Xs: 2.6890996 Ys: 0.83223474 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Association of retinol binding protein 4 and transthyretin with triglyceride levels and insulin resistance in rural thais with high type 2 diabetes risk abstract: Background:
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), a protein secreted by adipocytes and bound in plasma to transthyretin (TTR), has been associated with obesity, the early phase of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between RBP4, TTR, triglyceride (TG) and type 2 diabetes risk in rural Thailand.

Methods:
We measured the serum RBP4, TTR, glucose, triglyceride and insulin levels, and glucose tolerance of 167 volunteers from Sung Noen District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationships between RBP4, TTR and type 2 diabetes markers.

Results:
RBP4 and TTR levels, as well as homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, were significantly elevated among subjects with high triglyceride levels (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). Triglyceride levels correlated with RBP4 (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and TTR (r = 0.26, p < 0.01) levels, as well as HOMA-IR values (r = 0.16, p < 0.05). After adjustment for age and gender, the risk of hypertriglyceridemia was 3.7 times greater (95% CI =1.42-9.73, p = 0.008) in the highest RBP4 tertile as compared to the lowest tertile. Similarly, the highest TTR and HOMA-IR tertiles had greater risk of hypertriglyceridemia at 3.5 (95% CI = 1.30-9.20, p = 0.01) and 3.6 (95% CI = 1.33-9.58, p = 0.01) times higher than the respective lowest tertiles. The correlation between TTR and blood glucose was statistically significant (r = 0.18, p < 0.05), but not found this relationship in RBP4.

Conclusions:
The associations of RBP4 and TTR with hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance may have important implications for the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Xs: 3.1623428 Ys: 0.6982225 Publish year: 1997 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Recommendations for the prevention of coronary artery disease in Asians: A scientific statement of the International College of Nutrition abstract: There has been a rapid increase in coronary artery disease (CAD) in most Asian countries in association with rapid economic development; however, there is no consensus of opinion on diet and lifestyle guidelines and desirable levels of risk factors for prevention of CAD in these countries. The proportion of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases in Asians may be about 15% but there are wide variations. In view of the lower fat intake of the low-risk rural populations of India, the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Korea, Thailand and Japan compared with that of urban subjects, the limit for total energy from fat intake in an average should be 21% (7% each from saturated, polyunsaturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids). The n-6: n-3 fatty acids ration should be < 5.0. The carbohydrates intake should be > 65% and mainly from complex carbohydrates (> 55%). A body mass index of 21 kg/m2 may be safe but the range may be 18.5-23.0 kg/m2 and someone with a body mass index > 23 kg/m2 should be considered overweight. A waist: waist:hip ratio > 0.88 for men and > 0.85 for women should be considered to define central obesity. The desirable limit for serum total cholesterol may be 170 mg/dl, the borderline high level may be 170-199 mg/dl and the high level 200 mg/dl or above. The corresponding values for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be 90, 90-109 and 110 mg/dl or above. Fasting serum triglycerides may be < 150 mg/dl and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 35 mg/dl, which are close to the levels in low-risk rural populations. Fasting blood glucose > 140 mg/dl and postprandial blood glucose > 200 mg/dl may be considered conditions for diabetes, and 140-200 mg/dl, glucose intolerance. An intake of 400 g/day fruit, vegetables and legumes, mustard or soybean oil (25 g/day) instead of hydrogenated fat, coconut oil or butter in conjunction with moderate physical activity (1255 kJ/day), cessation of tobacco consumption and moderation of alcohol intake may be an effective package of remedies for prevention of CAD in Asians.


Xs: 5.945019 Ys: -0.077405035 Publish year: 2024 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Comparative analysis of diet effects on growth performance and nutrient composition in house cricket, Acheta domestica as an alternative protein source in Thailand abstract: This comprehensive study investigated the diet’s impact on the growth and nutritional value of crickets (Acheta domesticus) in northern Thailand across five feed treatments. These included a commercial formula (CF21) with 21% protein content as a control, a novel cycling program of commercial formula (CF14) alternating between 21% and 14% protein feeds, and three new formulas (NF) with varied protein compositions (NF21 maintained a 21% protein diet, while NF17 and NF14 transitioned to 17% and 14% protein, respectively, after 21 days). Results revealed variations (p < 0.05) in production efficiency for 42-day-old crickets, including body weight, cricket production weight, and feed-to-body-weight conversion efficiency. NF21 displayed the highest average body weight for both sexes but the lowest total production weight. CF14 outperformed CF21 and the three new formulas. Despite trends in NF17 and NF14, their total weights slightly trailed CF14. Survival rates correlated with diet composition, with CF14 having the highest rate (71.08%), while subsequent groups experienced diminishing survival rates. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) analysis showed disparities, with NF21 recording the highest FCR value (3.34 ± 0.02) and CF14 recording the lowest (2.35 ± 0.01), highlighting different diet efficiencies. Economically, NF14 demonstrated cost-effectiveness at 25.92 ± 0.15 THB/kg (1 THB = 0.025 EUR), while CF14 emerged as the leader, achieving the highest net profit with a 51.51% cost reduction. The nutrient composition study revealed no significant impact on six values across all treatments. Overall, the majority of results favored CF14 as the preferred choice for achieving both cost-effectiveness and maximum yield.


Xs: 3.3924444 Ys: 0.61211336 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary intake and weight status of urban Thai preadolescents in the context of food environment abstract: Little attention has been devoted to the importance of understanding the association between dietary intake and childhood obesity in Thailand. This study aimed to explore food types affecting the weight status of preadolescents in urban settings, where obesity is remarkably prevalent. This study was conducted in 2015–2016 and assessed the dietary intake of 263 children aged 10–12 years from Bangkok Metropolitan Regions through three- nonconsecutive-day 24 h recall. Lifestyle and sociodemographic information was obtained using questionnaires. Participants were classified into non-obese and overweight/obese groups based on the WHO child growth standard curve. Foods were categorized into 13 groups based on Thailand's dietary guidelines and food environment context regarding two eating occasions (main and between meals) of children, which resulted in the newly classified “street-side snacks”. Data were examined using analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression analysis. After adjusting for sex and energy misreporting, overweight/obese participants had higher energy and macronutrient intake and consumed more cereal grains, meat/fish, flavored milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages during main meals and street-side snacks and confectioneries during between meals than non-obese participants. The consumption of street-side snacks had the highest beta coefficient on BMI z-scores among the food types in the model, adjusted further for energy intakes. Street-side snacks may be an important predictor of obesity in Thai children. A prospective investigation of the impact of accessibility and availability of this food item is needed.


Xs: 8.140723 Ys: 2.7428832 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Phenolic profile of various wild edible mushroom extracts from Thailand and their antioxidant properties, anti-tyrosinase and hyperglycaemic inhibitory activities abstract: Four popular wild edible mushroom species (Rugiboletus extremiorientalis, Russula emetica, Russula sp. and Phlebopus portentosus) in Thailand were investigated for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic profile and were evaluated for their antioxidant properties, as well as their tyrosinase and hyperglycaemic inhibitory activities. Water extraction of R. extremiorientalis not only contained high phenolic and flavonoid contents but also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities as well as significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity. However, the methanolic extract of R. extremiorientalis had greater tyrosinase inhibitory activity than that of other mushroom species. The phenolic profile of an effective water extract of R. extremiorientalis presented gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, rutin and apigenin. This is the first report of phytochemical data for selected popular wild edible mushroom species in Thailand, and these findings could be applied to nutraceutical and cosmetic purposes.


Xs: 3.1817245 Ys: 0.6719174 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: XRCC1 Gene Polymorphism, Diet and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Thailand abstract: Background:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between the presence of a polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene and known risk factors for colorectal cancer in Thailand.

Materials and methods:
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Thailand. The participants were 230 histologically confirmed new cases and 230 controls matched by sex and age and recruited from the same hospital. Information about demographic characteristics, life style, and dietary habits was collected using structured interviews, and blood samples were taken which were used for the detection of a homozygous and heterozygous polymorphisms of XRCC1. Associations were assessed using multiple conditional logistic regression.

Results:
In the univariate analysis, factors found to be significantly associated with an increased risk for CRC were the presence of the XRCC1 AA homozygote (OR= 4.95; 95% CI: 1.99-12.3), a first degree family history of cancer (OR= 1.74; 95% CI: 1.18-2.58), and a high frequency of pork consumption (OR= 1.49; 95% CI: 1.00-2.21). Intakes of fish fruit and vegetables appeared to be protective factors, but the associations were not statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis only the XRCC1 AA homozygote polymorphism and a family history of cancer emerged as risk factors (OR= 4.96; 95% CI: 1.90- 12.95 and OR=1.80; 95% CI: 1.18-2.72, respectively).

Conclusions:
While the XRCC1 AA homozygote and a family history of cancer were found to be associated with an increased risk of CRC, none of the dietary intake variables were clearly identified as risk or protective factors. There is a need for further research to determine the reasons for this.


Xs: 2.2854867 Ys: 1.3495312 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Preventive Role of Diet Interventions and Dietary Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review abstract: Background:
Although the body of evidence indicates clear benefits of dietary modifications for prevention of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it may be difficult for healthcare providers to recommend which diet interventions or dietary factors are appropriate for patients as there are too many modalities available. Accordingly, we performed an umbrella review to synthesize evidence on diet interventions and dietary factors in prevention of T2DM.

Methods:
Medline and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized-controlled trial or observational studies were eligible if they measured effects of diet interventions and/or dietary factors including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on risk of T2DM. The effect of each diet intervention/factor was summarized qualitatively.

Results:
Sixty systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible. Results of the review suggest that healthy dietary patterns such as Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, and high consumption of whole grains, low-fat dairy products, yogurt, olive oil, chocolate, fiber, magnesium, and flavonoid significantly reduced the risk of T2DM. In contrast, high glycemic index and glycemic load diets, high consumption of red and processed meat, and sugar or artificial sugar-sweetened beverages significantly increased risk of T2DM. Prescribing diet interventions with or without physical activity interventions significantly decreased risk of T2DM in both high-risk and general population.

Conclusion:
High consumption of Mediterranean and DASH diet, and interventions that modified the quality of diet intake significantly reduced risk of T2DM especially in the high-risk population. These lifestyle modifications should be promoted in both individual and population levels to prevent and decrease burden from T2DM in the future.


Xs: 8.201336 Ys: 2.8725321 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Mushroom abstract: Mushrooms have been consumed over years as a part of human diet. Due to the therapeutic value of mushroom, it is categorized as a functional food with the property of disease prevention in humans. The presence of biologically active compounds having different medicinal properties provides an opportunity to develop edible mushrooms into functional foods with enhanced nutritional value and numerous health benefits. Mushrooms have cardiovascular, antidiabetic, and immune-modulating properties in order to prevent the risk of cancer and control blood sugar level with substantive antioxidant activity, which are recorded in both wild as well as cultivated species. Various bioactive compounds in mushrooms like phenolics and alkaloid and organic acid contents have the ability to inhibit lipooxidase enzymes, scavenge free radicals, and capture metals and thus contribute to the antioxidant property of mushrooms. Due to the antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds which are present in mushrooms, there is ample scope for the provision of a lot of health benefits. Flavonoids constitute the major proportion of phenolic compounds present in mushrooms. The bioactive compounds of mushrooms which are responsible for producing various therapeutic effects are commonly obtained from their fruiting bodies. The content and concentration of these bioactives depends upon the cultivation technique, extraction method, and the type of bioactive component.


Xs: 2.703141 Ys: 4.081846 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Comparative Proteogenomics and Metabolic Profiling Identify an Inducible Operon Involved in Inulin Utilization in Lactobacillus plantarum Strains abstract: Importance:
Inulin is a long-chain carbohydrate that may at as a prebiotic, which provide many health benefits to the host by selectively stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. While certain lactobacilli can catabolize inulin, this has not yet been described for L. plantarum and its associated putative inulin operon has not been reported in this species. By using comparative and functional genomics we showed that two L. plantarum strains were able to utilize inulin, and identified a functional inulin operon in their genomes. The proteogenomic data revealed inulin degrading and uptaking routes widely expressed among L. plantarum strains, which related to fosRABCDXE operon and pstBCA genes. The present work provides novel understanding gene regulation and mechanisms of inulin utilization in probiotic L. plantarum generating opportunities for synbiotic product development.


Xs: 4.0618477 Ys: 5.4356246 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effect of Feeding Discarded Durian Peel Ensiled with Lactobacillus casei TH14 and Additives in Total Mixed Rations on Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Mitigation, and Nitrogen Balance of Thai Native–Anglo-Nubi abstract: The paper aimed to verify the possibility to improve the utilization of agro-industrial by products which is one of the main targets of a future sustainable agriculture. Research on the use of discarded-durian peel in goat nutrition, ensiled with various additives, seems to be interesting from a scientific and application point of view, especially in regions where the production and availability of Durian is important from an economic point of view. For this reason, it can be stated that the work presented for evaluation brings new elements, and importantly, indicates a need for further research in this area.


Xs: 3.8784165 Ys: 5.243523 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Feeding Pellets Containing Agro-Industrial Waste Enhances Feed Utilization and Rumen Functions in Thai Beef Cattle abstract: Simple Summary
This research addresses the issue of the limited nutritional value of citric waste and introduces the concept of citric waste fermented with yeast waste (CWYW) as a promising alternative nitrogen feed for cattle, boasting a high protein level of 53.5%. While prior studies have highlighted the benefits of CWYW, practical challenges related to its storage remain. In addition, this study explores adding CWYW pellets (CWYWP) to beef cattle feed at different amounts (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of their daily DM intake). It shows that adding 4% or 6% of DM per day can greatly increase beef cattle’s total CP intake as well as the CP digestibility, rumen bacterial population, and propionate concentration. Consequently, CWYWP presents a sustainable solution that reuses factory residue and aligns with the Bio-Circular-Green Economic Model (BCG) approach.

Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of citric waste fermented with yeast waste pellet (CWYWP) supplementation on feed intake, rumen characteristics, and blood metabolites in native Thai beef cattle that are fed a rice-straw-based diet. Four native male Thai beef cattle (1.0–1.5 years old) with an initial body weight (BW) of 116 ± 16 kg were held in a 4 × 4 Latin square design within 21-day periods. The animals were assigned to receive CWYWP supplementation at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of the total dry matter (DM) intake per day. The results indicate that feeding beef cattle with CWYWP leads to a linear increase in the total intake as well was the intake of crude protein (CP) and the digestibility of CP, with the maximum levels observed at 6% CWYWP supplementation (p < 0.05). Rumen characteristics, including pH, blood urea-nitrogen concentration, and protozoal population, showed no significant alterations in response to the varying CWYWP dosages (p > 0.05). In addition, the CWYWP supplementation resulted in no significant changes in the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen, remaining within an average normal range of 10.19–10.38 mg/dL (p > 0.05). The inclusion of 6% CWYWP resulted in the highest population of ruminal bacteria (p < 0.05). Additionally, the CWYWP supplementation led to a statistically significant increase in the mean propionic acid concentration as compared to the group that did not receive the CWYWP supplementation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates that supplementing Thai native beef cattle with CWYWP at either 4% or 6% DM per day can enhance their total CP intake as well as the CP digestibility and rumen bacterial population, and can increase propionate concentration.


Xs: 5.277523 Ys: 1.3541392 Publish year: 2003 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Plant Biodiversity and Malnutrition: Simple Solutions to Complex Problems abstract: Given the difficulty of precisely identifying optimal diets, diversity provides an intrinsic buffer against uncertainties posed by lack of knowledge and by environmental change. Plant biodiversity offers useful perspectives on a number of issues of contemporary scientific and public health importance including, micronutrient deficiency and bioavailability, nutrition and disease, the nutrition transition, and medicinal and functional activities of plants. Globally, simplification of the diets of large numbers of people to a limited number of high-energy foods as a result of urbanization and socioeconomic changes presents unprecedented obstacles to human health associated with emerging diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Greater use of plant biodiversity based on scientific evaluation of plant properties, cultural support programs, dietary education, innovative processing and marketing provides a possible avenue for mediating the impacts of change. The diverse nutrition and health functions that plants serve in traditional culture, and indigenous knowledge of plant diversity, offer potentially valuable solutions that enable biodiversity to address the problems facing contemporary society. This paper summarizes empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that dietary diversity is essential for health and that biodiversity can be equated with dietary diversity. Further population studies on the relationship of dietary diversity including in plant varieties and health as well as research into mechanism through which diversity affects individual health are needed to test the validity of this hypothesis. Nutritional blindness is presented as a case where attention on one nutrient, vitamin A, overshadows important diseases such as cataracts and the potential importance of plant resources in mediating their effects.

Key words: dietary diversity, functional food, biodiversity, indigenous knowledgeRésumé

BIODIVERSITE DES PLANTES ET MALNUTRITION:

DES SOLUTIONS SIMPLES A DES PROBLEMES COMPLEXES

Base théorique pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie globale combinant la conservation des ressources génétiques des plantes et la nutrition humaine

Au vu de la difficulté d'une identification précise d'un régime alimentaire idéal, la diversité offre une protection intrinsèque contre les incertitudes liées au manque de connaissances et aux changements de l'environnement. La biodiversité des plantes offre des perspectives utiles relatives à plusieurs questions ayant une importance scientifique et de santé publique d'actualité, y compris les carences en micronutriments et la biodisponibilité, la nutrition et la maladie, la transition alimentaire, et les activités médicinales et fonctionnelles des plantes. Au niveau mondial, la simplification de l'alimentation d'un grand nombre de personnes à une sélection limitée d'aliments à forte teneur énergétique suite à l'urbanisation et aux changements socio-économiques entraîne des conséquences sans précédent pour la santé humaine relatives aux maladies émergentes telles que le diabète, l'hypertension et le cancer. Une meilleure utilisation de la biodiversité végétale basée sur une évaluation scientifique des propriétés des plantes, des programmes de soutien culturel, une éducation alimentaire, des méthodes de production et de marketing novatrices offrent une avenue potentielle pour réduire l'impact du changement. Les fonctions nutritives et sanitaires diverses qu'ont les plantes dans la culture traditionnelle, et la connaissance indigène de la diversité des plantes, offrent des solutions potentiellement précieuses qui permettent à la biodiversité de faire face aux problèmes confrontant la société contemporaine.Le présent article résume les bases factuelles empiriques qui soutiennent l'hypothèse que la diversité alimentaire est essentielle à la santé et que la biodiversité est assimilée à la diversité alimentaire. Des études ultérieures sur la population sont nécessaires pour tester la validité de cette hypothèse concernant la relation entre la diversité alimentaire (y compris dans les variétés de plantes) et la santé, ainsi que des recherches sur le mécanisme permettant à la diversité d'affecter la santé individuelle. La cécité nutritionnelle est présentée comme étant un cas où l'attention portée à un nutriment, la vitamine A, occulte des maladies importantes telles les cataractes et l'importance potentielle des plantes disponibles pour mitiger leurs effets.

Mots clés: diversité alimentaire, aliments fonctionnels, biodiversité, connaissance indigène
(Af. J. of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development: 2003 3(1): 45-52)


Xs: 8.257522 Ys: 2.8002737 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Detection of a Non-animal Source of Glycosaminoglycans from Edible Mushrooms in Northern Thailand abstract: Several kinds of cultivated or local edible mushrooms exist in northern Thailand. While their nutritional features have been extensively analyzed, the presence of phytochemicals and glycosaminoglycans has yet to be investigated. Thus, in this study, we examined the presence of phytochemicals and glycosaminoglycans from 10 cultivated or local mushrooms: milk white russula, hygroscopic earthstar, log white fungi, log black fungi, shitake mushroom, rosy russula, sajor-caju mushroom, Jew's ear, bolete, and straw mushroom. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids, and flavonoids in the extracts from most of the mushrooms. We detected glycosaminoglycans in all of the extracts using dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) dye-binding assay and UVVis spectrophotometry. Hygroscopic earthstar contained the most glycosaminoglycans and sajor-caju mushroom the least. However, we were unable to distinguish the types of glycosaminoglycans, which should be considered for future study. In summary, the phytochemicals found here are crucial non-animal dietary sources of carbohydrates, amino acids, and antioxidants. In addition, the glycosaminoglycans detected in the mushroom extracts in this study potentially offer a non-animal source of glycosaminoglycans that may have clinical applications, apart from their nutritive value.


Xs: 4.0588694 Ys: 4.3578863 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Traditional Fermented Foods in Thailand abstract: There are many traditional fermented foods in Thailand, with almost a hundred kinds. The history of Thai fermented foods dated back to more than a century ago as an art without any scientific information support. The knowledge and experiences of Thai fermented products were handed down from generation to generation with successful or unsuccessful due to spontaneous fermentation. Two decades ago, scientists and researchers in Thailand were concerned on key microorganisms involved and how to make a consistent quality product which lead to the application of starter culture in various products. In this article, two main categories of Thai traditional fermented foods are presented which are salted and non-salted products, and the raw materials ranged from fish, meat, fruit, vegetable, rice, etc. The key microorganisms found in such products included beneficial ones such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and fungi. In addition, the development and future trend of Thai traditional fermented foods were proposed in order to improve the quality and safety of products and also extend for scale-up production.


Xs: 3.3230877 Ys: 0.49798438 Publish year: 2008 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary and Lifestyle Practices of Hmong in California abstract: As Hmong adapt to life in Fresno, California, their dietary and lifestyle patterns are examined. Data on tobacco and alcohol use, dietary practices, and socio-demographic variables were collected from a convenience sample, stratified by age and sex. The 248 participants were interviewed. Descriptive analyses reveal that more than 63% of Hmong adults were either overweight or obese. Only 57% could speak English fluently, and 71% were economically impoverished. Hmong do not consume tobacco and alcoholic products excessively. Rice, chicken, beef, and eggs were the most frequently identified food items. Fruits and vegetables were also identified. Low alcohol and tobacco consumption may offer Hmong some protection against certain diseases. However, low socioeconomic status and rapid urbanization may have resulted in a shift from a high-energy expenditure lifestyle and high fiber diets to a sedentary lifestyle with high saturated fat food diets, which may be detrimental to the health of many Hmong.


Xs: 6.8618402 Ys: 2.390421 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Extraction and analysis of prebiotics from selected plants from southern Thailand abstract: Thirteen plants and their parts acquired from southern Thailand were investigated for their polysaccharide contents and prebiotic properties. The fresh, ground samples were extracted with 50% and 95% ethanol and water at ambient and boil-ing temperatures. The extracts were freeze-dried, digested with HCl buffer and -amylase, and indigestible polysaccharide contents were determined. Base on extract yields and indigestible polysaccharide contents, ten samples were chosen as potential sources of prebiotics. These included embryo, flesh and pericarp of palm fruit (Borrassus flabellifer L.), skin, flesh and seed of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), flesh of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), jampadah (Artocarpus integer Merr.), and young coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.), and okra pod (Hibiscus esculentus Linn.). Their extract yields (% dry wt) were 26. mg/g dry extract, respec-tively. Subsequently, five samples were chosen for further studies and possible commercial development based on their extract yield, the amount and type of oligosaccharides, i.e. palm flesh, palm embryo, jackfruit flesh, jackfruit seed, and okra pod. Molecular weights of the polysaccharides from the five samples were 190-1,600 Daltons with a degree of polymerization of 5-6.


Xs: 2.1901348 Ys: 1.5201325 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Metabolic Syndrome abstract: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms associated with insulin resistance and known to precede the onset of type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity contribute significantly to the development of the metabolic syndrome. In fact, weight loss has a huge impact in decreasing the symptoms associated with the metabolic syndrome. Several studies have demonstrated that just by losing 7% to 10% of initial body weight is sufficient to have improvement in waist circumference, dyslipidemias (elevated triglycerides and low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol), trunk fat, and plasma glucose. This paper underlines the importance of weight loss and type of diet in reversing the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome.


Xs: 2.022994 Ys: 1.9613568 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Postprandial glucose response to selected tropical fruits in normal glucose-tolerant Nigerians abstract: BaCKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The glycemic response to commonly eaten fruits in Nigeria has not been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the plasma glucose response to selected fruits in Nigeria.
Ten normal glucose-tolerant subjects randomly consumed 50 g carbohydrate portions of three fruits: banana (Musa paradisiaca), pineapple (Ananus comosus), and pawpaw (Carica papaya), and a 50-g glucose load at 1-week intervals. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and half-hourly over a 2-h period post-ingestion of the fruits or glucose. The samples were analyzed for plasma glucose concentrations. Plasma glucose responses were assessed by the peak plasma glucose concentration, maximum increase in plasma glucose, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose level, and incremental area under the glucose curve and glycemic index (GI).
The results showed that the blood glucose response to these three fruits was similar in terms of their incremental areas under the glucose curve, maximum increase in plasma glucose, and glycemic indices (GIs). The 2-h postprandial plasma glucose level of banana was significantly higher than that of pineapple, P < 0.025. The mean ± SEM GI values were as follows: pawpaw; 86 ± 26.8%; banana, 75.1 ± 21.8%; pineapple, 64.5 ± 11.3%. The GI of glucose is taken as 100. The GI of pineapple was significantly lower than that of glucose (P < 0.05).
Banana, pawpaw, and pineapple produced a similar postprandial glucose response. Measured portions of these fruits may be used as fruit exchanges with pineapple having the most favorable glycemic response.


Xs: 3.694245 Ys: 0.72922206 Publish year: 2004 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Food and nutrient consumption patterns in third trimester Thai-Muslim pregnant women in rural Southern Thailand abstract: The aims of this study were to determine food and nutrient intakes and the socio-economic factors influencing food and nutrient intakes of rural Thai-Muslim women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The study was conducted in Pattani province, Thailand, where 166 women were interviewed between 32 and 40 weeks gestation. A questionnaire, including a Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. Data on food items were compiled into the five basic Thai food groups, and food intakes were computed into macro and micro- nutrients. Mean weight intake of each of the five groups was below the recommended level for pregnant Thai women. Mean intake of niacin, vitamin A (RE) and vitamin C were above the recommended Thai level. Thiamin, calcium, phosphorus and iron intakes were lower than 50% of recommended levels. Intakes of the five food groups were not associated with socio-economic status, although total non-haem iron intake was associated with level of education. Under-consumption of food and nutrients among pregnant women in the study area was due to poor education, poverty and food availability. Integrated strategies should be considered to promote increased intakes to meet nutrient recommendations.


Xs: 3.483999 Ys: 0.35964346 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Predictors of (in)efficiencies of Healthcare Expenditure Among the Leading Asian Economies -Comparison of OECD and Non-OECD Nations abstract: Purpose:
The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of healthcare spending among the leading Asian economies.

Methods:
We have selected a total of nine Asian nations, based on the strength of their economic output and long-term real GDP growth rates. The OECD members included Japan and the Republic of Korea, while the seven non-OECD nations were China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand. Healthcare systems efficiency was analyzed over the period 1996-2017. To assess the effectiveness of healthcare expenditure of each group of countries, the two-way fixed effects model (country- and year effects) was used.

Results:
Quality of governance and current health expenditure determine healthcare system performance. Population density and urbanization are positively associated with a healthy life expectancy in the non-OECD Asian countries. In this group, unsafe water drinking has a statistically negative effect on healthy life expectancy. Interestingly, only per capita consumption of carbohydrates is significantly linked with healthy life expectancy. In these non-OECD Asian countries, unsafe water drinking and per capita carbon dioxide emissions increase infant mortality. There is a strong negative association between GDP per capita and infant mortality in both sub-samples, although its impact is far larger in the OECD group. In Japan and South Korea, unemployment is negatively associated with infant mortality.

Conclusion:
Japan outperforms other countries from the sample in major healthcare performance indicators, while South Korea is ranked second. The only exception is per capita carbon dioxide emissions, which have maximal values in the Republic of Korea and Japan. Non-OECD nations' outcomes were led by China, as the largest economy. This group was characterized with substantial improvement in efficiency of health spending since the middle of the 1990s. Yet, progress was noted with remarkable heterogeneity within the group.


Xs: 2.5721197 Ys: 3.947026 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutrition, IBD and Gut Microbiota: A Review abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing–remitting systemic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by an inflammatory process that requires lifelong treatment. The underlying causes of IBD are still unclear, as this heterogeneous disorder results from a complex interplay between genetic variability, the host immune system and environmental factors. The current knowledge recognizes diet as a risk factor for the development of IBD and attributes a substantial pathogenic role to the intestinal dysbiosis inducing an aberrant mucosal immune response in genetically predisposed individuals. This review focused on the clinical evidence available that considers the impact of some nutrients on IBD onset and the role of different diets in the management of IBD and their effects on the gut microbiota composition. The effects of the Specific Carbohydrate Diet, low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet, gluten free diet, anti-inflammatory diet and Mediterranean diet are investigated with regard to their impact on microbiota and on the evolution of the disease. At present, no clear indications toward a specific diet are available but the assessment of dysbiosis prior to the recommendation of a specific diet should become a standard clinical approach in order to achieve a personalized therapy.


Xs: 2.3626578 Ys: 1.3786788 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary Sugars Intake and Cardiovascular Health A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association abstract: High intakes of dietary sugars in the setting of a worldwide pandemic of obesity and cardiovascular disease have heightened concerns about the adverse effects of excessive consumption of sugars. In 2001 to 2004, the usual intake of added sugars for Americans was 22.2 teaspoons per day (355 calories per day). Between 1970 and 2005, average annual availability of sugars/added sugars increased by 19%, which added 76 calories to Americans' average daily energy intake. Soft drinks and other sugar-sweetened beverages are the primary source of added sugars in Americans' diets. Excessive consumption of sugars has been linked with several metabolic abnormalities and adverse health conditions, as well as shortfalls of essential nutrients. Although trial data are limited, evidence from observational studies indicates that a higher intake of soft drinks is associated with greater energy intake, higher body weight, and lower intake of essential nutrients. National survey data also indicate that excessive consumption of added sugars is contributing to overconsumption of discretionary calories by Americans. On the basis of the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines, intake of added sugars greatly exceeds discretionary calorie allowances, regardless of energy needs. In view of these considerations, the American Heart Association recommends reductions in the intake of added sugars. A prudent upper limit of intake is half of the discretionary calorie allowance, which for most American women is no more than 100 calories per day and for most American men is no more than 150 calories per day from added sugars.


Xs: 4.532687 Ys: 0.7656341 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Factors Affecting Decisions to Purchase Rice and Consumer Perception of Organic Rice in Bangkok, Thailand abstract: The present research was aimed at studying the behavior and factors affecting decisions to purchase rice and awareness about organic rice in order to provide guidelines for organic rice entrepreneurs in meeting consumer demands. Data was collected randomly by E-survey (Google form), while field data was collected from 433 individuals in supermarkets and organic product exhibitions in urban Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand. χ 2 test (at 5% level of significance) was used to test the differences between types of respondents, decisions to purchase rice, and awareness about organic rice. On the decision behavior in choosing rice, the study found that consumers generally prefer the same type of rice without changes (37%). The top consideration affecting decisions to purchase rice was flavor (46%), followed by nutritional value (30%). In addition, 230 samples (53.1%) were aware of organic rice. Among these, 52% supported organic rice due to health concern, and 16% favoured organic rice for environmental reason. Those without awareness of organic rice indicated that it was due to inadequate public information (77.8%). Further data are discussed in the article. This information is useful for providing knowledge on urban rice consumption and attitude in order to promote better understanding among rice producers/ traders in meeting consumer demand.


Xs: 3.490834 Ys: 0.8142651 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Epidemiological data on nutritional disorders and outcomes in hospitalized Thai children: national health database 2015–2019 abstract: Objectives:
Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is a frequently overlooked health issue. We aimed to assess the prevalence and pattern of nutritional disorders in hospitalized Thai children from a National Health database.

Methods:
Hospitalized children aged 1 month-18 years diagnosed with nutritional disorders between 2015 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed using the National Health Security Office data. Based on the ICD-10-CM, nutritional disorders were classified into three major malnutrition forms: undernutrition (E40-46); overweight and obesity (E66); micronutrient deficiencies (D50-53, E50-55, E60-63).

Results:
Out of 5,188,033 hospitalized children, malnutrition was identified in 115,254 (2.2%). Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), overweight and obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent by 0.21%, 0.27%, and 1.81%, respectively. Among those with micronutrient deficiencies, 95% had iron deficiency anemia, 2.2% had vitamin D deficiency, and 0.7% had zinc deficiency. Children aged under 5 years mostly had PEM, followed by iron deficiency anemia. Teenagers commonly had obesity and vitamin D deficiency. Patients with PEM who were admitted with common diseases had a significantly longer hospital stays and higher hospital costs and mortality rates than those without PEM.

Conclusion:
Hospitalized children had various nutritional disorders, particularly PEM, which was associated with higher morbidity and mortality and showed an increasing prevalence. Nutrition screening tools should be utilized for the early detection and treatment of malnutrition. Specific ICD for nutritional care service and intervention should be available. Additionally, reimbursement for nutritional intervention should strongly be implemented along with nutritional education and empowerment of healthcare providers to improve hospital care service and improve patient outcomes.


Xs: 3.394803 Ys: 0.46785352 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Living in an urban environment and non-communicable disease risk in Thailand: Does timing matter? abstract: This paper uses a life-course approach to explore whether the timing and/or duration of urban (vs rural) exposure was associated with risk factors for NCDs.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among health care workers in two hospitals in Thailand. Two measures of urbanicity were considered: early-life urban exposure and the proportion of urban life years. We explored four behavioral NCD risk factors, two physiological risk factors and four biological risk factors.
Both measures of urbanicity were each independently associated with increases in all behavioral and physiological risk factors. For some biological risk factors, people spending their early life in an urban area may be more susceptible to the effect of increasing proportion of urban life years than those growing up in rural areas.
Urbanicity was associated with increases in behavioral and physiological risk factors. However, these associations may not translate directly into increases in biological risk factors. It is likely that these biological risk factors were results of a complex interaction between both long term accumulation of exposure and early life exposures.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Xs: 4.437963 Ys: 0.40670836 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Three thousand years of farming strategies in central Thailand abstract: In prehistoric coastal and western-central Thailand, rice was the dominant cultivar. In eastern-central Thailand, however, the first known farmers cultivated millet. Using one of the largest collections of archaeobotanical material in Southeast Asia, this article examines how cropping systems were adapted as domesticates were introduced into eastern-central Thailand. The authors argue that millet reached the region first, to be progressively replaced by rice, possibly due to climatic pressures. But despite the increasing importance of rice, dryland, rain-fed cultivation persisted throughout ancient central Thailand, a result that contributes to refining understanding of the development of farming in Southeast Asia.


Xs: 3.913695 Ys: 3.9860044 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effects of enzyme complex SSF (Solid State Fermentation) in pellet diets for Nile tilapia abstract: The effects of enzyme complex SSF (solid state fermentation) on growth performance and the availability of sucrose and monosaccharides in the chyme of Nile were involved. The study included 360 fish (70g±4.43) in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of SSF) arranged in six replicates, with 10 fish per replicate. Every 15 days, one tilapia of each experimental unit was sacrificed for analyses of carbohydrate in the chyme. On day 60 of the experiment, the performance parameters were measured. There was a linear effect according to treatment for final weight and weight gain. For the other performance parameters, there were no differences. There was quadratic effect for sucrose and glucose in function of the treatment, whereas the fructose levels increased linearly. The addition of 150 ppm of the enzyme complex SSF in the feed improves the performance of Nile tilapia and increases the availability of sucrose and monosaccharides in the chyme.


Xs: 1.5926694 Ys: 1.9392456 Publish year: 2006 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Maternal Obesity, Metabolism, and Pregnancy Outcomes abstract: About one third of all pregnant women in the United States are obese. Maternal obesity at conception alters gestational metabolic adjustments and affects placental, embryonic, and fetal growth and development. Neural tube defects and other developmental anomalies are more common in infants born to obese women; these defects have been linked to poor glycemic control. Preeclampsia, a gestational disorder occurring more frequently in obese women, appears to be due to a subclinical inflammatory state that impairs early placentation and development of its blood supply. Fetal growth and development during the last half of pregnancy depends on maternal metabolic adjustments dictated by placental hormones and the subsequent oxygen and nutrient supply. Maternal obesity affects these metabolic adjustments as well. Basal metabolic rates are significantly higher in obese women, and maternal fat gain is lower, possibly in response to altered leptin function. The usual increase in insulin resistance seen in late pregnancy is enhanced in obese mothers, causing marked postprandial increases in glucose, lipids, and amino acids and excessive fetal exposure to fuel sources, which in turn increases fetal size, fat stores, and risk for disease postnatally. Impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are more common among obese mothers. To date, little attention has been given to the role of diet among obese women in preventing these problems. However, studies of women with impaired glucose tolerance show that replacing refined carbohydrates and saturated fat with complex, low-glycemic carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids improves metabolic homeostasis and pregnancy outcomes. Thus, current dietary guidelines regarding the amount and type of carbohydrates and fat for nonpregnant women seem appropriate for pregnant women as well.


Xs: 2.239795 Ys: 1.8124574 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Carbohydrate Taste Is Associated with Food Intake and Body Mass in Healthy Australian Adults abstract: Background:
The taste of carbohydrates may drive their intake. Sensitivity to carbohydrate taste varies among individuals, thus, it is important to understand how differences in sensitivity influence eating behaviour and body mass.

Objective:
The aims of this study were to assess associations among carbohydrate taste sensitivity, habitual and acute food intake, and body mass; as well as assess the reliability of the carbohydrate detection threshold (DT) test within and across days.

Methods:
Carbohydrate DT was assessed six times across three sessions in 36 healthy adult participants (22 female) using a three-alternate forced choice methodology. Moreover, 24 h diet records were completed on the days prior to testing sessions, and food intake at a buffet lunch was collected following each session. Anthropometry was also measured. Linear mixed regression models were fitted.

Results:
The DT test required at least three measures within a given day for good reliability (ICC = 0.76), but a single measure had good reliability when compared at the same time across days (ICC = 0.54-0.86). Carbohydrate DT was associated with BMI (kg/m2: β = -0.38, p = 0.014), habitual carbohydrate intake (g: β = -41.8, p = 0.003) and energy intake (kJ: β = -1068, p = 0.019) from the 24-h diet records, as well as acute intake of a buffet lunch (food weight (g): β = -76.1, p = 0.008).

Conclusions:
This suggests that individuals who are more sensitive to carbohydrate are more likely to consume greater quantities of carbohydrates and energy, resulting in a greater body mass.


Xs: 3.9603143 Ys: 0.48310116 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: From the Mouths of Babes: Dental Caries in Infants and Children and the Intensification of Agriculture in Mainland Southeast Asia abstract: Many bioarchaeological studies have established a link between increased dental caries prevalence and the intensification of agriculture. However, research in Southeast Asia challenges the global application of this theory. Although often overlooked, dental health of infants and children can provide a sensitive source of information concerning health and subsistence change. This article investigates the prevalence and location of caries in the dentition of infants and children (less than 15 years of age) from eight prehistoric mainland Southeast Asian sites collectively spanning the Neolithic to late Iron Age, during which time rice agriculture became an increasingly important subsistence mode. Caries prevalence varied among the sites but there was no correlation with chronological change. The absence of evidence of a decline in dental health over time can be attributed to the relative noncariogenicity of rice and retention of broad-spectrum subsistence strategies. No differences in caries type indicating differences in dental health were found between the sites, apart from the Iron Age site of Muang Sema. There was a higher prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition than the permanent dentition, likely due to a cariogenic weaning diet and the higher sensitivity of deciduous teeth to decay. The level of caries in the permanent dentition suggests an increased reliance on less cariogenic foods during childhood, including rice. The absence of a temporal decline in dental health of infants and children strengthens the argument that the relationship between caries and agricultural intensification in Southeast Asia was more complex than the general model suggests. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Xs: 2.6528971 Ys: 4.1885653 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: US Immigration Westernizes the Human Gut Microbiome abstract: Many US immigrant populations develop metabolic diseases post immigration, but the causes are not well understood. Although the microbiome plays a role in metabolic disease, there have been no studies measuring the effects of US immigration on the gut microbiome. We collected stool, dietary recalls, and anthropometrics from 514 Hmong and Karen individuals living in Thailand and the United States, including first- and second-generation immigrants and 19 Karen individuals sampled before and after immigration, as well as from 36 US-born European American individuals. Using 16S and deep shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing, we found that migration from a non-Western country to the United States is associated with immediate loss of gut microbiome diversity and function in which US-associated strains and functions displace native strains and functions. These effects increase with duration of US residence and are compounded by obesity and across generations. Migration from a non-western nation to the United States is found to be associated with a loss in gut microbiome diversity and function in a manner that may predispose individuals to metabolic disease.


Xs: 3.872029 Ys: 3.8377736 Publish year: 2003 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish abstract: The nutritional value of carbohydrates varies among fish with warmwater fish being able to utilize much higher levels of dietary carbohydrate than coldwater and marine fish. No dietary requirement for carbohydrate has been demonstrated in fish; however, if carbohydrates are not provided in the diet, other nutrients such as protein and lipids are catabolized for energy and to provide metabolic intermediates for the synthesis of other biologically important compounds. Thus, it is important to provide the appropriate level of carbohydrate in the diet of the fish species being cultured. The relative use of dietary carbohydrates by fish varies and appears to be associated with the complexity of the carbohydrate. For example, certain species have been shown to utilize simple sugars as well as, or better than, complex carbohydrates whereas other species do not utilize simple sugars as an energy source. Most species utilize cooked starch better than raw starch. Oral glucose tolerance tests result in persistent hyperglycemia in fish. This prolonged hyperglycemia and the relative inability of fish to utilize high levels of dietary carbohydrates has been assumed to be the result of low levels of endogenous insulin. However, recent studies have shown that insulin levels in fish are similar to or often higher than those observed in mammals, thus indicating that fish are not diabetic as previously thought.


Xs: 2.5067244 Ys: 4.0664206 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Perspective: Leveraging the Gut Microbiota to Predict Personalized Responses to Dietary, Prebiotic, and Probiotic Interventions abstract: Humans often show variable responses to dietary, prebiotic, and probiotic interventions. Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is a key determinant for this population heterogeneity. Here, we provide an overview of some of the major computational and experimental tools being applied to critical questions of microbiota-mediated personalized nutrition and health. First, we discuss the latest advances in in silico modeling of the microbiota-nutrition-health axis, including the application of statistical, mechanistic, and hybrid artificial intelligence models. Second, we address high-throughput in vitro techniques for assessing inter-individual heterogeneity, from ex vivo batch culturing of stool and continuous culturing in anaerobic bioreactors, to more sophisticated organ-on-a-chip models that integrate both host and microbial compartments. Third, we explore in vivo approaches for better understanding personalized, microbiota-mediated responses to diet, prebiotics, and probiotics, from non-human animal models and human observational studies, to human feeding trials and crossover interventions. We highlight examples of existing, consumer-facing precision nutrition platforms that are currently leveraging the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss how the integration of a broader set of the tools and techniques described in this piece can generate the data necessary to support a greater diversity of precision nutrition strategies. Finally, we present a vision of a precision nutrition and healthcare future, which leverages the gut microbiota to design effective, individual-specific interventions.


Xs: 2.7266634 Ys: 3.9867294 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The role of diet and intestinal microbiota in the development of metabolic syndrome abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS)is a cluster of metabolic factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is in itself a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. The aim of this review is to summarize the data related to the influence of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and the MetS, highlighting the role of diet in controlling the MetS by modifying the gut microbiota. The main alterations in the gut microbiota of individuals with MetS consist of an increased Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio and a reduced capacity to degrade carbohydrates to short-chain fatty acids, which in turn is related with the metabolic dysfunction of the host organism rather than with obesity itself. In addition to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, with its high fiber intake, a diet with 30% fat content but with a high content in fruit and vegetables, such as the Mediterranean diet, is beneficial and partially restores the dysbiosis found in individuals with MetS. Overall, the shaping of the gut microbiota through the administration of prebiotics or probiotics increases the short-chain fatty acid production and is therefore a valid alternative in MetS treatment.


Xs: 3.4930272 Ys: 0.5086187 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutrition Label Numeracy: Disparities and Association with Health Behaviors abstract: Objective:
We investigated the relative importance of nutrition label numeracy and sociodemographic characteristics in predicting health behaviors.

Methods:
Secondary data analysis of data collected from the National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 4, cycle 3, 2013). Weighted age-adjusted ordinal logistical regression was used to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics among individuals with different nutrition label numeracy levels. Dominance analysis was conducted to rank nutrition label numeracy and sociodemographic characteristics in order of importance as predictors of health behavior.

Results:
Lower levels of nutrition label numeracy were associated with older age, black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, unemployment, being born outside of the United States, lower English proficiency, lower education achievement, lower income, and living in the South. Nutrition label numeracy and income were the most important predictors of health behaviors, accounting for about 50% of the variance in fruit consumption and level of effort, frustration, concern, and confusion experienced while seeking health information.

Conclusions:
Nutrition label numeracy differed significantly among sociodemographic groups and was a strong predictor of health behaviors. When developing health interventions targeting dietary behaviors, disparities in nutrition label numeracy comprehension should be considered.


Xs: 7.7117357 Ys: 3.17491 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Optimization of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production and Improvement of Astaxanthin Content in a Mutant Schizochytrium limacinum Isolated from Mangrove Forest in Thailand abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids including DHA are essential dietary fatty acids. At present, fish oils are a major source, but an alternative supply is needed because of increasing demand and fish dwindling stocks. This need might be satisfied using a thraustochytrids found in mangrove forests of Thailand and identified by 18S rDNA sequencing as either Schizochytrium limacinum or Thraustochytrium aggregatum. S. limacinum was tested in various culture conditions to find the optimal yield of DHA. This culture medium contained 7.5% glucose, 0.5% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract (with either 0.25% soybean meal or 1% skimmed milk) and 0.75% sea salt at 20-30°C. The C:N ratio was about 15:1. The culture was mutated using NTG and one isolate showed high DHA content and also a red pigment identified as astaxanthin by TLC and HPLC. Astaxanthin synthesis peaked on day 6 -10 of incubation in medium containing 2% glucose using shaking flasks at 180 rpm, 25°C, 2 kLux light intensity with a 18:6 h light:dark periods. Six days of incubation yielded the highest yields of both DHA (224.6 mg/l) and astaxanthin (8.9 µg/ml of medium). These results suggested that this microorganism could provide a commercial source of this valuable lipid and pigment.


Xs: 3.0587606 Ys: 0.5483641 Publish year: 2001 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Cardiovascular epidemiology in the Asia-Pacific region abstract: By 2020, non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are expected to account for seven out of every 10 deaths in the developing countries compared with less than half this value today. As a proportion of total deaths from all-causes, CVD in the Asia Pacific region ranges from less than 20% in countries such as Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia to 20-30% in urban China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Malaysia. Countries such as New Zealand, Australia and Singapore have relatively high rates that exceed 30-35%. The latter countries also rank high for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rate (more than 150 deaths per 100,000). In contrast, death from cerebrovascular disease is higher among East Asian countries including Japan, China and Taiwan (more than 100 per 100,000). It is worth noting that a number of countries in the region with high proportions of deaths from CVD have undergone marked declining rates in recent decades. For example, in Australia, between 1986 and 1996, mortality from CHD in men and women aged 30-69 years declined by 46 and 51%, respectively. In Japan. stroke mortality dropped from a high level of 150 per 100,000 during the 1920s-1940s to the present level of approximately 100 per 100,000. Nonetheless, CVD mortality rate is reportedly on the rise in several countries in the region, including urban China, Malaysia, Korea and Taiwan. In China, CVD mortality increased as a proportion of total deaths from 12.8% in 1957 to 35.8% in 1990. The region is undergoing a rapid pace of urbanization, industrialization and major technological and lifestyle changes. Thus, monitoring the impact of these changes on cardiovascular risks is essential to enable the implementation of appropriate strategies towards countering the rise of CVD mortality.


Xs: 2.6074884 Ys: 4.221439 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Gut microbiome transitions across generations in different ethnicities in an urban setting—the HELIUS study abstract: Background
During the course of history, various important lifestyle changes have caused profound transitions of the gut microbiome. These include the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry, a shift from a nomadic to a more sedentary lifestyle, and recently increased levels of urbanization and a transition towards a more Western lifestyle. The latter is linked with shifts in the gut microbiome that have a reduced fermentative capability and which are commonly associated with diseases of affluence. In this study, in which 5193 subjects are included, we investigated the direction of microbiome shifts that occur in various ethnicities living in Amsterdam by comparing 1st and 2nd generation participants. We furthermore validated part of these findings with a cohort of subjects that moved from rural Thailand to the USA.

Results
The abundance of the Prevotella cluster, which includes P. copri and the P. stercorea trophic network, diminished in the 2nd generation Moroccans and Turks but also in younger Dutch, whilst the Western-associated Bacteroides/Blautia/Bifidobacterium (BBB) cluster, which has an inverse correlation with α-diversity, increased. At the same time, the Christensenellaceae/Methanobrevibacter/Oscillibacter trophic network, which is positively associated with α-diversity and a healthy BMI, decreased in younger Turks and Dutch. Large compositional shifts were not observed in South-Asian and African Surinamese, in whom the BBB cluster is already dominant in the 1st generation, but ASV-level shifts towards certain species, associated amongst others with obesity, were observed.

Conclusion
The Moroccan and Turkish populations, but also the Dutch population are transitioning towards a less complex and fermentative less capable configuration of the gut microbiota, which includes a higher abundance of the Western-associated BBB cluster. The Surinamese, whom have the highest prevalence of diabetes and other diseases of affluence, are already dominated by the BBB cluster. Given the continuous increase in diseases of affluence, this devolution towards low-diversity and fermentatively less capable gut microbiome compositions in urban environments is a worrying development.
9koSLJh1fDbsjUtu7rD1NMVideo Abstract

Graphical Abstract


Xs: 4.496164 Ys: 0.7345209 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Consumers’ willingness to pay for organic products in Thailand abstract: Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for organics.

Design/methodology/approach
– A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data at five retail stores in metropolitan Bangkok. Exploratory factor analysis and the double-bound contingent valuation method were used for analysis.

Findings
– Results indicate WTP premiums of 88, 51 and 51 per cent for kale, jasmine rice and pork, respectively. Analysis indicates that respondents are willing to pay a premium if they have already purchased organic products, have good health, strong ethical and environmental concerns, think that organic products provide greater quality and health benefits, and reside in the city. Respondents with children, however, are less likely to pay a premium for organic products. Analysis also indicates that the price premium hinders purchase.

Practical implications
– Efforts should be made by policymakers, together with marketers and producers, to lower the price of organic products to attract more consumers.

Originality/value
– To enlarge the organic market, one must understand consumers’ preferences for organic products and the premium they will pay for them. This is not well-researched. Though several studies have investigated consumers’ behaviour towards environmentally friendly products in Thailand, there is little research on WTP. This lack is a major impediment to the growth of organic consumption and the development of organic product markets.


Xs: 2.695632 Ys: 4.0197964 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The role of diet in shaping human gut microbiota abstract: Gut microbiota plays a fundamental role within human health, and exerts key functions within the human body. Diet is one of the most powerful modulators of gut microbiota functions and composition. This complex interplay involves also the immune system and the intestinal barrier, highlighting the central role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple diseases. In this review article we will paint the landscape of the effects of specific dietary nutrients, and of the detrimental or beneficial outcomes of different dietary patterns, on the composition of human gut microbiota. Moreover, we will discuss the potential application of diet as a therapeutic modulator of gut microbiota, including cutting-edge ways of exploitation, including the use of dietary components as adjuvants to promote microbial engraftment after fecal microbiota transplantation, or personalized nutritional approaches, targeted to the patient microbiome.


Xs: 7.897832 Ys: 4.3546505 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Physicochemical and rheological properties of flour and starch from Thai pigmented rice cultivars abstract: Flour and starch from four Thai pigmented rice cultivars, i.e., Riceberry (RB), Hom Nil (HN), Niaw Dang (ND), and Kum Pleuak Khao (KP) were compared for their physicochemical and rheological properties. Amylose content of all rice starches decreased in the following order: RB (12.09%) > HN (8.14%) > KP (2.87%) ~ ND (2.77%). The HN starch had the lowest proportion of amylopectin short A chains, while the KP starch showed the highest. Pasting temperature, setback, and final viscosity increased, while breakdown and swelling power decreased with increasing amylose content for both flour and starch samples. The flours and starches from the RB and HN showed greater onset and peak temperatures and enthalpy change (ΔH) of gelatinization than those from the ND and KP. Moreover, the gelatinization temperatures of all starches were significantly lower, but ΔH was higher than their flour counterparts. Dynamic viscoelastic tests revealed weak-gel like behavior of all flour and starch gels as evidenced by their G' > G″ and tan δ values were smaller than unity.


Xs: 4.3511214 Ys: 0.36723208 Publish year: 2000 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Forager mobility organization in seasonal tropical environments of western Thailand abstract: This paper investigates forager mobility organization in seasonal tropical environments and, speciically, how mobility strategies have affected subsistence and settlement organization. The proposed model, based on cross-cultural comparisons, suggests that two mobility organizational systems exist in seasonal tropical environments: residential mobility in the wet season and logisti-cal mobility as an organizational response to the dry season. The model is evaluated against archaeological data from Lang Kamnan, a Late and post-Pleistocene cave site in western Thailand. Results of the analyses of archaeological and environmental data indicate Lang Kamnan was occu-pied sporadically from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene, and that residential mobility was employed by small groups of foragers using a generalized subsistence technology during the wet season. The site currently lacks evidence of dry season occupation, and thus it is not yet possible to argue for the use of a logistical mobility strategy in the dry season. The proposed mobility model provides an important approach for examining variability in Late and post-Pleistocene cultural systems in tropical environments, particularly in Southeast Asia where such variability continues to be viewed as the consequence of sequential occupation by different 'cultures' such as 'Hoabinhian'.


Xs: 5.705413 Ys: 2.1925406 Publish year: 2001 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Meniere's disease - Pathophysiology and treatment abstract: Menière's disease is defined by the association of 4 symptoms: vertigo attacks, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and an auricular plenitude sensation. The pathophysiology is commonly explained by a distension of membranous labyrinth by the endolymph, equally called endolymphatic hydrops. Recent studies also tend to relate the disease to immune mechanisms. The treatment is medical in the majority of patients but there is no international consensus on the management of the different stages of Menière's disease. Regarding the lack of clinical studies clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of a certain therapy or another. the recommendations are usually based on the empirical experience of practitioners and on the observation of a marked amelioration at 2 years of treatment in the majority of patients. The treatment of the acute phase of Menière's disease is basically symptomatic. Vestibular suppressant drugs have a well-established record in controlling acute attacks of vertigo. Most have variable anticholinergic, anti-emetic and vestibular sedative effects. If necessary, the administration of benzodiazepines will help to alleviate anxiety. Long term management of Menière's disease includes a low salt diet, the use of diuretics in the post-crisis phase, and the very common use in Europe of histaminergic agents. Corticosteroids are used in bilateral forms of Menière's disease, particularly if an autoimmune basis is suspected. All authors insist on the interest and the importance of regular follow-up, especially with regard to the psychological status and responsiveness to treatment of the patient. Surgical indications are rare and the least invasive procedures are used first. The choice of the procedure should take into consideration the need to preserve the auditory function of the patient.


Xs: 2.0148113 Ys: 1.7811155 Publish year: 2004 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Improved Plasma Glucose Control, Whole-Body Glucose Utilization, and Lipid Profile on a Low-Glycemic Index Diet in Type 2 Diabetic Men A randomized controlled trial abstract: To determine whether a chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet, compared with a high-glycemic index (HGI) diet, has beneficial effects on plasma glucose control, lipid metabolism, total fat mass, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.
Twelve type 2 diabetic men were randomly allocated to two periods of 4 weeks of an LGI or HGI carbohydrate diet separated by a 4-week washout interval, in a crossover design.
The LGI diet induced lower postprandial plasma glucose and insulin profiles and areas under the curve than after the HGI diet. At the end of the two dietary periods, the 7-day dietary records demonstrated equal daily total energy and macronutrient intake. Body weight and total fat mass were comparable. Four-week LGI versus HGI diet induced improvement of fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.01, Delta changes during LGI vs. HGI), HbA(1c) (P < 0.01), and whole-body glucose utilization measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (P < 0.05). LGI diet induced a decrease in fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol (Delta changes LGI vs. HGI, P < 0.01), free fatty acids (P < 0.01), apolipoprotein B, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity.
Only 4 weeks of an LGI diet was able to improve glycemic control, glucose utilization, some lipid profiles, and the capacity for fibrinolysis in type 2 diabetes. Even if changes in glycemic control were modest during the 4-week period, the use of an LGI diet in a longer-term manner might play an important role in the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related disorders.


Xs: 2.2969248 Ys: 2.0282452 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Impact of Carbohydrate Quality on Dental Plaque pH: Does the Glycemic Index of Starchy Foods Matter for Dental Health? abstract: Sugary carbohydrate foods have long been associated with increased risk of dental caries formation, but the dental health impact of starchy carbohydrates, particularly those with a high glycemic index (GI), has not been well examined.

Aim:
To investigate the effect of different starchy foods varying in their GI, on acute changes in dental plaque pH.

Methods:
In a series of sub-studies in healthy adults, common starchy carbohydrate foods, including white bread, instant mashed potatoes, canned chickpeas, pasta, breakfast cereals, white rice, and an oral glucose solution were consumed in fixed 25 g available carbohydrate portions. The change in dental plaque pH was assessed postprandially over 1 h and capillary plasma glucose was measured at regular intervals over 2 h.

Results:
Higher GI starchy foods produced greater acute plaque pH decreases and larger overall postprandial glucose responses compared to lower GI starchy foods (white bread compared with canned chickpeas: -1.5 vs. -0.7 pH units, p = 0.001, and 99 ± 8 mmol/L min vs. 47 ± 7 mmol/L min, p = 0.026). Controlling for other food factors (food form and nutritional composition), lower GI versions of matched food pairs produced smaller plaque pH excursions compared to higher GI versions of the same food. Using linear regression analysis, the GI value of starchy carbohydrate foods explained 60% of the variation in maximum plaque pH nadir and 64% of the variation in overall acute dental plaque pH excursion (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:
The findings imply that starchy foods, in particular those with a higher GI, may play a role in increasing the risk of dental caries.


Xs: 2.835947 Ys: 4.398049 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: First reported quantitative microbiota in different livestock manures used as organic fertilizers in the Northeast of Thailand abstract: Northeastern Thailand relies on agriculture as a major economic activity, and has used high levels of agrochemicals due to low facility, and salty sandy soil. To support soil recovery and sustainable agriculture, local farmers have used organic fertilizers from farmed animal feces. However, knowledge about these animal fecal manures remains minimal restricting their optimal use. Specifically, while bacteria are important for soil and plant growth, an abundance and a diversity of bacterial composition in these animal fecal manures have not been reported to allow selection and adjustment for a more effective organic fertilizer. This study thereby utilized metagenomics combined with 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR (qPCR) and sequencing to analyze quantitative microbiota profiles in association with nutrients (N, P, K), organic matters, and the other physiochemical properties, of the commonly used earthworm manure and other manures from livestock animals (including breed and feeding diet variations) in the region. Unlike the other manures, the earthworm manure demonstrated more favorable nutrient profiles and physiochemical properties for forming fertile soil. Despite low total microbial biomass, the microbiota were enriched with maximal OTUs and Chao richness, and no plant pathogenic bacteria were found based on the VFDB database. The microbial metabolic potentials supported functions to promote crop growth, such as C, N and P cyclings, xenobiotic degradation, and synthesis of bioactive compounds. Pearson’s correlation analyses indicated that the quantitative microbiota of the earthworm manure were clustered in the same direction as N, and conductivity, salinity, and water content were essential to control the microbiota of animal manures.


Xs: 3.4847777 Ys: 0.78716034 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Factors associated with dental caries experience of Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy abstract: Aim:
To investigate the factors association with dental caries experience in the primary dentition of Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy.

Methods and results:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among sixty Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy, aged 3-6 years old. Caries experience was determined by identifying decayednon-cavitated and cavitated lesion, missing, and filled surfaces of deciduous teeth(dmfs). Sociodemographic data, CP motor types, dietary habits, oral health behaviors and dental plaque index were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to identify the strength of the association between factors and dental caries experience. The prevalence of dental caries was 91.66%. The average dmfs was 20.30 ± 21.63 surfaces/individual. The multiple linear regression indicated that dmfs was significantly associated with snacking carbohydrate between meals more than two times/dayβ ± SE = 0.372 ± 0.125; p = 0.004, spastic type of cerebral palsyβ ± SE = 0.309 ± 0.124; p = 0.015 and one-time daily tooth brushingβ ± SE = 0.306 ± 0.124; p = 0.017.

Conclusions:
Nine out of 10 preschool children with CP experienced dental caries. Spastic type of CP had more risk to develop dental decay. Caries prevention for preschool children with CP should emphasis on controlling the frequency of carbohydrate snack no more than two times/day and reinforcing tooth brushing at least twice daily.


Xs: 2.6146302 Ys: 0.08386573 Publish year: 2012 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Glycemic control, quality of life and self-care behavior among adolescents with type 1 diabetes who attended a diabetes camp abstract: A prospective study was conducted at the tenth Siriraj diabetes camp with the objectives of evaluating the effectiveness of diabetes camp on 1) glycemic control, 2) knowledge, 3) quality of life, and 4) self-care behavior of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who participated in the diabetes camp. During the 5-day camp, twenty-seven participants (mean age 15.6 +/- 2.1 years, mean duration 6.3 +/- 3.0 years) were taught diabetes self-management education (DSME) and engaged in psychosocial support sessions. Post-camp activities were held every 3 months and participants were followed for 12 months post-camp. Glycemic control was assessed prior to the camp, then every 3 months. Knowledge level was assessed prior to the camp, at the end of the camp, and every 3 months. Diabetes self-care behavior and quality of life were evaluated prior to the camp, at 3 months and 12 months after the camp. After attending the camp, participants had improvement in knowledge but there were no changes in HbA1c levels or quality of life scores. Quality of life was not consistently associated with HbA1c. In general, participants did not perceive their quality of life was poor or feel having diabetes affected their social life. The issue participants worried about most was whether they would develop complications from diabetes. There were several weak points found among participant self-care behavior, particularly in diet-related matters. Despite no improvement in glycemic control, participants gained knowledge from attending the camp. Diet related self-care behavior is difficult for teenagers with T1D to be compliant.


Xs: 4.0147643 Ys: 0.6780146 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Harmonisation of food labelling regulations in Southeast Asia: benefits, challenges and implications abstract: In the globalised world of the 21st century, issues of food and nutrition labelling are of pre-eminent importance. Several international bodies, including the World Health Organisation and World Trade Organisation, are encouraging countries to harmonise their food and nutrition regulations with international standards, guidelines and recommendations such as those for Codex Alimentarius. Through harmonisation, these organisations envisage fewer barriers to trade and freer movement of food products between countries, which would open doors to new markets and opportunities for the food industry. In turn, increased food trade would enhance economic development and allow consumers a greater choice of products. Inevitably, however, embracing harmonisation brings along cost implications and challenges that have to be overcome. Moreover, the harmonisation process is complex and sporadic in light of the tasks that countries have to undertake; for example, updating legislation, strengthening administrative capabilities and establishing analytical laboratories. This review discusses the legislation and regulations that govern food and nutrition labelling in Southeast Asia, and highlights the discrepancies that exist in this regard, their origin and consequences. It also gives an account of the current status of harmonising labelling of pre-packaged foodstuffs in the region and explains the subsequent benefits, challenges and implications for governments, the food industry and consumers.


Xs: 2.5845475 Ys: 0.17277715 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Cross-sectional study of glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes: Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition, a global concern, and a serious issue in Sri Lanka, where there is little data regarding the influence of dietary control, exercise, and adherence to medication behaviors among adults diabetes. In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, we identified current factors influencing glycemic control and glycemic control behavior among adults with diabetes. A total of 230 people attending diabetes clinics in a tertiary hospital and a primary care institute were administered the self-report Diabetes Information Form, assessing their socioeconomic and medical information and glycemic control behaviors. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviation. The results indicated that most participants had not achieved the recommended fasting blood glucose level (< 126 mg/dL). Although dietary control was practised by 72%, regular exercise was not practised by 85%, and while 77% reported adhering to regular medication, they still had poor glycemic control. The findings highlight the need for health professionals to adopt new strategies for diabetes education to overcome issues related to misconceptions and barriers in providing diabetes care in Sri Lanka.


Xs: 3.9126747 Ys: 4.951764 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Efficiency of Fresh and Fermented Banana Stem in Low Protein Diet on Nutrient Digestibility, Productive Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Crossbred Pig ((Thai native x Meishan) x Duroc) abstract: Banana stem is a common feed component for raising pigs in mountainous Southeast Asia. However, its nutritive value and digestibility are low. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fresh and fermented banana stems on crossbred pigs concerning nutrient digestibility, productive performance, and intestinal morphology of crossbred pigs. Initially, an in vitro ileal digestibility test was performed for the following feedstuffs: fresh banana stem (BS), fermented banana stem (FBS), concentrate (C), fresh banana stem + concentrate (BSC), and fermented banana stem + concentrate (FBSC). For the 120-days experiment, 16 crossbred pigs were divided into two groups fed with BSC and FBSC. They were placed in individual cages and subsequently moved to metabolic cages for seven days to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Finally, all pigs were slaughtered and their small intestines were analyzed for intestinal morphology. The results show that pure fresh and fermented banana stems had low digestibility. However, their digestibility increased by 50% when mixed with concentrate. Crossbred pigs fed BSC and FBSC did not exhibit significant differences in their performance, but the intestinal morphology of the FBSC group had improved intestinal morphology, especially the villi height. In conclusion, both fresh and fermented banana stems can be recommended in a low protein diet as feed for crossbred pigs in an improved production system. This is relevant for raising pigs in mountainous areas, as it has the potential to reduce feed cost and maintain production performance.


Xs: 2.4366097 Ys: 3.203031 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Manufacturing Process, In Vivo and In Vitro Digestibility Assessment of an Enteral Feeding Product Hydrolyzed from Locally Available Ingredients Using Commercial Enzymes abstract: A ready-for-use enteral feeding product was manufactured based on energy standard mixing using hydrolyzed products from local foods (i.e., loin pork, carrot, pumpkin, soybean, rice, and potato). When compared to enteral foods based on defined ingredients, the manufactured product is more cost-effective, appropriately functional and has similar physicochemical properties. Relative protein digestibility for in vitro value was tested by using enzyme pepsin, pH-drop and pH-stat method with three different enzymes. The product was shown to be easily digested with an in vivo digestibility value of 89.7%. Molecule sizes of components in the product ranged from 3.5 to 8.5 kDa, determined by SDS-PAGE, and the average molecular weight was 1.52 kDa, determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) method. In terms of nutritional value, the product achieved a caloric density of 1 kcal/mL, dietary fibers of 1.48 g per 100 mL and provided both oligomeric and monomeric forms of protein. In addition, the product has the leucine: isoleucine: valine ratio of 2:1:1, thus facilitating the absorption of the protein. In conclusion, the manufactured enteral feeding product has been shown to be appropriate for providing nutritional support for patients.


Xs: 3.9922428 Ys: 5.0283585 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Empirical Evaluation and Prediction of Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of 18–24 Months Old Thai Swamp Buffaloes abstract: In some geographical areas and in certain breeding situations, the interpretation of increased gain in the bovine is difficult to investigate. Due to their inherent genetic variations, their energy and protein needs vary as a function of inherent genetic differences, making these requirements difficult to accurately assess in bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. The study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, by the provision of an abundant energy intake of 2.2 Mcal/kg DM for the maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes using a comparative prolonged feeding trial for 90 days. Sixteen bull Thai swamp buffaloes at the initial (Age: 18–24 months; BW: 233 ± 25.0 kg) were assigned into four treatment groups, four buffaloes each, fed 5.4, 6.6, 8.5, and 10.5% DM crude protein (CP). CP intake, BW, and physiological fluid were determined. The net CP requirements for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes were 5.41 g CP/kg W0.75 and 0.46 g CP/g average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Our results indicated that CP requirement increases when the BW increases. An increased dietary CP resulted in increased amounts of blood urine nitrogen (N), N absorption, total volatile fatty acid, urinary purine derivative, and the microbial N. Notably, the net CP requirement for growth of Thai swamp buffalo was higher than it reported in NRC, but the maintenance was lower.


Xs: 2.3007789 Ys: 2.2282746 Publish year: 2006 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The Changing Roles of Dietary Carbohydrates From Simple to Complex abstract: The dietary recommendations made for carbohydrate intake by many organizations/agencies have changed over time. Early recommendations were based on the need to ensure dietary sufficiency and focused on meeting micronutrient intake requirements. Because carbohydrate-containing foods are a rich source of micronutrients, starches, grains, fruits, and vegetables became the foundation of dietary guidance, including the base of the US Department of Agriculture's Food Guide Pyramid. Dietary sufficiency recommendations were followed by recommendations to reduce cholesterol levels and the risk for cardiovascular disease; reduction in total fat (and hence saturated fat) predominated. Beginning in the 1970s, carbohydrates were recommended as the preferred substitute for fat by the American Heart Association and others to achieve the recommended successive reductions in total fat and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Additional research on fats and fatty acids found that monounsaturated fatty acids could serve as an alternative substitution for saturated fats, providing equivalent lowering of LDL-C without concomitant reductions in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increases in triglycerides witnessed when carbohydrates replace saturated fat. This research led to a sharper focus in the guidelines in the 1990s toward restricting saturated fat and liberalizing a range of intake of total fat. Higher-fat diets, still low in saturated fatty acids, became alternative strategies to lower-fat diets. As the population has become increasingly overweight and obese, the emergence of the metabolic syndrome and its associated disruptions in glucose and lipid metabolism has led to reconsiderations of the role of carbohydrate-containing foods in the American diet. Consequently, a review of the evidence for and against high-carbohydrate diets is important to put this controversy into perspective. The current dietary recommendations for carbohydrate intake are supported by the evidence.


Xs: 2.3302975 Ys: 3.5213253 Publish year: 2021 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: The role of r esistant starch in human nutrition abstract: In this paper, we examine the role and effect of resistant starch (RS) in human nutrition; further, the structure and properties of RS, the food sources based on resistance to digestion in the colon, and the physiological effects of RS are described. The nutritional value of RS, the effect of RS on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, the relationships between RS and colon function, and the relationships between food starch, dietary fibre, and RS content and colon cancer development are reviewed. It has been shown that the use of RS in foods may have some benefits. Resistant starch, digestion of resistant-starch-containing foods have a number of health benefits for colon function but appear to have less effect on lipid-glucose metabolism. It has a positive effect on colon bacterial activity, promotes the growth of beneficial microbes, and reduces the activity of enzymes that are harmful to the digestive system. Under the influence of RS, increased SCFA production lowers the pH of the colon and stimulates bile acid secretion. The decreased pH protects against colon cancer and inhibits the conversion of primary and secondary bile acids, which are cytotoxic to intestinal cells. At the end of the review article, the relationships between RS and the colon microflora, its use as a prebiotic, and the relationship between RS and glucose metabolism are analysed. It was found that the use of RS in the diet might have benefits as it shortens the time it takes food to pass through the colon and increases the amount of stool. It was also found that the physicochemical properties of foods can directly affect the amount of RS and thereby the blood glucose levels and insulin response.


Xs: 2.297619 Ys: 3.4897947 Publish year: 2007 keyword: complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Global title: Cereal complex carbohydrates and their contribution to human health abstract: Population studies have shown that whole grain consumption is associated with diminished risk of serious, diet-related diseases, which are major problems in wealthy industrialised economies and are emerging in developing countries with greater affluence. These conditions include coronary heart disease, certain cancers (especially of the large bowel), inflammatory bowel disease and disordered laxation. Carbohydrates are important contributors to the health benefits of whole grains. Insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, major components of dietary fibre) are effective laxatives. Soluble NSP (especially mixed-link β-glucans) lower plasma cholesterol and so can reduce heart disease risk but the effect is inconsistent. Processing seems to be an important contributor to this variability and other grain components may be involved. However, starch not digested in the small intestine (resistant starch, RS) appears to be as important as NSP to large bowel function. Dietary analysis suggests that some populations (e.g. native Africans) at low risk of diet-related disease through consumption of unrefined cereals may actually have relatively low fibre intakes. While NSP are effective faecal bulking agents, they are fermented to a very variable extent by the large bowel microflora. In contrast, RS seems to act largely through the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by these bacteria. One SCFA (butyrate) appears to be particularly effective in promoting large bowel function and RS fermentation appears to favour butyrate production. Animal studies show that dietary RS lowers diet-induced colonocyte genetic damage and chemically-induced large bowel cancer which correlates with increased butyrate. These effects could contribute to a lower risk of cancer and ulcerative colitis in the long term. Cereal grain oligosaccharide (OS) may also function as prebiotics and increase the levels of beneficial bacteria in the large bowel. Understanding the relationships between NSP, RS and OS and large bowel health will be facilitated by the advent of new molecular technologies to identify the bacterial species involved. The potential for improvements in public health is considerable.