Xs: 8.273023 Ys: 2.8004065 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutritional Security: Carbohydrate Profile and Folk Remedies of Rare Edible Mushrooms to Diversify Food and Diet: Thailand Case Study abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the current knowledge and practice of agrobiodiversity to improve nutrition and health. The study focused on wild mushrooms commonly consumed in Northeastern Thailand in terms of ecology, cooking and preservation methods, and folk remedies. The monosaccharide, sugar alcohol, glucan, and carbohydrate polymer content and the glycemic index of these wild mushrooms were determined using the enzymatic method. The mushrooms collected belonged to three biological groups and were mostly saprotrophic and symbiotic. The most abundant mushrooms were Amanita, Boletus, and Russula, followed by Calostoma sp., Astraeus asiaticus C. Phosri, and Astraeus odoratus C. Phosri. Wild edible mushrooms can be used for food and medicinal purposes. Cooking methods utilized in the area consist of steaming, boiling, and grilling. Glucose was the major monosaccharide detected in all mushroom samples. Xylitol and inositol were found in all mushroom samples, while some contained mannitol and arabitol. Glucan was present in all mushroom samples, ranging from 8.03 to 31.1 mg/g DW. All mushrooms were classified as having a low glycemic index. These findings provide important information to potentially enhance and promote the utilization of wild mushrooms to improve the accessibility, availability, and sustainability of nutritious food.


Xs: 2.6614487 Ys: 0.01591213 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Life-long battle: Perceptions of Type 2 diabetes in Thailand abstract: BACKGROUND
The number of people in Thailand who have Type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically making it one of the country's major health problems. The rising prevalence of diabetes in Thailand is associated with dietary changes, reduced physical activity and health education. Although there is much research about health education programmes, the most effective methods for promoting sustainability and adherence to self-management among diabetics remains unclear. OBJECTIVES
To examine the perceptions of participants in Thailand regarding Type 2 diabetes and to utilize the findings to formulate a model for patient education. METHODSA grounded theory approach was selected and semi-structured face to face interviews and focus group were used to gather data from 33 adults with Type 2 diabetes. RESULTSFive explanatory categories emerged from the data: causing lifelong stress and worry, finding their own ways, after a while, still cannot and wanting a normal life. CONCLUSIONA new approach to patient education about Type 2 diabetes in Thailand is needed to give patients a better understanding, provide recommendations that they can apply to their daily lives, and include information about alternative medication. The Buddhist way of thinking and effective strategies enhancing self-efficacy should be applied to patient education to promote sustainability and adherence to self-management.


Xs: 2.0356407 Ys: 1.8037829 Publish year: 2005 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Phytate and fiber content in Thai fruits commonly consumed by diabetic patients abstract: The amount of phytate and total dietary fiber of 6 popular tropical fruits eaten by diabetic patient residing in Bangkok were studied. They were dragon fruit, durian, guava, longan, mango, and pineapple. Fruit containing the highest content of total dietary fiber was guava which had about 2.7%. Longan contained the lowest fiber content equal to 0.19%. The highest content of phytate was found in pineapple about 0.09% and the lowest content was in longan about 0.037%. It was noticed that longan contained the lowest total dietary fiber and the lowest phytate content.


Xs: 2.0906086 Ys: 1.8753455 Publish year: 2001 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effect of long-term intake of Asian food with different glycemic indices on diabetic control and protein conservation in type 2 diabetic patients abstract: The study was carried out in 10 females with type 2 diabetes aged 32-60 yrs. All of them were receiving weight-maintaining diets composed of 12 per cent protein, 30 per cent fat and 58 per cent carbohydrate. The only difference among all study-diets was the types of complex carbohydrate used. High-glycemic diet (HG) or low glycemic diet (LG) consisted mainly of glutinous rice or mungbean noodles and the intermediate-glycemic diet (DM) was solely white rice. After the metabolic evaluation of the baseline diet (BL), each subject was placed on DM and followed randomly by HG and LG or vice versa for 4 weeks each. The diurnal plasma glucose levels tended to be lowest after LG. The integrated plasma glucose levels among all diets were not different. The integrated insulin levels after DM and LG did not differ but they were lower than HG and BL. Long-term ingestion of all test-diets spilt less urinary glucose than BL, the lowest was LG. HbA1 levels and nitrogen balance after all diets were better than BL, the best was LG. It was concluded that in addition to strict dietary control, ingestion of mungbean noodles (a low glycemic diet) without increasing fiber intake, can improve diabetic control and protein conservation in type 2 diabetes.


Xs: 2.7187247 Ys: 4.257003 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Microbiome variations among age classes and diets of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand using full-length 16S rRNA nanopore sequencing abstract: Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) have been known as a national symbol of Thailand and linked to Thai history and culture for centuries. The elephant welfare improvement is one of the major components to achieve sustainable captive management. Microbiome inhabiting digestive tracts have been shown with symbiotic relations to host health. This work provided high-resolution microbiome profiles of 32 captive elephants at a species level by utilizing full-length 16S rRNA gene nanopore sequencing. Eleven common uncultured bacterial species were found across elephants fed with solid food including uncultured bacterium Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group , Kiritimatiellae WCHB1-41 , Phascolarctobacterium , Oscillospiraceae NK4A214 group , Christensenellaceae R-7 group , Oribacterium , Oscillospirales UCG-010 , Lachnospiraceae , Bacteroidales F082 , uncultured rumen Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group , and Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group . We observed microbiome shifts along the age classes of baby (0–2 years), juvenile (2–10 years), and adult (> 10 years). Interestingly, we found distinct microbiome profiles among adult elephants fed with a local palm, Caryota urens , as a supplement. Potential beneficial microbes have been revealed according to the age classes and feed diets. The retrieved microbiome data could be provided as good baseline microbial profiles for monitoring elephant health, and a guideline for dietary selection suitable for each age class.


Xs: 8.318029 Ys: 2.7408187 Publish year: 2003 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutritive value of popular wild edible mushrooms from Northern Thailand abstract: The nutritive (and market) value of sporocarps of edible wild ectomycorrhizal fungi from northern Thailand was determined. Protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate concentrations were 14.0–24.2, 2.7–9.5, 8.3–16.8, and 41.6–65.1% dry weight, respectively. Mineral contents were: macronutrients (mg/g dry wt.) P 2.1–8.1, K 12.8–45.2, S 1.1–6.1, Ca 0.1–2.4, Mg 0.5–1.6; micronutrients (mg/kg dry wt.) Fe 162–3254, Zn 37.8–253, Mn 13.0–329, Cu 11.6–81.1, B 1.6–7.1, and Se 0–12.6. The main sporocarp sugars were d-glucose, d-fructose, trehalose, d-mannose, d-arabinose, d-xylose, d-fucose, l-rhamnose, and d-galactose. The sugar alcohol components were mannitol, glycerol, myo-inositol, meso-erythritol, d-arabitol, dulcitol, xylitol, and d-sorbitol.


Xs: 2.049561 Ys: 1.6788968 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetes Mellitus abstract: The Ministry of Health (MOH) have updated the clinical practice guidelines on Diabetes Mellitus to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for diabetes mellitus. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Diabetes Mellitus, for the information of SMJ readers. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/healthprofessionalsportal/doctors/guidelines/cpg_medical.html. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.


Xs: 2.4807062 Ys: 2.5633533 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Ketone Ester D‐β‐Hydroxybutyrate‐(R)‐1,3 Butanediol Prevents Decline in Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice abstract: Background
Heart failure is responsible for approximately 65% of deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, existing therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus have limited success on the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether moderate elevation in D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate improves cardiac function in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods and Results
Type 2 diabetic (db/db) and their corresponding wild‐type mice were fed a control diet or a diet where carbohydrates were equicalorically replaced by D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate‐(R)‐1,3 butanediol monoester (ketone ester [KE]). After 4 weeks, echocardiography demonstrated that a KE diet improved systolic and diastolic function in db/db mice. A KE diet increased expression of mitochondrial succinyl‐CoA:3‐oxoacid‐CoA transferase and restored decreased expression of mitochondrial β‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, key enzymes in cardiac ketone metabolism. A KE diet significantly enhanced both basal and ADP‐mediated oxygen consumption in cardiac mitochondria from both wild‐type and db/db animals; however, it did not result in the increased mitochondrial respiratory control ratio. Additionally, db/db mice on a KE diet had increased resistance to oxidative and redox stress, with evidence of restoration of decreased expression of thioredoxin and glutathione peroxidase 4 and less permeability transition pore activity in mitochondria. Mitochondrial biogenesis, quality control, and elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy were significantly increased in cardiomyocytes from db/db mice on a KE diet. The increase in mitophagy was correlated with restoration of mitofusin 2 expression, which contributed to improved coupling between cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase translocation into mitochondria and microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3–mediated autophagosome formation.

Conclusions
Moderate elevation in circulating D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate levels via KE supplementation enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, quality control, and oxygen consumption and increases resistance to oxidative/redox stress and mPTP opening, thus resulting in improvement of cardiac function in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Xs: 7.6116786 Ys: 3.3893545 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Physicochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of Honey from Stingless Bee Tetragonula laeviceps Species Complex abstract: Stingless bee (Apidae, Meliponini) is a group of eusocial insects that widely distributed in the neotrophic regions of the globe. Similar to honeybees, stingless bees produce honey that is usually valued much higher, likely due to both its unique flavor and properties. In this study, honey samples produced by stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps species complex were collected from different meliponary in Eastern Thailand (Rayong, Chantaburi, and Trat provinces). The honey samples were examined the physicochemical parameters, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results revealed the physicochemical parameter of honey from T. laeviceps species complex to be an average color (75 ± 15 mm Pfund), moisture (27 ± 2 g/100 g), pH (3.70 ± 0.3), total sugar (50 ± 7.80 g/100 g), electrical conductivity (0.62 ±0.15 ms/cm) and the soluble solids (51.70 ± 4.12 °Brix). Besides, the honey from the T. laeviceps species complex showed the highest reducing power (18 ± 1.20%) and antimicrobial property against four species of bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella typhimurium ) and yeast ( Candida albicans ).


Xs: 4.418597 Ys: 4.331993 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Influence of drying methods on health indicators of brewers spent grain for potential upcycling into food products abstract: Brewer's spent grain (BSG) was dried via infra-red drying (IRD) or hot-air drying (HAD) and milled into fine powders. Proximate analysis (moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates by difference), water activity, dietary fiber, total soluble phenolics, and antioxidant capacity analyses were performed to characterize and compare both types of BSG powders. Mice feeding of the two types of dried BSG, each at three different concentrations, was conducted to compare the effects of the two types of dried BSG on health indicators and to determine evidence of dose response. Weights of body, feed intake, adipose tissue, kidney, and liver were recorded; blood plasma, cholesterol, liver fat, and fecal fat and protein were also measured.
Significant differences were observed for liver and adipose tissue, cholesterol, and fecal protein between mice fed diets with different concentrations of BSG compared to the control diet. The analysis of hormones related to type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome did not show differences between the hormones examined, except for ghrelin and leptin, which are directly correlated with increased white adipose tissue in mice consuming high fat diets. No differences in health indicators were found in mice fed with the two different types of BSG. Mice fed with HAD and IRD BSG diets increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phylum microbiota compared to control diet, with no differences due to the type and concentrations of BSG in mice diets. The present results suggest that increasing levels of BSG incorporated into human foods may impart health benefits.


Xs: 2.818022 Ys: 4.1828613 Publish year: 2015 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Distinct gut microbiota of healthy children from two different geographic regions of Thailand abstract: In Thailand, food consumption by people from each region is different. This can be an important environmental factor which shapes the gut microbiota further affecting their health. This study aimed to use quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the intestinal microbial community in 60 healthy children (aged 8–11 years) living in specific areas, namely central (CT) and northeastern (NE) Thailand where each region has its own typical food consumption. The children from NE had significantly higher consumption frequency of meat (chicken and beef), a wide variety of carbohydrate sources (noodle, fermented rice and sweet potato) including vegetables and fruit, while in CT, there was a significant preference for rice, breakfast cereal and cow milk. The qPCR analysis resulted in significantly higher abundance of lactobacilli, Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium leptum, Prevotella and Bacteroides fragilis in children from the NE region. However, no significant difference in the count of Bifidobacterium spp., Enterobacteriaceae and methanogens was observed. Considering the correlation of food sources and microbial groups, the consumption frequency of vegetables showed a moderately positive correlation coefficient of 0.42 and 0.34 to the Lactobacillus group (P = 0.001) and the Prevotella group (P = 0.008), respectively, while a diet of fish and beef showed a moderately negative correlation coefficient of −0.41 (P = 0.001) and −0.33 (P = 0.09) to Bifidobacterium spp., respectively. Our results suggested that high frequency consumption of varieties of carbohydrates, protein sources, fruits and vegetables by the NE children promoted a high abundance of bacterial species in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.


Xs: 2.803116 Ys: 4.2705364 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Age-related changes in the gut microbiota and the core gut microbiome of healthy Thai humans abstract: The gut microbial diversity of Thai people was investigated between two large cohorts, adult and elderly subjects, from the middle region of Thailand; the cohorts were divided into different age groups of healthy adult (73) and elderly subjects (47). The diversities of the groups were characterized using a pyrosequencing technique with primers targeting the V6–V8 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and a significant decrease in the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes ratio from 7.3 to 4.5 was observed with increased age. The microbiota of the adult and elderly groups had a significantly higher abundance of the phylum Actinobacteria, including the three species Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, and the phylum Bacteroidetes containing the four species Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides caccae and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Firmicutes showed no significant differences between the two groups. Eleven species belonging to Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were shared by at least 90% of all subjects and defined as core gut microbiota of healthy Thai, among which a high abundance of Escherichia coli was particularly characterized in Thai elderly individuals. Multiple linear regression analysis of age, gender, BMI and diet consumption frequency showed the correlation of age with Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Rice consumption frequency showed a significant positive correlation with Bacteroides, while no correlation was found for other factors. Taken together, in the gut of Thai adults, Bifidobacterium decreased and Bacteroides increased with age, while rice consumption increased the abundance of Bacteroides. These link of age and food, especially rice carbohydrate, to gut microbiota and health could be ultimately proposed as the Thai feature.


Xs: 3.9828324 Ys: 0.68957686 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Health Equity Dimensions of Urban Food Systems abstract: There is increasing recognition that the nutrition transition sweeping the world's cities is multifaceted. Urban food and nutrition systems are beginning to share similar features, including an increase in dietary diversity, a convergence toward "Western-style" diets rich in fat and refined carbohydrate and within-country bifurcation of food supplies and dietary conventions. Unequal access to the available dietary diversity, calories, and gastronomically satisfying eating experience leads to nutritional inequalities and diet-related health inequities in rich and poor cities alike. Understanding the determinants of inequalities in food security and nutritional quality is a precondition for developing preventive policy responses. Finding common solutions to under- and overnutrition is required, the first step of which is poverty eradication through creating livelihood strategies. In many cities, thousands of positions of paid employment could be created through the establishment of sustainable and self-sufficient local food systems, including urban agriculture and food processing initiatives, food distribution centers, healthy food market services, and urban planning that provides for multiple modes of transport to food outlets. Greater engagement with the food supply may dispel many of the food anxieties affluent consumers are experiencing.


Xs: 2.9574137 Ys: 0.8697003 Publish year: 2010 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Food Recommendation System Using Clustering Analysis for Diabetic Patients abstract: Food and nutrition are a key to have good health. They are important for everyone to maintain a healthy diet especially for diabetic patients who have several limitations. Nutrition therapy is a major solution to prevent, manage and control diabetes by managing the nutrition based on the belief that food provides vital medicine and maintains a good health. Typically, diabetic patients need to avoid additional sugar and fat so the food pyramid is recommended to the patients for finding the substitution from the same food group. However, there is still a dietary diversity within food groups that can affect the diabetic patients. In this study, we proposed Food Recommendation System (FRS) by using food clustering analysis for diabetic patients. Our system will recommend the proper substituted foods in the context of nutrition and food characteristic. We used Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and K-mean clustering for food clustering analysis which is based on the similarity of eight significant nutrients for diabetic patient. At the end, the FRS was evaluated by nutritionists and it has performed very well and useful for nutrition area.


Xs: 3.405991 Ys: 0.6270861 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Development and Evaluation of Interactive Multimedia-Based Nutrition Education Package (IMNEP) to Promote Healthy Diet for Overweight and Obese Children abstract: The integration of interactive multimedia has been widely used especially in medical and education fields, allowing the learning process to become easier and more effective than the traditional approach. The present study describes some of the theoretical backgrounds, development, and validation of Interactive Multimedia-based Nutrition Education Package (IMNEP). The IMNEP was developed and delivered through education video, healthy food flash game, and PC Dance Mat. The feasibility, acceptability, and applicability of IMNEP were then evaluated, involving school children (n=50), researchers (n=10), and parents (n=8) by distributing the evaluation questionnaire of IMNEP (EQ-IMNEP). The majority of the respondents gave positive responses and felt that IMNEP was interesting and engaging with regards to graphics, contents, animations, and its usage as a new medium in teaching nutrition for children and parents. Most of the students (96%) had some prior experiences in playing computer or mobile games and strongly felt that they would repeatedly play this healthy food flash game. These initial findings indicate early evidence that IMNEP was feasible, acceptable, and applicable with some modifications for the purpose of controlling obesity in the intervention phase later.


Xs: 6.773483 Ys: 2.2328055 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutritional composition of conserved Kadsura spp. plants in Northern Thailand abstract: The genus Kadsura comprises woody vine plants belonging to the family Schisandraceae. Species are found mostly in Northern Thailand and widely consumed by the local population. Occurrences of these wild fruits are rare as they only grow naturally in forest areas. Nutritive values of Kadsura spp. remain unclear, leading to improper management for food applications. Nutritional composition of Kadsura spp. was evaluated to promote sustainable conservation. Nutritive values in different fruits parts (exocarp, mesocarp, seed and core) of two Kadsura species as Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. and Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib, from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand were assessed. When comparing nutritional contents based on per 100 g dry weight, results suggested that K. coccinea exhibited higher carbohydrate (1–2 times), sugar (1–2 times) and vitamin C (3–4 times) contents than K. heteroclita, while the latter possessed higher fat (1–2 times), protein (1.6–1.9 times), and dietary fiber (1.5–1.8 times) contents. Considering each fruit part, the mesocarp (the only edible fruit part) and exocarp of both species provided high dietary fiber (11.6–20.9% recommended dietary fiber) and vitamin C (as high as 73% recommended per day) but were low in energy (30–40 kcal/100 g fresh weight), protein (0.6–1.2% recommended per day), fat (0.5–1.8% recommended per day) and sugar (2.4–5.4% recommended per day). Interestingly, seed contained higher energy (1–2 times), protein (2–3 times) and fat (4–50 times) than the other fruit parts. Results support the potential consumption of Kadsura spp. as a healthy fruit that can be used for future food applications. Seed and exocarp from Kadsura spp. also showed potential for new product development.


Xs: 8.016858 Ys: 3.2534733 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutritional biotransformation in traditional fermented tea (Miang) from north Thailand and its impact on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities abstract: Miang is a traditional fermented tea made from fermentation of Assam tea leaves with mixed microbial culture involving lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Miang has important bioactive benefits such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity with relevance to health benefits. Miang is categorized into two processes; filamentous fungi growth-based (FFP) and non-filamentous fungi-based (NFP) process, depending on area of production. Further, Miang is also divided into 2 types; astringent Miang and sour Miang, depending on fermentation time. The aim of this research was to determine the important macronutrient biotransformation of Miang diversity under above processes and types and explore the impact on bioactive compounds relevant to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. During fermentation, pH, total acid, nutritional components, total polyphenols (TP), total tannins (TT), total flavonoids (TF), total catechins (TC), antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. Miang when fermented for longer sour Miang process compared to shorter time astringent Miang increased crude protein, fiber, and ash contents whereas soluble carbohydrates decreased. Even though TP, TT, TF and TC of sour Miang was lower, the overall antioxidant activity was higher than astringent Miang. This suggests that in addition to the phenolic compounds, other specific phenolics and substances such as biotransformed protein and fat could contribute to antioxidant properties. Additionally, Miang also contains antimicrobial activities against dental caries pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, gastrointestinal disease causing Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium through likely effects of organic acids and phenolic compounds.


Xs: 3.631196 Ys: 0.72940046 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Thailand nutrition in transition: Situation and challenges of maternal and child nutrition abstract: Double burden of malnutrition (DBMN), the coexistence of under- and overnutrition in the same population, is an emerging public health concern in developing countries, including Thailand. This paper aims to review the maternal and child nutrition situation and trends as the country moved from a low-income to a middle-income country, using data from large scale national surveys. Protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies predominantly affected mothers and children prior to the 1980s. The situation greatly improved during the 1980s- 1990s, with the implementation of multi-sectoral policies and programs focusing on poverty alleviation and primary health care. Economic development, improved access to health services and effective community-based nutrition programs contributed to these positive trends. However, the prevalence of low birth weight remained at 8- 10%, while stunting and underweight declined to about 10% by the 1990s, with small change thereafter. The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women and children decreased by half and vitamin A deficiency is no longer a public health problem. Iodine deficiency, especially during pregnancy is still a major concern. As the country progressed in terms of economic and social development, overnutrition among women and children affected all socio-economic levels. Changes in lifestyles, food access and eating patterns are observed both in urban and rural areas. Although efforts have been made to address these challenges, harmonized policy and strategic programs that address DBMN in the complex social and economic environment are urgently needed. Early life undernutrition should be considered along with measures to address obesity and chronic diseases in children.


Xs: 2.7892847 Ys: 1.0004094 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Thai Subjects abstract: Introduction:
Although, the effect of Ramadan fasting on the risks for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) has been reported in several studies, the results were inconsistent. In addition, the effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical parameters in Thai subjects has not been evaluated.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometry, blood pressure, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, and body composition in healthy Thai subjects.

Materials and methods:
A total of 65 healthy subjects (21 men and 44 women) aged between 19-24 years were randomly recruited. Anthropometry, blood pressure, FBG, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), and body composition were measured before Ramadan, end of Ramadan and after one month of Ramadan.

Results:
There were no changes in anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profiles and body composition in both genders before Ramadan, end of Ramadan and after one month of Ramadan. Nevertheless, FBG levels were significantly increased after one month of Ramadan compared with baseline (5.09±0.50 versus 4.83±0.38 mmol/L, p=0.016, respectively) in women.

Conclusion:
The Ramadan fasting did not affect the lipid, anthropometric and body composition in healthy Thai subjects. However, the increased FBG levels after one month of Ramadan were observed in women. To improve the favourable biochemical parameters after Ramadan fasting, the lifestyle modifications such as, increased intake of healthy diets and increased physical activity should be recommended.


Xs: 8.064891 Ys: 3.4173462 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Development and characterization of a seaweed snack using Ulva fasciata abstract: South Asian region possess an abundant growth of seaweeds. Due to unappealing taste of seaweeds, most South Asians reject seaweed based products in the global
market. Thus, the research aims to develop a seaweed snack appealing to the taste of South Asians using Ulva fasciata with the intention of popularizing seaweed consumption in the South Asia. Ulva fasciata samples were collected from Matara, Sri Lanka. Snack was developed by the traditional nori making technique. Flavor is enhanced by ginger oleoresin. The moisture content (%), total fat content (%), protein content (%) and ash content (%) of the unroasted snack was determined according to the AOAC procedures and resulted 12.52 ± 0.48, 0.26 ± 0.042, 19.18 ± 0.53 and 13.91 ± 0.46 respectively. Total carbohydrate content (%) was analyzed according to the Dubois method and recorded as 9.48 ± 0.14. The arithmetic difference was taken to determine the total fibre content (%) which was recorded as 44.64 ± 0.23. The elemental composition of the processed snack was determined by
X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis. The results recorded a significantly high content (ppm) of Calcium 13,700 ± 707 in the unroasted snack. As the final outcome a nutritious seaweed snack was developed.


Xs: 7.2780867 Ys: 1.995593 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Medicinal plants utilized in Thai Traditional Medicine for diabetes treatment: Ethnobotanical surveys, scientific evidence and phytochemicals abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance
Diabetes mellitus remains the most lethal metabolic disease of contemporaneous times and despite the therapeutic arsenal currently available, research on new antidiabetic agents remains a priority. In recent years, the revitalization of Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM) became a clear priority for the Thai government, and many efforts have been undertaken to accelerate research on herbal medicines and their use in medical services in various hospitals. Additionally, and particularly in rural areas, treatment of diabetes and associated symptomatology frequently relies on herbal preparations recommended by practitioners of TTM. In the current work, medicinal plants used in Thailand for treating diabetes, as well as their hypoglycaemic pharmacological evidences and potential therapeutic use for diabetes-related complications were reviewed.

Materials and methods
Ethnopharmacological information on the plant materials used in TTM for diabetes treatment was collected through literature search in a range of scientific databases using the search terms: diabetes, folk medicine, Thailand medicinal plants, traditional medicine. Information regarding scientific evidence on the antidiabetic effects of surveyed species was obtained considering not only the most common taxonomic designation, but also taxonomic synonyms, and including the keywords ‘diabetes’ and ‘hypoglycaemic effect’.

Results
A total of 183 species known to be used for diabetes management in TTM were reviewed, with 30% of them still lacking experimental evidences to support claims regarding the mechanisms and phytochemicals underlying their antidiabetic properties. Moreover, a total of 46 bioactives displaying effective antidiabetic effects have been isolated from 24 species, their underlying mechanism(s) of action being fully or partially disclosed.

Conclusions
We deliver the most extensive survey dealing with the ethnomedicinal knowledge of Thai medicinal plants utilized on diabetes management. We are certain that the current review will spark further research on Thai plants for the development of new standardized phytomedicines through drug discovery programmes.


Xs: 4.0023437 Ys: 4.503511 Publish year: 2002 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: An overview of small-scale food fermentation technologies in developing countries with special reference to Thailand: Scope for their improvement abstract: Small-scale food fermentation technologies in developing countries have evolved through years of experience rather than through scientific breakthroughs. Many small-scale manufacturers are, therefore, reluctant to accept change and modify fermentation processes. Upgrading the quality and safety of fermented foods, while reducing their production cost and maintaining their authenticity and uniqueness, is of utmost importance. One strategic approach, which has been successfully implemented for the improvement of small-scale soy sauce fermentation in Thailand, is the consortium approach. This approach has allowed industry to work closely in sharing knowledge and common problems, which in turn has provided scientists with the research direction that would best benefit the industry. This consortium approach has brought about changes in the methodologies used in the production of soy sauce, by shortening processing times, introducing fiberglass tanks as bioreactors instead of the traditionally used small earthenware containers and introducing cost-effective waste management systems. One barrier to the application of starter cultures in the small-scale fermentation industry is the loss of uniqueness of fermented products. However, the advent of molecular biology techniques has allowed science to tailor starter cultures to the specific requirements of the manufacturer. Using the techniques of molecular biology, it has been shown that microflora of a specific product vary according to origin and sensory quality. A cell bank is being developed to serve as a resource base for Thai fermented pork sausage in order to facilitate the application of starter cultures in the manufacture of that product.


Xs: 3.4421024 Ys: 0.7138565 Publish year: 2009 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Nutrition and the Global Risk for Chronic Diseases: The INTERHEALTH Nutrition Initiative abstract: As chronic, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the World Health Organization's INTERHEALTH Programme, an international collaboration currently involving 15 countries, has focused its attention on population-based NCD prevention. Participating nations include Australia, Chile, China, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Japan, Lithuania, Malta, Mauritius, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, and the United States. This paper will review and assess global trends in food and nutrient intake among INTERHEALTH countries between 1954 and 1986.


Xs: 2.8224256 Ys: -0.012322558 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Type 2 diabetes: How do Thai Buddhist people with diabetes practise self-management? abstract: This paper is a report of a study of how Thai Buddhist people with type 2 diabetes practice self-management.
The importance of diabetes self-management is recognized in the literature. However, research on self-care management in Thailand, in particular concerning Buddhist people with type 2 diabetes, is scarce.
A descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Purposive convenience sampling was used, and thirty men and women with diabetes, aged 28-79 years, participated. Data were collected from June to August 2009 and analysed by use of manifest and latent content analysis.
Five themes of self-management among Thai Buddhist people with type 2 diabetes were identified: cultural influence on disease control, Buddhism and Thai culture, struggle for disease control, family support and economy a high priority.
Even though the Buddhist people with diabetes had certain self-management capabilities, many had poor control of their blood sugar levels and needed assistance. Reference to Buddhist moderation can be an effective means of helping the people with diabetes better manage their disease and change their lifestyles. In addition to cultural and religious traditions, family, economy and social environment should be taken into account both in the care and in interventions aimed at helping people with diabetes cope and empowering them to control their disease.


Xs: 7.553504 Ys: 2.135715 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Chemical Composition, Anti-α-Glucosidase Activity, and Molecular Modelling Studies of Cleistocalyx operculatus Essential Oil abstract: In this study, chemical components, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and molecular modelling studies of the essential oil extracted from the Cleistocalyx operculatus leaves were investigated. In total, thirty compounds were identified using GC/MS, representing 98.3% of the oil. Of these, the two most dominant constituents of the essential oil were determined as (Z)-β-ocimene (30.4%) and allo-ocimene (31.6%). The α-glucosidase inhibitory experiments indicated that the essential oil exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 61.82 ± 3.91 µg/mL. For further investigation into inhibitory mechanisms, molecular docking simulations were performed to investigate structural interactions between two dominant constituents and the α-glucosidase protein. The simulation revealed that allo-ocimene (31.6%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (30.4%) have protein binding affinities of −5.358 and −5.330 kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation indicated that the complexes of two compounds and the target protein were stable over 100 ns. Overall, these findings suggest that the essential oil of C. operculatus leaves could be a natural source of potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.


Xs: 2.6230745 Ys: 4.2684813 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Analysis of Human Gut Microbiome: Taxonomy and Metabolic Functions in Thai Adults abstract: The gut microbiome plays a major role in the maintenance of human health. Characterizing the taxonomy and metabolic functions of the human gut microbiome is necessary for enhancing health. Here, we analyzed the metagenomic sequencing, assembly and construction of a meta-gene catalogue of the human gut microbiome with the overall aim of investigating the taxonomy and metabolic functions of the gut microbiome in Thai adults. As a result, the integrative analysis of 16S rRNA gene and whole metagenome shotgun (WMGS) sequencing data revealed that the dominant gut bacterial families were Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae of the Firmicutes phylum. Consistently, across 3.8 million (M) genes annotated from 163.5 gigabases (Gb) of WMGS sequencing data, a significant number of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism of the dominant bacterial families were identified. Further identification of bacterial community-wide metabolic functions promisingly highlighted the importance of Roseburia and Faecalibacterium involvement in central carbon metabolism, sugar utilization and metabolism towards butyrate biosynthesis. This work presents an initial study of shotgun metagenomics in a Thai population-based cohort in a developing Southeast Asian country.


Xs: 2.6889088 Ys: 0.043999422 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Development of a capacity building program for Village Health Volunteers to support Self-Management in a high risk population for diabetes in a rural community in northeast Thailand abstract: Similar to other parts of the world, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Asia-Pacific Region has rapidly increased during the last few decades. The purposes of this pilot study were to determine the feasibility and the effects of a capacity building program for Village Health Volunteers (VHVs) to support self-management in a T2DM high risk population from a rural subdistrict in Northeast Thailand. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using surveys, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed and used to develop a 12-week capacity building program for VHVs. This program was then implemented on 60 subjects at high risk of T2DM in the selected community.

According to the paired t-test and Wilcoxon-signed rank test, VHVs had higher scores on knowledge and self-efficacy of T2DM prevention after a 12 week intervention (p = .03 and p = .02, respectively). Study participants at risk for T2DM also had a significant increase in T2DM knowledge and self-management (p < .001). Implementation of the capacity building program for VHVs in Northeast Thailand was feasible. The key successes were strong community bonding, community empowerment, and support from family and public health nurses. Effects of the program should be examined with those in other Asia-Pacific countries.


Xs: 3.644893 Ys: 3.9714262 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Influence of different dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity abstract: Because of the increasing market potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and limited availability of coastal areas for production, culture of L. vannamei at low salinity is a growing trend throughout the world. Dietary manipulation could improve the growth performance of L. vannamei at low salinity. This study reared L. vannamei with glucose, sucrose and corn starch as dietary carbohydrate sources, respectively, at a low salinity. The results indicated that the sucrose and glucose feeding groups showed better growth performance. An Illumina-based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition and the results indicated that Proteobacteria were the most prevalent members, but abundance of Actinobacteria decreased while Firmicutes increased in the corn starch-fed group. Furthermore, bacteria related to complex carbohydrate degradation were in lower abundance, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria increased in corn starch-fed group than the other two groups, suggesting that the diet imposes selective pressure on the intestinal microbiota. Complex carbohydrates were not the ideal energy sources for L. vannamei at low salinity because the host has higher energy demand in the stressful conditions while the complex carbohydrate degradation efficiency of the gut microbiota in L. vannamei is limited.


Xs: 2.6228957 Ys: 0.6621512 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Elevated C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and glycemic load associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Thais: A cross-sectional study abstract: Background
The elevated levels of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL6) are supposed to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Frequent high glycemic load (GL) consumption, central obesity, and a lack of physical activity are considered to be T2DM risk factors. This study aimed to determine the difference of these inflammatory markers as well as GL in individuals with versus those without T2DM in rural Thais.

Methods
A total of 296 participants aged 35–66 living in Sung Noen District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, were recruited. Blood was collected to evaluate blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers. A Semi-food frequency questionnaire was utilized to assess GL followed by socioeconomic and anthropometric assessment. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed.

Results
Elevated CRP and IL6 levels were associated with increased risk of developing T2DM [OR (95% CI): 7.51 (2.11, 26.74) and 4.95 (1.28, 19.11)], respectively. There was a trend towards increased risk of T2DM with elevated TNF-α levels [OR (95% CI): 1.56 (0.39, 6.14)]. GL correlated significantly with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.289, P = 0.016), suggesting that it is involved in T2DM in this study group.

Conclusion
In this study, CRP, IL6, and TNF-α associated with T2DM. Our findings suggested that these inflammatory markers, especially CRP, may initiate T2DM.

Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12902-017-0189-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Xs: 2.2231734 Ys: 1.5915803 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Effects of A Short Period of A Ketogenic Diet on Blood Biochemistry and Immunological Status in Overweight Thai Subjects abstract: Being overweight and obese is a fundamental health problem worldwide and is associated with many diseases. The ketogenic diet (KD) includes high fat and moderate protein, with the daily consumption of carbohydrates amounting to less than 10 % daily intake. KD is a popular choice for weight loss but has benefited many diseases, such as metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, the effect of KD on overweight but healthy individuals is limited. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of the KD program on the physical, blood biochemistry, hematological and immunological status of overweight, healthy individuals. The 9 overweight Thai women with body mass index (BMI) values over 25 kg/m2 participated in a self-conduct KD program for 28 days. The mean age of the group was 28.44 years. With 28-days of KD, a significant (p < 0.01) increase in blood ketone confirmed the ketosis status of participants. The mean blood ketone concentration increased from 0.41 ± 0.061 to 1.22 ± 0.267 mmol/L. Most of the participants’ physical parameters, such as body mass index (BMI), body weight, chest circumferences, hip circumferences, and arm circumferences, significantly decreased after 28-days of KD. Furthermore, the biochemistry indices (total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and HDL-C) did not significantly differ from the baseline. However, fasting blood sugar decreased (p < 0.01) from 88.00 ± 1.014 to 83.78 ± 1.289 mg/dL. KD did not influence all hematological and immunological indices such as nitric oxide (NO) production (unstimulated and in 2.5 µg/mL PHA stimulation) and T cell subpopulations. Nonetheless, it increased NO production in 5 µg/mL PHA stimulation and mononuclear cell proliferation capacity (proliferation index). The data revealed that short-term KD in this study decreased participants’ physical body compositions and blood glucose levels. Moreover, the immune status after KD proved the immunomodulation effect of KD. HIGHLIGHTS Thai overweight subjects whose self-conducted 28-days ketogenic diet demonstrated Significantly decreased the bodyweight Significantly decreased the body compositions Significantly decreased blood sugar level. Significantly affected immune systems by increasing immune cell proliferation capacity and responding to the non-specific stimulator GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Xs: 4.006399 Ys: 3.8786454 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Growth performance and morphological variations of local and Thai climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) abstract: Climbing perch locally known as koi (Anabas testudineus) is a popular food fish in our country. Thai climbing perch was introduced in Bangladesh from Thailand. To explore the variation in growth performance and morphological features of local and Thai climbing perch a study was undertaken. The highest gain in length, weight and SGR were found in Thai koi 12.23±0.38 cm, 55.83+0.53 g and 7.92±0.11%/day, respectively. Fourteen morphometric characters were studied where eleven (TL, SL, HL, HBD, LBD, DFL, PECFL, PELFL, AFL, UJL and LJL) showed significant difference (p<0.01) in Thai koi from the local ones. Of the meristic characters no. of dorsal fin rays (hard), anal fin rays (hard), caudal fin rays and scale along lateral line (upper and lower) as recorded from the Thai koi were significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of the local koi. The no. of dorsal fin rays (soft) in Thai koi were also significantly higher (p<0.05) from that of local koi. The number of vertebra were also variable in local and Thai climbing perch (25 in case of local koi and 26 in case of Thai koi). Hence, the results obtained from the present study satisfy the characteristics of A. testudineus which reveals that both the local and Thai koi belongs to the same species. Growth performance of Thai koi was better compared to local koi reared in same conditions.


Xs: 3.2015574 Ys: 0.48435012 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Trends in Obesity and Associations with Education and Urban or Rural Residence in Thailand abstract: To measure trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the relationship with urban or rural residence and education in Thailand.
Data were from two nationally representative surveys of 38,323 individuals >or=18 years old (19,156 were 18 to 59 years old) in 2004 and 3375 individuals 18 to 59 years old in 1997. Overweight and obesity were defined using the World Health Organization's Asian criteria.
Among those >or=18 years old in 2004, 17.8% of men (95% confidence interval, 16.6% to 19.0%) were overweight, 18.4% (17.3% to 19.5%) had Class I obesity, 4.8% (4.1% to 5.5%) had Class II obesity, and 15.9% (14.6% to 17.1%) had abdominal obesity. In women, 18.2% (17.1% to 19.2%) were overweight, 26.1% (24.9% to 27.3%) had Class I obesity, 9.3% (8.6% to 10.0%) had Class II obesity, and 37.3% (35.3% to 39.2%) had abdominal obesity. In those 18 to 59 years old, the prevalence of Class I obesity in men and all four categories in women significantly increased between 1997 and 2004. There was an inverse relationship in women but a positive relationship in men between education and the odds of being overweight or obese. In 2004, there were significantly lower odds of being overweight or obese in rural compared with urban men but similar odds between urban and rural women.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Thailand is high and increasing. Although the transition of overweight and obesity to those of lower socioeconomic status is not complete, it is well on the way.


Xs: 4.5555387 Ys: 1.8800983 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Reduction of adipose tissue and body weight: Effect of water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate in Garcinia atroviridis on the short term treatment of obese women in Thailand abstract: Fifty obese women with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m(2) were randomly allocated into two groups, 25 in each. Group 1, with a mean (+/-SEM) age of 40.0+/-2 years, received water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate (HCA) as Garcinia atroviridis. Group 2, with a mean age of 35.6+/-1.8 years, received placebo. All subjects were recommended a similar diet with 1000 Kcal/day. The trial lasted for 2 months. At baseline the means BMI of Group 1 and Group 2 were 27.5+/-0.2 kg/m(2) and 26.7+/-0.5 kg/m(2), respectively. Group 1 lost significantly more weight (2.8 vs. 1.4 kg, p<0.05) and at a greater rate than Group 2 throughout the study. The decrease in their body weight was due to a loss of fat storage as evidenced by a significant decrease in the triceps skin fold thickness. On a short-term basis, HCA in Garcinia atroviridis was an effective for weight management.


Xs: 3.6171267 Ys: 0.8313298 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Comparison of Nutrient Intake in Lao PDR by the Korean CAN-Pro and Thailand INMUCAL Analysis Programs abstract: A computer-based nutritional analysis program can help to identify the nutritional status of people and provide information for nutritional counseling, nutrition education, diet planning, and menu development. Although computer-based nutritional analysis has been conducted since the 1960s in developed countries, in developing countries nutritional analysis programs either do not exist or need improving. This study tests two analysis programs developed by different countries to compare the nutrition status data calculated by two different analysts to highlight the importance of developing an appropriate nutrition analysis tool. An interview-administered 24-h dietary recall method was conducted with 100 adults aged 40∼59 years in Vientiane, Laos. Analysts from Korea and Laos, respectively, calculated nutrient intake using the Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University CALculation (INMUCAL) nutritional analysis program (Bangkok, Thailand). Nutrient intake was also compared using two different analysis tools, INMUCAL and computer aided nutrition-al analysis program (CAN-Pro) 5.0 software (Seoul, Korea). The average nutrient intake calculated by the different analysts using INMUCAL were not significantly different. Furthermore, macronutrient intake calculated by CAN-Pro 5.0 and INMUCAL did not significantly differ, aside for intake of iron, thiamin, and vitamin C. Nutrient intake calculated by one analysis program differed from those calculated by a different program in Laos. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an appropriate nutritional analysis program that reflects the diet behavior and food culture in Laos and to understand the nutritional status of Laotians.


Xs: 1.8774707 Ys: 1.765305 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Acute Effects of Supervised Making Weight on Health Markers, Hormones and Body Composition in Muay Thai Fighters abstract: Making weight is a practice often used in combat sports. This consists of a rapid weight loss (RWL) and a subsequent rapid weight gain (RWG) in the days preceding competition. However, this practice is often carried out based on anecdotal information provided by ex-athletes or non-professionals, which has led to several adverse events. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of a supervised nutritional period of RWL/RWG on health markers, hormone concentrations, and body composition. We performed a single-arm repeated-measures (baseline, after RWL and after RWG) clinical trial with twenty-one (8F:16M) Italian Muay Thai fighters. Body mass was significantly lower after the RWL (−4.1%) while there was a significantly higher glucose availability after RWL and RWG. Blood urea nitrogen, lipid profile, and creatinine were within the normal range after RWL/RWG. Testosterone decrease significantly after RWL and RWG in the men group. Male fighters had a significant reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration after the RWL and RWG intervention, but no change was found in women at pre-competition. Bioelectrical parameters were almost fully restored after RWG. An evidence-based and individualized nutrition methodology reduces the adverse events after an RWL and RWG practice, although the impact on the hormonal profile is inevitable.


Xs: 2.721712 Ys: 4.191854 Publish year: 2014 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Gut microbiota of Thai volunteer fecal samples by using quantitative PCR. abstract: Human gut microbiota are diverse and different among individuals. It has been reported that
composition of gut microbiota related to the host physiological conditions and diseases such
as obesity, diabetes.Therefore, our study aimed to characterize the composition of gut
microbiota including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria from
fecal samples obtained from 14 Thai volunteers by using qPCR. The volunteers were
classified into two groups according to body mass index (BMI),: lean group (BMI≤23) and
overweight group (BMI23). The results showed that relative abundance of Firmicutes was
dominated in the Lean group whereas those of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were
dominant in the Overweight group. Interestingly, BMI was linearly associated with the
presence of the Proteobacteria.


Xs: 3.59764 Ys: 0.92269 Publish year: 2008 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Teanpaisan R, Thitasomakul S, Piwat S, Thearmontree A, Pithpornchaiyakul W, Chankanka O.. Longitudinal study of the presence of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in relation to dental caries development in 3-24 month old Thai children. Int Dent J 57: 445-451 abstract: To study the acquisition of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli in relation to dental caries development in 3-24 month old Thai children.
Salivary samples were collected from 169 children using sterile wooden tongue depressors at the ages of 3, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. The blades were pressed onto selective media for MS or lactobacilli. After incubation, the colony forming units of MS/lactobacilli were counted. Dental status was recorded from 9 months old using modified WHO criteria.
The number of children with caries and number and severity of decayed teeth significantly increased with age. The presence of MS/lactobacilli was detectable at an early age and the cumulative prevalence of MS/lactobacilli increased with age. Children who were colonised early by MS or lactobacilli showed a higher number of decayed teeth than of those who were colonised later. The children with no MS/lactobacilli had significantly fewer decayed teeth and there was a significant correlation between MS/lactobacilli level and tooth decay.
This longitudinal study shows early colonisation of the mouths of Thai children by MS/lactobacilli and where there are persistently high levels of the bacterias increased risk of development of dental caries.


Xs: 3.048968 Ys: 3.903709 Publish year: 2023 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on the Obesity Indexes, Neuroinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers, Gut Microbial Diversity, and Working Memory in Obese Thai Children abstract: Obesity is a worldwide health problem with a complex interaction between gut microbiota and cognition. Several studies have demonstrated that probiotic treatments improve characteristics linked to obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the obesity indexes, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, gut microbiota, and working
memory in obese children. Ten obese children were assigned to receive the probiotics (8 × 109 CFU of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) for 12 weeks. Demographic data were recorded. Urine and fecal samples were collected to evaluate biomarkers related to obesity and
cognition. Behavioral working memory was assessed using the visual n-back test. Electroencephalography was employed to measure electrical activity during the visual n-back test. All parameters were evaluated at the baseline and after 12 weeks. The results revealed that probiotic supplementation
significantly altered some gut microbial metabolites, gut microbiota, total antioxidant capacity, and neuroinflammatory markers. However, no significant changes were observed in the visual n-back test or electroencephalographic recordings after 12 weeks. In conclusion, the use of probiotics might be
an alternative treatment that could improve the gut microbial ecosystem and microbial metabolites, as well as host antioxidant and neuroinflammation levels. The preliminary results indicated that further detailed prolonged studies are needed in order to determine the beneficial effects of the studied probiotics.


Xs: 3.8260753 Ys: 0.46871746 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The Nutritional Use of Thai Medicinal Plants and the Etiology of Breast Cancer in Thai Women. abstract: This study represents a novel and unique approach to the study of breast cancer in developing countries by examining breast cancer risk through an evaluation of the nutritional use of traditional medicinal plants within the context of the Paleolithic diet. To achieve this goal, anthropological and epidemiological data were collected in order to ascertain the risk factors associated with the increasing incidence of breast cancer in Thailand.

The major findings of this dissertation are as follows: (1) a later age at menarche among Thai women, rather than protecting against breast cancer (the pattern typically found in Western populations), produces an increased risk due to the prolongation of the adolescent growth period and a greater exposure to the action of growth-promoting hormones; (2) central fat distribution is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among Thai women, even in the absence of anthropometric markers associated with the threshold for obesity; (3) adherence to the nutritional use of traditional medicinal plants among Thai women contributes to a protective effect against breast cancer, in that
consuming higher rates of medicinal plants results in a reduction in breast cancer risk; and (4) dietary quality, rather than the quantity of dietary components, determines breast cancer risk among Thai women.


Xs: 2.7789161 Ys: -0.020221803 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Religion and self-management of Thai Buddhist and Muslim women with type 2 diabets abstract: To report of a qualitative study of how religion affects the self-management of Thai Buddhist and Muslim women with type 2 diabetes.
The importance of diabetes self-management is well recognised. However, research on such self-management in Thailand is scarce, in particular on the influence of religion on the self-management of Thai Buddhist and Muslim women with type 2 diabetes.
A descriptive qualitative study was conducted.
Purposive convenience sampling was used, and 48 women, 19 Buddhist and 29 Muslim, aged from 28-80 years, participated. Data were collected in 2008-09 and analysed by use of manifest and latent content analysis.
Four themes of the influence of religion on the self-management among Thai women with type 2 diabetes emerged: religion - a way of coping with diabetes, spiritual practice - a help for disease control, spiritual practice - an effort to struggle with everyday life, and support from family - a cultural practice.
The Buddhist and Muslim women had self-management capabilities that were often related to their religions. However, many of them had poor control of their blood sugar levels and needed assistance.
Reference to religion and spiritual practice can be an effective means of helping diabetes patients better manage their disease and change their lifestyles. Furthermore, family and economic and social environments should be taken into account both in care and in interventions aimed at helping patients cope and empowering them to control their disease.


Xs: 2.6856449 Ys: 0.44267008 Publish year: 2019 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Incidence and Associated Factors of Type 2 Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study in the Central Region of Rural Community in Thailand abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated risk factors among adults in a rural community of Thailand. A prospective cohort study was conducted in a rural community of Thailand. Among 1358 nondiabetics ≥18 years, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured at baseline in 2008 to 2010 and at follow-up evaluation in 2015. After follow-up of 5213 person-years, 122 new cases of T2DM were ascertained corresponding to cumulative incidence of 23.40 per 1000 person-years. The independent factors associated with T2DM were age, male, prehypertension, hypertension, waist circumference, and impaired FPG. The incidence of T2DM in Thailand is high, and many risk factors are converging. The focus of public health efforts should be on abdominal obesity, hypertension, and impaired FPG. Special attention in terms of preventive strategies must be paid to individuals with impaired FPG, as this state is the most prominent predictor of developing T2DM.


Xs: 2.677592 Ys: 0.031382244 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effectiveness of a behavior modification program for older people with uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes abstract: This quasi-experimental study examined the effectiveness of a behavior modification program for diabetic control in Thai elders with uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 elders from one community as an intervention group, and 30 from a neighboring community as a control group. The intervention group participated in a program of 12 weeks' duration involving activities related to group counseling, group discussion, and an empowerment process that enhanced appropriate consumption of healthy diet, medication taking, and exercise. Data were collected by interviews using a questionnaire to assess knowledge of diabetes, perceived self-efficacy, and diabetes control behavior, including fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, were examined at the baseline and three months thereafter. At program completion, the intervention group had significantly higher scores of knowledge, self-efficacy, and health behaviors than those in the control group, but blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were not significantly different. Although nurses can use aspects of this program to benefit elders with diabetes who require support and education, further research is required to provide improved health outcomes such as better glycemic control.


Xs: 3.947016 Ys: 3.8990192 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effects of Chromium-L-Methionine in Combination with a Zinc Amino Acid Complex or Selenomethionine on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Antioxidative Enzymes in Red Tilapia Oreochromis spp abstract: To consider diet optimization for the growth and health of fish under intensive aquaculture systems, with a focus on the farming of Nile tilapia and red tilapia in Thailand, we conducted an experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD), with three treatments and four replicates. Three diets, supplemented with different trace minerals, were applied to selected groups of fish: (a) a control diet, without organic trace minerals supplementation; (b) a T1 diet of chromium-L-methionine at 500 ppb, in combination with a zinc amino acid complex at 60 parts per million (ppm); and (c) a T2 diet of chromium-L-methionine at 500 ppb in combination with selenomethionine at 300 ppb. Red tilapia with an initial mean weight of 190 ± 12 g/fish were randomly distributed into cages of 2 × 2 × 2.5 m in a freshwater pond (12 cages in total), with 34 fish per cage and a density of 17 fish/m3. During the 8 week feeding trial, the fish were fed 3–4% of their body weight twice a day. The fish were weighed, then blood samples were collected to study their immune responses. The intestines were collected, measured, and analyzed at the end of the feeding trial. The results showed that the red tilapia that were fed with diets of chromium-L-methionine in combination with a zinc amino acid complex in the T1 treatment had significantly (p < 0.05) higher final weights, weight gains, average daily gains (ADGs), and better feed conversion ratios (FCRs), compared with fish that were fed with the control diet without organic trace minerals and with fish that were fed with the T2 diet (p < 0.05). The midgut and hindgut villus heights of the group fed with chromium-L-methionine in combination with a zinc amino acid complex in the T1 treatment were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). The levels of the antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme activity were not significantly different from those of fish that were fed with the control diet (p > 0.05), whereas the glutathione level tended to increase (p < 0.1) in fish that were fed with chromium-L-methionine in combination with selenomethionine in the T2 treatment. Therefore, we concluded that chromium-L-methionine in combination with a zinc amino acid complex or selenomethionine clearly enhanced red tilapia’s growth performance and feed utilization through the promotion of antioxidative enzyme activity and immune response.


Xs: 7.2176003 Ys: 2.0349529 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: The α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity from different chili pepper extracts abstract: Diabetes is nowadays one of the leading causes of death among all health problems. Control of some key enzymes involving in starch degradation is considered a model pathway for new drug discovery for treatment/prevention of diabetes. Chili peppers have been demonstrated the ability to control diabetes through inactivation of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, the key enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharide into glucose. The purpose of this experiment was to compare α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of different commercially available chili peppers in Thailand, including 'Yellow pepper', 'Bird chili', 'Green pepper', 'Cayenne Pepper', 'Red Chinda pepper', 'Green Chinda pepper', 'Young pepper', 'Chili Spur pepper' and 'Sweet pepper'. As results, 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanolic extracted chili peppers (5 mg/mL) exhibited anti-α-glucosidase activities within the range of 23-66% inhibition with Sweet pepper and Cayenne Pepper providing the highest and the lowest inhibitory activities, respectively. On the other hand, all chili peppers exhibited anti-α-amylase activities within the range of 27-58% inhibition with Green Chinda pepper and Sweet pepper providing the highest and the lowest inhibitory activities, respectively. Both enzyme inhibitions were dose-dependent, in which the inhibition was elevated as increasing concentration of chili pepper extract. Besides, these enzyme inhibitions were independent to fruit maturity but instead chili pepper species. Thus, chili peppers might be potential sources of natural products against diabetes and obesity through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase for future development of functional food, nutraceuticals or dietary supplement.


Xs: 4.315936 Ys: 4.925383 Publish year: 2021 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Molecular Discrimination between Organic and Conventional Liquid Milk Products in Thailand Using 1H-NMR Metabolomics Approach abstract: The aims of this study were to characterize and compare non-volatile polar metabolite profiles of organic and conventional liquid milk products using a non-targeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomics approach. Pasteurized plain-liquid milk products from 10 different brands available in Thai marketplace were analyzed for their major chemical compositions and 1H-NMR derived metabolome data. Results demonstrated no specific trend for differentiation between organic and conventional milk samples based on their pH, fat, protein, lactose, and milk solid-not-fat compositions. A total of 45 non-volatile polar metabolites in milk samples were identified by 1H-NMR technique. The chemometric analysis allowed discrimination between organic and conventional milk samples based on their 1H-NMR metabolite profiles. Changes in the relative concentration of formate, betaine, dimethyl sulfone, 2-oxoglutarate, creatine, pyruvate, butyrate, proline, acetoacetate, alanine, glycerophosphocholine, carnitine, and hippurate were statistically identified as potential biomarkers accountable for the discrimination between organic and conventional milk samples in this study. Variations of these compounds might be the reflections of animal diets, rumen fermentation, and physiological adaptation of the cows raised in organic dairy farming systems. Our findings provide new insights and support the effectiveness of using a non-targeted 1H-NMR combined with chemometrics to investigate the molecular authenticity of organic food products.


Xs: 4.0138235 Ys: 5.0892806 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Effects of Dietary Energy Density in a Fermented Total Mixed Ration Formulated with Different Ratios of Rice Straw and Cassava Pulp on 2- or 14-Day-Aged Meat Quality, Collagen, Fatty Acids, and Ribonucleotides of Native Thai Cattle Longissimus Muscle abstract: This study investigated the effects of dietary energy density in rice straw and cassava pulp fermented total mixed ration on pH, cooking loss, Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and collagen content of 2- or 14-d-aged native Thai cattle (NTC) Longissimus thoracic (LT) muscles and fatty acids and ribonucleotides of 2-d-aged LT. Eighteen yearling NTC (Bos indicus) were randomly divided into three dietary treatments (T1 = 8.9, T2 = 9.7, and T3 = 10.5 MJ ME/kg), with six bulls per treatment. The results showed that T1 had the highest WBSF (p < 0.05). However, T2 had similar WBSF to T3 (p > 0.05). With aging, cooking loss increased (p < 0.01), while WBSF decreased (p < 0.01). Insoluble and total collagen decreased with aging (p < 0.05). Dietary energy density had no effect (p > 0.05) on collagen content, ribonucleotides and most fatty acids. However, T1 had more (p < 0.05) decanoic (C10:0), vaccenic (C18:1n9t), trans-linolelaidic (C18:2n6t), eicosatrienoic (C20:3n6), and docosadienoic (C22:2) acids than T2 and T3. In terms of lowest feed cost with comparable tenderness to T2 and highest energy density, T3 may be well suited for feeding NTC. Aging for 14 days improves LT tenderness, but its cooking loss may affect yield and juiciness.


Xs: 2.8344688 Ys: 0.55708146 Publish year: 2024 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Association Between Dietary Habits and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Thai Adults: A Case-Control Study abstract: Background
The prevalence of T2DM is escalating in Thailand affecting over 10% of adults aged 20–79 years old. It is imperative to identify modifiable risk factors that can potentially help mitigate the risk of developing diabetes.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary habits and type 2 diabetes in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Methods
This case-control study involved 300 individuals aged 25–74 years residing in Chiang Mai, Thailand including 150 newly diagnosed T2DM patients (cases) and 150 community residents without diabetes (controls). Dietary habits were assessed based on Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Socio-demographic characteristics and anthropometric information of the participants were collected. Data analysis was performed using the STATA-17.

Results
The case group participants were older and had a higher proportion of males compared to the control group. The case group exhibited a significantly higher consumption of meat, beans, nuts, soft drinks, and topping seasonings (p<0.001), conversely, a lower intake of vegetables (p<0.001), fruits (p=0.006), fish, rice (p<0.001), eggs (p=0.032), milk products, coffee, and tea (p<0.001) compared to the control group. Furthermore, the case group demonstrated a higher level of certain dietary practices such as a greater frequency of having meals with family, not removing visible fat from food (p<0.001), and eating snacks between meals compared to controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for potential confounding factors not removing visible fat from food (aOR 5.61, 95% CI: 2.29–13.7, p<0.001) and using topping seasonings (aOR 3.52 95% CI: 1.69–7.32 p=0.001) were significantly associated with the risk of T2DM, whereas daily vegetable intake (aOR 0.32 95% CI: 0.15–0.68 p=0.003) was inversely associated with T2DM.

Conclusion
The study findings caution against the consumption of food rich in fat and using salty seasonings, while advocating for an increased intake of vegetables to prevent the prevalence of T2DM.


Xs: 3.1652944 Ys: 4.2305307 Publish year: 2020 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Genomic Insight into Pediococcus acidilactici HN9, a Potential Probiotic Strain Isolated from the Traditional Thai-Style Fermented Beef Nhang abstract: Pediococcus acidilactici HN9 is a beneficial lactic acid bacterium isolated from Nhang, a traditional Thai-style fermented beef. In this study, the molecular properties of P. acidilactici HN9 were characterized to provide insights into its potential probiotic activity. Specifically, this work sought to report the complete genome of P. acidilactici HN9 and perform a comparative genome analysis with other bacterial strains belonging to the genus Pediococcus. Genomic features of HN9 were compared with those of all other bacterial Pediococcus strains to examine the adaptation, evolutionary relationships, and diversity within this genus. Additionally, several bioinformatic approaches were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships, genome stability, virulence factors, bacteriocin production, and antimicrobial resistance genes of the HN9 strain, as well as to ensure its safety as a potential starter culture in food applications. A 2,034,522 bp circular chromosome and two circular plasmids, designated pHN9-1 (42,239-bp) and pHN9-2 (30,711-bp), were detected, and used for pan-genome analysis, as well as for identification of bacteriocin-encoding genes in 129 strains belonging to all Pediococcus species. Two CRISPR regions were identified in P. acidilactici HN9, including type II-A CRISPR/CRISPR-associated (Cas). This study provides an in-depth analysis on P. acidilactici HN9, facilitating a better understanding of its adaptability to different environments and its mechanism to maintain genome stability over time.


Xs: 7.4934855 Ys: 2.7531233 Publish year: 2018 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Antioxidant properties and nutritive values of native figs consumed in northern Thailand abstract: The antioxidant properties of five native figs in Northern Thailand that have been used as food and medicinal plants including Ficus auriculata, F. fistulosa, F. hispida, F. racemosa and F. semicordata were examined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays as well as total phenolic content. The parts of plant being investigated included tips, leaves, inflorescence (Syconium), immature fruits and mature fruits. The DPPH radical scavenging assay results showed that the highest antioxidant activity was found in the tips of F. hispida, the tips, leaves, inflorescence and immature fruits of F. fistulosa and F. semicordata and the leaves of F. auriculata with IC50 values in the ranged of 12.47 – 33.43 ug mL-1. This was comparable to the standard antioxidant compounds, Trolox and alpha-Tocopherol that have IC50values at 12.67 and 24.51 ug mL-1, respectively. These extracts also showed quantitative antioxidation activities according to the ABTS radical scavenging assay (100.36-383.29 mg TEAC g extract-1) and the total phenolic content (128.27-954.80 mg GAE g extract-1). The nutritive values were evaluated in the inflorescence and mature fruits of F. auriculata and F. semicordata, the native figs that have preference consumption by local people. Their nutritive properties were as followed; moisture contents (76.99-89.04%), crude proteins (0.57-1.23%), fat (0.52-1.44%), ash (0.61-1.26%), total carbohydrates (8.37-19.41%), dietary fibers (5.61-9.89%), total sugar (0.10-2.08%), food energy (42.63-94.52 kcal 100 g-1) and energy from fat (4.68-12.96 kcal 100 g-1). The mineral elements contents were exceptionally high with calcium content ranging from 51.65-157.90 mg 100g-1, iron 0.34-0.54 mg 100g-1, magnesium 20.10-25.50 mg 100 g-1, potassium 211.30-436.00 mg 100 g-1, phosphorus 28.02-45.11 mg 100 g-1 and sodium content ranged from less than 0.01-1.38 mg 100 g-1. The results indicated that these Northern Thai figs have potentials as good source of native antioxidants and nutritional value which could be further applied in healthy food or pharmaceutical industries.


Xs: 4.1907415 Ys: 0.768635 Publish year: 2016 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Policies for healthy and sustainable edible oil consumption: a stakeholder analysis for Thailand abstract: Objective
Palm oil is a cheap and versatile edible oil in widespread use as a food ingredient that has been linked to negative health and environmental outcomes. The current study aimed to understand the prospects for future health-focused policy development to limit food use of palm oil and promote a greater diversity of oils in Thailand’s food system.

Design
Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders. The interviews probed views on the economic, health and environmental dimensions of the issue, the prospects for health-focused policy development and the policy development process. Transcripts were analysed using a health policy analytical framework.

Setting
Thailand.

Subjects
Stakeholders from a range of ministries, regulatory agencies, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and academia.

Results
There are several impediments to the emergence of strong regulation, including the primacy of economic considerations in setting policy, doubt and misperception about health implications and a complex regulatory environment with little space for health-related considerations. At the same time, some sections of the food industry producing food for domestic consumption are substituting palm with other oils on the basis of consumer health perceptions.

Conclusions
Strong regulation to curb the growth of palm oil is unlikely to emerge soon. However, a long-term strategy can be envisaged that relies on greater policy support for other indigenous oils, strategic rebalancing towards the use of palm oil for biofuels and oleochemicals, and harnessing Thailand’s food technology capabilities to promote substitution in food production in favour of oils with healthier fatty acid composition.


Xs: 2.3974848 Ys: 3.267118 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Dietary Fiber Future Directions: Integrating New Definitions and Findings to Inform Nutrition Research and Communication abstract: The CODEX Alimentarius definition of dietary fiber includes all nondigestible carbohydrate polymers with a degree of polymerization of 3 or more as dietary fiber with the proviso that they show health benefits. The global definition, if accepted by all authoritative bodies, offers a chance for international harmonization in research, food composition tables, and food labeling. Its nonacceptance highlights problems that may develop when definitions vary by region. The definition requires that the research community agrees upon physiological effects for which there is substantial scientific agreement, e.g., fibers' effects on laxation and gut health, on attenuating blood lipids and blood glucose and insulin, and in promoting fermentation in the large bowel. The definition also necessitates the delineation of research protocols to prove the benefits of various isolated and synthesized fibers. These should emanate from evidence-based reviews that fairly weigh epidemiological data while considering that added fibers are not reflected in many food composition databases. They then should include well-controlled, randomized, control trials and utilize animal studies to determine mechanisms. Agreement on many study variables such as the type of subject and the type of baseline diet that best fits the question under investigation will also be needed. Finally, the definition establishes that all types of fiber can address the severe fiber consumption gap that exists throughout the world by recognizing that the combination of fiber-rich and -fortified foods increases fiber intake while allowing consumers to stay within allowed energy levels.


Xs: 2.9870753 Ys: 0.37012726 Publish year: 2004 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Prevalence and Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in Thai Adults: Results of the Second National Health Examination Survey abstract: To describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity and examine their relationship with socio-demographic factors in Thai adults. Using data from a cross-sectional survey, the National Health Examination Survey II (NHESII), the authors examined the prevalence of overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) in 3,220 Thai adults aged 20-59 yr. Univariate analyses and Logistic regression models were used to examine the association of overweight and obesity with socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors. The overall age-adjusted prevalence of overweight and obesity were 28.3% and 6.8% respectively, with a higher prevalence for women than for men (overweight: 33.9% vs 19.2% and obesity: 8.8% vs 3.5%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was greater among older compared to younger people and among residents of urban (34.8% and 9.9%) compared to rural areas (26.4% and 5.9%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity varied by region in line with the level of economic development--Bangkok, Central, North, South and North-East. By using logistic regression analysis, overweight was associated with a number of characteristics as follows: age (per ten years increase) with adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.3; women 1.4; married 2.2; being a current smoker 0.4, and living in Bangkok and the central region 1.6 (compare to North-East). There was no clear difference in prevalence of overweight and obesity among education levels and type of occupation after controlling for other covariates. In conclusion, women of middle age, married, and living in Bangkok and the Central region, are at greater risk of overweight and obesity. Without effective lifestyle modification programs to curb these physiologic risk factors at population level, it is likely that related disease burden will ensue. Public health surveillance and intervention to modify the risk factors of excessive weight should be implemented.


Xs: 5.0800257 Ys: 0.14893797 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Use of Bayesian, Lasso Binary Quantile Regression to Identify Suitable Habitat for Tiger Prey Species in Thap Lan National Park, Eastern Thailand abstract: A Bayesian approach was used to develop binary quantile regression models featuring the lasso penalty. The models afford the advantages of all quantile regression models, such as robustness and detailed insights into covariate effects; they also handle issues associated with overfitting well. Thus, this model was used to investigate habitat suitability for the management of tiger prey species. Field data were collected from 150 sampling sites (2,416 sub-plots) in Thap Lan National Park of the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (DPKY) from August 2019 to March 2021. We focused on sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) and gaur (Bos gaurus) because they are the principal prey species of tigers. Vegetation was sampled for biomass and nutrient content to identify suitable habitat. The "bayesQR" package of R was used to identify habitats appropriate for these species. The correlation between forage crop biomass and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was significantly associated with tiger prey species presence. The habitat can be improved by increasing grass and forb biomasses as the prey species prefer open habitats, such as grassland and open areas of dry evergreen forest. Habitat management has ensured that the grass biomass of open forest is significantly higher than that of dense forest. In addition, the hemicellulose content of open forest was significantly greater than that of dense forest. We found that spatial modeling combined with Bayesian, lasso binary quantile regression could aid wildlife habitat management in a Thai National Park.


Xs: 2.5127373 Ys: 3.7301102 Publish year: 2017 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on Dietary Fiber and Gut Health: From Plant to Gut abstract: In the emerging field of dietary fiber and the microbiome, research gaps exist regarding the effects of different fiber types and their combinations on gut microbiota. This chapter unravels some of the research gaps between dietary fiber and the gut microbiome through in vitro and in vivo studies. Animal studies offer greater control of variables, allow for a broader range of interventions, and are generally less expensive than human studies. Biological models have been widely used in the study of the beneficial dietary fiber effects on human physiology and prevention of gastrointestinal disease and provide us with unique opportunities to unravel the metabolic pathways involved in these effects. The essential role of the gut microbiota in health has generated tremendous interest in modulating its composition and metabolic function. Fiber extracts from apple slices and the albedo of oranges extracted by the countercurrent method altered gut health when supplemented in a human diet.


Xs: 2.1549244 Ys: 2.0179558 Publish year: 1990 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Properties of Thai cooked rice and noodles differing in glycemic index in noninsulin-dependent diabetics abstract: Glycemic index responses of two cooked rices and six types of cooked noodles consumed by eight noninsulin-dependent diabetics correlated positively with in vitro starch digestibility of food slurry and negatively with amylose content of the food. Glutinous (waxy) rice had the highest values, and mung bean noodles the lowest.


Xs: 2.8940303 Ys: 0.61814487 Publish year: 2007 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Association of Hematological Parameters with Clustered Components of Metabolic Syndrome among Professional and Office Workers in Bangkok, Thailand abstract: BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence documents associations between alterations in hematological parameters, indicative of prothrombotic and proinflammatory states, and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We investigated associations of hematological parameters with MetS and individual criteria of the syndrome among Thai professional and office workers. METHODS: Study subjects were 1,314 patients (531 men and 783 women) who participated in annual health examinations during the period of August through December 2001. MetS was defined using the modified ATP III criteria. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of MetS risk according to quartiles of each hematological parameter with the lowest quartile specified as the referent group. RESULTS: WBC counts increased with increasing numbers of MetS components in both men and women. Among women, platelet counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations increased with increasing numbers of MetS components (p<0.05). No similar trends were observed for men. Of the hematological parameters studied, elevated platelet and WBC were statistically significantly associated with MetS among men (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.03-3.36; OR=2.26, 95% CI: 1.27-4.02), respectively. Among women, MetS risk increased across successive quartiles of hemoglobin (1.00, 2.63, 3.59 and 4.36; p for trend = 0.002), hematocrit (1.00, 2.35, 3.04 and 5.70; p-for trend <0.001), platelet (1.00, 2.37, 2.83 and 3.11; p-for trend = 0.014) and WBC counts (1.00, 2.97, 4.09 and 5.41; p-for trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data are consistent with an emerging literature demonstrating altered hematological status in patients at high risk of MetS.


Xs: 3.4974482 Ys: 0.81280166 Publish year: 2022 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Dental Caries among 6–12-Year-Old School Children abstract: This study aimed to identify the association between BMI and dental caries in 6–12-year-old children. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 6–12-year-old school children and their parents. The data on Body Mass Index (BMI) and dental caries for study participants were included in the study. The association between BMI and dental caries was evaluated using SPSS software. The study comprises 400 school children (157 boys and 243 girls) aged an average of 8.9 years. The overall prevalence of dental caries was 84% in primary dentition and 75% in permanent dentition, with a mean DMFT and dmft (decayed, missing and filled teeth) of 2.85 and 5.48, respectively. There was a significant association witnessed between mothers’ education and BMI status. A significant association was also evident between decayed (d), missing (m) and filled (f) teeth and overall dmft with different BMI categories (p < 0.05). There was no significant association evident between DMFT and each category of BMI (p > 0.05). The dmft and DMFT within the four BMI categories by one-way ANOVA were highly significant (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis helped us identify the relationship among the various categories of BMI with dental caries. There was a positive association evident between the BMI of the children and dental caries.


Xs: 8.245327 Ys: 4.301311 Publish year: 2011 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of pigmented rice grown in Southern Thailand abstract: Eight varieties of pigmented rice grown in southern Thailand, as a dehusked grain, were studied for their chemical compositions, antioxidant properties and color parameters. Moisture, protein, lipid, crude fiber and ash contents of all varieties were in the ranges of 5.96-8.19, 6.63-8.46, 1.44-3.47, 0.16-0.35 and 1.35-2.15 g/100 g (db), respectively. The iron and polyphenol contents in these rice samples were in the range of 0.91-1.66 mg/100 g and 58-329 mg GAE/100 g sample, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of dehusked rice grain extract was positively correlated (p< 0.01) with polyphenol content (r =0.923). Rice grain color parameters (L*, a* and b*) had negative correlations (p<0.01) with iron content (r = -0.646, -0.654 and -0.791), polyphenol (r = -0.893, -0.851 and -0.928) and antioxidant capacity (r = -0.794, -0.629 and -0.770). The results showed that dark purple grain has higher iron content, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacities than red brown grain. This study can guide in the selection and production of rice varieties with enhanced nutritional qualities, suggesting the use of color parameters as a practical indicator of some key nutritional characteristics.


Xs: 3.8677816 Ys: 5.2435956 Publish year: 2013 keyword: thai__complex_carbohydrates_diet source: Thai title: Rumen microbes and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle fed with feed blocks supplemented with a urea-calcium sulphate mixture abstract: The influence of slow-release urea ( urea-calcium sulphate mixture; U-CaS) in feed blocks on rumen micro-organisms, predominant cellulolytic bacteria, microbial protein synthesis and ecology was studied in Thai native beef cattle. Four animals with an initial body weight of 100 ± 3.0 kg were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four dietary treatments (U-CaS in iso-nitrogen feed blocks at 0, 120, 150 and 180 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively; U-CaS replaced urea). After 21 days of experimental feeding, rumen fluid was collected at 0 and 4 h after feeding. The mean intake of feed blocks and other feedstuffs offered (rice straw and concentrates) amounted to 0.3, 2.3 and 0.6 kg DM/day, respectively. Inclusion of U-CaS did not altered pH and temperature in the rumen. However, ruminal NH3-N concentration decreased quadratically (p < 0.05) in response to U-CaS inclusion, with the lowest value at 180 g U-CaS per kg feed block. With inclusion of U-CaS, the populations of rumen bacteria increased quadratically (p < 0.05) and counts of fungal zoospores were linearly enhanced (p < 0.05), being highest at 180 g U-CaS per kg feed block. Supplementation of U-CaS increased the concentration of total bacteria linearly (p < 0.05) and of Fibrobacter succinogenes quadratically (p < 0.05), whereas Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus were not affected by dietary treatments. Microbial crude protein yield and efficiency of microbial nitrogen (N) synthesis were linearly increased with different levels of U-CaS addition. Furthermore, current data clearly indicate that inclusion of U-CaS in feed blocks can affect micro-organism diversity and major cellulolytic bacteria.