 12, and 52 weeks. CEs were evaluated by an experienced reader blinded to patient clinical information and timing.

Results:
Sixteen patients were screened; 10 enrolled; and 9 completed the initial 12-week trial-receiving 85% of estimated caloric needs before, and 101% on the SCD. HB significantly decreased from 3.3 ± 2.0 to 0.6 ± 1.3 (P = 0.007) as did PCDAI (21.1 ± 5.9 to 7.8 ± 7.1, P = 0.011). LS declined significantly from 2153 ± 732 to 960 ± 433 (P = 0.012). Seven patients continued the SCD up to 52 weeks; HB (0.1 ± 0.4) and PCDAI (5.4 ± 5.5) remained improved (P = 0.016 and 0.027 compared to baseline), with mean LS at 1046 ± 372 and 2 patients showed sustained mucosal healing.

Conclusions:
Clinical and mucosal improvements were seen in children with CD, who used SCD for 12 and 52 weeks. In addition, CE can monitor mucosal improvement in treatment trials for pediatric CD. Further studies are critically needed to understand the mechanisms underlying SCD's effectiveness in children with CD.


Xs: 2.3589168 Ys: 2.4379086 Publish year: 2003 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: A high-fat, refined-carbohydrate diet affects renal NO synthase protein expression and salt sensitivity abstract: Chronic consumption of a high-fat, refined-carbohydrate (HFS) diet causes hypertension. In an earlier study, we found increased nitric oxide (NO) inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and functional NO deficiency in this model. Given the critical role of NO in renal sodium handling, we hypothesized that diet-induced hypertension may be associated with salt sensitivity. Female Fischer rats were fed an HFS or a standard low-fat, complex-carbohydrate (LFCC) rat chow diet starting at 2 mo of age for 2 yr. Arterial blood pressure, renal neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein and nitrotyrosine abundance (a marker of NO inactivation by ROS), and urinary NO metabolite excretion were measured. To assess salt sensitivity, the blood pressure response to a high-salt (4%) diet for 1 wk was determined. After 2 yr, renal nNOS and urinary NO metabolite excretion were significantly depressed, whereas arterial pressure, eNOS, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine were elevated in the HFS group but remained virtually unchanged in the LFCC group. Consumption of the high-salt diet resulted in a significant rise in arterial pressure in the HFS, but not in the LFCC, group. Thus chronic consumption of an HFS diet results in hypertension and salt sensitivity, which may be in part due to a combination of ROS-mediated NO inactivation and depressed renal nNOS protein expression.


Xs: 2.1240973 Ys: 2.1093755 Publish year: 2013 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies abstract: OBJECTIVE: Low-carbohydrate diets and their combination with high-protein diets have been gaining widespread popularity to control weight. In addition to weight loss, they may have favorable short-term effects on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our objective was to elucidate their long-term effects on mortality and CVD incidence. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant articles published as of September 2012. Cohort studies of at least one year's follow-up period were included. REVIEW METHODS: Identified articles were systematically reviewed and those with pertinent data were selected for meta-analysis. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and CVD incidence were calculated using the random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting. RESULTS: We included 17 studies for a systematic review, followed by a meta-analysis using pertinent data. Of the 272,216 people in 4 cohort studies using the low-carbohydrate score, 15,981 (5.9%) cases of death from all-cause were reported. The risk of all-cause mortality among those with high low-carbohydrate score was significantly elevated: the pooled RR (95% CI) was 1.31 (1.07-1.59). A total of 3,214 (1.3%) cases of CVD death among 249,272 subjects in 3 cohort studies and 5,081 (2.3%) incident CVD cases among 220,691 people in different 4 cohort studies were reported. The risks of CVD mortality and incidence were not statistically increased: the pooled RRs (95% CIs) were 1.10 (0.98-1.24) and 0.98 (0.78-1.24), respectively. Analyses using low-carbohydrate/high-protein score yielded similar results. CONCLUSION: Low-carbohydrate diets were associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality and they were not significantly associated with a risk of CVD mortality and incidence. However, this analysis is based on limited observational studies and large-scale trials on the complex interactions between low-carbohydrate diets and long-term outcomes are needed.


Xs: 2.5112903 Ys: 4.2498655 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Functional differentiation related to decomposing complex carbohydrates of intestinal microbes between two wild zokor species based on 16SrRNA sequences abstract: Background
The intestinal microbes in mammals play a key role in host metabolism and adaptation. As a subterranean rodent, zokor digs tunnels for foraging and mating. These digging activities of zokors increase the energy expenditure relative to their aboveground counterparts. However, relatively little is known regarding intestinal microbes of zokor and how they make full use of limited food resources underground for high energy requirements.

Results
Eospalax cansus and Eospalax rothschildi had distinct intestinal microbes. Although the composition of intestinal microbes is similar in two species, the proportion of bacterium are distinctly different between them. At phylum level, 11 phyla were shared between two species. Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were two dominant microbes in both of two species, while Eospalax cansus have a significantly high proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota than that of Eospalax rothschildi . At genus level, norank_f_Muribaculaceae were dominant microbes in both of two zokor species. The relative abundance of 12 genera were significantly different between two species. Some bacterium including unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium_siraeum_group associated with cellulose degradation were significantly enriched in Eospalax cansus . Although alpha diversity was with no significant differences between Eospalax cansus and Eospalax rothschildi , the intestinal microbes between them are significant distinct in PCoA analysis. We have found that trapping location affected the alpha diversity values, while sex and body measurements had no effect on alpha diversity values. PICRUSt metagenome predictions revealed significant enrichment of microbial genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in Eospalax cansus rather than Eospalax rothschildi .

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that Eospalax cansus harbor a stronger ability of fermentation for dietary plants than Eospalax rothschildi . The stronger ability of fermentation and degradation of cellulose of intestinal microbes of Eospalax cansus may be a long-time adaptation to limited food resources underground.


Xs: 2.4413888 Ys: 3.9227083 Publish year: 2013 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Complex Interactions Among Diet, Gastrointestinal Transit, and Gut Microbiota in Humanized Mice abstract: Background & aims:
Diet has major effects on the intestinal microbiota, but the exact mechanisms that alter complex microbial communities have been difficult to elucidate. In addition to the direct influence that diet exerts on microbes, changes in microbiota composition and function can alter host functions such as gastrointestinal (GI) transit time, which in turn can further affect the microbiota.

Methods:
We investigated the relationships among diet, GI motility, and the intestinal microbiota using mice that are germ-free (GF) or humanized (ex-GF mice colonized with human fecal microbiota).

Results:
Analysis of gut motility revealed that humanized mice fed a standard polysaccharide-rich diet had faster GI transit and increased colonic contractility compared with GF mice. Humanized mice with faster transit due to administration of polyethylene glycol or a nonfermentable cellulose-based diet had similar changes in gut microbiota composition, indicating that diet can modify GI transit, which then affects the composition of the microbial community. However, altered transit in mice fed a diet of fermentable fructooligosaccharide indicates that diet can change gut microbial function, which can affect GI transit.

Conclusions:
Based on studies in humanized mice, diet can affect GI transit through microbiota-dependent or microbiota-independent pathways, depending on the type of dietary change. The effect of the microbiota on transit largely depends on the amount and type (fermentable vs nonfermentable) of polysaccharides present in the diet. These results have implications for disorders that affect GI transit and gut microbial communities, including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.


Xs: 2.116618 Ys: 2.365222 Publish year: 2004 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Glycaemic Index. Relevance for health, dietary recommendations and food labelling abstract: To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field The glycaemic index (GI) concept is based on the difference in blood glucose response after ingestion of the same amount of carbohydrates from different foods, and possible implications of these differences for health, performance and well-being. GI is defined as the incremental blood glucose area (0-2 h) following ingestion of 50 g of available carbohydrates in the test product as a percentage of the corresponding area following an equivalent amount of carbohydrate from a reference product. A high GI is generally accompanied by a high insulin response. The glycaemic load (GL) is the GI x the amount (g) of carbohydrate in the food/100. Many factors affect the GI of foods, and GI values in published tables are indicative only, and cannot be applied directly to individual foods. Properly determined GI values for individual foods have been used successfully to predict the glycaemic response of a meal, while table values have not. An internationally recognised method for GI determination is available, and work is in progress to improve inter- and intra-laboratory performance. Some epidemiological studies and intervention studies indicate that low GI diets may favourably influence the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease, although further well-controlled studies are needed for more definite conclusions. Low GI diets have been demonstrated to improve the blood glucose control, LDL-cholesterol and a risk factor for thrombosis in intervention studies with diabetes patients, but the effect in free-living conditions remains to be shown. The impact of GI in weight reduction and maintenance as well as exercise performance also needs further investigation. The GI concept should be applied only to foods providing at least 15 g and preferably 20 g of available carbohydrates per normal serving, and comparisons should be kept within the same food group. For healthy people, the significance of GI is still unclear and general labelling is therefore not recommended. If introduced, labelling should be product-specific and considered on a case-by-case basis


Xs: 2.2521906 Ys: 2.4423296 Publish year: 2009 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase and its Relation to High-Carbohydrate Diets and Obesity abstract: Obesity is currently a worldwide epidemic and public health burden that increases the risk for developing insulin resistance and several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The multifactorial causes of obesity include several genetic, dietary and lifestyle variables that together result in an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Dietary approaches to limit fat intake are commonly prescribed to achieve the hypocaloric conditions necessary for weight loss. But dietary fat restriction is often accompanied by increased carbohydrate intake, which can dramatically increase endogenous fatty acid synthesis depending upon carbohydrate composition. Since both dietary and endogenously synthesized fatty acids contribute to the whole-body fatty acid pool, obesity can therefore result from excessive fat or carbohydrate consumption. Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1) is a delta-9 fatty acid desaturase that converts saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and this activity is elevated by dietary carbohydrate. Mice lacking Scd1 are protected from obesity and insulin resistance and are characterized by decreased fatty acid synthesis and increased fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we address the association of high-carbohydrate diets with increased SCD activity and summarize the current literature on the subject of SCD1 and body weight regulation.


Xs: 2.8065038 Ys: 2.0500174 Publish year: 2010 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Atherogenic Dyslipidemia: Cardiovascular Risk and Dietary Intervention abstract: Atherogenic dyslipidemia comprises a triad of increased blood concentrations of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, and increased triglycerides. A typical feature of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherogenic dyslipidemia has emerged as an important risk factor for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease. A number of genes have now been linked to this pattern of lipoprotein changes. Low-carbohydrate diets appear to have beneficial lipoprotein effects in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia, compared to high-carbohydrate diets, whereas the content of total fat or saturated fat in the diet appears to have little effect. Achieving a better understanding of the genetic and dietary influences underlying atherogenic dyslipidemia may provide clues to improved interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals.


Xs: 3.9071963 Ys: 3.9104283 Publish year: 1995 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrate utilization and digestibility by tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus, are affected by chromic oxide inclusion in the diet abstract: A 12-wk feeding trial was conducted to study the influence of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) on carbohydrate utilization and digestibility by tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Two levels of chromic oxide (0.5 and 2%) were each incorporated into diets containing glucose or starch. Chromic oxide was added at 0 or 8 wk. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish weighing 1.11 +/- 0.05 g. Fish fed the starch diet had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein deposition and digestibility of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and dry matter than fish fed the glucose diet irrespective of the time and level of chromic oxide supplementation. Fish fed the glucose diet with 0.5% chromic oxide had higher weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein deposition than fish fed the glucose diet with 2% chromic oxide. The ingredient digestibility estimated using 0.5% chromic oxide as the marker was greater than that estimated with 2% chromic oxide. Higher phosphofructokinase and lower glucose-6-phosphatase activity was found in fish fed the starch diet than in fish fed the glucose diet regardless of the time and level of chromic oxide inclusion. Fish fed the glucose diet with 0.5% chromic oxide had higher phosphofructokinase activity and lower tissue chromium concentration than fish fed the glucose diet with 2% chromic oxide irrespective of chromic oxide inclusion time. These data suggest that the level of chromic oxide in the diet alters glucose utilization by tilapia and affects nutrient digestibility by tilapia. The time of chromic oxide inclusion had no effect on carbohydrate utilization and digestibility.


Xs: 3.8430228 Ys: 3.8631752 Publish year: 2016 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Utilisation of dietary carbohydrates in farmed fishes: New insights on influencing factors, biological limitations and future strategies abstract: Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of energy yielding nutrients which is economically indispensable in commercial fish feed formulations. But, the ability of farmed fishes to use energy from digestible forms of carbohydrates contentiously differs based on their feeding habits, anatomical-physiological features and rearing conditions. Carnivorous fishes, in particular, are considered to be poor in utilising dietary carbohydrates mainly due to their low intestinal glucose uptake rates and slow blood glucose clearance. Hence, they have been the subject of most studies focusing on carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. The findings overwhelmingly indicate the presence of almost all the essential biological elements, but with differences in the regulatory mechanism. On the other hand, the changing trends in fish feed formulation with progressively higher inclusion levels of plant ingredients will invariably introduce more carbohydrates, necessitating coping strategies in fish. In this aquaculture oriented context, our review intends to put together pieces of the puzzle of dietary carbohydrate utilisation in fish based on new insights gained with respect to 1) the various biological, nutritional and environmental factors influencing carbohydrate use such as feeding habit based evolutionary hardwiring, genotypic differences, sustained swimming exercise, influence of other dietary components, carbohydrate source characteristics, gelatinization, meal timing and changes in thermal regime 2) the inherently limiting steps beginning with low adaptability in digestive and glucose transport capacities, poor glucose homeostasis, complex hormonal regulation, distinctive glucose, energy and nutrient sensing mechanisms, regulatory deficits in hepatic intermediary metabolism and weak glucose utilization in peripheral tissues 3) promising future approaches to augment carbohydrate use in fish such as nutritional programming in early life, genetic selection, supplementation of exogenous enzymes, fine tuning dietary macronutrient balance and promoting beneficial host-microbe interactions in the digestive tract.


Xs: 2.413151 Ys: 2.245689 Publish year: 2008 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The effect of high and low glycemic index diets on urinary chromium in healthy individuals: A cross-over study abstract: Insufficient dietary intake of chromium as an essential nutrient leads to signs and symptoms that are similar to those observed for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We postulate that in healthy individuals, urinary chromium excretion following a high glycemic index diet is higher than after a low glycemic index diet.
A sequential randomized controlled cross-over study was carried out at the Metabolic Unit of Nutrition Department of King's College London. Sixteen healthy individuals aged 18 - 60 years were recruited from 26 volunteers. A low or high glycemic index diet (as the main meals/day) was given to the volunteers over six days. Fasting blood glucose and insulin changes were determined and 24-hr urine samples were collected to measure chromium excretion before intervention and every second day within each treatment with a one wash-out period using Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer.
During the six-day diet study, there were no significant differences in 24-hr urinary chromium losses between the two groups following the low glycemic index (0.58+/-0.08 microg/24 hr) and high glycemic index diets (0.48+/-0.06 microg/24 hr). However, during day six there was a trend towards greater loss of chromium after the high glycemic index diet (0.73+/-0.1 microg/24 hr) in comparison with the low glycemic index diet (0.54+/-0.07 microg/24 hr).
Evidence that urinary chromium loses following the high glycemic index diets have not been clearly demonstrated in normal subjects. These results suggest that chromium excretion may need to be observed for longer than six days to address this question.


Xs: 1.9822322 Ys: 2.1192567 Publish year: 2013 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Safety and Efficacy of the Nonsystemic Chewable Complex Carbohydrate Dietary Supplement PAZ320 on Postprandial Glycemia When Added to Oral Agents or Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus abstract: Objective:
Our primary objective was to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplement PAZ320 on postprandial glucose excursion. PAZ320 is derived from glucomannan and acts by blocking carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes and by binding to ingested polysaccharides. Endpoints included area under the curve during postprandial glucose excursion (gAUC) and adverse reactions.

Methods:
In an open-label, sequential dose-escalation, prospective study, we examined the efficacy and safety of PAZ320 in 24 subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with oral agents and/or insulin. Subjects consumed 75 g jasmine rice alone or with low-dose (8 g) or high-dose (16 g) PAZ320. A real-time blinded continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was used to assess 3-hour postprandial glycemia.

Results:
We found that 45% of subjects responded to high-dose PAZ320 as evidenced by a decrease in gAUC of 40% compared to baseline in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of PAZ320 does not correlate with duration of diabetes and seems to work regardless of concurrent diabetes medications. The responders had higher postmeal glucose elevation at baseline, while the nonresponders showed no effect or paradoxic glucose response to PAZ320. There was no severe hypoglycemia, and the gastrointestinal side effects were mild.

Conclusions:
PAZ320 may be useful as an adjunct to decrease postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes, although patients should verify its effect on postprandial glucose due to a possible paradoxic response. Its safety profile is reassuring. Further study is required to determine its long-term effects on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and to further define which subpopulation may respond to PAZ320.


Xs: 1.9242394 Ys: 2.2331777 Publish year: 1987 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Diet-Hormone interactions: Protein/Carbohydrate ratio alters reciprocally the plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol and their respective binding globulins in man abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if a change in protein/carbohydrate ratio influences plasma steroid hormone concentrations. There is little information about the effects of specific dietary components on steroid hormone metabolism in humans. Testosterone concentrations in seven normal men were consistently higher after ten days on a high carbohydrate diet (468 +/- 34 ng/dl, mean +/- S.E.) than during a high protein diet (371 +/- 23 ng/dl, p less than 0.05) and were accompanied by parallel changes in sex hormone binding globulin (32.5 +/- 2.8 nmol/l vs. 23.4 +/- 1.6 nmol/l respectively, p less than 0.01). By contrast, cortisol concentrations were consistently lower during the high carbohydrate diet than during the high protein diet (7.74 +/- 0.71 micrograms/dl vs. 10.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/dl respectively, p less than 0.05), and there were parallel changes in corticosteroid binding globulin concentrations (635 +/- 60 nmol/l vs. 754 +/- 31 nmol/l respectively, p less than 0.05). The diets were equal in total calories and fat. These consistent and reciprocal changes suggest that the ratio of protein to carbohydrate in the human diet is an important regulatory factor for steroid hormone plasma levels and for liver-derived hormone binding proteins.


Xs: 2.0782666 Ys: 1.8909342 Publish year: 2023 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Association between Different Types of Exercise and Intake of Nutrients including Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein, and B Vitamins in Young Adults abstract: Purpose:
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between different types of exercise and nutrient intake to provide a basis for promoting the overall health of young adults.

Methods:
A total of 427 young adults (217 women) aged 21 to 35 were recruited. Participants self-reported time spent (min/week) in endurance exercise, resistance exercise, sports, walking, and other structured physical activity (PA). Nutrient intake was determined via telephone-administered 24 h recalls.

Results:
Resistance exercise was positively associated with intake of protein, vitamins B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12 and the percentage of total calories from protein (PCT-PRO), and negatively associated with the percentage of total calories from carbohydrate (PCT-CHO) (p < 0.05). Time spent in aerobic exercise was positively associated with fiber, pectin, and vitamin B6 intake, and negatively associated with PCT-PRO (p < 0.05). Time spent exercising was negatively associated with fiber and pectin intake (p < 0.05). Time spent performing other structured PA was positively associated with pectin intake (p < 0.05). Participants' total exercise time was positively associated with intake of vitamins B2, B5, B12, and PCT-Fat, PCT-PRO, and negatively associated with PCT-CHO (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The results showed an association between various exercise types and specific nutrients. It may be worthwhile to point out the negative association of exercise with CHO intake, which may need to be examined more closely in active young adults. In addition, the supplementation of B vitamins and pectin may be beneficial for their exercise performance and post-exercise recovery.


Xs: 2.3233247 Ys: 3.862445 Publish year: 2017 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota abstract: The gastrointestinal microbiota has an important role in human health, and there is increasing interest in utilizing dietary approaches to modulate the composition and metabolic function of the microbial communities that colonize the gastrointestinal tract to improve health, and prevent or treat disease. One dietary strategy for modulating the microbiota is consumption of dietary fiber and prebiotics that can be metabolized by microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Human alimentary enzymes are not able to digest most complex carbohydrates and plant polysaccharides. Instead, these polysaccharides are metabolized by microbes which generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate. This article reviews the current knowledge of the impact of fiber and prebiotic consumption on the composition and metabolic function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, including the effects of physiochemical properties of complex carbohydrates, adequate intake and treatment dosages, and the phenotypic composition of the human microbiota.


Xs: 2.3803604 Ys: 4.011226 Publish year: 2020 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Carbohydrate complexity structures stable diversity in gut-derived microbial consortia under high dilution pressure abstract: Dietary fibers are major substrates for the colonic microbiota, but the structural specificity of these fibers for the diversity, structure, and function of gut microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, we employed an in vitro sequential batch fecal culture approach to determine: 1) whether the chemical complexity of a carbohydrate structure influences its ability to maintain microbial diversity in the face of high dilution pressure and 2) whether substrate structuring or obligate microbe-microbe metabolic interactions (e.g. exchange of amino acids or vitamins) exert more influence on maintained diversity. Sorghum arabinoxylan (SAX, complex polysaccharide), inulin (low-complexity oligosaccharide) and their corresponding monosaccharide controls were selected as model carbohydrates. Our results demonstrate that complex carbohydrates stably sustain diverse microbial consortia. Further, very similar final consortia were enriched on SAX from the same individual’s fecal microbiota across a one-month interval, suggesting that polysaccharide structure is more influential than stochastic alterations in microbiome composition in governing the outcomes of sequential batch cultivation experiments. SAX-consuming consortia were anchored by Bacteroides ovatus and retained diverse consortia of >12 OTUs; whereas final inulin-consuming consortia were dominated either by Klebsiella pneumoniae or Bifidobacterium sp. and Escherichia coli . Furthermore, auxotrophic interactions were less influential in structuring microbial consortia consuming SAX than the less-complex inulin. These data suggest that carbohydrate structural complexity affords independent niches that structure fermenting microbial consortia, whereas other metabolic interactions govern the composition of communities fermenting simpler carbohydrates.

IMPORTANCE
The mechanisms by which gut microorganisms compete for and cooperate on human-indigestible carbohydrates of varying structural complexity remain unclear. Gaps in this understanding make it challenging to predict the effect of a particular dietary fiber’s structure on the diversity, composition, or function of gut microbiomes, especially with inter-individual variability in diets and microbiomes. Here, we demonstrate that carbohydrate structure governs the diversity of gut microbiota under high dilution pressure, suggesting that such structures may support microbial diversity in vivo . Further, we also demonstrate that carbohydrate polymers are not equivalent in the strength by which they influence community structure and function, and that metabolic interactions among members arising due to auxotrophy exert significant influence on the outcomes of these competitions for simpler polymers. Collectively, these data suggest that large, complex dietary fiber polysaccharides structure the human gut ecosystem in ways that smaller and simpler ones may not.


Xs: 3.2071548 Ys: 2.2302718 Publish year: 2009 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Dietary intervention to lower serum cholesterol abstract: Dietary intervention to lower serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is effective, yet underutilised in general practice.
This report summarises the findings of an expert roundtable convened to review the evidence relating to dietary interventions to lower serum LDL-C.
Interventions that lower LDL-C lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Comprehensive dietary intervention is indicated in all patients with an absolute 5 year risk for coronary disease of 10% or greater. Short term trials indicate that these interventions have the potential to lower LDL-C by approximately 20%. A year long trial has shown mean LDL-C lowering of 13%, with about one-third of subjects achieving a reduction greater than 20%, highlighting the importance of adherence to dietary advice. The most effective dietary strategies are replacing saturated and trans fatty acids with poly- and monounsaturated fats and increasing intake of plant sterols. Losing weight and increasing soluble fibre and soy protein intake can also lower serum cholesterol and may be considered when recommending a nutritionally balanced, cholesterol lowering diet. Motivational interviewing by general practitioners can improve the effectiveness of brief, behaviour orientated advice and dietary counselling to lower serum cholesterol.


Xs: 2.0682924 Ys: 1.9569204 Publish year: 2015 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Ketosis, ketogenic diet and food intake control: a complex relationship abstract: Though the hunger-reduction phenomenon reported during ketogenic diets is well-known, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain uncertain. Ketosis has been demonstrated to exert an anorexigenic effect via cholecystokinin (CCK) release while reducing orexigenic signals e.g., via ghrelin. However, ketone bodies (KB) seem to be able to increase food intake through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the release and production of adiponectin. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of our current knowledge of the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on food control in an effort to unify the apparently contradictory data into a coherent picture.


Xs: 2.0563574 Ys: 2.0646737 Publish year: 2004 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effects of a low-fat diet compared with those of a high-monounsaturated fat diet on body weight, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes abstract: An important therapeutic goal for patients with type 2 diabetes is weight loss, which improves metabolic abnormalities. Ad libitum low-fat diets cause weight loss in nondiabetic populations. Compared with diets higher in monounsaturated fat, however, eucaloric low-fat diets may increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and worsen glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes.
We investigated whether, in type 2 diabetes patients, an ad libitum low-fat diet would cause greater weight loss than would a high-monounsaturated fat diet and would do this without increasing plasma triacylglycerol concentrations or worsening glycemic control.
Eleven patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet or a high-monounsaturated fat diet, each for 6 wk. The diets offered contained 125% of the estimated energy requirement to allow self-selection of food quantity. The response variables were body weight; fasting plasma lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, glycated hemoglobin A(1c), and fructosamine concentrations; insulin sensitivity; and glucose disposal.
Body weight decreased significantly (1.53 kg; P < 0.001) only with the low-fat diet. Plasma total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations tended to decrease during both diets. There were no interaction effects between diet and the lipid profile response over time. Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity did not differ significantly between the 2 diets.
Contrary to expectations, the ad libitum, low-fat, high-fiber diet promoted weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes without causing unfavorable alterations in plasma lipids or glycemic control.


Xs: 2.5790305 Ys: 1.2071083 Publish year: 1991 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Obesity and cardiovascular risk intervention through the ad libitum feeding of traditional Hawaiian diet abstract: The Waianae Diet Program is a community-based intervention strategy designed to be culturally appropriate by using a pre-Western-contact Hawaiian diet to reduce chronic-disease risk factors in Native Hawaiians. This paper describes a trial of the traditional Hawaiian diet fed ad libitum to Native Hawaiians with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease to assess its effect on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Twenty Native Hawaiians were placed on a pre-Western-contact Hawaiian diet for 21 d. The diet was low in fat (7%), high in complex carbohydrates (78%), and moderate in protein (15%). Participants were encouraged to eat to satiety. Average energy intake decreased from 10.86 MJ (2594 kcal)/d to 6.57 MJ (1569 kcal)/d. Average weight loss was 7.8 kg (P less than 0.0001) and average serum cholesterol decreased 0.81 mmol/L (P less than 0.001) from 5.76 to 4.95 mmol/L. Blood pressure decreased an average of 11.5 mm Hg systolic (P less than 0.001) and 8.9 mm Hg diastolic (P less than 0.001).


Xs: 2.1679053 Ys: 1.584253 Publish year: 2023 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Christian Orthodox Fasting as a Traditional Diet with Low Content of Refined Carbohydrates That Promotes Human Health: A Review of the Current Clinical Evidence abstract: Introduction:
Christian Orthodox fasting is a pattern high in complex carbohydrates and low in refined carbohydrates. It has been explored in association with its potential health benefits. The present review aims to comprehensively explore the existing available clinical data concerning the potential favorable impact of the dietary pattern of Christian Orthodox fasting on human health.

Methods:
PubMed database, Web of Science and Google Scholar were extensively searched in order to identify the more appropriate clinical studies that explore the effect of Christian Orthodox fasting on health-related outcomes in humans utilizing relative keywords. We initially retrieved 121 records through database searching. After applying several exclusion criteria, 17 clinical studies were finally included in this review study.

Discussion:
Christian Orthodox fasting showed beneficial effects concerning glucose and lipid control, whereas the data for blood pressure remain inconclusive. Concerning weight control, fasters were characterized by lower body mass and lower caloric intake in the course of the fasting periods. During fasting, this pattern is higher in fruits and vegetables, showing the absence of dietary deficiencies for iron and folate. Nevertheless, dietary deficiencies were recorded for calcium and vitamin B2, and also hypovitaminosis D has been noticed in monks. Interestingly, the vast majority of monks do present with both good quality of life and mental health.

Conclusions:
Overall, Christian Orthodox fasting is a dietary pattern low in refined carbohydrates and high in complex carbohydrates and fiber that may be beneficial for human health promotion and chronic disease prevention. However, further studies are strongly recommended on the impact of long-term religious fasting on HDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure.


Xs: 1.7612568 Ys: 2.3162882 Publish year: 1993 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings abstract: The effect of the glycemic index (GI) of postexercise carbohydrate intake on muscle glycogen storage was investigated. Five well-trained cyclists undertook an exercise trial to deplete muscle glycogen (2 h at 75% of maximal O2 uptake followed by four 30-s sprints) on two occasions, 1 wk apart. For 24 h after each trial, subjects rested and consumed a diet composed exclusively of high-carbohydrate foods, with one trial providing foods with a high GI (HI GI) and the other providing foods with a low GI (LO GI). Total carbohydrate intake over the 24 h was 10 g/kg of body mass, evenly distributed between meals eaten 0, 4, 8, and 21 h postexercise. Blood samples were drawn before exercise, immediately after exercise, immediately before each meal, and 30, 60, and 90 min post-prandially. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately after exercise and after 24 h. When the effects of the immediate postexercise meal were excluded, the totals of the incremental glucose and insulin areas after each meal were greater (P < or = 0.05) for the HI GI meals than for the LO GI meals. The increase in muscle glycogen content after 24 h of recovery was greater (P = 0.02) with the HI GI diet (106 +/- 11.7 mmol/kg wet wt) than with the LO GI diet (71.5 +/- 6.5 mmol/kg). The results suggest that the most rapid increase in muscle glycogen content during the first 24 h of recovery is achieved by consuming foods with a high GI.


Xs: 2.1784332 Ys: 2.2436645 Publish year: 1991 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Comparison of the Effects on Insulin Sensitivity of High Carbohydrate and High Fat Diets in Normal Subjects* abstract: To examine whether achievable dietary changes influence insulin sensitivity, we performed euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps in eight normal subjects who were prescribed high carbohydrate and high fat diets. The high carbohydrate diet was more than 50% (of energy intake) carbohydrate and less than 30% fat; the high fat diet was more than 45% fat (predominantly saturated) and less than 40% carbohydrate. The diets were consumed over consecutive 3-week periods in random sequence. The mean whole body glucose uptake during the glucose clamps was similar after the high carbohydrate (48.3 mumol/kg.min) and high fat diets (47.0 mumol/kg.min; P = 0.5; 95% confidence interval for the difference, -3.4 to 5.9 mumol/kg.min). Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were also unchanged. In contrast, there were substantial effects on lipoprotein metabolism. During the high carbohydrate diet, fasting serum cholesterol decreased by 17% (P = 0.06), low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 20% (P = 0.05), high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 24% (P less than 0.005), and triglyceride increased by 33% (P = 0.06) compared with levels during the high fat diet. These results suggest that practically achievable high carbohydrate diets do not enhance insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic subjects and have net effects on lipoprotein metabolism that may be unfavorable.


Xs: 2.4146593 Ys: 4.0696907 Publish year: 2014 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Links between diet, gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism abstract: The gut microbiota and its metabolic products interact with the host in many different ways, influencing gut homoeostasis and health outcomes. The species composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to respond to dietary change, determined by competition for substrates and by tolerance of gut conditions. Meanwhile, the metabolic outputs of the microbiota, such as SCFA, are influenced both by the supply of dietary components and via diet-mediated changes in microbiota composition. There has been significant progress in identifying the phylogenetic distribution of pathways responsible for formation of particular metabolites among human colonic bacteria, based on combining cultural microbiology and sequence-based approaches. Formation of butyrate and propionate from hexose sugars, for example, can be ascribed to different bacterial groups, although propionate can be formed via alternative pathways from deoxy-sugars and from lactate by a few species. Lactate, which is produced by many gut bacteria in pure culture, can also be utilised by certain Firmicutes to form butyrate, and its consumption may be important for maintaining a stable community. Predicting the impact of diet upon such a complex and interactive system as the human gut microbiota not only requires more information on the component groups involved but, increasingly, the integration of such information through modelling approaches.


Xs: 2.1677024 Ys: 2.2493808 Publish year: 2002 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Effect of Diet and Exercise Intervention on Blood Pressure, Insulin, Oxidative Stress, and Nitric Oxide Availability abstract: Diet and exercise can affect blood pressure and atherosclerotic risk.
The present study was designed to examine the effects of a short-term, rigorous diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia, and nitric oxide (NO) availability. Men (n=11) were placed on a low-fat, high-fiber diet combined with daily exercise for 45 to 60 minutes for 3 weeks. Pre- and post fasting blood was drawn for serum lipid, insulin, 8-isoprostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), and glucose measurements. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure (BP), and 24-hour urinary NO metabolite excretion (NO(X)), a marker of NO bioavailability, were measured. Systolic (P<0.01) and diastolic BP (P<0.01) and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) decreased (P<0.05), whereas urinary NO(X) increased (P<0.05). There was a significant reduction in fasting insulin (P<0.01) and a significant correlation between the decrease in serum insulin and the increase in urinary NO(X) (r2=0.68, P<0.05). All fasting lipids decreased significantly, and the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio improved. Although body weight and body mass index (P<0.01) decreased, obesity was still present and there were no correlations between the change in body mass index and the change in insulin, BP, or urinary NO(X).
This intervention resulted in dramatic improvements in BP, oxidative stress, NO availability, and the metabolic profile within 3 weeks, mitigating the risk for atherosclerosis progression and its clinical sequelae.